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Search: L773:0022 2275 OR L773:1539 7262

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1.
  • Adiels, Martin, 1976, et al. (author)
  • A new combined multicompartmental model for apolipoprotein B-100 and triglyceride metabolism in VLDL subfractions
  • 2005
  • In: J Lipid Res. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 46:1, s. 58-67
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The use of stable isotopes in conjunction with compartmental modeling analysis has greatly facilitated studies of the metabolism of the apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins in humans. The aim of this study was to develop a multicompartment model that allows us to simultaneously determine the kinetics of apoB and triglyceride (TG) in VLDL(1) and VLDL(2) after a bolus injection of [(2)H(3)]leucine and [(2)H(5)]glycerol and to follow the catabolism and transfer of the lipoprotein particles. Here, we describe the model and present the results of its application in a fasting steady-state situation in 17 subjects with lipid values representative of a Western population. Analysis of the correlations showed that plasma TG was determined by the VLDL(1) and VLDL(2) apoB and TG fractional catabolic rate. Furthermore, the model showed a linear correlation between VLDL(1) TG and apoB production. A novel observation was that VLDL TG entered the circulation within 21 min after its synthesis, whereas VLDL apoB entered the circulation after 33 min. These observations are consistent with a sequential assembly model of VLDL and suggest that the TG is added to a primordial apoB-containing particle in the liver.
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2.
  • Almeida, Francisco C., et al. (author)
  • APOE genotype dictates lipidomic signatures in primary human hepatocytes
  • 2024
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 65:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic variants are most notably known for their divergent impact on the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. While APOE genotype has been consistently shown to modulate lipid metabolism in a variety of cellular contexts, the effect of APOE alleles on the lipidome in hepatocytes is unknown. In this study, we investigated the contribution of APOE alleles to lipidomic profiles of donor -derived primary human hepatocytes from 77 subjects. Lipidomic data obtained by liquid chromatography -mass spectrometry were analyzed across e2/e3, e3/e3, and e3/e4 genotypes to reveal how APOE modulates lipid relative levels over age and between groups. Hepatic APOE concentration, measured by ELISA, was assessed for correlation with lipid abundance in subjects grouped as per APOE genotype and sex. APOE genotype -specific differential lipidomic signatures associated with age for multiple lipid classes but did not differ between sexes. Compared to e2/e3, e3/e4 hepatocytes had higher abundance of acylcarnitines (AC) and acylphosphatidylglycerol (AcylPG) as a class, as well as higher medium and long -chain ACs, AcylPG, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP), monoacylglycerol (MG) and diacylglycerol (DG) species. The e3/e4 hepatocytes also exhibited a higher abundance of medium and long -chain ACs compared to the e3/e3 hepatocytes. Only in the e3/e4 hepatocytes, APOE concentration was lower and showed a negative correlation with BMP levels, specifically in females. APOE genotype dictates a differential lipidome in primary human hepatocytes. The lipids involved suggest mitochondrial dysfunction with accompanying alterations in neutral lipid storage, reflective of a general disturbance of free fatty acid metabolism in human hepatocytes with the e4 allele.
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3.
  • Aminoff, A, et al. (author)
  • Allele-specific regulation of MTTP expression influences the risk of ischemic heart disease.
  • 2010
  • In: Journal of lipid research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 51:1, s. 103-11
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Promoter polymorphisms in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) have been associated with decreased plasma lipids but an increased risk for ischemic heart disease (IHD), indicating that MTTP influences the susceptibility for IHD independent of plasma lipids. The objective of this study was to characterize the functional promoter polymorphism in MTTP predisposing to IHD and its underlying mechanism. Use of pyrosequencing technology revealed that presence of the minor alleles of the promoter polymorphisms -493G>T and -164T>C result in lower transcription of MTTP in vivo in the heart, liver, and macrophages. In vitro experiments indicated that the minor -164C allele mediates the lower gene expression and that C/EBP binds to the polymorphic region in an allele-specific manner. Furthermore, homozygous carriers of the -164C were found to have increased risk for IHD as shown in a case-control study including a total of 544 IHD patients and 544 healthy control subjects. We concluded that carriers of the minor -164C allele have lower expression of MTTP in the heart, mediated at least partly by the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein, and that reduced concentration of MTTP in the myocardium may contribute to IHD upon ischemic damage.
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4.
  • Andersson, Eva-Lotta, et al. (author)
  • Bile salt-stimulated lipase and pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 : key enzymes for lipid digestion in the newborn examined using the Caco-2 cell line
  • 2011
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 52:11, s. 1949-1956
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In rodents, bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL) and pancreatic lipase-related protein 2 (PLRP2) are the dominant lipases expressed in the exocrine pancreas in early life, when milk is the main food. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if BSSL and PLRP2 are also key enzymes in neonatal intestinal fat digestion. Using Caco-2 cells as a model for the small intestinal epithelium, purified human enzymes were incubated in the apical chamber with substrates and bile salt concentrations resembling the milieu of the small intestine of newborn infants. BSSL and PLRP2 hydrolyzed triglycerides (TG) to free fatty acids (FA) and glycerol. The cells took up the FA, which were reesterfied to TG. Together, BSSL and PLRP2 have a synergistic effect, increasing cellular uptake 4-fold compared to the sum of each lipase alone. A synergistic effect was also observed with retinyl ester as a substrate. PLRP2 hydrolyzed cholesteryl ester but not as efficiently as BSSL, and the two had an additive rather than synergistic effect. We conclude the key enzymes in intestinal fat digestion are different in newborns than later in life. Further studies are needed to fully understand this difference and its implication for designing optimal neonatal nutrition.
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5.
  • Andersson, Jenny Marie, et al. (author)
  • The plant dehydrin Lti30 stabilizes lipid lamellar structures in varying hydration conditions[S]
  • 2020
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 61:7, s. 1014-1024
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A major challenge to plant growth and survival are changes in temperature and diminishing water supply. During acute temperature and water stress, plants often express stress proteins, such as dehydrins, which are intrinsically disordered hydrophilic proteins. In this article, we investigated how the dehydrin Lti30 fromArabidopsis thalianastabilizes membrane systems that are exposed to large changes in hydration. We also compared the effects of Lti30 on membranes with those of the simple osmolytes urea and trimethylamineN-oxide. Using X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR, we studied lipid-protein self-assembly at varying hydration levels. We made the following observations:1) the association of Lti30 with anionic membranes relies on electrostatic attraction, and the protein is located in the bilayer interfacial membrane region;2) Lti30 can stabilize the lamellar multilayer structure, making it insensitive to variations in water content;3) in lipid systems with a composition similar to those present in some seeds and plants, dehydrin can prevent the formation of nonlamellar phases upon drying, which may be crucial for maintaining membrane integrity; and4) Lti30 stabilizes bilayer structures both at high and low water contents, whereas the small osmolyte molecules mainly prevent dehydration-induced transitions. These results corroborate the idea that dehydrins are part of a sensitive and multifaceted regulatory mechanism that protects plant cells against stress.
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6.
  • Bendsen, Nathalie T., et al. (author)
  • Effect of industrially produced trans fat on markers of systemic inflammation : evidence from a randomized trial in women
  • 2011
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 52:10, s. 1821-1828
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Consumption of industrially produced trans fatty acids (IP-TFA) has been positively associated with systemic markers of low-grade inflammation and endothelial dysfunction in cross-sectional studies, but results from intervention studies are inconclusive. Therefore, we conducted a 16 week double-blind parallel intervention study with the objective to examine the effect of IP-TFA intake on bio-markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction. Fifty-two healthy overweight postmenopausal women (49 completers) were randomly assigned to receive either partially hydrogenated soybean oil (15.7 g/day IP-TFA) or control oil without IP-TFA. After 16 weeks, IP-TFA intake increased baseline-adjusted serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha by 12% [95% confidence interval (CI): 5-20; P = 0.002] more in the IP-TFA group compared with controls. Plasma soluble TNF receptors 1 and 2 were also increased by IP-TFA [155 pg/ml (CI: 63-247); P < 0.001 and 480 pg/ml (CI: 72-887); P = 0.02, respectively]. Serum C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL) 6 and adiponectin and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue mRNA expression of IL6, IL8, TNF alpha, and adiponectin as well as ceramide content were not affected by IP-TFA, nor was urinary 8-iso-prostaglandin-F(2 alpha). In conclusion, this dietary trial indicates that the mechanisms linking dietary IP-TFA to cardiovascular disease may involve activation of the TNF alpha system.
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7.
  • Bowden, John A., et al. (author)
  • Harmonizing Lipidomics : NIST Interlaboratory Comparison Exercise for Lipidomics using Standard Reference Material 1950 Metabolites in Frozen Human Plasma
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 58:12, s. 2275-2288
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • As the lipidomics field continues to advance, self-evaluation within the community is critical. Here, we performed an interlaboratory comparison exercise for lipidomics using Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1950 Metabolites in Frozen Human Plasma, a commercially available reference material. The interlaboratory study comprised 31 diverse laboratories, with each lab using a different lipidomics workflow. A total of 1527 unique lipids were measured across all laboratories, and consensus location estimates and associated uncertainties were determined for 339 of these lipids measured at the sum composition level by five or more participating laboratories. These evaluated lipids detected in SRM 1950 serve as community-wide benchmarks for intra- and inter-laboratory quality control and method validation. These analyses were performed using non-standardized laboratory-independent workflows. The consensus locations were also compared to a previous examination of SRM 1950 by the LIPID MAPS consortium. While the central theme of the interlaboratory study was to provide values to help harmonize lipids, lipid mediators, and precursor measurements across the community, it was also initiated to stimulate a discussion regarding areas in need of improvement.
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8.
  • Bowden, John A., et al. (author)
  • Harmonizing lipidomics : NIST interlaboratory comparison exercise for lipidomics using SRM 1950-Metabolites in Frozen Human Plasma
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 58:12, s. 2275-2288
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • As the lipidomics field continues to advance, self-evaluation within the community is critical. Here, we performed an interlaboratory comparison exercise for lipidomics using Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1950-Metabolites in Frozen Human Plasma, a commercially available reference material. The interlaboratory study comprised 31 diverse laboratories, with each laboratory using a different lipidomics workflow. A total of 1,527 unique lipids were measured across all laboratories and consensus location estimates and associated uncertainties were determined for 339 of these lipids measured at the sum composition level by five or more participating laboratories. These evaluated lipids detected in SRM 1950 serve as community-wide benchmarks for intra-and interlaboratory quality control and method validation. These analyses were performed using nonstandardized laboratory-independent workflows. The consensus locations were also compared with a previous examination of SRM 1950 by the LIPID MAPS consortium.jlr While the central theme of the interlaboratory study was to provide values to help harmonize lipids, lipid mediators, and precursor measurements across the community, it was also initiated to stimulate a discussion regarding areas in need of improvement.
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9.
  • Burla, Bo, et al. (author)
  • MS-based lipidomics of human blood plasma : a community-initiated position paper to develop accepted guidelines
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 59:10, s. 2001-2017
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Human blood is a self-regenerating lipid-rich biological fluid that is routinely collected in hospital settings. The inventory of lipid molecules found in blood plasma (plasma lipidome) offers insights into individual metabolism and physiology in health and disease. Disturbances in the plasma lipidome also occur in conditions that are not directly linked to lipid metabolism; therefore, plasma lipidomics based on MS is an emerging tool in an array of clinical diagnostics and disease management. However, challenges exist in the translation of such lipidomic data to clinical applications. These relate to the reproducibility, accuracy, and precision of lipid quantitation, study design, sample handling, and data sharing. This position paper emerged from a workshop that initiated a community-led process to elaborate and define a set of generally accepted guidelines for quantitative MS-based lipidomics of blood plasma or serum, with harmonization of data acquired on different instrumentation platforms across independent laboratories as an ultimate goal. We hope that other fields may benefit from and follow such a precedent.
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10.
  • Caesar, Robert, 1973, et al. (author)
  • Interaction between dietary lipids and gut microbiota regulates hepatic cholesterol metabolism
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 57:3, s. 474-481
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The gut microbiota influences many aspects of host metabolism. We have previously shown that the presence of a gut microbiota remodels lipid composition. Here we investigated how interaction between gut microbiota and dietary lipids regulates lipid composition in the liver and plasma, and gene expression in the liver. Germ-free and conventionally raised mice were fed a lard or fish oil diet for 11 weeks. We performed lipidomics analysis of the liver and serum and microarray analysis of the liver. As expected, most of the variation in the lipidomics dataset was induced by the diet, and abundance of most lipid classes differed between mice fed lard and fish oil. However, the gut microbiota also affected lipid composition. The gut microbiota increased hepatic levels of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters in mice fed lard, but not in mice fed fish oil. Serum levels of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters were not affected by the gut microbiota. Genes encoding enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis were downregulated by the gut microbiota in mice fed lard and were expressed at a low level in mice fed fish oil independent of microbial status. In summary, we show that gut microbiota-induced regulation of hepatic cholesterol metabolism is dependent on dietary lipid composition.
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11.
  • Carlson, Tomas, et al. (author)
  • Single polyprenol and dolichol isolation by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography technique
  • 2000
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 41:7, s. 1177-1180
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A new method of separation of single polyprenols (or dolichols) from a mixture of isoprenoid alcohols is described. Application of a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) apparatus equipped with a semipreparative ODS column resulted in preparation of long-chain (dihydro)polyprenols of high purity (>95%). This approach substantially decreases the time scale of the conventional chromatographical preparative procedure. The method can be widely used in chemical and biochemical projects, where single polyprenols or dolichols are required.
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12.
  • Chen, Yang, et al. (author)
  • Crystal structure of linoleate 13R-manganese lipoxygenase in complex with an adhesion protein.
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 57:8, s. 1574-1588
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The crystal structure of 13R-manganese lipoxygenase (MnLOX) of Gaeumannomyces graminis (Gg) in complex with zonadhesin of Pichia pastoris was solved by molecular replacement. Zonadhesin contains β-strands in two subdomains. A comparison of Gg-MnLOX with the 9S-MnLOX of Magnaporthe oryzae (Mo) shows that the protein fold and the geometry of the metal ligands are conserved. The U-shaped active sites differ mainly due to hydrophobic residues of the substrate channel. The volumes and two hydrophobic side pockets near the catalytic base may sanction oxygenation at C-13 and C-9, respectively. Gly-332 of Gg-MnLOX is positioned in the substrate channel between the entrance and the metal center. Replacements with larger residues could restrict oxygen and substrate to reach the active site. C18 fatty acids are likely positioned with C-11 between Mn(2+)OH2 and Leu-336 for hydrogen abstraction and with one side of the 12Z double bond shielded by Phe-337 to prevent antarafacial oxygenation at C-13 and C-11. Phe-347 is positioned at the end of the substrate channel and replacement with smaller residues can position C18 fatty acids for oxygenation at C-9. Gg-MnLOX does not catalyze the sequential lipoxygenation of n-3 fatty acids in contrast to Mo-MnLOX, which illustrates the different configurations of their substrate channels.
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13.
  • Cristea, Mirela, et al. (author)
  • On the singular, dual, and multiple positional specificity of manganese lipoxygenase and its G316A mutant
  • 2007
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 48:4, s. 890-903
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Manganese lipoxygenase (Mn-LO) oxygenates 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 to bis-allylic 11S-hydroperoxy fatty acids, which are converted to 13R-hydroperoxy fatty acids. Other unsaturated C16-C22 fatty acids, except 17:3n-3, are poor substrates, possibly due to ineffective enzyme activation (MnIIMnIII) by produced hydroperoxides. Our aim was to determine whether unsaturated C16-C22 fatty acids were oxidized by MnIII-LO. MnIII-LO oxidized C16, C19, C20, and C22 n-3 and n-6 fatty acids. The carbon chain length influenced the position of hydrogen abstraction (n-8, n-5) and oxygen insertion at the terminal or the penultimate 1Z,4Z-pentadienes. Dilinoleoyl¬glycero¬phosphatidyl¬¬choline was oxidized by Mn-LO in agreement with a “tail first” model. 16:3n-3 was oxidized at the bis-allylic n-5 carbon and at positions n-3, n-7, and n-6. Long fatty acids, 19:3n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-6, 22:5n-3, and 22:5n-6, were mainly oxidized at the n-6 and the bis-allylic n-8 positions (in ratios of ~3:2). The bis-allylic hydroperoxides accumulated with one exception, 13-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (13-HPETE). MnIII-LO oxidized 20:4n-6 to 15R-HPETE (~60%) and 13-HPETE (~37%) and converted 13-HPETE to 15R-HPETE. MnIII-LO G316A mainly oxygenated 16:3n-3 at positions n-7 and n-6, 19:3n-3 at n-10, n-8, and n-6, 20:3n-3 at n-10 and n-8. We conclude that Mn-LO likely binds fatty acids “tail first” and oxygenates many C16, C18, C20 and C22 fatty acids to significant amounts of bis-allylic hydroperoxides.
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14.
  • Deng, Mingjuan, et al. (author)
  • ANGPTL4 silencing via antisense oligonucleotides reduces plasma triglycerides and glucose in mice without causing lymphadenopathy
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 63:7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4) is an important regulator of plasma triglyceride (TG) levels and an attractive pharmacological target for lowering plasma lipids and reducing cardiovascular risk. Here, we aimed to study the efficacy and safety of silencing ANGPTL4 in the livers of mice using hepatocyte-targeting GalNAc-conjugated antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs). Compared with injections with negative control ASO, four injections of two different doses of ANGPTL4 ASO over 2 weeks markedly downregulated ANGPTL4 levels in liver and adipose tissue, which was associated with significantly higher adipose LPL activity and lower plasma TGs in fed and fasted mice, as well as lower plasma glucose levels in fed mice. In separate experiments, injection of two different doses of ANGPTL4 ASO over 20 weeks of high-fat feeding reduced hepatic and adipose ANGPTL4 levels but did not trigger mesenteric lymphadenopathy, an acute phase response, chylous ascites, or any other pathological phenotypes. Compared with mice injected with negative control ASO, mice injected with ANGPTL4 ASO showed reduced food intake, reduced weight gain, and improved glucose tolerance. In addition, they exhibited lower plasma TGs, total cholesterol, LDL-C, glucose, serum amyloid A, and liver TG levels. By contrast, no significant difference in plasma alanine aminotransferase activity was observed. Overall, these data suggest that ASOs targeting ANGPTL4 effectively reduce plasma TG levels in mice without raising major safety concerns.
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15.
  • Diczfalusy, Ulf, et al. (author)
  • Marked upregulation of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase expression by lipopolysaccharide
  • 2009
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 1539-7262 .- 0022-2275. ; 50:11, s. 2258-2264
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • During screening of genes upregulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS; endotoxin) treatment of bone marrow-derived mouse macrophages, it was unexpectedly found that cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h) was strongly upregulated. Treatment of macrophages with 10 ng/ml of LPS for 2 h resulted in a 35-fold increase in the expression of Ch25h. In contrast, LPS treatment did not increase the expression of Cyp27a1 or Cyp7b1. The increased Ch25h expression was found to be independent of Myeloid differentiation protein 88 signaling but dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. LPS treatment of macrophages caused a 6- to 7-fold increase in cellular 25-hydroxycholesterol concentration. When macrophages were treated with increasing concentrations of 25-hydroxycholesterol, a dose-dependent release of CCL5 into the culture medium was observed. Intravenous injection of LPS in eight healthy volunteers resulted in an increase in plasma 25-hydroxycholesterol concentration. The possibility is discussed that 25-hydroxycholesterol may have a role in the inflammatory response, in addition to its more established role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis.-Diczfalusy, U., K. E. Olofsson, A- M. Carlsson, M. Gong, D. T. Golenbock, O. Rooyackers, U. Flaring, and H. Bjorkbacka. Marked upregulation of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase expression by lipopolysaccharide. J. Lipids Res. 2009. 50: 2258-2264.
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16.
  • D'Souza, K., et al. (author)
  • Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling Contributed to Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance in Muscle and Impairs Mitochondrial Metabolism
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 59:10, s. 1805-1817
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Autotaxin (ATX) is an adipokine that generates the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA signaling has been implicated in diet-induced obesity and systemic insulin resistance. However, it remains unclear whether the ATX-LPA pathway influences insulin function and energy metabolism in target tissues, particularly skeletal muscle, the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. The objective of this study was to test whether the ATX-LPA pathway impacts tissue insulin signaling and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle during obesity. Male mice with heterozygous ATX deficiency (ATX +/-) were protected from obesity, systemic insulin resistance, and cardiomyocyte dysfunction following high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) feeding. HFHS-fed ATX +/- mice also had improved insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation in white adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Preserved insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle from HFHS fed ATX +/- mice was associated with improved mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in the absence of changes in fat oxidation and ectopic lipid accumulation. Similarly, incubation with LPA decreased insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in C2C12 myotubes at baseline and following palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the ATX-LPA pathway contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in metabolically relevant tissues. Our data also suggest that LPA directly impairs skeletal muscle insulin signaling and mitochondrial function. Preserved insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle from HFHS fed ATX +/- mice was associated with improved mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in the absence of changes in fat oxidation and ectopic lipid accumulation. Similarly, incubation with LPA decreased insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in C2C12 myotubes at baseline and following palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the ATX-LPA pathway contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in metabolically relevant tissues. Our data also suggest that LPA directly impairs skeletal muscle insulin signaling and mitochondrial function. Preserved insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle from HFHS fed ATX +/- mice was associated with improved mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in the absence of changes in fat oxidation and ectopic lipid accumulation. Similarly, incubation with LPA decreased insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in C2C12 myotubes at baseline and following palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the ATX-LPA pathway contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in metabolically relevant tissues. Our data also suggest that LPA directly impairs skeletal muscle insulin signaling and mitochondrial function. incubation with LPA decreased insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in C2C12 myotubes at baseline and following palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the ATX-LPA pathway contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in metabolically relevant tissues. Our data also suggest that LPA directly impairs skeletal muscle insulin signaling and mitochondrial function. incubation with LPA decreased insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in C2C12 myotubes at baseline and following palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the ATX-LPA pathway contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in metabolically relevant tissues. Our data also suggest that LPA directly impairs skeletal muscle insulin signaling and mitochondrial function.
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17.
  • Edqvist, Johan, et al. (author)
  • Plant lipid transfer proteins: are we finally closing in on the roles of these enigmatic proteins?
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 59:8, s. 1374-1382
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The nonspecific lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are small compact proteins folded around a tunnel-like hydrophobic cavity, making them suitable for lipid binding and transport. LTPs are encoded by large gene families in all land plants, but they have not been identified in algae or any other organisms. Thus, LTPs are considered key proteins for plant survival on and colonization of land. LTPs are abundantly expressed in most plant tissues, both above and below ground. They are usually localized to extracellular spaces outside the plasma membrane. Although the in vivo functions of LTPs remain unclear, accumulating evidence suggests a role for LTPs in the transfer and deposition of monomers required for assembly of the waterproof lipid barriers, such as cutin and cuticular wax, suberin, and sporopollenin, formed on many plant surfaces. Some LTPs may be involved in other processes, such as signaling during pathogen attacks. Here, we present the current status of LTP research with a focus on the role of these proteins in lipid barrier deposition and cell expansion. We suggest that LTPs facilitate extracellular transfer of barrier materials and adhesion between barriers and extracellular materials. A growing body of research may uncover the true role of LTPs in plants.
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18.
  • Frank, J., et al. (author)
  • Dietary flavonoids with a catechol structure increase alpha-tocopherol in rats and protect the vitamin from oxidation in vitro
  • 2006
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 47:12, s. 2718-2725
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • To identify dietary phenolic compounds capable of improving vitamin E status, male Sprague-Dawleyrats were fed for 4 weeks either a basal diet ( control) with 2 g/kg cholesterol and an adequate content of vitamin E or the basal diet fortified with quercetin ( Q), (2)-epicatechin (EC), or (1)-catechin ( C) at concentrations of 2 g/kg. All three catechol derivatives substantially increased concentrations of alpha-tocopherol (alpha-T) in blood plasma and liver. To study potential mechanisms underlying the observed increase of alpha-T, the capacities of the Flavonoids to i) protect alpha-T from oxidation in LDL exposed to peroxyl radicals, ii) reduce alpha-tocopheroxyl radicals (alpha-T-.) in SDS micelles, and iii) inhibit the metabolism of tocopherols in HepG2 cells were determined. All flavonoids protected alpha-T from oxidation in human LDL ex vivo and dose-dependently reduced the concentrations of alpha-T-.. None of the test compounds affected vitamin E metabolism in the hepatocyte cultures. In conclusion, fortification of the diet of Sprague-Dawley rats with Q, EC, or C considerably improved their vitamin E status. The underlying mechanism does not appear to involve vitamin E metabolism but may involve direct quenching of free radicals or reduction of the alpha-T-. by the flavonoids.
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19.
  • Guman, M. S.S., et al. (author)
  • Adipose Tissue, Bile Acids, and Gut Microbiome Species Associated With Gallstones After Bariatric Surgery
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 63:11, s. 100280-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Several risk factors are associated with gallstone disease after bariatric surgery, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of gallstone formation are unclear. We hypothesize that gallstone formation after bariatric surgery is induced by different pathways compared with gallstone formation in the general population, since postoperative formation occurs rapidly in patients who did not develop gallstones in preceding years. To identify both pathophysiological and potentially protective mechanisms against postoperative gallstone formation, we compared the preoperative fasting metabolome, fecal microbiome, and liver and adipose tissue transcriptome obtained before or during bariatric surgery of obese patients with and without postoperative gallstones. In total, 88 patients were selected from the BARIA longitudinal cohort study. Within this group, 32 patients had postoperative gallstones within 2 years. Gut microbiota metagenomic analyses showed group differences in abundance of 41 bacterial species, particularly abundance of Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae in patients without gallstones. Subcutaneous adipose tissue transcriptomic analyses revealed four genes that were suppressed in gallstone patients compared with patients without gallstones. These baseline gene expression and gut microbiota composition differences might relate to protective mechanisms against gallstone formation after bariatric surgery. Moreover, baseline fasting blood samples of patients with postoperative gallstones showed increased levels of several bile acids. Overall, we revealed different genes and bacteria associated with gallstones than those previously reported in the general population, supporting the hypothesis that gallstone formation after bariatric surgery follows a different trajectory. Further research is necessary to confirm the involvement of the bile acids, adipose tissue activity, and microbial species observed here.
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20.
  • Hoffmann, Inga, et al. (author)
  • Discovery of a linoleate 9S-dioxygenase and an allene oxide synthase in a fusion protein of Fusarium oxysporum
  • 2013
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 54:12, s. 3417-3480
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Fusarium oxysporum is a devastating plant pathogen that oxidizes C-18 fatty acids sequentially to jasmonates. The genome codes for putative dioxygenase (DOX)-cytochrome P450 (CYP) fusion proteins homologous to linoleate diol synthases (LDSs) and the allene oxide synthase (AOS) of Aspergillus terreus, e. g., FOXB_01332. Recombinant FOXB_01332 oxidized 18:2n-6 to 9S-hydroperoxy-10(E), 12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid by hydrogen abstraction and antarafacial insertion of molecular oxygen and sequentially to an allene oxide, 9S(10)-epoxy-10,12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid, as judged from nonenzymatic hydrolysis products (alpha- and gamma-ketols). The enzyme was therefore designated 9S-DOX-AOS. The 9S-DOX activity oxidized C-18 and C-20 fatty acids of the n-6 and n-3 series to hydroperoxides at the n-9 and n-7 positions, and the n-9 hydroperoxides could be sequentially transformed to allene oxides with only a few exceptions. The AOS activity was stereospecific for 9- and 11-hydroperoxides with S configurations. FOXB_01332 has acidic and alcoholic residues, Glu(946)-Val-Leu-Ser(949), at positions of crucial Asn and Gln residues (Asn-Xaa-Xaa-Gln) of the AOS and LDS. Site-directed mutagenesis studies revealed that FOXB_01332 and AOS of A. terreus differ in catalytically important residues suggesting that AOS of A. terreus and F. oxysporum belong to different subfamilies. FOXB_01332 is the first linoleate 9-DOX with homology to animal heme peroxidases and the first 9-DOX-AOS fusion protein.
  •  
21.
  • Hoffmann, Inga, et al. (author)
  • Epoxy alcohol synthase of the rice blast fungus represents a novel subfamily of dioxygenase-cytochrome P450 fusion enzymes
  • 2014
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 55:10, s. 2113-2123
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The genome of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae codes for two proteins with N-terminal dioxygenase (DOX) and C-terminal cytochrome P450 (CYP) domains, respectively. One of them, MGG_ 13239, was confirmed as 7,8-linoleate diol synthase by prokaryotic expression. The other recombinant protein (MGG_ 10859) possessed prominent 10R-DOX and epoxy alcohol synthase (EAS) activities. This enzyme, 10R-DOX-EAS, transformed 18:2n-6 sequentially to 10(R)-hydroperoxy-8(E), 12(Z)-octadecadienoic acid (10R-HPODE) and to 12S(13R)-epoxy-10(R)-hydroxy-8(E)octadecenoic acid as the end product. Oxygenation at C-10 occurred by retention of the pro-R hydrogen of C-8 of 18:2n-6, suggesting antarafacial hydrogen abstraction and oxygenation. Experiments with O-18(2) and O-16(2) gas confirmed that the epoxy alcohol was formed from 10R-HPODE, likely by heterolytic cleavage of the dioxygen bond with formation of P450 compound I, and subsequent intramolecular epoxidation of the 12(Z) double bond. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that the cysteinyl heme ligand of the P450 domain was required for the EAS activity. Replacement of Asn(965) with Val in the conserved AsnGlnXaaGln sequence revealed that Asn965 supported formation of the epoxy alcohol. 10R-DOX-EAS is the first member of a novel subfamily of DOX-CYP fusion proteins of devastating plant pathogens.
  •  
22.
  • Hülsmeier, Andreas J., et al. (author)
  • The atypical sphingolipid SPB 18:1(14Z);O2 is a biomarker for DEGS1 related hypomyelinating leukodystrophy
  • 2023
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 64:12
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Sphingolipids (SL) represent a structurally diverse class of lipids that are central to cellular physiology and neuronal development and function. Defects in the sphingolipid metabolism are typically associated with nervous system disorders. The C4dihydroceramide desaturase (DEGS1) catalyzes the conversion of dihydroceramide to ceramide, the final step in the SL de-novo synthesis. Loss of function mutations in DEGS1 cause a hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, which is associated with increased plasma dihydrosphingolipids (dhSL) and with the formation of an atypical SPB 18:1(14Z);O2 metabolite. Here, we characterize two novel DEGS1 variants of unknown significance (VUS), provide a structural model with a predicted substrate binding site, and propose a regulatory link between DEGS1 and fatty acid desaturase 3 (FADS3). Both VUS involve single amino acid substitutions near the C-terminus within conserved regions of the enzyme. Patient 1 (p.R311K variant) shows severe progressive tetraspasticity, intellectual disability, and epilepsy in combination with brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, typical for DEGS1-related leukodystrophy. Patient 2 (p.G270E variant) presents with delayed psychomotor development, oculomotor apraxia, and a normal brain MRI. Plasma from the p.R311K carrier showed a significantly elevated dhSL species and the presence of SPB 18:1(14Z);O2, while the plasma SL profile for the p.G270E variant was not altered. This suggests the p.R331K variant is pathogenic, while the p.G270E appears benign. As an increase in dihydroSL species is also seen in other pathological disorders of the SL metabolism, the SPB 18:1(14Z);O2 seems to be a more specific biomarker to discriminate between pathogenic and benign DEGS1 variants.
  •  
23.
  • Hultin, Magnus, et al. (author)
  • Chylomicron metabolism in rats : kinetic modeling indicates that the particles remain at endothelial sites for minutes
  • 2013
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 54:10, s. 2595-2605
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Chylomicrons labeled in vivo with (14)C-oleic acid (primarily in triglycerides, providing a tracer for lipolysis) and (3)H-retinol (primarily in ester form, providing a tracer for the core lipids) were injected into rats. Radioactivity in tissues was followed at a series of times up to 40 min and the data were analyzed by compartmental modeling. For heart-like tissues it was necessary to allow the chylomicrons to enter into a compartment where lipolysis is rapid and then transfer to a second compartment where lipolysis is slower. The particles remained in these compartments for minutes and when they returned to blood they had reduced affinity for binding in the tissue. In contrast, the data for liver could readily be fitted with a single compartment for native and lipolyzed chylomicrons in blood, and there was no need for a pathway back to blood. A composite model was built from the individual tissue models. This whole-body model could simultaneously fit all data for both fed and fasted rats and allowed estimation of fluxes and residence times in the four compartments; native and lipolyzed chylomicrons ("remnants") in blood, and particles in the tissue compartments where lipolysis is rapid and slow, respectively.
  •  
24.
  • Hultin, M, et al. (author)
  • Chylomicron metabolism in rats : lipolysis, recirculation of triglyceride-derived fatty acids in plasma FFA, and fate of core lipids as analyzed by compartmental modelling.
  • 1996
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 37:5, s. 1022-36
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Chylomicrons labeled in vivo with [14C]oleic acid (primarily in triglycerides (TG), providing a tracer for lipolysis) and [3H]retinol (primarily in ester form, providing a tracer for the corelipids) were injected into rats. Disappearance of the two labels from plasma and appearance of label in plasma free fatty acids (FFA) were analyzed by compartmental modelling. Both core and TG label distributed into an apparent volume 10-15% larger than the blood volume. Part of this probably represents margination to endothelial-binding-lipolysis sites. An open two-compartmental model for plasma FFA was derived from experiments where unesterified oleic acid complexed to albumin was injected. Applying this model revealed that most of the oleic acid from chylomicron triglycerides mixes with the FFA. The disappearance of chylomicron core label required a model in which the label transfers into a second compartment before it leaves the blood. The rate constant for the transformation was high and predicted that, on average, chylomicron spent less than 2 min in the first compartment. The rate out from the second compartment predicted that about 60% of the core label left blood while, on average, chylomicron retained more than half of its triglyceride molecules, i.e., after rather limited lipolysis. The mechanism by which the core label leaves blood is not clear. Modelling showed that under the assumption that the process is shared by chylomicron triglycerides, about half of them go out by this pathway. Comparing fed and fasted rats, the main differences were in the turnover of FFA and in the extent to which chylomicron TG label reappeared in the FFA. This study indicates that a large fraction of the triglycerides in chylomicrons leave plasma together with the core lipids and that most of the fatty acids from chylomicron triglycerides mix into the same metabolic compartments as do plasma free fatty acids.
  •  
25.
  • Hultin, M, et al. (author)
  • Intravenous lipid emulsions : removal mechanisms as compared to chylomicrons.
  • 1995
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 36:10, s. 2174-84
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We have compared the metabolism of chylomicrons and a labeled emulsion, similar to those used for parenteral nutrition. Both were labeled in their triglyceride moieties and by a core label. It is known that chylomicron triglycerides are cleared by two processes: removal of triglycerides from the particles through lipolysis and removal of whole or partly lipolyzed particles. It has been proposed that emulsion droplets are cleared by the same pathways. After intravenous injection to postprandial rats, triglycerides were cleared less rapidly from the emulsion than from the chylomicrons (half-lives of 6.4 and 4.0 min), whereas the core labels were cleared at the same rate (half-lives around 7.5 min). This suggests that there was less lipolysis of the emulsion droplets which was further supported by the finding that less label appeared in the plasma free fatty acids (FFA). In adipose tissue of fed rats given chylomicrons, the ratio between fatty acid and core label was above 6, showing that fatty acids had been taken up after lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis. In contrast, for rats given emulsion, that ratio was only 1.2 showing that nearly as much emulsion droplets as emulsion-derived fatty acids were present in the tissue. In the liver the ratio was 0.55 after chylomicrons but 0.93 after emulsion. In further support of more lipolysis, fatty acids were oxidized more rapidly from chylomicrons than from emulsion. These data suggest that a large fraction of the emulsion droplets was removed from plasma with little or no preceding lipolysis. A substantial proportion, more than 50%, of this uptake occurred in extrahepatic tissues.
  •  
26.
  • Hultin, M, et al. (author)
  • Metabolism of emulsions containing medium- and long-chain triglycerides or interesterified triglycerides.
  • 1994
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 35:10, s. 1850-60
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This study compares the clearing and metabolism of three different lipid emulsions. They had the same phospholipid emulsifier and similar particle sizes. In one (LLL) the core component was long-chain triglycerides (TG), the second (MMM/LLL) contained equal molar amounts of medium- and long-chain TG, the third (MLM) contained synthetic TG with medium-chain (M) fatty acids in the 1,3-positions and a long-chain (L) fatty acid in the 2-position. In model experiments with bovine lipoprotein lipase, the MMM component was hydrolyzed preferentially in the MMM/LLL emulsion so that the initial products were M fatty acids and M monoglycerides. The MLM emulsion, in contrast, gave M fatty acids and formation of L-MG (monoglyceride) throughout hydrolysis. For in vivo studies [3H]oleic acid was incorporated into the emulsion TG as marker for the long-chain component. After bolus injection to rats, the MMM/LLL and MLM emulsions were cleared more rapidly than the LLL emulsion. This was true at all TG loads studied (4-64 mg for a 200 g rat). The labeled oleic acid was oxidized somewhat more rapidly when administered in the MLM emulsion compared to the MMM/LLL emulsion. There were only slight differences in tissue distribution of label. Hence, differences in in vivo metabolism of the long-chain fatty acids were small compared to the marked differences in TG structure and in patterns of product release during in vitro lipolysis.
  •  
27.
  • Jeppesen, Jacob, et al. (author)
  • FAT/CD36 is localized in sarcolemma and in vesicle-like structures in subsarcolemma regions but not in mitochondria.
  • 2010
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 51:6, s. 1504-12
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The primary aim of the present study was to investigate in which cellular compartments fatty acid trans-locase CD36 (FAT/CD36) is localized. Intact and fully functional skeletal muscle mitochondria were isolated from lean and obese female Zucker rats and from 10 healthy male individuals. FAT/CD36 could not be detected in the isolated mitochondria, whereas the mitochondrial marker F(1)ATPase-beta was clearly detected using immunoblotting. Lack of markers for other membrane structures indicated that the mitochondria were not contaminated with membranes known to contain FAT/CD36. In addition, fluorescence immunocytochemistry was performed on single muscle fibers dissected from soleus muscle of lean and obese Zucker rats and from the vastus lateralis muscle from humans. Costaining against FAT/CD36 and MitoNEET clearly show that FAT/CD36 is highly present in sarcolemma and it also associates with some vesicle-like intracellular compartments. However, FAT/CD36 protein was not detected in mitochondrial membranes, supporting the biochemical findings. Based on the presented data, FAT/CD36 seems to be abundantly expressed in sarcolemma and in vesicle-like structures throughout the muscle cell. However, FAT/CD36 is not present in mitochondria in rat or human skeletal muscle. Thus, the functional role of FAT/CD36 in lipid transport seems primarily to be allocated to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle.
  •  
28.
  • Kallin, Anders, et al. (author)
  • SREBP-1 regulates the expression of heme oxygenase 1 and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase regulatory subunit p55 gamma
  • 2007
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 48:7, s. 1628-1636
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) control the expression of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Using microarrays, we observed that mature SREBP-1 also induced the expression of genes unrelated to lipid metabolism, such as heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1), plasma glutathione peroxidase, the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase regulatory subunit p55 gamma, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A, and COTE1. The expression of these genes was repressed upon addition of sterols, which block endogenous SREBP cleavage, and was induced by the statin drug mevinolin. Stimulation of fibroblasts with platelet-derived growth factor, which activates SREBP-1, had a similar effect. Fasted mice that were refed with a high-carbohydrate diet presented an increased expression of HMOX1 and p55 gamma in the liver. Overall, the transcriptional signature of SREBP-1 in fibroblasts stimulated by growth factors was very similar to that described in liver cells. We analyzed the HMOX1 promoter and found one SREBP binding site of the E-box type, which was required for regulation by SREBP-1a and SREBP-1c but was insensitive to SREBP-2. In conclusion, our data suggest that SREBP-1 regulates the expression of stress response and signaling genes, which could contribute to the metabolic response to insulin and growth factors in various tissues.
  •  
29.
  • Karpe, F, et al. (author)
  • Chylomicron/chylomicron remnant turnover in humans : evidence for margination of chylomicrons and poor conversion of larger to smaller chylomicron remnants.
  • 1997
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 38:5, s. 949-61
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The size of cholesterol-rich lipoprotein particles is a strong determinant of whether they may be deposited in the arterial wall and by this become potentially atherogenic. This study deals with the in vivo transformation of larger-sized chylomicrons and chylomicron remnants to smaller-sized remnants. Twelve healthy men aged 22 to 45 years were given a fatty meal to which retinyl palmitate (RP) had been added. Plasmapheresis was performed 4 1/2 h after meal intake to isolate approximately 400 ml plasma. The RP-rich plasma was re-injected to the subject 24 h later. The RP content was determined in whole plasma and in Svedberg flotation rate fractions (Sf) > 400, Sf 60-400 and Sf 20-60. A compartmental model was developed for the kinetic analysis. Lipoprotein fractions showed minimal signs of aggregation, thus arguing for well-preserved postprandial lipoproteins. Approximately a fourth [23% (4-68%)] of the RP-containing lipoproteins in the Sf > 400 pool was converted to smaller species (Sf 60-400). Conversion of material from the Sf 60-400 to the Sf 20-60 fraction could not be detected. In a second study a large bolus dose of a triglyceride emulsion (Intralipid) was injected to subjects shortly after the RP-labeled plasma to investigate the endothelial binding of the chylomicron/chylomicron remnants. RP material in the Sf > 400 fraction rapidly returned to plasma, arguing for margination of chylomicrons, whereas the corresponding effect was minimal in the Sf 60-400 and Sf 20-60 fractions. The formation of small chylomicron remnants from the larger chylomicron/chylomicron remnant species is limited and large chylomicron/chylomicron remnants are not evenly distributed in plasma, rather they show signs of being marginated to the vascular endothelium.
  •  
30.
  • Karpe, F, et al. (author)
  • Endogenous triglyceride-rich lipoproteins accumulate in rat plasma when competing with a chylomicron-like triglyceride emulsion for a common lipolytic pathway.
  • 1995
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 36:7, s. 1557-66
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The rat liver secretes very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) containing either apoB-100 or apoB-48. After oral fat intake, chylomicrons containing apoB-48 and endogenously synthesized VLDL are mixed in the blood and the triglyceride clearance from these triglyceride-rich lipoprotein species compete for the same lipolytic pathway, i.e., lipoprotein lipase. A situation mimicking alimentary lipemia was induced by a short-term intravenous primed infusion of a chylomicron-like triglyceride emulsion to fed and fasted rats. The plasma concentration of apoB-100 and apoB-48 was monitored in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein subfractions after separation with density gradient ultracentrifugation by analytical SDS-PAGE. The net liver secretory output of VLDL was quantified by lipolytic blockade induced by Triton WR 1339. The chylomicron-like triglyceride emulsion induced a linear increase of large VLDL (Sf 60-400 subfraction containing both apoB-100 and apoB-48), almost to the same extent as that induced by Triton. The clearance of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and both lipolysis and clearance of intravenously injected labeled rat chylomicrons was efficiently inhibited by the emulsion but not so complete as for fasting VLDL. The linearity of the VLDL increase and the very early response in the Intralipid-treated rats suggest that enhanced synthesis of VLDL is not a major cause for the accumulation. Rather, the present data indicate that a high plasma concentration of a chylomicron-like triglyceride emulsion competes efficiently with liver-derived VLDL for the same lipolytic pathway, which leads to accumulation in plasma of endogenous VLDL in the postprandial state.
  •  
31.
  • Kast, Heidi Rachelle, et al. (author)
  • CTP : phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, a new sterol- and SREBP-responsive gene
  • 2001
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 42:8, s. 1266-1272
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) gene encodes the rate-controlling enzyme in the phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis pathway. CTalpha mRNA levels, like farnesyl diphosphate synthase and the LDL receptor, are repressed when human or rodent cells are incubated with exogenous sterols and induced when cells are incubated in lipid-depleted medium. A putative sterol response element (SRE) was identified 156 bp upstream of the transcription start site of the CTalpha gene. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrate that recombinant SREBP-1a binds to the wild-type SRE identified in the CTalpha promoter but not to oligonucleotides containing two mutations in the SRE. In other studies, a luciferase reporter construct under the control of the murine CTalpha proximal promoter was transiently transfected into cells. The activity of the reporter was repressed after addition of sterols to the medium and induced when the cells were incubated in lipid-depleted medium. The activity of the CTalpha-luciferase reporter was also induced when cells were cotransfected with plasmids encoding either SREBP-1a or SREBP-2. In contrast, no induction was observed under the same conditions when the CTalpha promoter-reporter gene contained two mutations in the SRE. In addition, the induction of the wild-type CTalpha promoter-reporter gene that occurs in cells incubated in lipid-depleted medium is attenuated when dominant-negative SREBP is cotransfected into the cells. These studies demonstrate that transcription of the CTalpha gene is inhibited by sterols and activated by mature forms of SREBP. We conclude that SREBP-regulated genes are involved not only in the synthesis of cholesterol, fatty acids, triglycerides, and NADPH, but also, as shown here, in the synthesis of phospholipids.
  •  
32.
  • Kenne, Lennart (author)
  • Structural analysis of the lipid A isolated from Hafnia alvei 32 and PCM 1192 lipopolysaccharides
  • 2010
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 51, s. 564-574
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Hafnia alvei, a Gram-negative bacterium, is an opportunistic pathogen associated with mixed hospital infections, bacteremia, septicemia, and respiratory diseases. The majority of clinical symptoms of diseases caused by this bacterium have a lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin)-related origin. The lipid A structure affects the biological activity of endotoxins predominantly. Thus, the structure of H. alvei lipid A was analyzed for the first time. The major form, asymmetrically hexa-acylated lipid A built of beta-D-GlcpN4P-(1 -> 6)-alpha-D-GlcpN1P substituted with (R)-14:0(3-OH) at N-2 and O-3, 14:0(3-(R)-O-12:0) at N-2', and 14:0(3-(R)-O-14:0) at O-3', was identified by ESI-MS(n) and MALDI-time-of-flight (TOF) MS. Comparative analysis performed by MS suggested that LPSs of H. alvei 32, PCM 1192, PCM 1206, and PCM 1207 share the identified structure of lipid A. LPSs of H. alvei are yet another example of enterobacterial endotoxins having the Escherichia coli-type structure of lipid A. The presence of hepta-acylated forms of H. alvei lipid A resulted from the addition of palmitate (16:0) substituting 14:0(3-OH) at N-2 of the alpha-GlcpN residue. All the studied strains of H. alvei have an ability to modify their lipid A structure by palmitoylation.-Lukasiewicz, J., W. Jachymek, T. Niedziela, L. Kenne, and C. Lugowski. Structural analysis of the lipid A isolated from Hafnia alvei 32 and PCM 1192 lipopolysaccharides. J. Lipid Res. 2010. 51: 564-574.
  •  
33.
  • Korotkova, Marina, 1954, et al. (author)
  • Maternal essential fatty acid deficiency depresses serum leptin levels in suckling rat pups.
  • 2001
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 42:3, s. 359-365
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Dietary lipid quantity and quality have recently been shown to affect serum leptin levels in adult rats. Moreover, suckling pups from dams fed a high fat diet had increased serum leptin levels. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency on serum leptin levels in dams and their pups during the suckling period. For the last 10 days of gestation and throughout lactation, pregnant rats were fed a control or an EFA-deficient (EFAD) diet. The levels of leptin and EFA in the serum of the dams and pups were analyzed 1, 2, and 3 weeks after delivery. In parallel, serum levels of glucose and corticosterone were analyzed in the pups. Low serum leptin levels were found in the control lactating dams during the entire lactation period compared with the age-matched nonlactating animals. The leptin concentrations in the lactating dams fed the EFAD diet were lower compared with those fed the control diet. The serum leptin levels of suckling pups from dams on the EFAD diet were markedly decreased compared with controls (P < 0.05). The reduced serum leptin levels could not be explained by nutritional restriction as evaluated by serum levels of glucose and corticosterone. These results indicate the importance of the EFA composition of the maternal diet for serum leptin levels in both dams and pups. EFA deficiency in lactating dams may cause long-term effects on the pups through dysregulation of leptin and leptin-dependent functions. -- Korotkova, M., B. Gabrielsson, L. A. Hanson, and B. Strandvik. Maternal essential fatty acid deficiency depresses serum leptin levels in suckling rat pups. J. Lipid Res. 2001. 42: 359--365.
  •  
34.
  • Kovrov, Oleg, et al. (author)
  • Lipoprotein size is a main determinant for the rate of hydrolysis by exogenous LPL in human plasma
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 63:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • LPL is a key player in plasma triglyceride metabolism. Consequently, LPL is regulated by several proteins during synthesis, folding, secretion, and transport to its site of action at the luminal side of capillaries, as well as during the catalytic reaction. Some proteins are well known, whereas others have been identified but are still not fully understood. We set out to study the effects of the natural variations in the plasma levels of all known LPL regulators on the activity of purified LPL added to samples of fasted plasma taken from 117 individuals. The enzymatic activity was measured at 25°C using isothermal titration calorimetry. This method allows quantification of the ability of an added fixed amount of exogenous LPL to hydrolyze triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in plasma samples by measuring the heat produced. Our results indicate that, under the conditions used, the normal variation in the endogenous levels of apolipoprotein C1, C2, and C3 or the levels of angiopoietinlike proteins 3, 4, and 8 in the fasted plasma samples had no significant effect on the recorded activity of the added LPL. Instead, the key determinant for the LPL activity was a lipid signature strongly correlated to the average size of the VLDL particles. The signature involved not only several lipoprotein and plasma lipid parameters but also apolipoprotein A5 levels. While the measurements cannot fully represent the action of LPL when attached to the capillary wall, our study provides knowledge on the interindividual variation of LPL lipolysis rates in human plasma.
  •  
35.
  • Kovrov, Oleg, et al. (author)
  • On the mechanism of angiopoietin-like protein 8 for control of lipoprotein lipase activity
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 60:4, s. 783-793
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Angiopoietin-like (ANGPTL) 8 is a secreted inhibitor of LPL, a key enzyme in plasma triglyceride metabolism. It was previously reported that ANGPTL8 requires another member of the ANGPTL family, ANGPTL3, to act on LPL. ANGPTL3, much like ANGPTL4, is a physiologically relevant regulator of LPL activity, which causes irreversible inactivation of the enzyme. Here, we show that ANGPTL8 can form complexes with either ANGPTL3 or ANGPTL4 when the proteins are refolded together from their denatured states. In contrast to the augmented inhibitory effect of the ANGPTL3/ANGPTL8 complex on LPL activity, the ANGPTL4/ANGPTL8 complex is less active compared with ANGPTL4 alone. In our experiments, all three members of the ANGPTL family use the same mechanism to inactivate LPL, which involves dissociation of active dimeric LPL to monomers. This inactivation can be counteracted by the presence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored HDL binding protein 1, the endothelial LPL transport protein previously known to protect LPL from spontaneous and ANGPTL4-catalyzed inactivation. Our data demonstrate that ANGPTL8 may function as an important metabolic switch, by forming complexes with ANGPTL3, or with ANGPTL4, in order to direct the flow of energy from triglycerides in blood according to the needs of the body.
  •  
36.
  • Kroon, Tobias, et al. (author)
  • Dosing profile profoundly influences nicotinic acid's ability to improve metabolic Control in rats
  • 2015
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 56, s. 1679-1690
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Acute nicotinic acid (NiAc) administration results in rapid reduction of plasma FFA concentrations. However, sustained NiAc exposure is associated with tolerance development resulting in return of FFA to pretreatment levels. The aim of this study was to determine whether a 12 h rectangular exposure profile (intermittent dose group) could avoid tolerance development and thereby reverse insulin resistance induced by lipid overload. FFA lowering was assessed in male Sprague Dawley (lean) and obese Zucker rats (obese) in response to a 5 h NiAc infusion, in either NiAc-naive animals or after 5 days of continuous (24 h/day) or intermittent (12 h/day) NiAc dosing (via implantable, programmable minipump). We found that intermittent dosing over 5 days preserved NiAc-induced FFA lowering, comparable to dosing in NiAc-naive animals. By contrast, following 5 days continuous administration, NiAc-induced FFA lowering was lost. The effect of intermittent NiAc infusion on insulin sensitivity was assessed in obese Zucker rats using hyperinsulinemic-isoglycemic clamps. The acute effect of NiAc to elevate glucose infusion rate (vs. saline control) was indeed preserved with intermittent dosing, while being lost upon continuous infusion. In conclusion, an intermittent but not continuous NiAc dosing strategy succeeded in retaining NiAc's ability to lower FFA and improve insulin sensitivity in obese Zucker rats.Kroon, T., A. Kjellstedt, P. Thalen, J. Gabrielsson, and N. D. Oakes.
  •  
37.
  • Kroon, Tobias, et al. (author)
  • Nicotinic acid timed to feeding reverses tissue lipid accumulation and improves glucose control in obese Zucker rats
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 58, s. 31-41
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Nicotinic acid (NiAc) is a potent inhibitor of lipolysis, acutely reducing plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations. However, a major FFA rebound is seen during rapid NiAc washout, and sustained exposure is associated with tolerance development, with FFAs returning to pretreatment levels. Our aim was to find a rational NiAc dosing regimen that preserves FFA lowering, sufficient to reverse nonadipose tissue lipid accumulation and improve metabolic control, in obese Zucker rats. We compared feeding-period versus fasting-period NiAc dosing for 5 days: 12 h subcutaneous infusion (programmable, implantable mini-pumps) terminated by gradual withdrawal. It was found that NiAc timed to feeding decreased triglycerides in liver (-47%; P < 0.01) and heart (-38%; P < 0.05) and reduced plasma fructosamine versus vehicle. During oral glucose tolerance test, plasma FFA levels were reduced with amelioration of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia. Furthermore, timing NiAc to feeding resulted in a general downregulation of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) genes in liver. By contrast, NiAc timed to fasting did not reduce tissue lipids, ameliorate glucose intolerance or dyslipidemia, or alter hepatic DNL genes.(Jlr) In conclusion, NiAc dosing regimen has a major impact on metabolic control in obese Zucker rats. Specifically, a well-defined NiAc exposure, timed to feeding periods, profoundly improves the metabolic phenotype of this animal model.
  •  
38.
  • Landfors, Fredrik, et al. (author)
  • Genetic mimicry analysis reveals the specific lipases targeted by the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complex and ANGPTL4
  • 2023
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 64:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Angiopoietin-like proteins, ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8, are involved in regulating plasma lipids. In vitro and animal-based studies point to LPL and endothelial lipase (EL, LIPG) as key targets of ANGPTLs. To examine the ANGPTL mechanisms for plasma lipid modulation in humans, we pursued a genetic mimicry analysis of enhancing or suppressing variants in the LPL, LIPG, lipase C hepatic type (LIPC), ANGPTL3, ANGPTL4, and ANGPTL8 genes using data on 248 metabolic parameters derived from over 110,000 nonfasted individuals in the UK Biobank and validated in over 13,000 overnight fasted individuals from 11 other European populations. ANGPTL4 suppression was highly concordant with LPL enhancement but not HL or EL, suggesting ANGPTL4 impacts plasma metabolic parameters exclusively via LPL. The LPL-independent effects of ANGPTL3 suppression on plasma metabolic parameters showed a striking inverse resemblance with EL suppression, suggesting ANGPTL3 not only targets LPL but also targets EL. Investigation of the impact of the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complex on plasma metabolite traits via the ANGPTL8 R59W substitution as an instrumental variable showed a much higher concordance between R59W and EL activity than between R59W and LPL activity, suggesting the R59W substitution more strongly affects EL inhibition than LPL inhibition. Meanwhile, when using a rare and deleterious protein-truncating ANGPTL8 variant as an instrumental variable, the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complex was very LPL specific. In conclusion, our analysis provides strong human genetic evidence that the ANGPTL3-ANGPTL8 complex regulates plasma metabolic parameters, which is achieved by impacting LPL and EL. By contrast, ANGPTL4 influences plasma metabolic parameters exclusively via LPL.
  •  
39.
  • Ledmyr, H., et al. (author)
  • The Ile128Thr polymorphism influences stability and ligand binding properties of the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein
  • 2006
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 47:7, s. 1378-1385
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) is essential for the assembly of VLDLs. We recently observed that a polymorphism in the MTTP promoter (-493G>T), which is in allelic association with an isoleucine-to-theronine substitution at position 128 (Ile128Thr) in the expressed protein, confers an increased risk of coronary heart disease. Two variant proteins comprising amino acids 16-297 of intact MTTP, MTTPN-Ile128 and MTTP N-Thr128, had similar native secondary structure content, as judged by circular dichroism. However, the thermal stability of MTTPN-Thr128 was greatly reduced, and this protein was also more extensively cleaved in limited proteolysis experiments compared with MTTPN-Ile128, both of these findings support a less compact fold. On adding LDL, which includes natively folded apolipoprotein B (apoB), decreased stability of the MTTP N-Thr128-LDL complex was observed compared with that of the MTTP N-Ile128-LDL complex. In a refined model of the N-terminal domain of MTTP, residue 128 is located in a surface-exposed position, in the same region as an identified MTTP binding site in the homologous apoB protein. Thus, the Ile128Thr polymorphism confers reduced structural stability, leading to decreased binding of MTTP to LDL particles. Because the major MTTP binding target on LDL is apoB, the Ile128Thr polymorphism could target the MTTP-apoB interaction. Copyright © 2006 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
  •  
40.
  • Liu, L, et al. (author)
  • DGAT1 deficiency decreases PPAR expression and does not lead to lipotoxicity in cardiac and skeletal muscle
  • 2011
  • In: JOURNAL OF LIPID RESEARCH. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 52:4, s. 732-744
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Diacylglycerol (DAG) acyl transferase 1 (Dgat1) knockout (−/−) mice are resistant to high-fat-induced obesity and insulin resistance, but the reasons are unclear. Dgat1−/− mice had reduced mRNA levels of all three Ppar genes and genes involved in fatty acid oxidation in the myocardium of Dgat1−/− mice. Although DGAT1 converts DAG to triglyceride (TG), tissue levels of DAG were not increased in Dgat1−/− mice. Hearts of chow-diet Dgat1−/− mice were larger than those of wild-type (WT) mice, but cardiac function was normal. Skeletal muscles from Dgat1−/− mice were also larger. Muscle hypertrophy factors phospho-AKT and phospho-mTOR were increased in Dgat1−/− cardiac and skeletal muscle. In contrast to muscle, liver from Dgat1−/− mice had no reduction in mRNA levels of genes mediating fatty acid oxidation. Glucose uptake was increased in cardiac and skeletal muscle in Dgat1−/− mice. Treatment with an inhibitor specific for DGAT1 led to similarly striking reductions in mRNA levels of genes mediating fatty acid oxidation in cardiac and skeletal muscle. These changes were reproduced in cultured myocytes with the DGAT1 inhibitor, which also blocked the increase in mRNA levels of Ppar genes and their targets induced by palmitic acid. Thus, loss of DGAT1 activity in muscles decreases mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid uptake and oxidation.
  •  
41.
  • Love-Gregory, Latisha, et al. (author)
  • Higher chylomicron remnants and LDL particle numbers associate with CD36 SNPs and DNA methylation sites that reduce CD36
  • 2016
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 57:12, s. 2176-2184
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) variants influence fasting lipids and risk of metabolic syndrome, but their impact on postprandial lipids, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is unclear. We determined the effects of SNPs within a approximate to 410 kb region encompassing CD36 and its proximal and distal promoters on chylomicron (CM) remnants and LDL particles at fasting and at 3.5 and 6 h following a high-fat meal (Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network study, n = 1,117). Five promoter variants associated with CMs, four with delayed TG clearance and five with LDL particle number. To assess mechanisms underlying the associations, we queried expression quantitative trait loci, DNA methylation, and ChIP-seq datasets for adipose and heart tissues that function in postprandial lipid clearance. Several SNPs that associated with higher serum lipids correlated with lower adipose and heart CD36 mRNA and aligned to active motifs for PPAR, a major CD36 regulator. The SNPs also associated with DNA methylation sites that related to reduced CD36 mRNA and higher serum lipids, but mixed-model analyses indicated that the SNPs and methylation independently influence CD36 mRNA. The findings support contributions of CD36 SNPs that reduce adipose and heart CD36 RNA expression to inter-individual variability of postprandial lipid metabolism and document changes in CD36 DNA methylation that influence both CD36 expression and lipids.
  •  
42.
  • Mendoza-Barbera, Elena, et al. (author)
  • Structural and functional analysis of APOA5 mutations identified in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia
  • 2013
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 54:3, s. 649-661
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • During the diagnosis of three unrelated patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia, three APOA5 mutations [p.(Ser232_Leu235)del,p.Leu253Pro,andp.Asp332ValfsX4] were found without evidence of concomitant LPL, APOC2, or GPIHBP1 mutations. The molecular mechanisms by which APOA5 mutations result in severe hypertriglyceridemia remain poorly understood, and the functional impairment/s induced by these specific mutations was not obvious. Therefore, we performed a thorough structural and functional analysis that included follow-up of patients and their closest relatives, measurement of apoA-V serum concentrations, and sequencing of the APOA5 gene in 200 nonhyperlipidemic controls. Further, we cloned, overexpressed, and purified both wild-type and mutant apoA-V variants and characterized their capacity to activate LPL. The interactions of recombinant wild-type and mutated apoA-V variants with liposomes of different composition, heparin, LRP1, sortilin, and SorLA/LR11 were also analyzed. Finally, to explore the possible structural consequences of these mutations, we developed a three-dimensional model of full-length, lipid-free human apoA-V. A complex, wide array of impairments was found in each of the three mutants, suggesting that the specific residues affected are critical structural determinants for apoA-V function in lipoprotein metabolism and, therefore, that these APOA5 mutations are a direct cause of hypertriglyceridemia.-Mendoza-Barbera, E., J. Julve, S. K. Nilsson, A. Lookene, J. M. Martin-Campos, R. Roig, A. M. Lechuga-Sancho, J. J. Sloan, P. Fuentes-Prior, and F. Blanco-Vaca. Structural and functional analysis of APOA5 mutations identified in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia. 
  •  
43.
  • Minehira, Kaori, et al. (author)
  • Blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis but does not affect peripheral lipid stores or insulin sensitivity in mice
  • 2008
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 49:9, s. 2038-2044
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The liver secretes triglyceride-rich VLDLs, and the triglycerides in these particles are taken up by peripheral tissues, mainly heart, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue. Blocking hepatic VLDL secretion interferes with the delivery of liver-derived triglycerides to peripheral tissues and results in an accumulation of triglycerides in the liver. However, it is unclear how interfering with hepatic triglyceride secretion affects adiposity, muscle triglyceride stores, and insulin sensitivity. To explore these issues, we examined mice that cannot secrete VLDL [due to the absence of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (Mttp) in the liver]. These mice exhibit markedly reduced levels of apolipoprotein B-100 in the plasma, along with reduced levels of triglycerides in the plasma. Despite the low plasma triglyceride levels, triglyceride levels in skeletal muscle were unaffected. Adiposity and adipose tissue triglyceride synthesis rates were also normal, and body weight curves were unaffected. Even though the blockade of VLDL secretion caused hepatic steatosis accompanied by increased ceramides and diacylglycerols in the liver, the mice exhibited normal glucose tolerance and were sensitive to insulin at the whole-body level, as judged by hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies. Normal hepatic glucose production and insulin signaling were also maintained in the fatty liver induced by Mttp deletion. Thus, blocking VLDL secretion causes hepatic steatosis without insulin resistance, and there is little effect on muscle triglyceride stores or adiposity.
  •  
44.
  • Nilsson, Oktawia, et al. (author)
  • Structure dynamics of ApoA-I amyloidogenic variants in small HDL increase their ability to mediate cholesterol efflux
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : Elsevier. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 62
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) of high density lipoproteins (HDLs) is essential for the transportation of cholesterol between peripheral tissues and the liver. However, specific mutations in ApoA-I of HDLs are responsible for a late-onset systemic amyloidosis, the pathological accumulation of protein fibrils in tissues and organs. Carriers of these mutations do not exhibit increased cardiovascular disease risk despite displaying reduced levels of ApoA-I/HDL cholesterol. To explain this paradox, we show that the HDL particle profiles of patients carrying either L75P or L174S ApoA-I amyloidogenic variants show a higher relative abundance of the 8.4-nm versus 9.6-nm particles and that serum from patients, as well as reconstituted 8.4- and 9.6-nm HDL particles (rHDL), possess increased capacity to catalyze cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Synchrotron radiation circular dichroism and hydrogen-deuterium exchange revealed that the variants in 8.4-nm rHDL have altered secondary structure composition and display a more flexible binding to lipids than their native counterpart. The reduced HDL cholesterol levels of patients carrying ApoA-I amyloidogenic variants are thus balanced by higher proportion of small, dense HDL particles, and better cholesterol efflux due to altered, region-specific protein structure dynamics.
  •  
45.
  • Nordin Fredrikson, Gunilla, et al. (author)
  • Identification of autoantibodies in human plasma recognizing an apoB-100 LDL receptor binding site peptide
  • 2006
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 1539-7262 .- 0022-2275. ; 47:9, s. 2049-2054
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that autoantibodies recognize amino acid sequences in the LDL receptor binding region of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100). Autoantibodies against an unmodified or malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified LDL receptor binding site peptide were determined by ELISA in baseline plasma samples of 78 cases with coronary events and 149 matched controls recruited from the prospective Malmo Diet Cancer Study. IgG and IgM recognizing this peptide were detected in all subjects but did not differ between cases and controls. Inverse associations were observed between IgG against the native binding site and plasma oxidized LDL (r = -0.21, P < 0.005), but there were no significant associations with total or LDL cholesterol levels. In univariate analyses, inverse associations were found between baseline carotid intima-media thickness and IgG against the MDA-modified binding site (r = -0.14, P < 0.05), but this association was lost when controlling for other major cardiovascular risk factors. Specificity studies demonstrated that the binding of autoantibodies to these sequences could be inhibited by oxidized but not by native LDL. Autoantibodies recognizing the LDL receptor binding site in apoB-100 are frequently expressed. Their association with plasma oxidized LDL suggests that they have been generated in response to breakdown products of LDL oxidation, but their influence on cholesterol metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis appears limited.
  •  
46.
  • Norlin, Maria, et al. (author)
  • 24-Hydroxycholesterol is a substrate for hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A)
  • 2000
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 41:10, s. 1629-1639
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • (24S)-Hydroxycholesterol is formed from cholesterol in the brain and is important for cholesterol homeostasis in this organ. Elimination of (24S)-hydroxycholesterol has been suggested to occur in the liver but little is known about the metabolism of this oxysterol. In the present investigation, we report formation of 7alpha, 24-dihydroxycholesterol in pig and human liver. 7alpha-hydroxylase activity toward both isomers of 24-hydroxycholesterol [(24S) and (24R)] was found in a partially purified and reconstituted cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A) enzyme fraction from pig liver microsomes. In contrast, a purified enzyme fraction of pig liver oxysterol 7alpha-hydroxylase with high activity toward 27-hydroxycholesterol did not show any detectable activity toward 24-hydroxycholesterol. 7alpha-Hydroxylation of 24-hydroxycholesterol was strongly inhibited by 7-oxocholesterol, a known inhibitor of CYP7A. Human CYP7A, recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and in simian COS cells, showed 7alpha-hydroxylase activity toward both cholesterol and the two isomers of 24-hydroxycholesterol, with a preference for the (24S)-isomer. Our results show that 24-hydroxycholesterol is metabolized by CYP7A, an enzyme previously considered to be specific for cholesterol and cholestanol and not active toward oxysterols. Because CYP7A is the rate-limiting enzyme in the major pathway of bile acid biosynthesis, the possibility is discussed that at least part of the 24-hydroxycholesterol is converted into 7alpha-hydroxylated bile acids by the enzymes involved in the normal biosynthesis of bile acids.
  •  
47.
  • Norlin, Maria, et al. (author)
  • On the substrate specificity of human CYP27A1: implications for bile acid and cholestanol formation
  • 2003
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 44:8, s. 1515-1522
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) is required for degradation of the C27-sterol side chain in bile acid biosynthesis. CYP27A1 seems, however, to have roles beyond this, as illustrated by patients with a deficient sterol 27-hydroxylase due to mutations of the CYP27A1 gene [cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX)]. These subjects have symptoms ranging from accumulation of bile alcohols and cholestanol to accelerated atherosclerosis and progressive neurologic impairment. The present work describes a detailed investigation on the substrate specificity of recombinant human CYP27A1. In accordance with some previous work with rat liver mitochondria, the activity in general increased with the polarity of the substrate. An obvious example was the finding that cholesterol was 27-hydroxylated more efficiently than cholesterol oleate but less efficiently than cholesterol sulfate. The oxysterols 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol were 27-hydroxylated less efficiently than cholesterol, possibly due to steric hindrance. Surprisingly, sterols with a 3-oxo-Delta4 structure were found to be hydroxylated at a much higher rate than the corresponding sterols with a 3beta-hydroxy-Delta5 structure. The rates of hydroxylation of the sterols were: 7alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one>4-cholesten-3-one>7alpha-hydroxycholesterol>24-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one> cholesterol>25-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one>24-hydroxycholesterol>or=25-hydroxycholesterol. The possibility is discussed that the findings may have implications for oxysterol-mediated regulation of gene expression. The very high activity of CYP27A1 towards the cholestanol precursor 4-cholesten-3-one may be of importance in connection with the accumulation of cholestanol in patients with CTX.
  •  
48.
  • Olivecrona, Gunilla, et al. (author)
  • Mutation of conserved cysteines in the Ly6 domain of GPIHBP1 in familial chylomicronemia
  • 2010
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - New York : Rockefeller U.P.. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 51:6, s. 1535-1545
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We investigated a family from northern Sweden in which three of four siblings have congenital chylomicronemia. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity and mass in pre- and post-heparin plasma were low, and LPL release into plasma after heparin injection was delayed. LPL activity and mass in adipose tissue biopsies appeared normal. [35S]Methionine incorporation studies on adipose tissue showed that newly synthesized LPL was normal in size and normally glycosylated. Breast milk from the affected female subjects contained normal to elevated LPL mass and activity levels. The milk had a lower than normal milk lipid content, and the fatty acid composition was compatible with the milk lipids being derived from de novo lipogenesis, rather than from the plasma lipoproteins. Given the delayed release of LPL into the plasma after heparin, we suspected that the chylomicronemia might be caused by mutations in GPIHBP1. Indeed, all three affected siblings were compound heterozygotes for missense mutations involving highly conserved cysteines in the Ly6 domain of GPIHBP1 (C65S and C68G). The mutant GPIHBP1 proteins reached the surface of transfected CHO cells but were defective in their ability to bind LPL (as judged by both cell-based and cell-free LPL binding assays). Thus, the conserved cysteines in the Ly6 domain are crucial for GPIHBP1 function.
  •  
49.
  •  
50.
  • Oliw, E, 1948-, et al. (author)
  • An allene oxide and 12-oxophytodienoic acid are key intermediates in jasmonic acid biosynthesis by Fusarium oxysporum
  • 2017
  • In: Journal of Lipid Research. - : AMER SOC BIOCHEMISTRY MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INC. - 0022-2275 .- 1539-7262. ; 58:8, s. 1670-1680
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Fungi can produce jasmonic acid (JA) and its isoleucine conjugate in large quantities, but little is known about the biosynthesis. Plants form JA from 18: 3n-3 by 13S-lipoxygenase (LOX), allene oxide synthase, and allene oxide cyclase. Shaking cultures of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tulipae released over 200 mg of jasmonates per liter. Nitrogen powder of the mycelia expressed 10R-dioxygenase-epoxy alcohol synthase activities, which was confirmed by comparison with the recombinant enzyme. The 13S-LOX of F. oxysporum could not be detected in the cell-free preparations. Incubation of mycelia in phosphate buffer with [17,17,18,18,18-2 H5] 18: 3n-3 led to biosynthesis of a [H-2(5)] 12-oxo-13-hydroxy-9Z, 15Z-octadecadienoic acid (. -ketol), [H-2(5)] 12-oxo-10,15Z-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA), and [H-2(5)] 13-keto-and [H-2(5)] 13S-hydroxyoctadecatrienoic acids. The. -ketol consisted of 90% of the 13R stereoisomer, suggesting its formation by nonenzymatic hydrolysis of an allene oxide with 13S configuration. Labeled and unlabeled 12-OPDA were observed following incubation with 0.1 mM [H-2(5)] 18: 3n-3 in a ratio from 0.4: 1 up to 47: 1 by mycelia of liquid cultures of different ages, whereas 10 times higher concentration of [H-2(5)] 13S-hydroperoxyoctadecatrienoic acid was required to detect biosynthesis of [H-2(5)] 12-OPDA. The allene oxide is likely formed by a cytochrome P450 or catalase-related hydroperoxidase. We conclude that F. oxysporum, like plants, forms jasmonates with an allene oxide and 12-OPDA as intermediates.
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