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1.
  • Albertsson, Jan, 1959-, et al. (author)
  • Deposit-feeding amphipods (Monoporeia affinis) reduce the recruitment of copepod nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the northern Baltic Sea
  • 2001
  • In: Marine Biology. - Umea Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. Umea Univ, Umea Marine Sci Ctr, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 138:4, s. 793-801
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We experimentally investigated the effect of different densities of the burrowing, deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis on the recruitment of zooplankton from benthic resting eggs. Intact sediment cores with in situ density and species composition of zooplankton resting eggs and benthic fauna were collected in the northern Bothnian Sea, part of the Baltic Sea. We removed as many M, affinis as possible from the cores and then added different numbers of ill. affinis to the cores to generate a range of densities. The cores were exposed to different densities of M. affinis for either 3 or 40 days, after which the hatched zooplankton was registered. One subset of the cores were initially incubated under low temperature (2-3 degreesC, to prevent hatching) for 37 days (the resting phase), to allow for effects of M. affinis on unhatched resting eggs. These cores were then incubated under higher temperature (13 degreesC) for 3 days (the hatching phase), to induce hatching and allow for effects on hatching or hatched specimens. In a second subset of cores with the same time and temperature schedule, the M. affinis density was experimentally reduced at the start of the hatching phase, to evaluate the effect of M. affinis during the hatching phase. To a third subset of cores, we immediately initiated the hatching phase, without an experimental resting phase, to evaluate the effects induced during the resting phase. The most common zooplankton species that hatched was Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda), followed by Bosmina longispina maritima (Cladocera). In all cores that were subjected to a resting phase, the numbers of hatched E. affinis were log-linearly negatively related to density of M. affinis. An increase of M. affinis density from 1,000 to 5,000 individuals m(-2), normal field densities, reduced the hatching by 60-70%. The negative impact was mainly exerted during the hatching phase, suggesting predation on, burial of or physical injury of hatching nauplii or eggs in a late development stage as likely mechanisms. Also, the number of B. longispina maritima that hatched was reduced by M. affinis during the hatching phase, but no clear relation to density of M. affinis could be identified. The results show that M. affinis can reduce recruitment to zooplankton from benthic resting eggs. Such impact by the benthos on resting stages of zooplankton is therefore a potentially significant link between the benthic and pelagic systems.
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2.
  • Albertsson, Jan, 1959-, et al. (author)
  • Impact of a borrowing deposit-feeder, Monoporeia affinis, on viable zooplankton resting eggs in the northern Baltic Sea
  • 2000
  • In: Marine Biology. - Umea Univ, Dept Ecol & Environm Sci, S-90187 Umea, Sweden. : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 136:4, s. 611-619
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We investigated the effect of different densities of the burrowing deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis on the potential for recruitment of zooplankton from benthic resting eggs. Hatching of resting eggs was induced in the laboratory on sliced and resuspended 1-cm depth-sections of sediment cores, collected at six stations ill an archipelago area of the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea. The uppermost 5 cm of the sediment was studied. The most common species that hatched was Eurytemor affinis (Copepoda). Individuals from another copepod genus, Acartia, hatched in significant numbers only in the cores from two stations with low amphipod abundance. Cores from stations with high amphipod densities showed a deeper distribution of emerging E. affinis nauplii compared with stations with few amphipods: the oxidised sediment layer was also deeper at high M. affinis densities than at low. Total (0 to 5 cm strata pooled) number of hatched E. affinis nauplii was independent of amphipod density. This indicates that the effect of M. affinis on E. affinis eggs involves deeper burial due to bioturbation, rather than predation. Decreased benthic recruitment of zooplankton at localities with high M. affinis density is suggested, since more deeply positioned eggs are less likely to hatch. When hatching was induced in intact, non-sliced cores from one station, the number of E. affinis nauplii that hatched was on average 43% of the number that hatched in the upper centimetre of the sliced cores from the same station. This fraction (43%), if applied to the other stations, implied a potential for benthic recruitment of up to 80000 ind m(-2) for E. affinis. Due to its high abundance, M. affinis is likely to greatly reduce benthic recruitment of zooplankton in this system.
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3.
  • Alonso Aller, Elisa, et al. (author)
  • Single and joint effects of regional- and local-scale variables on tropical seagrass fish assemblages
  • 2014
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 161:10, s. 2395-2405
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Seagrass beds are highly important for tropical ecosystems by supporting abundant and diverse fish assemblages that form the basis for artisanal fisheries. Although a number of local- and regional-scale variables are known to influence the abundance, diversity and assemblage structure of seagrass-associated fish assemblages, few studies have evaluated the relative and joint (interacting) influences of variables, especially those acting at different scales. Here, we examined the relative importance of local- and regional-scale factors structuring seagrass-associated fish assemblages, using a field survey in six seagrass (Thalassodendron ciliatum) areas around Unguja Island (Zanzibar, Tanzania). Fish density and assemblage structure were mostly affected by two regional-scale variables; distance to coral reefs, which positively affected fish density, and level of human development, which negatively affected fish density. On the local scale, seagrass biomass had a positive (but weaker) influence on fish density. However, the positive effect of seagrass biomass decreased with increasing level of human development. In summary, our results highlight the importance of assessing how multiple local and regional variables, alone and together, influence fish communities, in order to improve management of seagrass ecosystems and their services.
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4.
  • Andersson, Agneta, et al. (author)
  • Succession and growth limitation of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Bothnia (Baltic Sea)
  • 1996
  • In: Marine Biology. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 126:4, s. 791-801
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A one year field study of four stations in the Gulf of Bothnia during 1991 showed that the biomass was ca. two times, and primary productivity ca, four times, lower in the north (Bothnian Bay) than in the south (Bothnian Sea) during the summer. Nutrient addition experiments indicated phosphorus limitation of phytoplankton in the Bothnian Bay and the coastal areas in the northern Bothnian Sea, but nitrogen limitation in the open Bothnian Sea. A positive correlation between the phosphate concentration and the production/biomass ratio of phytoplankton was demonstrated, which partly explained the differences in the specific growth rate of the phytoplankton during the summer. Differences in photosynthetic active radiation between the stations also showed a covariation with the primary productivity. The relative importance of nutrient or light limitation for photosynthetic carbon fixation could not, however, be conclusively determined from this study. Marked differences in phytoplankton species composition from north to south were also observed. The number of dominating species was higher in the Bothnian Sea than in the Bothnian Bay. The distribution of some species could be explained as due to nutrient availability (e.g. Nodularia spumigena, Aphanizomenon sp.), while salinity probably limits the distribution of some limnic as well as marine species. The potentially toxic phytoplankton N. spumigena, Dinophysis acuminata and Chrysochromulina spp. were common in the Bothnian Sea but not in the Bothnian Bay. The pico- and nanoplankton biomass during late summer was higher than previously reported due to a revised carbon/volume ratio.
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7.
  • Araujo, Rita, et al. (author)
  • Recovery after trampling disturbance in a canopy-forming seaweed population
  • 2012
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 159:3, s. 697-707
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The recovery of Ascophyllum nodosum, and the associated benthic community, was followed after repeated trampling disturbance at different intensities, from 2005 to 2010, at its southern limit (41 degrees 41'27 '' N;8 degrees 50'57 '' W). The cover of A. nodosum and associated organisms and the demography of A. nodosum individuals in the most disturbed areas were followed over a recovery period of 54 months. Recovery of A. nodosum assemblages was negatively affected by increasing trampling intensity. After 54 months, the highest intensity plots were still significantly different from control plots. Growth and mortality rates of A. nodosum increased shortly after disturbance but progressively recovered to levels close to control plots. The results of this study demonstrate the sensitivity of this habitat-building species to human trampling and also show its plasticity to cope with disturbance events.
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8.
  • Baden, Susanne P., 1952, et al. (author)
  • Between-individual variation in haemocyanin concentrations in the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus following exposure to hypoxia and manganese
  • 2003
  • In: Marine Biology. - 0025-3162. ; 143:2, s. 267-273
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Environmental hypoxia and the release of reduced manganese (Mn) are often combined stress factors in marine sediments. Previous investigations have shown that hypoxia induces variable responses in the concentration of the respiratory pigment haemocyanin (Hc) of crustaceans. A recent study demonstrated that the magnitude and direction of the changes was dependent on the initial level of Hc in individuals of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus. The changes also took place within 24 h rather than days as suggested by previous studies. In this present study we investigated changes of Hc in individual N. norvegicus in uncontaminated sea water after exposure to and release from realistic hypoxic stress (PO2 = 6.0 kPa). Furthermore we investigated how concomitant exposure to realistic concentrations of manganese (20 mg 1(-1)) modified the responses we observed. We confirmed a between-individual variation in response and a change in Hc towards an optimum level after hypoxia, but also showed that changes that took place post-hypoxic exposure occurred over a timescale similar to that of the hypoxic response itself. Manganese exposure resulted in no significant changes in Hc whereas Mn exposure combined with hypoxia resulted in a significant decrease (15%) in all individuals independent of initial Hc. N. norvegicus was thus unable to compensate for the effects of hypoxia by synthesis of Hc after exposure to naturally occurring Mn concentrations.
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9.
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10.
  • Bausch, A. R., et al. (author)
  • Influence of bacteria on shell dissolution in dead gastropod larvae and adult Limacina helicina pteropods under ocean acidification conditions
  • 2018
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 165:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ocean acidification (OA) increases aragonite shell dissolution in calcifying marine organisms. It has been proposed that bacteria associated with molluscan shell surfaces in situ could damage the periostracum and reduce its protective function against shell dissolution. However, the influence of bacteria on shell dissolution under OA conditions is unknown. In this study, dissolution in dead shells from gastropod larvae and adult pteropods (Limacina helicina) was examined following a 5-day incubation under a range of aragonite saturation states (Omega(arag); values ranging from 0.5 to 1.8) both with and without antibiotics. Gastropod and pteropod specimens were collected from Puget Sound, Washington (48 degrees 33'19.N, 122 degrees 59'49''W and 47 degrees 41'11''N, 122 degrees 25'23''W, respectively), preserved, stored, and then treated in August 2015. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) was used to determine the severity and extent of dissolution, which was scored as mild, severe, or summed (mild + severe) dissolution. Shell dissolution increased with decreasing Omega(arag). In gastropod larvae, there was a significant interaction between the effects of antibiotics and Omega(arag) on severe dissolution, indicating that microbes could mediate certain types of dissolution among shells under low Omega(arag). In L. helicina, there were no significant interactions between the effects of antibiotics and Omega(arag) on dissolution. These findings suggest that bacteria may differentially influence the response of some groups of shelled planktonic gastropods to OA conditions. This is the first assessment of the microbial-chemical coupling of dissolution in shells of either gastropod larvae or adult L. helicina under OA.
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11.
  • Beaumont, Jennifer C., et al. (author)
  • Opportunistic observations of reproductive mode, larval settlement and development of a New Zealand deep-sea stony coral, Goniocorella dumosa
  • 2024
  • In: Marine Biology. - 0025-3162. ; 171
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Little is known of the reproductive traits and dispersal potential of many deep-sea corals, and in-aquarium spawning has been observed for very few species globally. Here, we document the first known observation of larval release by Goniocorella dumosa (Alcock 1902), a habitat-forming deep-sea scleractinian stony coral found in the New Zealand region. In contrast to previous understanding that G. dumosa were broadcast spawners, colonies of G. dumosa released large (approx. 1.1mm × 0.8mm) free-swimming planula larvae. Further investigation confirmed that this species is a brooder, with up to 10 mature larvae found in single mature polyps, and is the only known brooding deep-sea scleractinian branching coral that produces swimming larvae. Mature corals were collected from the Chatham Rise (400m depth, 43º 22.13 S, 179° 27.09 E), to the east of New Zealand, in June 2020. We describe the observed larval behaviour, settlement and post-larval growth and development of G. dumosa, held in an aquarium, from September to December 2020. The more limited dispersal potential for larvae from a brooding species compared to a broadcast spawning coral has significant implications for both population connectivity and for the potential recovery of this species from disturbance by human activities. This in turn could influence management and protection strategies for G. dumosa and their habitat.
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12.
  • Berglund, Anders, et al. (author)
  • Genetic differentiation in populations of two Palaemon prawn species at the Atlantic east coast : does gene flow prevent local adaptation?
  • 1983
  • In: Marine Biology. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 77:1, s. 49-57
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Two Palaemon prawn species, P. adspersus Rathke and P. squilla (L.), occur along the European Atlantic coast. In areas heavily affected by tides (Netherlands and France), one species, P. squilla, inhabits the intertidal zone, and P. adspersus is found subtidally in the Zostera marina meadows. In areas with small tidal ranges (Sweden) both species occur in the Z. marina zone, and here the body size of P. squilla is reduced, something that in turn reduces reproductive output in this species. Is adaptive improvement in non-tidal P. squilla populations prevented by too extensive gene flow from tidal areas? To wanswer this, genetic differentiation was studied by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Each of the two species was sampled at five sites along the European Atlantic coast. Twenty-two enzymes representing 25 loci were scored. Significant genetic heterogeneity between sites was found in both species. Thus the extensive gene flow hypothesis was not supported by the results, and non-tidal populations ought to have the possibility to adapt to local conditions.
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13.
  • Bergström, Lena, et al. (author)
  • Distribution of mesopredatory fish determined by habitat variables in a predator-depleted coastal system
  • 2016
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 163
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Shallow nearshore habitats are highly valued for supporting marine ecosystems, but are subject to intense human-induced pressures. Mesopredatory fish are key components in coastal food webs, and alterations in their abundance may have evident effects also on other parts of the ecosystem. The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between the abundance of coastal mesopredatory fish, defined as mid-trophic level demersal and benthic species with a diet consisting predominantly of invertebrates, and ambient environmental variables in a fjord system influenced by both eutrophication and overfishing. A field survey was conducted over a coastal gradient comprising 300 data points sampled consistently for fish community and environmental data. Results from multivariate and univariate analyses supported each other, demonstrating that mesopredatory fish abundance at species and functional group level was positively related to the cover of structurally complex vegetation and negatively related to eutrophication, as measured by water transparency. Contrary to other studies showing an inverse relationship to piscivore abundance over time, the spatial distribution of mesopredatory fish was not locally regulated by the abundance of piscivorous fish, probably attributed to piscivores being at historically low levels due to previous overfishing. Mesopredatory fish abundance was highest in areas with high habitat quality and positively related to the abundance of piscivores, suggesting a predominance of bottom-up processes. We conclude that, in parallel with ongoing regulations of fishing pressure, measures to restore habitat function and food web productivity are important for the recovery of coastal fish communities in the area.
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14.
  • Blakeslee, A. M. H., et al. (author)
  • Population structure and phylogeography of two North Atlantic Littorina species with contrasting larval development
  • 2021
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 168:7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Phylogeography provides insights into how historical and contemporary processes influence the genetic structure and gene flow in marine organisms around the globe. In benthic marine invertebrates, a species' reproductive strategy can strongly impact phylogeographic patterns and distribution, with some direct-developing (non-planktonic) dispersers demonstrating strong genetic structure but also broad geographic spread. While seemingly paradoxical, past work has shown ovoviviparous species, like Littorina saxatilis, can be more successful colonizers of remote locations than species with planktonic larvae, like L. littorea. Both Littorina species overlap in much of their North Atlantic ranges but have different colonization histories: L. saxatilis is native on both North Atlantic coasts and islands, and L. littorea is native to the eastern Atlantic but introduced to the west. Using an extensive mitochondrial dataset (1236 sequences; 85 sites), we examined how their opposing reproductive strategies correspond to their distributions and phylogeographies. Littorina saxatilis exhibited a heterogeneous genetic structure reflecting post-glacial recolonization from multiple refugial sites, while L. littorea had a homogeneous structure with a post-glacial history characterized by recolonization from one main refugial area in the northeast Atlantic. Further, haplotype diversity was significantly depressed in northwest Atlantic L. littorea populations, signifying a strong bottleneck characteristic of a human-mediated introduction. In contrast, haplotype diversity in L. saxatilis was similar between the two regions, demonstrating long-term history on both coasts. Thus, our study suggests contrasting life-history characteristics were a major structuring force in the phylogeographic patterns of these related species following large-scale disturbances (natural and anthropogenic) that compel contraction and redistribution over large areas.
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15.
  • Bonaglia, Stefano, et al. (author)
  • Sulfide oxidation in deep Baltic Sea sediments upon oxygenation and colonization by macrofauna
  • 2019
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 166
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Coastal and shelf sediments affected by transient or long-term bottom water anoxia and sulfidic conditions undergo drastic changes in macrofauna communities and abundances. This study investigates how early colonization by two macrofaunal functional traits (epifauna vs. infauna) affects oxygen, sulfide, and pH dynamics in anoxic sediment upon recent bottom water oxygenation. Large mesocosms (area 900 cm(2)) with 150-m-deep Baltic Sea soft sediments were exposed to three treatments: (1) no animals; (2) addition of 170 polychaetes (Marenzelleria arctia); (3) addition of 181 amphipods (Monoporeia affinis). Porewater chemistry was investigated repeatedly by microsensor profiling over a period of 65 days. Colonization by macrofauna did not significantly deepen penetration of oxygen compared to the animal-free sediment. Bioturbation by M. affinis increased the volume of the oxidized, sulfide-free sediment by 66% compared to the animal-free control already after 13 days of incubation. By the end of the experiment M. affinis and M. arctia increased the oxidized sediment volume by 87 and 35%, respectively. Higher efficiency of epifaunal amphipods in removing hydrogen sulfide than deep-burrowing polychaetes is likely due to more substantial re-oxidation of manganese and/or nitrogen compounds associated with amphipod mixing activity. Our results thus indicate that early colonization of different functional groups might have important implications for the later colonization by benthic macrofauna, meiofauna and microbial communities that benefit from oxidized and sulfide-free sediments.
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16.
  • Bradassi, F, et al. (author)
  • Early reproductive stages in the crustose coralline alga Phymatolithon lenormandii are strongly affected by mild ocean acidification.
  • 2013
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 160:8, s. 2261-2269
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) are predicted to be negatively impacted by near-future ocean acidification. The effect of low pH/high pCO2 on early life stages of Phymatolithon lenormandii (Areschoug) Adey was studied in a perturbation experiment. Several parameters including mortality, calcification (calcein staining) and development (growth and abnormalities) have been monitored for a month under experimental conditions ranging from pHT = 8.00 (pCO2 = 398 μatm) and pHT = 7.55 (pCO2 = 1,261 μatm). Our results demonstrate that survival and development of P. lenormandii early life stages can be impacted by small pH changes (ΔpH < −0.1 pH unit). A negative impact of decreasing pH was observed including an increased mortality and a higher rate of abnormalities. Growth and calcification were still observed at the lowest pH (ΔpH = −0.45). Growth rate was similar at all tested pH, but the maintenance of the skeleton under low pH was only possible through a persistent dynamic dissolution/calcification process, an energetically costly mechanism potentially draining resources from other vital processes.
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17.
  • Bresolin de Souza, Karine, et al. (author)
  • Species-specific dinoflagellate vertical distribution in temperature-stratified waters
  • 2014
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 161:8, s. 1725-1734
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Thermal stratification is increasing in strength as a result of higher surface water temperature. This could influence the vertical distribution of vertically migrating dinoflagellates. We studied the diel vertical distribution of the dinoflagellates Heterocapsa triquetra and Prorocentrum minimum using stratified laboratory columns with two thermoclines of different strength (Delta TA degrees A = 10 or 17 A degrees C), with below cline temperature of 8 A degrees C. Above the thermocline, nutrient depletion simulated the natural summer conditions in the Baltic Sea. Our study shows that H. triquetra and P. minimum can behave differently in terms of their vertical occurrence, both in space and in time when subjected to thermoclines of different strength. Also, both dinoflagellate species showed species-specific distribution patterns. In the Delta TA degrees A = 10 A degrees C treatment, H. triquetra cells performed a diel vertical migration (DVM) behavior just above the thermocline, but not in the Delta TA degrees A = 17 A degrees C. In the Delta TA degrees A = 17 A degrees C, the cells did not migrate and cell densities in the water column decreased over time. Opposing results were observed for P. minimum, where a DVM pattern was found exclusively below the thermocline of Delta TA degrees A = 17 A degrees C, while in the Delta TA degrees A = 10 A degrees C treatment, no clear DVM pattern was observed, and the highest number of cells were found in the cold bottom water. These results indicate that an increase in thermal stratification can influence species-specific dinoflagellate distribution, behavior, and survival.
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18.
  • Burdett, H. L., et al. (author)
  • Effects of high temperature and CO2 on intracellular DMSP in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa
  • 2014
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 161:7, s. 1499-1506
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Significant warming and acidification of the oceans is projected to occur by the end of the century. CO2 vents, areas of upwelling and downwelling, and potential leaks from carbon capture and storage facilities may also cause localised environmental changes, enhancing or depressing the effect of global climate change. Cold-water coral ecosystems are threatened by future changes in carbonate chemistry, yet our knowledge of the response of these corals to high temperature and high CO2 conditions is limited. Dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP), and its breakdown product dimethylsulphide (DMS), are putative antioxidants that may be accumulated by invertebrates via their food or symbionts, although recent research suggests that some invertebrates may also be able to synthesise DMSP. This study provides the first information on the impact of high temperature (12 A degrees C) and high CO2 (817 ppm) on intracellular DMSP in the cold-water coral Lophelia pertusa from the Mingulay Reef Complex, Scotland (56A degrees 49'N, 07A degrees 23'W), where in situ environmental conditions are meditated by tidally induced downwellings. An increase in intracellular DMSP under high CO2 conditions was observed, whilst water column particulate DMS + DMSP was reduced. In both high temperature treatments, intracellular DMSP was similar to the control treatment, whilst dissolved DMSP + DMS was not significantly different between any of the treatments. These results suggest that L. pertusa accumulates DMSP from the surrounding water column; uptake may be up-regulated under high CO2 conditions, but mediated by high temperature. These results provide new insight into the biotic control of deep-sea biogeochemistry and may impact our understanding of the global sulphur cycle, and the survival of cold-water corals under projected global change.
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19.
  • Burdett, Heidi L., et al. (author)
  • Effects of reduced salinity on the photosynthetic characteristics and intracellular DMSP concentrations of the red coralline alga, Lithothamnion glaciale
  • 2015
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 162:5, s. 1077-1085
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Mid- to high-latitude fjordic coastal environments experience naturally variable salinity regimes. Climate projections suggest that freshwater input into the coastal ocean will increase in the future, exposing coastal organisms to further periods of reduced salinity. This study investigated the effect of low salinity on Lithothamnion glaciale, a red coralline alga found in mid- to high-latitude fjordic regions, during a 21-day experiment. Specific measurements included: the intracellular concentration of dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP, an algal secondary metabolite and major precursor to the climatically active gas dimethylsulphide), pigment composition and photosynthetic characteristics. No significant difference in intracellular DMSP concentrations was observed between treatments, suggesting that the primary function for DMSP in L. glaciale is not as a compatible solute, perhaps favouring an antioxidant role . Photosynthetic parameters (including pigment composition) exhibited a mixed response, suggesting some degree of photosynthetic resilience to reduced salinity. This study provides evidence of intracellular mechanisms adopted by L. glaciale in response to reduced salinity. This has significant implications for the survival of L. glaciale under a projected freshening scenario and provides organism-level detail to ecosystem-level projected changes should lower-salinity conditions become more frequent and more intense in the future.
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20.
  • Carey, N, et al. (author)
  • One size fits all: stability of metabolic scaling under warming and ocean acidification in echinoderms
  • 2014
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 161:9, s. 2131-2142
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Responses by marine species to ocean acidification (OA) have recently been shown to be modulated by external factors including temperature, food supply and salinity. However the role of a fundamental biological parameter relevant to all organisms, that of body size, in governing responses to multiple stressors has been almost entirely overlooked. Recent consensus suggests allometric scaling of metabolism with body size differs between species, the commonly cited ‘universal’ mass scaling exponent (b) of ¾ representing an average of exponents that naturally vary. One model, the Metabolic-Level Boundaries hypothesis, provides a testable prediction: that b will decrease within species under increasing temperature. However, no previous studies have examined how metabolic scaling may be directly affected by OA. We acclimated a wide body-mass range of three common NE Atlantic echinoderms (the sea star Asterias rubens, the brittlestars Ophiothrix fragilis and Amphiura filiformis) to two levels of pCO2 and three temperatures, and metabolic rates were determined using closed-chamber respirometry. The results show that contrary to some models these echinoderm species possess a notable degree of stability in metabolic scaling under different abiotic conditions; the mass scaling exponent (b) varied in value between species, but not within species under different conditions. Additionally, we found no effect of OA on metabolic rates in any species. These data suggest responses to abiotic stressors are not modulated by body size in these species, as reflected in the stability of the metabolic scaling relationship. Such equivalence in response across ontogenetic size ranges has important implications for the stability of ecological food webs.
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21.
  • Chan, Karen, et al. (author)
  • Ocean acidification induces budding in larval sea urchins
  • 2013
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 160:8, s. 1-7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ocean acidification (OA), the reduction of ocean pH due to hydration of atmospheric CO2, is known to affect growth and survival of marine invertebrate larvae. Survival and transport of vulnerable planktonic larval stages play important roles in determining population dynamics and community structures in coastal ecosystems. Here, we show that larvae of the purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, underwent high-frequency budding (release of blastula-like particles) when exposed to elevated pCO2 level (>700 μatm). Budding was observed in >50 % of the population and was synchronized over short periods of time (~24 h), suggesting this phenomenon may be previously overlooked. Although budding can be a mechanism through which larval echinoids asexually reproduce, here, the released buds did not develop into viable clones. OA-induced budding and the associated reduction in larval size suggest new hypotheses regarding physiological and ecological tradeoffs between short-term benefits (e.g. metabolic savings and predation escape) and long-term costs (e.g. tissue loss and delayed development) in the face of climate change.
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22.
  • Clements, Kendall, et al. (author)
  • Clostridia dominate 16S rRNA gene libraries prepared from the hindgut of temperate marine herbivorous fishes
  • 2007
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer. - 0025-3162. ; 150:6, s. 1431-1440
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Abstract Bacterial diversity in the microbial communities of posterior gut sections of three temperate marine herbivorous fish species from New Zealand was characterised using Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis, and 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing methods. The fish were collected in 1999–2000 in the Hauraki Gulf, New Zealand (35°54’–36°24’S, 174°48’–175°25’E). The gastrointestinal bacterial communities of Kyphosus sydneyanus (Günther, 1886) (F. Kyphosidae), Odax pullus (Forster in Bloch and Schneider, 1801) (F. Labridae) and Aplodactylus arctidens Richardson, 1839 (F. Aplodactylidae) were dominated by five clades of bacteria, four of which belong to recognized clostridial clusters. The clone libraries of K. sydneyanus and O. pullus contained sequences from most of these clades, but were dominated by members of clostridial clusters XI and XIVa, respectively. The clone library of A. arctidens was dominated by members of clostridial cluster XIVb and an unassigned cluster containing Eubacterium desmolans and Papillibacter cinnaminovorans. The finding that strains of Firmicutes dominated the gastrointestinal microbial communities of all three fish species is consistent with the results of similar studies on terrestrial vertebrate herbivores. This work thus contributes to the view that gastrointestinal symbionts in some marine herbivorous fishes may play a similar role to those in terrestrial vertebrate herbivores studied to date
  •  
23.
  • Demairé, Camille, et al. (author)
  • Reduced access to cleaner fish negatively impacts the physiological state of two resident reef fishes
  • 2020
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 167:4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Many client coral reef fishes have their ectoparasites removed by the cleaner wrasse Labroides dimidiatus in mutualistic interactions. Clients regularly receiving cleaning services reportedly benefit from increased growth and cognitive performance, but the underlying physiological changes that covary with such benefits are unknown. Here, we tested whether reduced access to cleaning services affects physiological state in two species of damselfish, Amblyglyphidodon curacao and Acanthochromis polyacanthus. We performed an in situ removal experiment on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, whereby 47% of cleaners on a natural reef were removed. Since cleaners occupy defined territories (called cleaning stations), this removal created areas where small, resident clients, including A. polyacanthus and A. amblyglyphidodon, had no access to cleaning services. One month following cleaner removal, we measured body condition and collected blood samples from both damselfish species from territories with and without access to cleaners. Blood was used for estimating haematocrit levels, hormonal analyses, and immune cell counts. We tested for correlations among all these parameters to explore potential trade-offs in terms of growth, aerobic capacity, immune activation, and/or reproduction as a result of the loss of cleaning benefits. In both species, we found that fish without access to cleaners had lower haematocrit, testosterone levels, and lymphocyte counts than fish with access. There were no significant changes in fish body condition, leukocytes, granulocytes, or plasma cortisol levels between fish with access to cleaners or not. However, testosterone levels correlated negatively with the proportion of granulocytes in the blood of fish with access to cleaners. Our results suggest that even a relatively short-term reduction in access to cleaning services can have negative physiological outcomes for clients. Thus, the presence of cleaners on coral reefs appears to have important benefits for coral reef fish community health.
  •  
24.
  • Di Santo, Valentina, et al. (author)
  • Coral loss alters guarding and farming behavior of a Caribbean damselfish
  • 2020
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 167:8
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Coral loss is a major element of global ecological change in the oceans that may shape the behavior of keystone species such as habitat-attached animals. Farming damselfishes cultivate and aggressively protect algal garden within their territory, thereby shaping local fish assemblages and macro-algae diversity. Following the widespread loss of live branching coral throughout Florida and the Caribbean Sea, dusky damselfish (Stegastes adustus) have modified their territorial behavior. We compared antagonistic behavior, and size and algal species composition of territories of dusky damselfish on dead branching coral rubble and live boulder coral in the Dry Tortugas National Park, USA. Even though similar numbers of intruders entered each habitat type, dusky damselfish on rubble territories chased out significantly more fishes, had larger territories and more species of algae were present in their gardens. This study shows that dusky damselfish successfully occupy living and dead coral areas; however, there are potential trade-offs between defending a larger territory and cultivating fewer algal species.
  •  
25.
  • Donadi, Serena, et al. (author)
  • The body-size structure of macrobenthos changes predictably along gradients of hydrodynamic stress and organic enrichment
  • 2015
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 162:3, s. 675-685
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Body size is related to an extensive number of species traits and ecological processes and has therefore been suggested as an effective metric to assess community changes and ecosystem's state. However, the applicability of body size as an ecological indicator in benthic environments has been hindered by the poor knowledge of the factors influencing the size spectra of organisms. By applying biological trait analysis (BTA) and generalized linear models to a species dataset collected in the German Wadden Sea (53A degrees 41'14'' N, 7A degrees 14'19'' E) between 1999 and 2012, we show that the size structure of the macrobenthic community changes predictably along environmental gradients. Specifically, body size increases with increasing current-induced shear stress and sediment organic matter content. In addition, the presence of oyster-mussel reefs in one of the sampling stations enhanced the survival of species belonging to the smallest size categories in habitats with high hydrodynamic energy. This was probably due to the local sheltering effects, which together with biodeposition also increased organic matter in the sediment, likely favoring large deposit feeders as well. Our results suggest that body size can be a useful trait for estimating effects of anthropogenic stressors, such as organic enrichment or alteration of hydrodynamic regime and could therefore be effectively included in current monitoring programs of intertidal macrobenthic communities.
  •  
26.
  • Dorey, Narimane, 1986, et al. (author)
  • Ocean acidification and temperature rise: effects on calcification during early development of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis
  • 2013
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 160:8, s. 2007-2022
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This study investigated the effects of seawater pH (i.e., 8.10, 7.85 and 7.60) and temperature (16 and 19 °C) on (a) the abiotic conditions in the fluid surrounding the embryo (viz. the perivitelline fluid), (b) growth, development and (c) cuttlebone calcification of embryonic and juvenile stages of the cephalopod Sepia officinalis . Egg swelling increased in response to acidification or warming, leading to an increase in egg surface while the interactive effects suggested a limited plasticity of the swelling modulation. Embryos experienced elevated p CO 2 conditions in the perivitelline fluid (>3-fold higher p CO 2 than that of ambient seawater), rendering the medium under-saturated even under ambient conditions. The growth of both embryos and juveniles was unaffected by pH, whereas 45 Ca incorporation in cuttlebone increased significantly with decreasing pH at both temperatures. This phenomenon of hypercalcification is limited to only a number of animals but does not guarantee functional performance and calls for better mechanistic understanding of calcification processes.
  •  
27.
  • Dupont, Samuel, 1971, et al. (author)
  • Long-term and trans-life-cycle effects of exposure to ocean acidification in the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis
  • 2013
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 160:8, s. 1835-1843
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are acidifying the world’s oceans. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that ocean acidification can impact survival, growth, development and physiology of marine invertebrates. Here, we tested the impact of long-term (up to 16 months) and trans-life-cycle (adult, embryo/larvae and juvenile) exposure to elevated pCO2 (1,200 μatm, compared to control 400 μatm) on the green sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis. Female fecundity was decreased 4.5-fold when acclimated to elevated pCO2 for 4 months during reproductive conditioning, while no difference was observed in females acclimated for 16 months. Moreover, adult pre-exposure for 4 months to elevated pCO2 had a direct negative impact on subsequent larval settlement success. Five to nine times fewer offspring reached the juvenile stage in cultures using gametes collected from adults previously acclimated to high pCO2 for 4 months. However, no difference in larval survival was observed when adults were pre-exposed for 16 months to elevated pCO2. pCO2 had no direct negative impact on juvenile survival except when both larvae and juveniles were raised in elevated pCO2. These negative effects on settlement success and juvenile survival can be attributed to carry-over effects from adults to larvae and from larvae to juveniles. Our results support the contention that adult sea urchins can acclimate to moderately elevated pCO2 in a matter of a few months and that carry-over effects can exacerbate the negative impact of ocean acidification on larvae and juveniles.
  •  
28.
  • Eggertsen, Maria, et al. (author)
  • Contrasting distribution and foraging patterns of herbivorous and detritivorous fishes across multiple habitats in a tropical seascape
  • 2019
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 166:4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Understanding drivers behind patterns of functionally important groups of fishes is crucial for successful management and conservation of tropical seascapes. Herbivorous fishes are the most prominent consumers of marine primary production which can have profound effects on reef resilience. We explored environmental variables affecting distribution and foraging patterns of herbivorous and detritivorous fish assemblages (siganids, acanthurids and parrotfish) across distinct shallow-water habitats (coral reefs, macroalgae beds and seagrass meadows) during September-November 2016 at Mafia Island, Tanzania (8 degrees 00S, 39 degrees 41E). We performed underwater visual census to quantify fish assemblages, measured habitat features, deployed macroalgal assays and conducted inventories of grazing scars. Multi-dimensional scaling and mixed-effects linear models were used to evaluate differences in fish assemblages and environmental variables influencing abundance and foraging patterns of fishes. Fish communities of focal functional groups differed among habitats. Abundance of herbivores and detritivores as well as relative browsing and scraping was highest on coral reefs compared to macroalgae and seagrass meadows.Adult fish were more abundant on coral reefs while juveniles were abundant in macroalgal beds. Coral cover and crustose coralline algal cover had a positive effect on the abundance of fish in coral reef areas, while macroalgal cover had a negative effect. Contrastingly, in macroalgae habitats, macroalgal cover had a positive effect on the abundance of parrotfish. These results highlight the importance of considering connectivity between macroalgal beds and coral reefs through ontogenetic shifts in habitat use by primarily microphagous parrotfish and of incorporating a range of habitats within coastal management plans.
  •  
29.
  • Engström-Öst, Jonna, et al. (author)
  • The indirect effects of eutrophication on habitat choice and survival of fish larvae in the Baltic Sea
  • 2007
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 151:1, s. 393-400
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The structure of the habitat is usually crucial for growth and survival of young life stages. Presently, some nursery areas of fish larvae are changing due to eutrophication, e.g. due to enhanced growth of ephemeral filamentous algae at the expense of perennial species. We studied the influence of two habitats, one with filamentous algae (Cladophora glomerata) and the other with bladder wrack (Fucus vesiculosus), on habitat choice of pike larvae (Esox lucius) in the absence/presence of a predator or a competitor. We further tested whether the habitat choice is adaptive in increasing survival under predation threat. In contrast to expectations, pike larvae preferred the habitat with ephemeral filamentous algae to the bladder wrack, thriving in clean waters, independent of the presence/absence of both predator/competitor. In addition, the survival of the larvae was higher in the filamentous algae in the presence of predators, which suggested that the habitat preference of the larvae was adaptive. The structure of the bladderwrack habitat was probably too open for newly hatched larvae, which implies that F. vesiculosus and other large brown algae are not as important refuges for young larvae as previously thought.
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30.
  • Eriksson, Britas Klemens, et al. (author)
  • Omnivory and grazer functional composition moderate cascading trophic effects in experimental Fucus vesiculosus habitats
  • 2011
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 158:4, s. 747-756
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We tested the relative strength of direct versus indirect effects of an aquatic omnivore depending on the functional composition of grazers by manipulating the presence of gastropod and amphipod grazers and omnivorous shrimp in outdoor mesocosms. By selectively preying upon amphipods and reducing their abundance by 70-80%, omnivorous shrimp favoured the dominance of gastropods. While gastropods were the main microalgal grazers, amphipods controlled macroalgal biomass in the experiment. However, strong predation on the amphipod by the shrimp had no significant indirect effects on macroalgal biomass, indicating that when amphipod abundances declined, complementary feeding by the omnivore on macroalgae may have suppressed a trophic cascade. Accordingly, in the absence of amphipods, the shrimp grazed significantly on green algae and thereby suppressed the diversity of the macroalgal community. Our experiment demonstrates direct consumer effects by an omnivore on both the grazer and producer trophic levels in an aquatic food web, regulated by prey availability.
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31.
  • Eriksson, Susanne P., 1964, et al. (author)
  • Behaviour and tolerance to hypoxia in juvenile Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) of different ages
  • 1997
  • In: Marine Biology. - 0025-3162. ; 128:1, s. 49-54
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The annual occurrence of hypoxia (<25% oxygen saturation) in the bottom waters along the Swedish west coast coincides with the postlarval settlement of Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus (L.). This study investigates behaviour and the experimental effects of low oxygen concentrations in juvenile N. norvegicus of different ages. All experimental individuals were reared to the juvenile (postlarval) stage in the laboratory and then given sediment as a substratum. Behavioural responses to low oxygen concentrations were tested in early and late Postlarvae 1 exposed to normoxia (>80% oxygen saturation, pO(2) > 16.7 kPa), moderate hypoxia (30% oxygen saturation, pO(2) = 6.3 kPa) and hypoxia (25% oxygen saturation, pO(2) = 5.2 kPa). The experiments were run for a maximum period of 24 h or until individuals died. Behaviour was studied using sequential video recordings of four behavioural activities: digging, walking, inactivity or flight (escape swimming up into the water column). Behaviour and mortality changed with lowered oxygen concentrations; energetically costly activities (such as walking) were reduced, and activity in general declined. In normoxia, juveniles initially walked and then burrowed, but when exposed to hypoxia they were mainly inactive with occasional outbursts of escape swimming. To increase oxygen availability the juveniles were observed to raise their bodies on stilted legs (similar to adults in hypoxic conditions), but oxygen saturations of 25% were lethal within 24 h. The results suggest that the main gas exchanges of early postlarval stages occur over the general body surface. Burrowing behaviour was tested in Postlarvae 1 and 2 of different ages held in >80% oxygen saturation for 1 wk. The difference in time taken to complete a V-shaped depression or a U-shaped burrow was measured. The results showed a strong negative relationship between postlarval age and burrowing time, but all individuals made a burrow. Juveniles were more sensitive to hypoxia than adults. Thus, the possible consequences of episodic hypoxia for the recruitment of Nephrops norvegicus and for the recolonization of severely affected areas are discussed.
  •  
32.
  • Erlandsson, Johan, et al. (author)
  • Ontogenetic changes in small-scale movement by recruits of an exploited mussel: implications for the fate of larvae settling on algae.
  • 2008
  • In: MARINE BIOLOGY. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 153:3, s. 365-373
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Many South African populations of the brown mussel Perna perna have been depleted through over-exploitation by subsistence harvesters. This is problematic because recovery after disturbance is very slow, partly because recruits are largely associated with adult mussels. However, unlike large recruits of 3.5-10 mm that exhibit spatial structure related to that of adults, a very high proportion of settlers and small recruits (0-3.5 mm) occur on foliose algae. We tested the hypothesis that recruits on algae move to adult mussel beds after a period of growth, with the null hypothesis that they die at a certain size. We conducted an indirect field study comparing the ratios of large to small recruits in 100% cover mussel patches at locations with high and low algal cover. A second laboratory experiment analysed whether the size of recruits on algae affects their active movement behaviour in response to nearby mussel patches. Large/small recruit ratios were slightly, but not significantly greater in high than low algal cover locations. Both small (2-2.5 mm) and medium (4.5-5.5 mm) recruits remained on algae and moved very short distances throughout the laboratory experiment, while larger recruits (9-10 mm) moved significantly further distances and more often into mussel patches. The results suggest that very large recruits are able to migrate actively to nearby mussel patches, indicating ontogenetic shifts in this behaviour. However, the absence of a significant difference in ratios between field locations with high and low algal cover suggests many large recruits are accidentally dislodged from the algae and presumably die. Thus settlement of P. perna onto algae is likely to be wasted, with consequences for sustainable management of the mussel resource.
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33.
  • Fauville, Geraldine, et al. (author)
  • Impact of ocean acidification on marine ecosystems: educational challenges and innovations
  • 2013
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 160:8, s. 1863-1874
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Population growth and social/technological developments have resulted in the buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and oceans to the extent that we now see changes in the earth's climate and ocean chemistry. Ocean acidification is one consequence of these changes, and it is known with certainty that it will continue to increase as we emit more CO2 into the atmosphere. Ocean acidification is a global issue likely to impact marine organisms, food webs and ecosystems and to be most severely experienced by the people who depend on the goods and services the ocean provides at regional and local levels. However, research is in its infancy and the available data on biological impacts are complex (e.g., species-specific response). Educating future generations on the certainties and uncertainties of the emerging science of ocean acidification and its complex consequences for marine species and ecosystems can provide insights that will help assessing the need to mitigate and/or adapt to future global change. This article aims to present different educational approaches, the different material available and highlight the future challenges of ocean acidification education for both educators and marine biologists.
  •  
34.
  • Feary, David A., et al. (author)
  • Trophic ecology of New Zealand triplefin fishes (Family Tripterygiidae)
  • 2009
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 156:8, s. 1703-1714
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In many vertebrate radiations, food partitioning among closely related taxa is a key factor in both the maintenance of species diversity and the process of diversification. We compared diet composition and jaw morphology of 18 New Zealand triplefin species (F. Tripterygiidae) to examine whether species have diversified along a trophic axis. These fishes predominantly utilised small, mobile benthic invertebrates, and interspecific differences in diet composition appeared to be mainly attributable to habitat- or size-dependent feeding behaviour. Although there were differences in the relative size of the bones comprising the oral jaw apparatus between species, the majority showed an apparatus consistent with a relatively high velocity, low force jaw movement indicative of a diet of evasive prey. Phylogenetic comparative analyses showed that the evolution of jaw lever ratios and diet breadth was best explained by a non-directional model in which character changes have occurred randomly and independent of phylogeny. The mode of diet breadth evolution was gradual and the tempo has not accelerated or slowed down over time. The mode of evolution for the jaw lever ratios has been gradual for the opening but punctuated for the closing levers, suggesting that evolutionary changes have occurred rapidly for the latter trait. The tempo of trait evolution for the jaw opening levers has not accelerated or slowed down over time, while the tempo for the jaw closing levers has accelerated towards the tips of the tree, which is suggestive of species level adaptation. The lack of phylogenetic signal in diet breadth and jaw lever ratios appears most likely to be a correlated response to the marked habitat diversification in this group, and is thus the passive outcome of prey availability in species-specific habitat types. Overall, the trophic ecology of New Zealand's triplefin fauna parallels the generalist strategy typical of the family worldwide, suggesting that trophic resource partitioning has not been an important factor in the evolution of these fishes.
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35.
  • Fridolfsson, Emil, et al. (author)
  • Seasonal variation and species-specific concentrations of the essential vitamin B₁ (thiamin) in zooplankton and seston
  • 2019
  • In: Marine Biology. - New York, NY : Springer. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 166:6, s. 1-13
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Thiamin (vitamin B1) is mainly produced by bacteria and phytoplankton and then transferred to zooplankton and higher trophic levels but knowledge on the dynamics of these processes in aquatic ecosystems is lacking. Hence, the seasonal variation in thiamin content was assessed in field samples of copepods and in pico-, nano- and micro-plankton of two size classes (0.7–3 µm and > 3 µm) collected monthly in the Baltic Sea during 3 years and in the Skagerrak during 1 year. Copepods exhibited species-specific concentrations of thiamin and Acartia sp. had the highest carbon-specific thiamin content, at both locations. Even members of the same genus, but from different systems contained different levels of thiamin, with higher thiamin content per specimen in copepods from the Skagerrak compared to congeners from the Baltic Sea. Furthermore, our results show that the small plankton (0.7–3 µm) had a higher carbon-specific thiamin content compared to the large (> 3 µm). Additionally, there was a large seasonal variation and thiamin content was highly correlated comparing the two size fractions. Finally, there was an overall positive correlation between thiamin content in copepods and plankton. However, for periods of high thiamin content in the two size fractions, this correlation was negative. This suggests a decoupling between thiamin availability in pico-, nano- and micro-plankton and zooplankton in the Baltic Sea. Knowledge about concentrations of this essential micronutrient in the aquatic food web is limited and this study constitutes a foundation for further understanding the dynamics of thiamin in aquatic environments.
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36.
  • Friis Møller, Eva, et al. (author)
  • Production and fate of copepod fecal pellets acrossthe Southern Indian Ocean
  • 2011
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 158:3, s. 677-688
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The vertical distribution of copepods, fecal pellets and the fecal pellet production of copepods were measured at seven stations across the Southern Indian Ocean from productive areas off South Africa to oligotrophic waters off Northern Australia during October/November 2006. We quantified export of copepod fecal pellet from surface waters and how much was retained. Furthermore, the potential impact of Oncaea spp. and harpacticoid copepods on fecal pellets degradation was evaluated and found to be regional substantial. The highest copepod abundance and fecal pellet production was found in the western nutrient-rich stations close to South Africa and the lowest at the central oligotrophic stations. The in situ copepod fecal pellet production varied between 1 and 1,000 mu g C m(-3) day(-1). At all stations, the retention of fecal pellets in the upper 400 m of the water column was more than 99% and the vertical export of fecal pellets was low (< 0.02 mg m(-2) day(-1)).
  •  
37.
  • Garcia, E., et al. (author)
  • Robustness of Paracentrotus lividus larval and post-larval development to pH levels projected for the turn of the century
  • 2015
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 162:10, s. 2047-2055
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ocean acidification is causing changes to the chemistry and biology of the marine environment, in ways that we are only just beginning to understand. Growing evidences demonstrate that ocean acidification can influence the survival, growth, development, and physiology of marine invertebrates. Here, we assessed the impact of ocean acidification on the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus larval development (from embryos exposed to experimental conditions from the 24 h gastrula stage to 35 days) and settlement. Samples were collected from the Canary Islands (28A degrees 24'N, 16A degrees 18'W) in March 2012. Three pH treatments were tested: (1) pH 8.1, the present average pH; (2) pH 7.7, the average predicted for the year 2100, but already experienced in the natural environment during extremes of variability; and (3) pH 7.4, predicted extremes of natural variability by 2100. The mortality rate was significantly increased by 40 % at the lowest pH. Time required by larvae to achieve each developmental stage (from gastrula to competent stage) was decreased at pH 7.7 (larval development speed increased by 18 %), but larval morphology at a given size did not differ from the other pH treatments. Settlement was delayed by 8 days at pH 7.7 compared to pH 8.1, and no settlement was observed at pH 7.4. Overall, only sublethal effects were observed in larvae exposed to pH 7.7, while pH 7.4 induced both lethal and sublethal effects. Our results support the hypothesis that P. lividus is robust to survive in an environment with the present natural variation. However, the species is sensitive to extreme levels of pH that are predicted within the next 90 years.
  •  
38.
  • Garm, Anders (author)
  • Mechanosensory properties of the mouthpart setae of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas
  • 2005
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 147:5, s. 1179-1190
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In decapod crustaceans, the largest density and diversity of sensilla, referred to as setae, is in general found on the mouthparts, but little is known about their sensory properties and thereby their functions. Here data are presented from mechanoreceptors from the two largest mouthparts, maxilliped 2 and 3, of the European shore crab Carcinus maenas. The mechanoreceptors were found to respond to either displacements of the entire seta or bending of the setal shaft. The displacement-sensitive cells encode both the amplitude and the velocity of the displacement and about half were found to be directional but most in a non-exclusive way. The amplitude of the stimulus is encoded in the number of spikes produced with a linear correlation. The velocity is encoded in the interspike intervals with shorter intervals at higher velocities. In the latter case, the correlation follows a power function. The physiological data is correlated with the morphology-and usage of the maxillipeds were examined with scanning electron microscopy and macro video recordings respectively. Recordings were obtained from cells associated with four different setal types and they all showed similar mechanosensory properties supporting that the external morphology of setae is more closely connected to their non-sensory functions, e.g., mechanical manipulation of the food items. The details of the sensory properties together with the high setal density, especially on maxilliped 3, suggest that a large amount of tactile information is gathered during feeding.
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39.
  • Garrard, S. L., et al. (author)
  • Biological impacts of ocean acidification: a postgraduate perspective on research priorities
  • 2013
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 160:8, s. 1789-1805
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Research into the effects of ocean acidification (OA) on marine organisms has greatly increased during the past decade, as realization of the potential dramatic impacts has grown. Studies have revealed the multifarious responses of organisms to OA conditions, indicating a high level of intra- and interspecific variation in species' ability to accommodate these alterations. If we are to provide policy makers with sound, scientific input regarding the expected consequences of OA, we need a broader understanding of these predicted changes. As a group of 20 multi-disciplinary postgraduate students from around the globe, with a study focus on OA, we are a strong representation of 'next generation' scientists in this field. In this unique cumulative paper, we review knowledge gaps in terms of assessing the biological impacts of OA, outlining directions for future research.
  •  
40.
  • Granéli, W., et al. (author)
  • Automatic potentiometric determination of dissolved oxygen
  • 1991
  • In: Marine Biology. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 108:2, s. 341-348
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Commercially available automatic titration systems were tested in 1988 for potentiometric titration of liberated iodine by the Winkler method of oxygen determination. The potentiometric equivalence point was also compared to the manual starch end point. Finally the automatic method was used in order to estimate below-halocline respiration in the Kattegat, Sweden. Standard deviations of 0.007 ml O2 l-1 or 0.1 to 0.3% coefficients of variation (% standard deviation of the mean) were achieved when titrating 25 ml from replicate 60-ml oxygen bottles using the automatic method, or 50 ml manually. The precision for replicate titrations of 50-ml aliquots of 0.001 N KIO3 was < 0.05% (0.002 ml 0.01 N Na2S2O3) for the automatic method. Titration time for 25-ml aliquots was 2 to 4 min, somewhat longer than for manual titrations (1 to 1.5 min). However, during titration the operator is free to perform other tasks. It is not possible to use automatic sample changers, due to rapid iodine volatilization. The equipment can be handled by relatively unskilled analysts and is suitable for use on board research vessels or in field stations [weight for a Mettler(TM) titrator (Mettler Instrumente AG, Greifensee, Switzerland) < 10 kg, volume < 0.1 m3]. Below-halocline oxygen consumption in the SE Kattegat ranged from 0 to 6 ml O2 m-3 h-1 (mean values for September and October 1988 = 1.69 and 0.66 ml O2 m-3 h-1, respectively, with 95% confidence limits of ca. +/- 0.6 ml O2 m-3 h-1). 
  •  
41.
  • Green, S., et al. (author)
  • Escape responses of copepod nauplii in the flow field of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis
  • 2003
  • In: Marine Biology. - 0025-3162. ; 142:4, s. 727-733
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bivalves are important grazers on phyto-plankton in shallow waters. However, very little is known about their ability to capture actively moving zooplankton. We investigated the escape response and success of early and late nauplii of three copepod species (Acartia tonsa, Temora longicornis and Eurytemora affinis) in the flow field of a blue mussel, Mytilus edulis, using both video observations and incubation experiments. An empirical model was created to describe the spatial distribution of the fluid deformation rate. Nauplii responded with escape jumps at mean fluid deformation rates of 0.6-1.9 s(-1). Escape success differed between taxa. T. longicornis was the poorest escaper, while A. tonsa and E. affinis were more efficient and similar to one another. Deformation rates differed in different parts of the flow field, which resulted in differences in escape success between the sectors. Nauplii were caught most often in the sector furthest away from the exhalent siphon, where the deformation rate was the weakest. There the nauplii were unable to detect an escape signal in time to react and flee.
  •  
42.
  • Gullström, Martin, et al. (author)
  • Scale-dependent patterns of variability of a grazing parrotfish (Leptoscarus vaigiensis) in a tropical seagrass-dominated seascape
  • 2011
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 158:7, s. 1483-1495
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Although herbivorous fish form critical linkages between primary producers and higher trophic levels, the major factors regulating their spatial structure in seagrass systems remain poorly understood. The present study examined the parrotfish Leptoscarus vaigiensis in seagrass meadows of a tropical embayment in the western Indian Ocean. Stomach content analysis and direct field observations showed that L. vaigiensis is an efficient grazer, feeding almost exclusively on seagrass leaves. Seagrass shoot density was highly correlated to all density variables (total, juvenile and subadult) and juvenile biomass of L. vaigiensis, while subadult biomass was predicted by distance to neighbouring coral habitat. Moreover, density and biomass of predatory fish (piscivores) were predicted by seagrass canopy height and the distribution patterns of predators followed those of L. vaigiensis. Hence, factors at local (seagrass structural complexity and feeding mode) and landscape scale levels (seascape context and distribution of piscivores) likely mutually structure herbivorous fish communities. The findings underscore the importance of incorporating multiple scale-dependent factors when managing coastal seagrass ecosystems and their associated key species.
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43.
  • Gullström, Martin, 1968, et al. (author)
  • Spatial patterns and environmental correlates in leaf-associated epifaunal assemblages of temperate seagrass (Zostera marina) meadows
  • 2012
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 159:2, s. 413-425
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We estimated and tested variability of seagrass leaf-associated epifaunal assemblages at a range of scales. Sampling was performed in 36 seagrass (Zostera marina) meadows within three regions along the Swedish west coast following a hierarchical design (samples separated by 10 s m, km or 100 km). Results showed strongest variability (43-81%) at the intermediate amongst-meadow (km) scale using biomass of functional categories, while considering taxa composition the within-meadow (10 s m) scale contributed most to variability (60%). Using functional categories, we found that embayment exposure and seagrass shoot density were the most important predictor variables explaining part of the variability in biomass of suspension feeders (bivalves and barnacles) and grazers. In contrast, variability in epifaunal taxa composition was predicted mainly by sediment chemistry, substratum coverage and geographical positioning. Our findings suggest that models to develop predictive power and mechanistic understanding should focus on variables and processes varying at small and intermediate scales rather than those varying at larger scales.
  •  
44.
  • Hansen, Joakim, 1978-, et al. (author)
  • Effects of plant morphology on small-scale distribution of invertebrates
  • 2010
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 157:10, s. 2143-2155
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Habitat structure influences organism communities by mediating interactions between individuals and species, affecting abundance and species richness. We examined whether variations in the morphology of soft-bottom plants affect their function as habitat and whether complex structured plants support higher macroinvertebrate abundance and species richness. Three Baltic Sea plant species were studied, together with artificial plants resembling each species. In a field collection, we found higher invertebrate abundance on the morphologically more complex plants Myriophyllum spicatum and Chara baltica than on the structurally simpler plant Potamogeton perfoliatus. In a colonization experiment, we found the highest invertebrate abundance on artificial M. spicatum but found no difference between natural plants. Invertebrate taxon richness displayed no consistent relationship with plant structural complexity. The results imply that plant morphology influences small-scale invertebrate distribution, partly supporting the hypothesis that structurally complex plants harbour higher invertebrate abundance.
  •  
45.
  • Hellström, Micaela, et al. (author)
  • Multiple spawning events and sexual reproduction in the octocoral Sarcophyton elegans (Cnidaria: Alcyonacea) on Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef
  • 2010
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 157:2, s. 383-392
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Sarcophyton elegans is a common symbiotic (zooxanthellate) octocoral species in the shallow waters of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). Study of a population at Lizard Island (14°40′S, 145°28′E) on the GBR from October 1991 to January 1994 revealed that, as is typical of tropical alcyonarian corals, S. elegans is a gonochoric broadcast spawner with a 1:1 sex ratio. Sexual reproduction was closely correlated with colony size, with first reproduction at 13-cm basal stalk circumference for females and 12 cm for males. Oogenesis took 19–24 months, with a new cycle commencing every year, and spermatogenesis took 10–12 months. The majority of gametes were released during the annual austral mass coral spawning event after the full moon in November, but gametes were also released after the full moon in each month between August and February. All autozooid polyps participated in reproduction, but those at the outer edge of a colony released their gametes first. During subsequent months, the polyps closer to the center of the colony released their gametes. This is a novel strategy of gamete release, reported here for the first time, which accommodates the demands of feeding and reproduction in a different way than other corals where individual polyps have separate feeding or reproductive roles. Colonies upstream in the prevailing current spawned up to 1 month earlier than those downstream and ceased 1 month earlier. The mechanism controlling this spatial differentiation in spawning time, repeatedly observed over three seasons, is unknown. Sarcophyton elegans appears to have a dual strategy of providing protection for its gametes by releasing most of them concurrently with the single, annual mass spawning of a large number of cnidarians, while also hedging its bets by individual colonies spawning a fraction of their gametes over an extended period of 6 months.
  •  
46.
  • Herler, Juergen, et al. (author)
  • Phylogenetic relationships of coral-associated gobies (Teleostei, Gobiidae) from the Red Sea based on mitochondrial DNA data
  • 2009
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 156:4, s. 725-739
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bryaninops, Gobiodon, Paragobiodon and Pleurosicya are the most abundant genera of coral-associated gobies. These genera are adapted to live among coral, while other small reef gobies (e.g., the genus Eviota) show no obligate association with this living substrate. Thirteen coral-associated species and two Eviota species were sampled from different regions of the Red Sea, along with four populations/species of Gobiodon from the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. A molecular phylogenetic analysis was performed using partial sequences of 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome b mitochondrial genes, 1,199 base pairs in total. Several clades were consistently resolved in neighbor joining-, maximum parsimony-, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses. While each of the four genera Gobiodon, Paragobiodon, Bryaninops and Pleurosicya proved to be monophyletic, their relative position in the phylogeny did not support an emergence of coral-associated gobiids as a monophyletic assemblage. Instead, two separate monophyletic sub-groups were discovered, the first comprising Gobiodon and Paragobiodon, and the second Bryaninops and Pleurosicya. Our molecular phylogenetic examinations also revealed one unassigned species of Gobiodon from the Maldives as a distinct species and confirmed three putative and yet unassigned species from the Red Sea. Moreover, the uniformly black colored species of Gobiodon are not monophyletic but have evolved independently within two distinct species groups. Genetic distances were large in particular within Pleurosicya and Eviota. Estimated divergence times suggest that coral-associated gobies have diversified in parallel to their preferred host corals. In particular, divergence times of Gobiodon species closely match those estimated for their typical host coral genus Acropora.
  •  
47.
  • Heuschele, Jan, et al. (author)
  • Non-consumptive effects of predator presence on copepod reproduction : insights from a mesocosm experiment
  • 2014
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 161:7, s. 1653-1666
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Reproduction in planktonic animals depends on numerous biotic and abiotic factors. One of them is predation pressure, which can have both direct consumptive effects on population density and sex ratio, and non-consumptive effects, for example on mating and migration behaviour. In copepods, predator vulnerability depends on their sex, motility pattern and mating behaviour. Therefore, copepods can be affected at multiple stages during the mating process. We investigated the reproductive dynamics of the estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis in the presence and absence of its predator the mysid Neomysis integer in a mesocosm experiment. We found that the proportion of ovigerous females decreased in the presence of predators. This shift was not caused by differential predation as the absolute number of females was unaffected by mysid presence. Presence of predators reduced the ratio of males to non-ovigerous females, but not by predation of males. Our combined results suggest that the shift from ovigerous to non-ovigerous females under the presence of predators was caused by either actively delayed egg production or by shedding of egg sacs. Nauplii production was initially suppressed in the predation treatment, but increased towards the end of the experiment. The proportion of fertilized females was similar in both treatments, but constantly fell behind model predictions using a random mating model. Our results highlight the importance of non-consumptive effects of predators on copepod reproduction and hence on population dynamics.
  •  
48.
  • Hilmi, nathalie, et al. (author)
  • Towards improved socio-economic assessments of ocean acidification’s impacts
  • 2013
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 160:8, s. 1773-1787
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ocean acidification is increasingly recognized as a component of global change that could have a wide range of impacts on marine organisms, the ecosystems they live in, and the goods and services they provide humankind. Assessment of these potential socio-economic impacts requires integrated efforts between biologists, chemists, oceanographers, economists and social scientists. But because ocean acidification is a new research area, significant knowledge gaps are preventing economists from estimating its welfare impacts. For instance, economic data on the impact of ocean acidification on significant markets such as fisheries, aquaculture and tourism are very limited (if not non-existent), and non-market valuation studies on this topic are not yet available. Our paper summarizes the current understanding of future OA impacts and sets out what further information is required for economists to assess socio-economic impacts of ocean acidification. Our aim is to provide clear directions for multidisciplinary collaborative research.
  •  
49.
  • Hollander, Johan, 1969, et al. (author)
  • Effects of the alien Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) on subtidal macrozoobenthos communities
  • 2015
  • In: Marine Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0025-3162 .- 1432-1793. ; 162:3, s. 547-555
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Since 2006, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas has been a permanent resident on the west cost of Sweden. Because C. gigas is nonindigenous in Scandinavia, it may modify ecosystems and affect the resident biota. Individuals of C. gigas often settle in large aggregations, and the physical structure of the resulting reef provides attachment points and refuges for many secondary species. However, C. gigas also has the potential to change the macrofaunal community structure of the associated sediment, for example by stabilization or enrichment of the sediment. Here, we assess the macrozoobenthos community of sediments within C. gigas reefs and contrast the results with the comparable community within beds of the native blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) and with that of uniform bare sediment. We show that the communities within oyster reefs and mussel beds contained more species and had a higher abundance of organisms compared with the bare sediment. In addition, we show significant differences between the communities within oyster reefs and mussel beds and consistently a larger total abundance in the former.
  •  
50.
  • Hollertz, Karin (author)
  • Feeding biology and carbon budget of the sediment-burrowing heart urchin Brissopsis lyrifera (Echinoidea : Spatangoida)
  • 2002
  • In: Marine Biology. - 0025-3162. ; 140:5, s. 959-969
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This study of the burrowing heart urchin Brissopsis lyrifera includes measurements on feeding and food selection, ingestion rate, absorption efficiency, ventilation and respiration. B. lyrifera regulated feeding depth, ingestion rate and absorption efficiency in relation to food source. When food was added to the top layer of sediment, B. lyrifera burrowed closer to the surface and ingested mainly enriched surface material, whereas it burrowed deeper and ingested deep-seated sediment in the controls. In non-enriched sediment, the feeding rate was 0.04 g sediment DW h(-1) ind.(-1), and, in macro- and microalga-enriched sediment the feeding rate was 0.06 and 0.08 g sediment DW h(-1) ind.(-1), respectively. Absorption efficiency of TOC was about 43% in nonenriched sediment and in microalga-enriched sediment, but was significantly lower (34%) in macroalga-enriched sediment. Absorption efficiency of N varied between 48% and 55%, and was independent of food source. B. lyrifera feed selectively, enriching the gut TOC content about 2-fold and N content about 2.5-fold. The C/N ratio was therefore lower within the gut compared to the surrounding sediment, while the faecal C/N ratio was almost equal to the surrounding sediment. The faeces were, however, slightly richer in TOC and N compared to the surrounding sediment. For 3-5 cm long B. era, water current rate varied between 4 and 24 ml water h-1, with a mean of 11 ml h(-1). Mean respiration rate was 205 mul O-2 h(-1) ind.(-1). The water current rate was not sufficient for B. lyrifera to sustain itself by filter feeding only. However, organic-rich particles from the surface are suggested to be an important contribution to the diet. A carbon budget was calculated for B. lyrifera from measured values of consumption, absorption efficiency and respiration, in order to estimate annual production of B. lyrifera. Compared to literature values, growth was overestimated about tenfold in the budget. A large proportion of the absorbed carbon was suggested to leave the animal as dissolved carbon, through mucus production or through anaerobic pathways, either by the heart urchin or by micro-organisms in the gut.
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