| 1. |
- Bai, Z. G., et al.
(author)
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Proxy global assessment of land degradation
- 2008
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 24:3, s. 223-234
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Land degradation is always With Lis but its causes, extent and severity are contested. We define land degradation as a long-term decline in ecosystem function and productivity, Which may be assessed using lone-term, remotely sensed normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data. Deviation from the norm may serve as a proxy assessment of land degradation and improvement - if other factors that may be responsible are taken into account. These other factors include rainfall effects which may be assessed by rain-use efficiency, calculated from NDVI and rainfall. Results from the analysis of the 23-year Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies (GIMMS) NDVI data indicate declining rain-use efficiency-adjusted NDVI on ca. 24% of the global land area with degrading areas mainly in Africa south of the equator, South-East Asia and south China, north-central Australia, the Pampas and swaths of the Siberian and north American taiga; 1.5 billion people live in these areas. The results are very different from previous assessments which compounded what is happening now with historical land degradation. Economic appraisal can be undertaken when land degradation is expressed in terms of net primary productivity and the resultant data allow statistical comparison With other variables to reveal possible drivers.
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| 2. |
- Liu, Jian, et al.
(author)
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Potential phosphorus leaching from sandy topsoils with different fertilizer histories before and after application of pig slurry
- 2012
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 28, s. 457-467
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated the effects of historical long-term and recent single applications of pig slurry on P leaching from intact columns of two sandy topsoils (Mellby and Böslid). The soils had similar physical properties, but different soil P status (ammonium lactate-extractable P; P-AL) and degree of P saturation (DPS-AL). Mellby had P-AL of 220-280 mg kg-1 and DPS-AL of 32-42%, which was higher than for Böslid (P-AL 140 mg kg-1 and DPS 21%). The study investigated the effects since 1983 of four treatments with different fertilizer histories, in summary high (HighSlurryMellby) and low (LowSlurryMellby) rates of pig slurry and mineral P (MinMellby) applications at Mellby and mineral P application at Böslid (MinBöslid). The columns were irrigated in the laboratory five times before and five times after a single application of pig slurry (22 kg P ha-1). Concentrations of dissolved reactive P (DRP), dissolved organic P and total-P (TP) in leachate and loads were significantly higher (p <0.005) from the treatments at Mellby than those at Böslid. TP concentrations followed the trend: HighSlurryMellby (0.57-0.59 mg L-1) > MinMellby (0.41-0.49 mg L-1) > LowSlurryMellby (0.31-0.36 mg L-1) > MinBöslid (0.14-0.15 mg L-1), both before and after the single slurry application. DRP concentrations in leachate were positively correlated with DPS-AL values in the topsoil (R2=0.95, p<0.0001), and increased with greater DPS-AL values after the single slurry application (R2=0.79, p<0.0001). Thus, DPS-AL can be an appropriate indicator of P leaching risk from sandy soils. Moreover, the build-up of soil P due to long-term repeated manure applications seems to be more important for potential P losses than a single manure application.
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| 3. |
- Aronsson, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Leaching of N, P and glyphosate from two soils after herbicide treatment and incorporation of a ryegrass catch crop
- 2011
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 27, s. 54-68
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- During 2005-2007, studies were carried out in two field experiments in southwest Sweden with separately tile-drained plots on a sandy soil (three replicates) and on a clay soil (two replicates). The overall aim was to determine the effects of different cropping systems with catch crops on losses of N, P and glyphosate. Different times of glyphosate treatment of undersown ryegrass catch crops were examined in combination with soil tillage in November or spring. Drainage water was sampled continuously in proportion to water flow and analysed for N, P and glyphosate. Catch crops were sampled in late autumn and spring and soil was analysed for mineral N content. The yields of following cereal crops were determined. The importance of keeping the catch crop growing as long as possible in the autumn is demonstrated to decrease the risk of N leaching. During a year with high drainage on the sandy soil, annual N leaching was 26 kg/ha higher for plots with a catch crop killed with glyphosate in late September than for plots with a catch crop, while the difference was very small during 1 yr with less drainage. Having the catch crop in place during October was the most important factor, whereas the time of incorporation of a dead catch crop did not influence N leaching from either of the two soils. However, incorporation of a growing catch crop in spring resulted in decreased crop yields, especially on the clay soil. Soil type affected glyphosate leaching to a larger extent than the experimental treatments. Glyphosate was not leached from the sand at all, while it was found at average concentrations of 0.25 mu g/L in drainage water from the clay soil on all sampling occasions. Phosphorus leaching also varied (on average 0.2 and 0.5 kg/ha/yr from the sand and clay, respectively), but was not significantly affected by the different catch crop treatments.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Delin, Sofia
(author)
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Fertilizer value of nitrogen in hen and broiler manure after application to spring barley using different application timing
- 2011
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 27, s. 415-426
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The nitrogen (N) fertilizer effect of layer hen and broiler manure applied at different times on spring barley yield was studied in seven Swedish field experiments during 2005-2008. Two experiments had parallel field incubations to study N release after fertilizer application. The effect of total N in manure on N offtake was 30-40% that of mineral N, except in a dry year, when the effect was very low. Although the relative proportions of ammonium N, uric acid N and other N differed between the hen and broiler manure, the effect of total N was similar for both. In field incubations, mineral N decreased from 75 to 60% of total N applied in hen manure, whereas it increased from 20 to 50% in broiler manure, because of net immobilization and release, respectively. The limited fertilizer nitrogen replacement value, corresponding to only 30-40% of total N, could be as a result of ammonia volatilization after rather shallow incorporation with harrow. Net N release from broiler manure lasted for 6-8 weeks after application, after which it generally ceased. In some cases, manure application in early spring gave better yield effects than application at sowing, probably because of better synchronization of the N release with crop N requirements. The residual N effect on the N offtake in crop in the year after manure application was on average 3% of the total N applied, equivalent to a fertilizer replacement value of about 6%.
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| 6. |
- Djodjic, Faruk, et al.
(author)
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Changes in plant-available and easily soluble phosphorus within 1year after P amendment
- 2013
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 29, s. 45-54
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Diffuse losses of phosphorus (P) from arable land are often related to soil P and P amendments. We follow the in situ dynamics of plant-available [ammonium lactate/acetic acid (P-AL)] and easily soluble (0.01m CaCl2) P during 1year after fertilizer application at five sites in long-term fertility field experiments in Sweden with three different soil P levels and amendment rates and two different crop rotation systems. Clear differences between soils and P treatments were found. These can to a large extent be explained by the amount of applied of P and soil sorption capacity. The bell curve' indicating the development of plant-available P can be described successfully using Gaussian modelling. Strong correlation between plant-available and easily soluble P as determined by the above-mentioned methods shows that the existing agronomic soil test P can be a good indicator even for easily soluble P, especially if other soil properties such as soil sorption capacity are taken into account. From the management standpoint, small increases in both plant-available and easily soluble P as in the P replacement treatment indicate that such a management strategy may reduce environmental risks as a result of P amendments. Increases in P amendments above the agronomic optimum increased plant-available P for a considerable time after P amendment (24months) to indicate high environmental risk.
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| 7. |
- Eriksson, Ann Kristin, et al.
(author)
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Phosphorus in Agricultural soils around the Baltic Sea : comparison of laboratory methods as indices for phosphorus leaching to waters
- 2013
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 29, s. 5-14
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, we investigated the phosphorus (P) content of Baltic soils. In the first set of analyses, 99 soil samples from the Baltic states and Sweden (soil set 1, representing seven different catchments or experimental plots) were analysed for soil P using four extraction methods: ammonium lactate (P-AL) P double lactate (P DL) Mehlich 3 (PM3) and carbonate (P Olsen) (r=0.85-0.97) In abolute values,results from PM3, PDL and P Olsen gave means of 71, 61 and 20%, respectively, of the values from the PAL extraction method. Significantly different relationships were found between P soil concentrations and pH of the extract. In addition, soil pH and organic matter content were found to be of importance. Secondly, we tested 110 soil samples (soil set 2) from five different Swedish monitoring fields with clay soils where PAL clearly correlated with soil P extracted in calcium chloride (PCaCl2) (R= 0.95). Values of a single-point phosphorus sorption index (PSI) correlated with the aluminium concentration (AlAL) tests with different extraction agents - calcium chloride (PCaCL2w) water (Pw), POlsen or PAL - correlated with the mean annual flow-weighted concentration (1999–2010) of dissolved reactive P (DRP) in drainage water. Neither was there any clear relationship between DRP concentration in drainage water and these tests combined with PSI or with other sorption indices including extracted Al and iron (Fe). However, DRP was related to the clay content of the topsoil (r = 0.91, P < 0.05).
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| 8. |
- Keller, Thomas
(author)
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Rules of thumb for minimizing subsoil compaction
- 2012
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 28, s. 378-393
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Subsoil compaction is persistent and can affect important soil functions including soil productivity. The aim of this study was to develop recommendations on how to avoid subsoil compaction for soils exposed to traffic by machinery at field capacity. We measured the vertical stress in the tyresoil contact area for two traction tyres at ca. 30- and 60-kN wheel loads on a loamy sand at field capacity. Data on resulting stress distributions were combined with those from the literature for five implement tyres tested at a range of inflation pressures and wheel loads. The vertical stress in the soil profile was then predicted using the Sohne model for all tests in the combined data set. The predicted stress at 20 cm depth correlated with the maximum stress in the contact area, tyre inflation pressure, tyresoil contact area and mean ground pressure. At 100 cm depth, the predicted vertical stress was primarily determined by wheel load, but an effect of the other factors was also detected. Based on published recommendations for allowable stresses in the soil profile, we propose the 50-50 rule: At water contents around field capacity, traffic on agricultural soil should not exert vertical stresses in excess of 50-kPa at depths >50 cm. Our combined data provide the basis for the 8-8 rule: The depth of the 50- kPa stress isobar increases by 8 cm for each additional tonne increase in wheel load and by 8 cm for each doubling of the tyre inflation pressure. We suggest that farmers use this simple rule for evaluating the sustainability of any planned traffic over moist soil.
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| 9. |
- Kirchmann, Holger
(author)
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Land-use effects on the distribution of soil organic carbon within particle-size fractions of volcanic soils in the Transmexican Volcanic Belt (Mexico)
- 2011
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 27, s. 186-194
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to determine the effect of land-use and forest cover depletion on the distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) within particle-size fractions in a volcanic soil. Emphasis was given to the thermal properties of soils. Six representative sites in Mexico were selected in an area dominated by Andosols: a grassland site, four forested sites with different levels of degradation and an agricultural site. Soils were fractionated using ultrasonic energy until complete dispersion was achieved. The particle-size fractions were coarse sand, fine sand, silt, clay and particulate organic matter from the coarse sand sized fraction (POM-CS) and fine sand (POM-FS). Soil organic carbon decreased by 70% after forest conversion to cropland and long-term cultivation; forest cover loss resulted in a decrease in SOC of up to 60%. The grassland soil contained 45% more SOC than the cropland one. Soil organic carbon was mainly associated with the silt-size fraction; the most sensitive fractions to land-use change and forest cover depletion were POM followed by SOC associated with the silt and clay-sized fractions. Particulate organic matter can be used as an early indicator of SOC loss. The C lost from the clay and silt-sized fractions was thermally labile; therefore, the SOC stored in the more degraded forest soils was more recalcitrant (thermally resistant). Only the transformation of forest to agricultural land produced a similar loss of thermally stable C associated with the silt-sized fraction.
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| 10. |
- Mattsson, Lennart
(author)
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Grain yield and crop N offtake in response to residual fertilizer N in long-term field experiments
- 2010
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 26, s. 455-464
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Organic inputs [e.g. animal manure (AM) and plant residues] contribute directly to the soil organic N pool, whereas mineral N fertilizer contributes indirectly by increasing the return of the crop residues and by microbial immobilization. To evaluate the residual effect of N treatments established in four long-term (> 35 yr) field experiments, we measured the response of barley (grain yield and N offtake at crop maturity) to six rates (0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N/ha) of mineral fertilizer N (N(new)) applied in subplots replacing the customary long-term plot treatments of fertilizer inputs (N(prev)). Rates of N(prev) above 50-100 kg N/ha had no consistent effect on the soil N content, but this was up to 20% greater than that in unfertilized treatments. Long-term unfertilized plots should not be used as control to test the residual value of N in modern agriculture with large production potentials. Although the effect of mineral N(prev) on grain yield and N offtake could be substituted by N(new) within a range of previous inputs, the value of N(prev) was not eliminated irrespective of N(new) rate. Provided a sufficient supply of plant nutrients other than N, the use-efficiency of N(new) did not change significantly with previous mineral N fertilizer rate. The residual effect of mineral N fertilizer was negligible compared with the residual effect of N from AM and catch crop residues.
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| 11. |
- Nyberg, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Potential methods for estimating nitrogen fertilizer value of organic residues
- 2012
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 28, s. 283-291
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- New organic fertilizers based on waste products are continually being introduced in agriculture. Their nitrogen (N) fertilizer value of their total N and mineral N content varies widely, creating a demand for standardized laboratory methods. This study evaluated some potential methods for estimating the N fertilizer value of different kinds of organic fertilizers. The methods were evaluated against the N fertilizer value obtained from a ryegrass pot experiment. Fifteen fertilizers were tested, including different kinds of manure, powders from meat, bone, blood and feathers, rapeseed cake, lucerne pellets, sewage sludge, biogas residue, vinasse and mussel compost. Mineral fertilizer equivalents (MFE) were calculated as the fraction of total N (MFE) or organic N (MFEorg) out of total N that has the same availability to plants as inorganic N. Mineral N content (% of total N added with organic residue) after 4 weeks of incubation of soil was correlated to MFE (r2 = 0.78), but was on average 17% lower. Warm water-extractable N, amino acid N and crude fibre analysis all proved to be unsatisfactory as methods for estimating MFE or MFEorg. However, the carbon/nitrogen ratio accurately reflected short-term plant-available N through a negative linear relationship (r2 = 0.83) and would thus be a very useful method for estimating MFE, with MFE decreasing by 5% per unit increase in C/N ratio. The results also indicated that the analysis of near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra can be an even quicker and cheaper method to estimate MFE of organic residues, but this issue requires further research.
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| 12. |
- Parvage, Masud, et al.
(author)
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Impact of horse grazing and feeding on phosphorus concentrations in soil and drainage water
- 2011
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 27, s. 367-375
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The number of horses in Sweden has increased, from 77 300 in 1970 to 283 000 in 2003 (ca. 250%). These horses are kept on 300 000 ha, which represents 10% of total agricultural land in Sweden. Maximum recommended livestock density in Sweden is 2.5 units/ha for grazed pasture, but no limits have yet been set for outdoor keeping and feeding areas (paddocks) for horses. This study characterized the potential risk of phosphorus (P) losses from a horse paddock established on a heavy clay soil with a stocking rate of 3.75 livestock units/ha compared with nearby arable land. The horse paddock received 15 kg P/ha/yr and 75 kg N/ha/yr through horse excreta, while annual input of P and N to the adjacent arable land was 13 and 112 kg/ha, respectively. There was no significant difference in water-soluble P (WSP) in fresh and dried soil samples between the horse paddock (mean values: 0.62 and 0.43 mg/100 g soil; n = 15) and the arable field (mean values: 0.52 and 0.37 mg/100 g soil; n = 5). In contrast, phosphorus extractable in ammonium acetate lactate (extractable P) in the topsoil of the horse paddock (mean: 15 mg/100 g soil) was significantly higher (P = 0.03; n = 15) than in the arable land, whereas total P extracted with nitric acid (total P) showed no statistically significant differences. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in lactate-extractable iron and aluminium (extractable Fe and Al), organic carbon (C), total nitrogen (N) or phosphorus sorption index between the two parcels of land. However, the degree of P saturation in soil was significantly higher (P = 0.02; n = 15) in the horse paddock. Extractable Al and Fe were highly correlated to extractable P (P < 0.001; n = 69), the correlation being negative for Al. No relationship was found with calcium, but soil C content was found to be correlated with extractable P (P < 0.001; n = 69). Over the past 8 yr, high P concentrations (up to 1.5 mg/L), mainly in dissolved reactive form, have been recorded in drainage water from the grazed catchment. We concluded that horse grazing at high stocking rates (> 2.5 livestock units/ha) may pose a risk of high P losses to nearby water bodies.
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| 13. |
- Rodhe, Lena, et al.
(author)
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Nitrous oxide, methane and ammonia emissions following slurry spreading on grassland
- 2006
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In: Soil use and management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 22:3, s. 229-237
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In Sweden, 90% of ammonia (NH3) emissions to the atmosphere originate from agriculture, predominantly from animal manure handling. It is well known that incorporation of manure into soil can reduce NH3 emissions after spreading. However, there is a risk of increased nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emissions caused by bacterial activity and limited oxygen availability under these conditions. A full-scale injector was developed and evaluated in a field experiment on grassland. Cattle slurry was either injected in closed slots 5 cm below ground or band spread on the soil surface above the crop canopy at a rate of 25 t ha-1. In a control treatment, no slurry was applied. During a 5-day period after application, NH3 emissions were measured using an equilibrium concentration method. Gas samples for estimating CH4 and N 2O emissions were also collected during 7 weeks following slurry application. Injection in closed slots resulted in no detectable NH3 emissions. After band spreading, however, NH3 emissions corresponded to nearly 40% of the total ammoniacal nitrogen in the applied slurry. The injection of slurry gave rise to a broad peak of N2O emissions during the first 3 weeks after application. In total, for the measuring period, N 2O emissions corresponded to 0.75 kg N ha-1. Band spreading resulted in only a very small N2O release of about 0.2 kg N ha-1 during the same period. Except for the first sampling occasion, the soil was predominantly a sink for CH4 in all the treatments. The use of the injector without slurry application reduced grass yield during unfavourable growing conditions. In conclusion, shallow injection in closed slots seems to be a promising technique to reduce negative environmental impacts from NH3 emissions with a limited release of N2O and CH4. © 2006 The Authors.
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| 14. |
- Ulen, Barbro, et al.
(author)
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Soil tillage methods to control phosphorus loss and potential side-effects: a Scandinavian review
- 2010
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 26, s. 94-107
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In Scandinavia high losses of soil and particulate-bound phosphorus (PP) have been shown to occur from tine-cultivated and mouldboard-ploughed soils in clay soil areas, especially in relatively warm, wet winters. The omission in the autumn of primary tillage (not ploughing) and the maintenance of a continuous crop cover are generally used to control soil erosion. In Norway, ploughing and shallow cultivation of sloping fields in spring instead of ploughing in autumn have been shown to reduce particle transport by up to 89% on highly erodible soils. Particle erosion from clay soils can be reduced by 79% by direct drilling in spring compared with autumn ploughing. Field experiments in Scandinavia with ploughless tillage of clay loams and clay soils compared to conventional autumn ploughing usually show reductions in total P losses of 10-80% by both surface and subsurface runoff (lateral movements to drains). However, the effects of not ploughing during the autumn on losses of dissolved reactive P (DRP) are frequently negative, since the DRP losses without ploughing compared to conventional ploughing have increased up to fourfold in field experiments. In addition, a comprehensive Norwegian field experiment at a site with high erosion risk has shown that the proportion of DRP compared to total P was twice as high in runoff water after direct drilling compared to ploughing. Therefore, erosion control measures should be further evaluated for fields with an erosion risk since reduction in PP losses may be low and DRP losses still high. Ploughless tillage systems have potential side-effects, including an increased need for pesticides to control weeds [e.g. Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski] and plant diseases (e.g. Fusarium spp.) harboured by crop residues on the soil surface. Overall, soil tillage systems should be appraised for their positive and negative environmental effects before they are widely used for all types of soil, management practice, climate and landscape.
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| 15. |
- Ahlgren, Joakim, et al.
(author)
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Identification and quantification of organic phosphorus forms in soils from fertility experiments
- 2013
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In: Soil use and management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 29, s. 24-35
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effects of soil type, crop rotation, fertilizer type and application rate on the composition of organic phosphorus (P) compounds in soils from four sites in a Swedish long-term fertilizer experiment were investigated with 31P-NMR. Soil textures investigated were loamy sand, sandy loam, silty clay loam and clay. Phosphorus has been added to the soils since the 1950s and 1960s at four different rates in the form of either mineral fertilizer or a combination of manure and mineral fertilizer. Results show that in soils receiving no P addition, most of the soil P was present in the form of phosphate monoesters (6070%, depending on soil type). However, a P addition equivalent to the amount of P removed annually by harvest altered this relationship so that the soils were dominated by orthophosphate instead. This trend became more obvious with increasing P addition. At the greatest P application rate, orthophosphate comprised 70% or more of the total extracted P in all the soils. These changes in the soil were due entirely to increase in orthophosphate, because the amounts of monoesters did not change with increasing P additions. This was true both for mineral fertilizer and the combination of manure and mineral fertilizer P. Soil type and crop rotation did not influence the results. The results indicate that there is no apparent build-up of organic P in the soils, but that P addition mainly affects the orthophosphate amounts in the soils regardless of form or amount of fertilizer.
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| 16. |
- Bargues Tobella, Aida
(author)
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Woody species alongside earth contour bunds enhance the soil water-infiltration capacity in the Sahel, West Africa
- 2024
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In: Soil Use and Management. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 40
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Land degradation, including the loss of tree, forest and vegetation cover, and its related loss of water availability are the main constraints affecting the rainfed agricultural systems in West African Sahel and dry savanna. Therefore, farmers are implementing various soil and water conservation techniques such as zaï pits, half- moons, contour stone and earth bunds to improve crop production through reduced erosion and enhanced water retention. This study explores the effect of woody and herbaceous vegetation established along earth contour bunds on soil infiltration capacity in southern Mali. The soil infiltration measurements were carried out from September to December 2019 using single ring infiltrometers up- slope and down- slope of the bunds built on contour lines in 2015 and 2016 with four types of vegetation: (1) natural annual herbaceous vegetation; (2) planted Andropogon gayanus (perennial grass); (3) planted Gliricidia sepium (woody spe-cies) and (4) planted Acacia colei (woody species). The field- saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kfs) was estimated from the infiltration data and subjected to sta-tistical analysis to compare the effect of the four types of vegetation on soil infil-tration capacity. The results revealed significant differences in infiltration rate and Kfs between the four vegetation types. The highest infiltration rate and Kfs were observed for earth contour bunds reinforced with woody species G. sepium(299.5 ± 0.6; 45.3 ± 1.4 mm h−1), followed by A. colei (232.2 ± 2; 38.2 ± 1.6 mm h−1). These were followed by the grass A. gayanus (189.4 ± 2.5; 33.0 ± 1.7 mm h−1) and natural annual herbaceous vegetation (132 ± 2.3; 20.7 ± 1.9 mm h−1). In addition, soil water- infiltration rate and Kfs were higher for down- slope compared to up- slope areas for the two woody species. In practice, it is appropriate for farmers to reinforce contour bunds with woody species and perennial herbs given the beneficial effect on soil water infiltration and retention capacity and the expected socio- economic benefit they can get from them.
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| 17. |
- Braun, Sabina, et al.
(author)
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Phosphorus desorption and isotope exchange kinetics in agricultural soils
- 2020
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In: Soil use and management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To improve phosphorus (P) fertilization and environmental assessments, a better understanding of release kinetics of solid-phase P to soil solution is needed. In this study, Fe (hydr)oxide-coated filter papers (Fh papers), isotopic exchange kinetics (IEK) and chemical extractions were used to assess the sizes of fast and slowly desorbing P pools in the soils of six long-term Swedish field experiments. The P desorption data from the Fh-paper extraction of soil (20 days of continual P removal) were fitted with the Lookman two-compartment desorption model, which estimates the pools of fast (Q1) and slowly (Q2) desorbing P, and their desorption rates k1 and k2. The amounts of isotope-exchangeable P (E) were calculated (E1min to E>3 months) and compared with Q1 and Q2. The strongest relationship was found between E1 min and Q1 (r2 =.87, p <.01). There was also an inverse relationship between the IEK parameter n (the rate of exchange) and k1 (r2 =.52, p <.01) and k2 (r2 =.52, p <.01), suggesting that a soil with a high value of n desorbs less P per time unit. The relationships between these results show that they deliver similar information, but both methods are hard to implement in routine analysis. However, Olsen-extractable P was similar in magnitude to Q1 (P-Olsen = 1.1 × Q1 + 2.3, r2 =.96), n and k1 were related to P-Olsen/P-CaCl2, while k2 was related to P-oxalate/P-Olsen. Therefore, these extractions can be used to estimate the sizes and desorption rates of the different P pools, which could be important for assessments of plant availability and leaching.
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| 18. |
- Brod, E, et al.
(author)
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Unbalanced nutrient ratios in pelleted compound recycling fertilizers
- 2018
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In: Soil use and management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 34:1, s. 18-27
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to contribute to the development of pelleted compound recycling fertilizers with favourable handling and spreading characteristics and balanced nutrient ratios by combining nitrogen (N)- and phosphorus (P)-rich waste resources (meat bone meal, fish sludge or food waste) with potassium (K)-rich bottom wood ash. Pelleted compound recycling fertilizers with good durability and low dusting tendency were produced by roll-pelleting preheated waste resources at a suitable moisture content. However, the nutrient ratios in the final products were insufficiently balanced, with too low N concentrations relative to P and K to meet crop demands. In a bioassay using barley (Hordeum vulgare) and a nutrient-deficient sand/peat mixture, the relative agronomic effectiveness (RAE) of pelleted compound recycling fertilizers and reference recycling fertilizers was 22-42% of that of mineral compound fertilizer. Growth limitation was due to reduced N availability (mineral fertilizer equivalent - MFE=35-57%) or reduced P availability (MFE=20-115%), with the greatest P fertilizer value obtained for digestate based on dairy manure and fish sludge. Availability of K in bottom wood ash was masked by the experimental soil.
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| 19. |
- Delin, Sofia
(author)
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Effects on nitrate leaching of the timing of cattle slurry application to leys
- 2021
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 37, s. 436-448
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study compared the effects on nitrate leaching of slurry application to ley in early Autumn (15 September), late Autumn (1 November) and Spring (April) under Swedish growing conditions. In two separate two-year experiments, started in Autumn 2009 and 2010, on a sandy loam soil in south-west Sweden, these three application times were compared with no slurry application in grass-clover and grass swards. Soil water was sampled with ceramic suction cups, and nitrate leaching was calculated from water nitrate concentrations and drain discharge. Plant measurements indicated that, during Autumn, the grass took up at least 20 kg of the 50 kg nitrogen (N) applied with slurry in September. The mineral nitrogen level in the subsoil (30-90 cm) in December was around 2 kg N ha(-1) higher in this treatment. Nitrate leaching was on average 5 and 6 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) higher after early and late Autumn slurry application, respectively, than after Spring application (p < .001), but the difference varied from 0 to 10 kg N ha(-1) year(-1) between experiments and sward types. Nitrate leaching losses in kg N ha(-1) were lower from the grass sward, but higher if related to nitrogen inputs and dry matter yield. These results indicate that Autumn application can increase the risk of nitrate leaching, but that early/late application within Autumn is less important. It is more important to limit the amount of slurry applied in Autumn and to consider other risks of nitrogen losses associated with time of application, such as ammonia emissions.
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| 20. |
- Delin, Sofia
(author)
-
Fertilizer value of phosphorus in different residues
- 2016
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 32, s. 17-26
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The phosphorus (P) fertilizer effect of a range of commonly available manure, waste treatment and by-product residues was tested in pot, field and incubation experiments. The effect of the residues on P offtake was compared with that of commercial mineral P (super phosphate) to calculate the mineral fertilizer equivalent (MFE). Possible relationships between MFE and P extractable from residues using different agents (ammonium lactate, citrate, water) were examined. Dry matter yield and P concentration were measured in ryegrass grown in pots amended with 14 different residues. The effect on the first cut (after 5 weeks) was significantly higher for residues with a low organic matter content, for example ash and biogas residues (MFE = 74-85%), than for many other products with higher organic matter content, for example meat meal (MFE = 44%), cattle slurry (MFE = 57%) and sewage sludge (MFE = 0-37%). However, the effect on two combined cuts (after 11 weeks) was more similar between residues (MFE = 40-60% for most residues). Ammonium lactate-extractable P (P-AL) in residues correlated better with MFE (r2 = 0.48) than water-extractable or citrate-extractable P. Grain yield and P concentration were measured in a field experiment with spring wheat fertilized with four different residues. Pelleted meat meal had a similar effect on yield and P offtake as mineral fertilizer P, whereas two different sewage sludge and chicken manure had approximately 50% of the mineral fertilizer effect. The effect of residues on soil P-AL (the Swedish measure of easily available soil P) in the incubation experiment showed no correlation with MFE from the pot experiments.
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| 21. |
- Dhamala, Nawa Raj, et al.
(author)
-
Short-term residual N unaffected by forbs in grass-clover mixtures
- 2017
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 33, s. 457-459
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We determined the effect on residual nitrogen (N) of including forbs (chicory, ribwort plantain and caraway) in perennial ryegrass-red clover mixtures. Although soil N inputs during the grassland phase differed markedly between mixtures, in a pot experiment we found no differences in the potentially mineralizable N of the soil or in the dry matter production and N content of the spring barley test crop. The fertilizer value of the grassland mixtures corresponded to 10g N/m(2), irrespective of forb inclusion. Thus, the inclusion of nonlegume forbs did not negatively affect short-term residual N fertility of legume-based grasslands.
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| 22. |
- Engström, Lena, et al.
(author)
-
Temporal course of net N mineralization and immobilization in topsoil following incorporation of crop residues of winter oilseed rape, peas and oats in a northern climate
- 2012
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 28, s. 436-447
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The impact of incorporated residues of winter oilseed rape, peas and oats on soil N availability and the risk of N leaching during autumn and winter in a northern climate is not clear. Therefore, the aim was to determine the influence of incorporated residues on net N mineralizationimmobilization in topsoil during autumn and winter. A field experiment carried out at three sites in South Sweden provided soil samples and crop residues for an interpretive, in situ incubation study. Topsoil corresponding to a 7-cm soil layer from each site used for the field experiment was incubated with and without aboveground residues under natural temperature conditions at a single field location. On the basis of the incubation study, we concluded that in the field experiment, soil N dynamics during autumn and winter trials were the combined outcome of net N mineralization in the topsoil fraction not affected by aboveground residues and net N immobilization in the fraction in contact with aboveground crop residues. In the absence of aboveground residues, the net rate of N mineralization during early autumn was similar after both oilseed rape and peas, but values were larger than that after oats. After incorporation, aboveground residues of winter oilseed rape and peas made no contribution to soil mineral N in late autumn and thus did not increase the risk of N losses during winter. In fact, the residues of oilseed rape, peas and oats reduced the amount of soil mineral N by 714 kg N/ha during the main drainage period (OctoberMarch). Therefore, incorporating chopped aboveground residues should be encouraged before sowing winter wheat after peas and winter oilseed rape.
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| 23. |
- Ernfors, Maria
(author)
-
The effect of precipitation and application rate on dicyandiamide persistence and efficiency in two Irish grassland soils
- 2015
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 31, s. 367-374
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) has had variable success in reducing nitrate (NO 3-) leaching and nitrous oxide (N 2O) emissions from soils receiving nitrogen (N) fertilizers. Factors such as soil type, temperature and moisture have been linked to the variable efficacy of DCD. As DCD is water soluble, it can be leached from the rooting zone where it is intended to inhibit nitrification. Intact soil columns (15 cm diameter by 35 cm long) were taken from luvic gleysol and haplic cambisol grassland sites and placed in growth chambers. DCD was applied at 15 or 30 kg DCD/ha, with high or low precipitation. Leaching of DCD, mineral N and the residual soil DCD concentrations were determined over 8 weeks high precipitation increased DCD in leachate and decreased recovery in soil. A soil * DCD rate interaction was detected for the DCD unaccounted (proxy for degraded DCD). In the cambisol, degradation of DCD was high (circa 81%) and unaffected by DCD rate. In contrast, DCD degradation in the gleysol was lower and differentially affected by rate, 67 and 46% for the 15 and 30 kg/ha treatments, respectively. Variation in DCD degradation rates between soils may be related to differences in organic matter content and associated microbiological activity. Variable degradation rates of DCD in soil, unrelated to temperature or moisture, may contribute to changing DCD efficacy. Soil properties should be considered when tailoring DCD strategies for improving nitrogen use efficiency and crop yields, through the reduction of reactive nitrogen loss.
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| 24. |
- Gmach, Maria
(author)
-
Soil dissolved organic carbon responses to sugarcane straw removal
- 2021
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 37, s. 126-137
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Global demand for bioenergy increases interest in biomass-derived fuels, as ethanol from sugarcane straw. However, straw is the main carbon source to soil and its removal reduces C input, affecting active fractions (dissolved organic carbon, DOC) and C storage. To quantify the effects of straw removal on DOC and C stocks, we built lysimeter system using soil (Rhodic Kandiudox) from sugarcane field. We evaluated four soil depths (1, 20, 50 and 100 cm) and four straw removal rates: no removal NR, medium MR, high HR and total TR, leaving 12, 6, 3 and 0 Mg/ha on the soil surface, respectively. After rainfall, drainage water was collected and analysed for DOC content. Soil C stocks were determined after the 17-month. Total DOC released at 1-cm depth amounted to 606, 500, 441 and 157 kg/ha in NR, MR, HR and TR, respectively. Net-DOC suggests straw as the main source of DOC. Most of DOC in NR (50%) was retained within the 1-20 cm layer, resulting in higher C stock (10 Mg/ha) in the topsoil. In HR and MR, DOC retention was higher within 20-50 cm, suggesting differences in DOC composition. DOC in TR was 40% higher at 20 cm than at 1 cm, indicating C losses from topsoil. Low concentrations of DOC were found at 100-cm depth, but representing 30% in TR. Straw removal for bioenergy production is sustainable, but we should leave at least 3 Mg/ha of straw to ensure DOC production and soil C storage, taking account the DOC contribution to key soil functions.
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| 25. |
- Hellner, Qarin, et al.
(author)
-
Effects of tillage and liming on macropore networks derived from X-ray tomography images of a silty clay soil
- 2018
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 34, s. 197-205
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Soil structure influences water infiltration, aeration and root growth and, thereby, also the conditions for sustainable crop production. Our objective was to quantify the effects of different soil management methods and land uses on the topsoil structure of a silty clay soil. We sampled 32 intact soil columns (18 cm high, 12.7 cm diameter) from an experimental silty clay field with four treatments: conventional tillage (CT), conventional tillage followed by liming (CTL), reduced tillage (RT) and unfertilized fallow (UF). The columns were analysed using 3-D X-ray tomography. The samples were taken in autumn after harvest, 7 yr after quick lime was applied to the CTL plots. Despite a relatively large number of replicates per treatment (8, 8, 8 and 6 (two UF samples were excluded), respectively), there were no significant differences between any of the investigated macropore network properties related to tilled treatments. The UF treatment, in contrast, exhibited more vertically oriented macropores, which were also better connected compared to the other treatments. This confirms previous findings that tillage may disrupt the vertical continuity of macropore clusters. The impact of liming on soil pore network properties may have been limited to pores smaller than the resolution in our X-ray images. It is also possible that the effects of lime on soil structure were limited to a few years which means that any effect would have diminished by the time of this study. These matters should be further investigated in follow-up studies to understand better the potential of lime amendments to clay soil.
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| 26. |
- Johansson, Anna, et al.
(author)
-
Long-term soil organic carbon changes after cropland conversion to grazed grassland in Southern Sweden
- 2024
-
In: Soil use and management. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 40:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is growing awareness of the potential value of agricultural land for climate change mitigation. In Sweden, cropland areas have decreased by approximately 30% over recent decades, creating opportunities for these former croplands to be managed for climate change mitigation by increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. One potential land-use change is conversion of cropland to grazed grasslands, but the long-term effect of such change in management is not well understood and likely varies with soil type and site-specific conditions. Through sampling of mineral and peatland soils within a 75-year chronosequence of land converted from crop production to grazed grassland, we assessed how time since conversion, catenary position, and soil depth affected SOC storage. The SOC stocks calculated at an equivalent soil or ash mass increased through time since conversion in mineral soils at all topographic positions, at a rate of ~0.65% year−1. Soils at low topographic positions gained the most carbon. Peat SOC stock gains after conversion were large, but only marginally significant and only when calculated at an equivalent ash mass. We conclude that the conversion of mineral soil to grazed grassland promotes SOC accumulation at our sites, but climate change mitigation potential would need to be evaluated through a full greenhouse gas balance.
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| 27. |
- Johansson, Emma, et al.
(author)
-
Organic chlorine and chloride in submerged paddy soil : a case study in Anhui province, southeast China
- 2004
-
In: Soil use and management. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 20:2, s. 144-149
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Efforts to understand the fate of organochlorine compounds in arable soil have concentrated on anthropogenic compounds, in spite of the fact that organochlorine compounds are both produced and mineralized in soil through natural processes. In order to understand the fate of chlorinated pesticides, it is necessary to take account of the natural chlorine cycle. The present study is a first attempt to illuminate the relationship between the natural chlorine cycle and agricultural practices. The concentration and storage of organic chlorine (Cl-org) and chloride (Cl-inorg) were determined in topsoil of a paddy field compared to an adjacent afforested hill at a sampling site in the Meicun area, Anhui Province, China. The concentration of Cl-org, as well as the chlorine-to-carbon ratio, was significantly lower in the paddy field samples than in the forest soil samples. A weak relationship between the concentration of Cl-org and the organic carbon content was observed in the paddy field, in contrast to the observations made in the adjacent forest soil as well as those made in previous studies, which have suggested a positive correlation between organic carbon content and Cl-org. The similarity between our results at the forest site and the previous studies, which have been carried out in temperate regions, suggests that it is the land use rather than the climate that makes the current paddy soil results different. Our results suggest that the contribution of Cl-org to the paddy soil from above-ground litter and from production within the soil are small or negligible compared with the contribution from pesticide application and wet and dry deposition.
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| 28. |
- Keller, Thomas
(author)
-
Impacts of land use on soil organic matter and degree of compactness in calcareous soils of central Iran
- 2014
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 30, s. 2-9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study was conducted to investigate the impact of land use (dryland farming, grassland and irrigated farming) on bulk density, (rho(b)) and relative bulk density (rho(b-rel)), and to study the relationships between rho(b) and rho(b-rel), respectively, and soil organic matter content (OM) and soil texture at 100 locations in calcareous soils of central Iran. The rho(b-rel) was expressed as the ratio of rho(b) to a reference bulk density, rho(bef). By considering rho(b-ref) an inherent soil property that is dependent on soil texture but not on OM, the combined effects of OM due to land use and compaction (due to agricultural machinery) on the degree of compactness could be explored. Multiple linear regression was used to derive pedotransfer functions for predicting rhob and rho(b-rel). It was found that rho(b-rel) is strongly affected by OM, and a strong correlation was obtained between rho(b-rel) and the ratio of OM to clay content. The predictive performance of the multiple regression models was poorest for irrigated farming, which might be explained by intensive soil disturbance by tillage in irrigated farming. The main effect of land use was on OM, and consequently, the degree of compactness was mainly controlled by OM. The greatest OM and least rho(b-rel) were measured in irrigated farming. Dryland farming had the least OM and the greatest rho(b-rel).
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| 29. |
- Keller, Thomas
(author)
-
Seasonal dynamics in wheel load-carrying capacity of a loam soil in the Swiss Plateau
- 2015
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 31, s. 132-141
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Subsoil compaction is a major problem in modern agriculture caused by the intensification of agricultural production and the increase in weight of agricultural machinery. Compaction in the subsoil is highly persistent and leads to deterioration of soil functions. Wheel load-carrying capacity (WLCC) is defined as the maximum wheel load for a specific tyre and inflation pressure that does not result in soil stress in excess of soil strength. The soil strength and hence WLCC is strongly influenced by soil matric potential (h). The aim of this study was to estimate the seasonal dynamics in WLCC based on in situ measurements of h, measurements of precompression stress at various h and simulations of soil stress. In this work, we concentrated on prevention of subsoil compaction. Calculations were made for different tyres (standard and low-pressure top tyres) and for soil under different tillage and cropping systems (mouldboard ploughing, direct drilling, permanent grassland), and the computed WLCC was compared with real wheel loads to obtain the number of trafficable days (NTD) for various agricultural machines. Wheel load-carrying capacity was higher for the top than the standard tyres, demonstrating the potential of tyre equipment in reducing compaction risks. The NTD varied between years and generally decreased with increasing wheel load of the machinery. The WLCC simulations presented here provide a useful and easily interpreted tool to guide the avoidance of soil compaction.
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| 30. |
- Keller, Thomas, et al.
(author)
-
SoilFlex-LLWR: linking a soil compaction model with the least limiting water range concept
- 2015
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 31, s. 321-329
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Soil compaction impacts growing conditions for plants: it increases the mechanical resistance to root growth and modifies the soil pore system and consequently the supply of water and oxygen to the roots. The least limiting water range (LLWR) defines a range of soil water contents within which root growth is minimally limited with regard to water supply, aeration and penetration resistance. The LLWR is a function of soil bulk density (BD), and hence directly affected by soil compaction. In this paper, we present a new model, SoilFlex-LLWR', which combines a soil compaction model with the LLWR concept. We simulated the changes in LLWR due to wheeling with a self-propelled forage harvester on a Swiss clay loam soil (Gleyic Cambisol) using the new SoilFlex-LLWR model, and compared measurements of the LLWR components as a function of BD with model estimations. SoilFlex-LLWR allows for predictions of changes in LLWR due to compaction caused by agricultural field traffic and therefore provides a quantitative link between impact of soil loading and soil physical conditions for root growth.
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| 31. |
- Linefur, Helena, et al.
(author)
-
Lime placement on subsoil as a strategy to reduce phosphorus leaching from agricultural soils
- 2016
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 32, s. 381-389
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Leaching of phosphorus (P) from agricultural land is a major contributor to eutrophication of surface waters in many countries, and effective mitigation options to reduce P in leachate are needed. In this study, intact columns (0.77 m deep) of subsoil from three Swedish agricultural soils (one sand and two clay) were used to examine whether placing quicklime (calcium oxide, CaO) on the subsoil could reduce P leaching over a 3-yr period. Leaching of particulate P (PP) was significantly less from clay soil columns with lime than from clay soil columns without (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively), with a relative reduction of 49 and 51% in the two soils. Leaching of dissolved reactive P (DRP) was less from sand columns with lime than from sand columns without, although not significantly so due to large variation in P leaching between columns. These results indicate that placement of lime on subsoil has potential to reduce P leaching, especially of PP from clay soils. However, more studies including both topsoil and subsoil and a range of soil types are needed to assess the full potential of this P mitigation option.
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| 32. |
- Mossadeghi Björklund, Mona, et al.
(author)
-
Effects of compaction on soil hydraulic properties, penetration resistance and water flow patterns at the soil profile scale
- 2019
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 35, s. 367-377
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of compaction on water flow patterns at the soil profile scale. Control and trafficked plots were established in field trials at two sites. The trafficked treatment was created by four passes track-by-track with a three-axle dumper with a maximum wheel load of 5.8 Mg. One year later, dye-tracing experiments were performed and several soil mechanical, physical and hydraulic properties were measured to help explain the dye patterns. Penetration resistance was measured to 50 cm depth, with saturated hydraulic conductivity (K-s), bulk density, and macroporosity and mesoporosity being measured on undisturbed soil cores sampled from three depths (10, 30 and 50 cm). Significant effects of the traffic treatment on the structural pore space were found at 30 cm depth for large mesopores (0.3-0.06 mm diameter), but not small mesopores (0.06-0.03 mm) or macroporosity (pores > 0.3 mm). At one of the sites, ponding was observed during the dye-tracing experiments, especially in the trafficked plots, because of the presence of a compacted layer at plough depth characterized by a larger bulk density and smaller structural porosity and K-s values. Ponding did not induce any preferential transport of the dye solution into the subsoil at this site. In contrast, despite the presence of a compacted layer at 25-30 cm depth, a better developed structural porosity in the subsoil was noted at the other site which allowed preferential flow to reach to at least 1 m depth in both treatments.
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| 33. |
- Myrbeck, Åsa, et al.
(author)
-
Changes in N leaching and crop production as a result of measures to reduce N losses to water in a 6-yr crop rotation
- 2014
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 30, s. 219-230
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effects of various measures introduced to increase nitrogen (N) use efficiency and reduce N losses to water in a six-year crop rotation (winter wheat, spring barley, , , green manure, winter wheat, spring barley, spring oilseed rape) were examined with respect to N leaching, soil mineral N (SMN) accumulation and grain yield. An N use efficient system (NUE) with delayed tillage until late autumn and spring, direct drilling of winter wheat, earlier sowing of winter and spring crops and use of a catch crop in winter wheat was compared with a conventional system (CON) in a field experiment with six separately tile-drained plots in south-western Sweden during the period 1999-2011 (two crop rotation cycles). Total leaching of NO3-N from the NUE system was significantly 46% and 33% lower than in the CON system during the first and second crop rotation cycle, respectively, with the most pronounced differences apparently related to management strategies for winter wheat. Differences in NO3-N leaching largely reflected differences in SMN during autumn and winter. There was a tendency for lower yields in the NUE system, probably due to problems with couch-grass. Overall, the measures for conserving N, when frequently used within a crop rotation, effectively reduced NO3 concentrations in drainage water and NO3-N leaching losses, without severely affecting yield.
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| 34. |
- Norberg, Lisbet, et al.
(author)
-
Effects of cover crops sown in autumn on N and P leaching
- 2020
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 36, s. 200-211
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A field experiment with separately tile‐drained plots was used to study the ability of oilseed radish (Rhaphanus sativus L.), as a cover crop sown after harvest of a main crop of cereals or peas, to reduce nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) leaching losses from a clay loam in southern Sweden over 6 years. In addition to oilseed radish in pure stand, two cover crop mixtures (hairy vetch (Vicia villosa ) and rye (Secale cereale ) for 3 years and oilseed radish in mixture with buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) for 2 years) were tested. The cover crop plots (three replicates per treatment) were compared with unplanted plots as a control. Plots cropped with oilseed radish during autumn (August–November) had significantly smaller yearly mean N concentration in drainage water over 5 of 6 years compared with unplanted controls. Mineral N content in the soil profile in autumn was significantly less in oilseed radish plots than for control plots in all years. The cover crop mixtures of hairy vetch and rye or buckwheat and oilseed radish also showed the potential to reduce soil mineral N in autumn and N concentration in drainage water, compared with unplanted controls. The cover crops had no impact on P leaching. In conclusion, oilseed radish has the ability to reduce leaching losses of N, without increasing the risk of P leaching.
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| 35. |
- Nunan, Naoise
(author)
-
Topsoil characteristics of forests and lawns along an urban-rural gradient in the Paris region (France)
- 2021
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 37, s. 749-761
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban soils are a crucial component of urban ecosystems, especially in public green spaces, because of the ecosystem services they provide (e.g. public recreation, urban cooling or water infiltration). In this study, we describe the chemical, physical and hydrostructural characteristics of 180 forest and lawn surface soil samples, taken along an urban-rural gradient in the Paris region. This was done in order to identify how these soils have been affected by urbanization. Forests and lawns are the main vegetation types found in this region and represent 21% and 22.2% of the territory's surface area, respectively. Many of the properties of urban forest soils differed from those of other sites (e.g. texture, organic carbon content, total nitrogen and carbonate contents), possibly because the urban forests are much older than the lawns and because of the legacy of the historical management of soils in this region (Haussmann period). Urban lawn soils were more compacted than urban forests, probably due to higher foot traffic. The effects of urbanization were, at times, confounded with other factors (e.g. sandier texture of urban forests), which suggests that surface soil characteristics were influenced by past urban planning. Finally, this study constitutes a baseline analysis for the monitoring of soil quality in the region.
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| 36. |
- Parsons, David
(author)
-
Effect of live fences of Gliricidia sepium on CO2 fluxes in tropical livestock systems
- 2016
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 32, s. 553-564
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Live fences have the potential to improve microclimatic conditions, moderate soil CO2 fluxes and function as carbon sinks. We quantified variation in soil CO2 fluxes from livestock silvopastoral systems under the canopies of live fences (LF), formed by Gliricidia sepium trees, or artificial fences (AF). We determined the responses of soil CO2 fluxes to environmental factors, including diurnal and seasonal variations in temperature and relative humidity in each fencing system. Measurements were made from April to June (dry season) and from July to September (rainy season), 2012. Fluxes were similar between the two livestock systems; LF emitted 1.00 lmol CO2/m2/s and AF 1.02 lmol CO2/m2/s. Soil temperatures at 5 cm depth were 3% warmer in AF than in LF, and relative humidity was 16% greater in LF than in AF. Seasonal variation in temperature greatly affected soil CO2 fluxes, which changed seasonally in parallel with temperature of the topsoil and relative humidity at 1 m height, peaking in late summer. Fluxes in LF and AF were greater in the rainy season (1.1 lmol CO2/m2/s, for both systems), when soil temperature was cooler and relative humidity was greatest, than during the dry season (0.9 lmol CO2/m2/s, for both systems). Soil fluxes were larger at night (00:00–06:00 h), when soil temperature was cooler and relative humidity greater, than during the morning (6:00–12:00 h), when soil temperature was warmer and relative humidity was less. The presence of G. sepium trees in LF did not influence soil CO2 fluxes.
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| 37. |
- Piikki, Kristin, et al.
(author)
-
Perspectives on validation in digital soil mapping of continuous attributes—A review
- 2021
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 37, s. 7-21
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We performed a systematic mapping of validation methods used in digital soil mapping (DSM), in order to gain an overview of current practices and make recommendations for future publications on DSM studies. A systematic search and screening procedure, largely following the RepOrting standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) protocol, was carried out. It yielded a database of 188 peer-reviewed DSM studies from the past two decades, all written in English and all presenting a raster map of a continuous soil property. Review of the full-texts showed that most publications (97%) included some type of map validation, while just over one-third (35%) estimated map uncertainty. Most commonly, a combination of multiple (existing) soil sampe datasets was used and the resulting maps were validated by single data-splitting or cross-validation. It was common for essential information to be lacking in method descriptions. This is unfortunate, as lack of information on sampling design (missing in 25% of 188 studies) and sample support (missing in 45% of 188 studies) makes it difficult to interpret what derived validation metrics represent, compromising their usefulness. Therefore, we present a list of method details that should be provided in DSM studies. We also provide a detailed summary of the 28 validation metrics used in published DSM studies, how to interpret the values obtained and whether the metrics can be compared between datasets or soil attributes.
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| 38. |
- Teixeira, Fernando, et al.
(author)
-
Evidence of non-site-specific agricultural management effects on the score of visual soil quality indicators
- 2023
-
In: Soil use and management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 39:1, s. 474-484
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigates 11 agricultural management practices (AMPs) and their effects on seven visual soil quality indicators and soil aggregate stability. The survey carried out across eight pedoclimatic zones in Europe and China was based on visual soil assessments (New Zealand VSA method) performed on soils subject to different soil management practices and nearby similar soils, under similar farming features, without the distinctive soil management practice (control). Fisher's exact test was used to test if the management treatment was independent of the score of each visual soil quality indicator and to test if the management treatment produced a higher frequency of the score ‘good’. The results showed a statistically significant (α < .05) higher frequency of the score ‘good’ for ‘soil structure and consistency’ and/or ‘soil porosity’ for six AMPs. For no-till AMP, the null hypothesis can also be rejected for ‘susceptibility to erosion’ and ‘soil stability’ and for ‘mulching + permanent soil cover’ AMP, for the ‘presence of tillage pan’ and ‘soil colour’. The hypothesis that the management treatment was independent of the score of each indicator was rejected for ‘soil structure and consistency’ of three AMPs, for ‘soil porosity’ of three AMPs, for ‘soil colour’ of one AMP and for the ‘presence of tillage pan’ of one AMP. This study demonstrates that farming systems sharing a common influential soil management practice at different locations and with different soil types significantly affect the score of some visual soil quality indicators.
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| 39. |
- Villa Solis, Ana, et al.
(author)
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Soil dispersion tests combined with topographical information can describe field-scale sediment and phosphorus losses
- 2014
-
In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 30, s. 342-350
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Methods for estimating sediment and phosphorus (P) transfer from agricultural land to surface waters are needed to mitigate their adverse impact on water quality. This study quantified sediment and P losses from five agricultural fields and evaluated the patterns observed based on the intrinsic risk of sediment and P mobilization from the soil, together with field topographical and hydrological data. The mobilization risk was estimated using the environmental soil dispersion test DESPRAL. High-resolution LiDAR elevation data and crop management data were used to describe transport and delivery of the material mobilized. Annual flow-weighted suspended solids (SS) concentration in drainage water ranged from 48 to 374 mg/L, total P (TP) from 0.12 to 0.39 mg/L and unreactive P (UP) from 0.08 to 0.33 mg/L. The mobilization risk, measured as turbidity in the aliquot recovered from the dispersion test, varied from 781 to 2310 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). The method proved to be efficient in describing and differentiating sediment and P mobilization potential between fields. The topographical data also showed large differences between fields, with the length-slope (LS) parameter varying from 0.037 to 0.999. Based on assessments of source (mobilization risk) and transport factors (LS, crop management data), it was possible to characterize fields as favoured or limited in terms of source and transport and to explain the long-term SS and P losses observed at field scale.
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| 40. |
- Wallmann, Magdalena, 1976, et al.
(author)
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Nitrogen leaching from tile-drained fields and lysimeters receiving contrasting rates and sources of nitrogen
- 2022
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In: Soil Use and Management. - : Wiley. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 38:1, s. 596-610
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Leaching of nitrogen from arable land can lead to pollution of groundwater and surface water. Various measures have been implemented in agriculture to reduce leaching, but there is still potential to do more. To find the best agricultural management regime to limit the problem, leaching from soils under different management must be measured. Different methods to estimate leaching are available, but they have not been thoroughly evaluated. This study compared (a) leaching of nitrogen from five different fertilizer treatments differing in amount and source (mineral and organic) of nitrogen and (b) two different methods for measuring leaching (tile-drained field plots and lysimeters). Nitrogen leaching from five different fertilizer treatments was studied for three years in a tile-drained field facility and for three of the treatments also for 16 months in a lysimeter facility. Leaching from organic and mineral nitrogen sources was similar in the three-year field study. Mineral nitrogen input above the economic optimum tended to give greater leaching (by 24%-43%) than nitrogen input at the expected optimum. Measurements in lysimeters and tile-drained field plots gave similar results, although leaching values tended to be slightly higher (by 18%-25%) in the tile-drained field. Overall, both facilities give reliable estimates of nitrogen leaching and are suitable for leaching studies.
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| 41. |
- Watson, C.A., et al.
(author)
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A review of farm-scale nutrient budgets for organic farms as a tool for management of soil fertility
- 2002
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In: Soil use and management. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 18:SUPPL., s. 264-273
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- On organic farms, where the importation of materials to build/maintain soil fertility is restricted, it is important that a balance between inputs and outputs of nutrients is achieved to ensure both short-term productivity and long-term sustainability. This paper considers different approaches to nutrient budgeting on organic farms and evaluates the sources of bias in the measurements and/or estimates of the nutrient inputs and outputs. The paper collates 88 nutrient budgets compiled at the farm scale in nine temperate countries. All the nitrogen (N) budgets showed an N surplus (average 83.2 kg N ha-1 yr-1). The efficiency of N use, defined as outputs/inputs, was highest (0.9) and lowest (0.2) in arable and beef systems respectively. The phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) budgets showed both surpluses and deficits (average 3.6 kg P ha-1 yr-1, 14.2 kg K ha-1 yr-1) with horticultural systems showing large surpluses resulting from purchased manure. The estimation of N fixation and quantities of nutrients in purchased manures may introduce significant errors in nutrient budgets. Overall, the data illustrate the diversity of management systems in place on organic farms, and suggest that used together with soil analysis, nutrient budgets are a useful tool for improving the long-term sustainability of organic systems.
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| 42. |
- Weslien, P., et al.
(author)
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Nitrogen losses following application of pig slurry to arable land
- 1998
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In: Soil use and management. - 0266-0032 .- 1475-2743. ; 14:4, s. 200-208
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O), and nitrate (NO3/-) leaching were measured in two field experiments following application of pig slurry at rates corresponding to 83-96kg NH4-N ha-1 before sowing. In spring and in autumn 1994, slurry was applied by four methods: trenching (T), shallow injection (S), band spreading immediately followed by harrowing (B/H) and band spreading (B). NH3 emission measurements were made during the first week after application in both experiments. In the spring experiment N2O emissions and NO3/- leaching were measured during 6 and 52 weeks after spreading respectively, and during 11-and 33 weeks after spreading in the autumn experiment. In spring, the increased N2O emissions (i.e. control subtracted) ranged from 0.27% (T) to 0.45% (B/H), and in the autumn study from 0.92% (T) to 1.14% (B/H), of applied NH4-N, although showing no statistically significant differences. In order to validate the chamber measurements, a 'megachamber' (21 m2) was used together with an infrared spectrometer. The emissions agreed well for (B/H), while (B) resulted in lower emissions compared with the smaller chambers. Emissions of NH3 were about one order of magnitude higher. In spring, (B) gave the highest emission, reaching 19.5% of applied NH4-N, whereas (S), and (B/H) gave the lowest emissions, reaching 1.2 and 3.5% of applied NH4-N, respectively. NH3 emissions in autumn were 15-20% lower compared with spring. In spring the increased nitrate leaching ranged from 10.1 (T) to 24.9 kg ha-1 (B/H) and from 29.5 (B) to 37.8 kg ha-1 (T) in the autumn experiment, showing no statistically significant differences. Estimations of indirect N2O emissions due to ammonia deposition and nitrate leaching, suggested that the N2O contribution from NH3 deposition was relatively small, while the indirect N2O emissions from NO3/- leaching were of the same order of magnitude or higher than the direct N2O emissions.
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| 43. |
- Olsson, Lennart
(author)
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Integrated resource monitoring by means of remote sensing, GIS and spatial modelling in arid environments
- 1989
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In: Soil Use and Management. - 0266-0032. ; 5:1, s. 30-37
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The ultimate goal of resource monitoring is to analyse the spatial distribution of the balance between supply and demand of a certain resource. Remote sensing techniques are commonly used for the assessment of the supply of resources. By integrating remote sensing with the related techniques of geographical information systems and spatial modelling, the demand as well as the accessibility of resources can be analysed. The article gives an overview over methods for integrated resource monitoring. Examples from arid environments are also presented.
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| 44. |
- Vekic, T. T., et al.
(author)
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Effect of calcareous and siliceous amendments on N2O emissions of a grassland soil
- 2023
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In: Soil Use and Management. - 0266-0032. ; 39:3, s. 1082-1095
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Liming of acidic agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, as increased soil pH reduces the N2O/N-2 product ratio of denitrification. The capacity of different calcareous (calcite and dolomite) and siliceous minerals to increase soil pH and reduce N2O emissions was assessed in a 2-year grassland field experiment. An associated pot experiment was conducted using homogenized field soils for controlling spatial soil variability. Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic with emission peaks in response to freezing-thawing and application of NPK fertilizer. Liming with dolomite caused a pH increase from 5.1 to 6.2 and reduced N2O emissions by 30% and 60% after application of NPK fertilizer and freezing-thawing events, respectively. Over the course of the 2-year field trial, N2O emissions were significantly lower in dolomite-limed than non-limed soil (p < .05), although this effect was variable over time. Unexpectedly, no significant reduction of N2O emission was found in the calcite treatment, despite the largest pH increase in all tested minerals. We tentatively attribute this to increased N2O production by overall increase in nitrogen turnover rates (both nitrification and denitrification) following rapid pH increase in the first year after liming. Siliceous materials showed little pH effect and had no significant effect on N2O emissions probably because of their lower buffering capacity and lower cation content. In the pot experiment using soils taken from the field plots 3 years after liming and exposing them to natural freezing-thawing, both calcite (p < .01) and dolomite (p < .05) significantly reduced cumulative N2O emission by 50% and 30%, respectively, relative to the non-limed control. These results demonstrate that the overall effect of liming is to reduce N2O emission, although high lime doses may lead to a transiently enhanced emission.
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