| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Aliakbar, Akbaritabar, et al.
(author)
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The impact of a national research assessment on the publications of sociologists in Italy
- 2021
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 48:5, s. 662-678
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article investigates the impact of the second national research assessment (VQR 2004–10), which was performed in 2011 by the Italian National Agency for the Evaluation of Universities and Research Institutes, on publication strategies by sociologists in Italy. We reconstructed all publications from Italian sociologists in Scopus between 2006 and 2015, that is five years before and after the assessment. We also checked academic tenure and promotions during the assessment. Our results showed the potentially distortive effect of institutional signals on publications given that Italian sociologists published more in journals that were considered influential for assessment, some, however, being of doubtful quality. Our findings would suggest that the use of informed peer review and ad hoc journal ranking could stimulate adaptive responses based on strategic journal targeting to ensure publication.
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| 3. |
- Alänge, Sverker, 1951, et al.
(author)
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From job-less growth to growth-with-less-jobs: Employment and equity impact of technical and organisational change
- 1996
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In: Science and Public Policy. - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 23:1, s. 27-38
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- New technical innovations in the form of new production technologies are known to affect productivity, but organisational innovations and new ways of designing products have now been found to have a profound influence on productivity. These innovations have moved the industrialised countries into a stage in which industrial growth is accompanied by the continuous reduction in industrial employment. This development will greatly influence our society and put stringent demands on our political decision-making apparatus to avoid a growth in the 'wealth of nations' going hand-in-hand with a growth in poverty.
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| 4. |
- Armeni, Kristijan, et al.
(author)
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Towards wide-scale adoption of open science practices : The role of open science communities
- 2021
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 48:5, s. 605-611
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite the increasing availability of Open Science (OS) infrastructure and the rise in policies to change behaviour, OS practices are not yet the norm. While pioneering researchers are developing OS practices, the majority sticks to status quo. To transition to common practice, we must engage a critical proportion of the academic community. In this transition, OS Communities (OSCs) play a key role. OSCs are bottom-up learning groups of scholars that discuss OS within and across disciplines. They make OS knowledge more accessible and facilitate communication among scholars and policymakers. Over the past two years, eleven OSCs were founded at several Dutch university cities. In other countries, similar OSCs are starting up. In this article, we discuss the pivotal role OSCs play in the large-scale transition to OS. We emphasize that, despite the grassroot character of OSCs, support from universities is critical for OSCs to be viable, effective, and sustainable.
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| 5. |
- Arocena, Rodrigo, et al.
(author)
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Towards making research evaluation more compatible with developmental goals
- 2019
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 46:2, s. 210-218
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research evaluation practices linked to social impact have important systemic effects on the prioritization and organization of research while at the same time leading to the delivery of higher social value. Amidst growing criticisms, global research evaluation has evolved in a different direction, characterized by quantitative metrics and mimetic behavior. The article deals with the forces that sustain the prevailing research evaluation system, asks why it has proven to be so resilient, and discusses alternative proposals. A new argument for building an alternative is put forward: the need for a developmental role for universities, introducing the notion of ‘connected autonomy’ allowing universities to productively and in a nonsubordinated way collaborate with a broad set of actors to achieve desirable social changes. An outline is presented for how to make research evaluation practices and the pursuit of developmental goals more compatible, an important issue for knowledge public policy.
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| 6. |
- Baraldi, Enrico, et al.
(author)
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A proactive approach to the utilization of academic research : The case of Uppsala University's AIMday
- 2016
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 43:5, s. 613-621
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While most research on university-industry interactions focuses on established collaborations, this paper focuses on those interactions that occur before the emergence of a concrete relationship. Uppsala University, Sweden, applies this 'proactive' approach, based on creating universityindustry cooperation platforms before, or irrespectively of, the creation of commercializable knowledge. This study aims to analyze the structure, processes and effects of proactive approaches to utilize academic research commercially. It focuses on a conference, Academy Industry Meeting day (AIMday) and addresses three main questions: first, how does this mechanism work? Second, why do different actors, such as researchers, small and large companies, participate? Third, what values and concrete effects do they obtain from it? Our case study reflects the perspectives of industry, academia and the administrative units organizing the event. We find that some reasons to participate and values are important to all participants, but that there are also considerable differences.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Benner, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Head in the clouds and feet on the ground
- 2012
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 39:2, s. 258-270
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract in Undetermined Few countries have increased their expenditure on R&D as rapidly as has China in recent years. However, so far, little academic attention has been paid to how decisions are taken and priorities set in Chinese research policy. This paper analyzes priority-setting in China's recent research policy. We find that China's research policy is driven by a variety of different, and sometimes conflicting, objectives, leading to a multitude of often overlapping initiatives. Secondly, mission- and excellence-driven research dominates over institution- and capacity-building and diffusion objectives. Thirdly, the process of setting research priorities is characterized by a combination of central goal articulation-top-down decision-making-and decentralization, deliberation and stakeholder consultation-bottom-up mechanisms. Aside from contributing to the understanding of China's research and innovation policy and system, this paper provides insights into policy change in China more generally and also into the processes which shape priority-setting in transition economies.
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| 9. |
- Bergek, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Integrating the supply and demand sides of public support to new technology-based firms
- 2015
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 42:4, s. 514-529
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper analyses public support and argues that supply does not match demand in terms of the support needs of different types of new technology-based firms (NTBFs). The demand side of public support to NTBFs is analysed by developing a typology of NTBFs, based on venture origin and degree of innovativeness. Each types characteristics, challenges and support needs are identified. The supply side is analysed in terms of the goals, instruments and level of aggregation of the two main policy areas that provide support for NTBFs: small and medium-sized enterprise policy and science, technology and innovation policy. Finally, the demand and supply sides are compared and three main shortcomings of existing public support to NTBFs are identified. This paper makes a twofold contribution: first, the typology gives guidelines for policy-makers with respect to the support needs of the NTBFs. Second, it identifies shortcomings in existing public support and recommends improvements.
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| 10. |
- Boholm, Max, 1982
(author)
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Political representations of nano in Swedish government documents
- 2014
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 41:5, s. 575-596
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper addresses the political dimensions of nanotechnology and related nanophenomena, by conducting a systematic and detailed analysis of the linguistic practices in Swedish government documents. A total of 180 documents (1985–2011) referring to nano are analysed with regard to the types of phenomena referred to in terms of nano and what is said about these nanophenomena. More precisely, the lexical and grammatical context of nano in sentences is explored. Based on these linguistic patterns, general themes are identified, for example, knowledge, support, innovation, benefits, competence and competition, application, risk, and regulation. Based on the findings, the conclusion is drawn that government discourse on nano is political in three senses: it is articulated by politicians; it formulates matters of collective concern; and it expresses and promotes specific social interests, rather than others, namely, government support of an allegedly uniform nanofield.
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| 11. |
- Borrás, Susana, et al.
(author)
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Education, training and skills in innovation policy
- 2015
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:2, s. 215-227
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main question that guides this paper is how governments are focusing (and must focus) on competence building (education, training and skills) when designing and implementing innovation policies. After a brief literature review, this paper suggests a typology of internal/external and individual/organizational sources of competences that are related to innovation activities. This serves to examine briefly the most common initiatives that governments are taking in this regard. The paper identifies three overall deficiencies and imbalances in innovation systems in terms of education, training and skills: the insufficient levels of competences in a system, the time lag between firms’ short-term needs for specific competences and the long time required to develop them, and the imbalances between internal and external sources of competences in firms. From these, the paper elaborates a set of overall criteria for the (re)design of policy instruments addressing those tensions and imbalances.
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| 12. |
- Borrás, Susana, et al.
(author)
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The design of transformative research and innovation policy instruments for grand challenges : The policy-nesting perspective
- 2022
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 49:5, s. 659-672
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Several countries have created policy instruments seeking to direct research and innovation (R&I) toward addressing societal challenges. However, the design of such instruments might not always live up to their proclaimed transformative rationale. The aim of this paper is to examine empirically this matter. In a unique cross country comparison of four Grand Challenge-oriented R&I programs in the Nordic countries, we ask to what extent the design of new policy instruments for grand challenges are nested according to the rationale of transformative R&I policy. The findings show that, while all have individual transformative elements, they only exhibit weak or medium degrees of nesting. At a time of increasing transformative ambition of R&I policies, our findings make an important contribution to understanding and addressing the complexity of designing R&I transformative policy instruments.
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| 13. |
- Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-
(author)
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Academic Entrepreneurship : Social norms, university culture and policies
- 2007
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In: Science and Public Policy. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 34:9, s. 619-631
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Is a shift in intellectual property rights to universities the key instrument in increasing commercialization of publicly funded research? How much can actually be learned from the US system, disregarding the ongoing debate as to whether the USA do actually outperform Europe in terms of commercializing university-based research? Taking Sweden as a role model, the article claims that this policy will not work, from the analysis of a unique database giving individual university researchers' views on participation in commercialization of public research, their commercialization experiences, and the obstacles researchers say exist to increase academic entrepreneurship. Despite researchers' positive attitudes towards engaging in commercial activities, the university culture, weak incentive structures and badly managed support facilities impede the creation of efficient links to markets. Measures must be taken at primarily the national level, but also at the university level, to enhance commercialization activities
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| 14. |
- Brett, Nancy, et al.
(author)
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From global climate goals to local practice-mission-oriented policy enactment in three Swedish regions
- 2023
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 50:4, s. 603-618
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As the national and supranational levels of government embrace the concept of missions to solve wicked problems, the importance of understanding how missions move from one level of governance to another becomes essential. In this paper, we present a comparative case analysis of evolving regional biogas systems to consider how global missions on climate action are enacted in local practice. Referring to wickedness in terms of contestation, complexity, and uncertainty of both problems and solutions, we examine how such framings affect the operationalisation of the missions. Our results indicate that in the process of local translation, wickedness often increases, but additional wickedness does not always worsen the outcomes.
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| 15. |
- Broström, Anders
(author)
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Interaction with science : In what sense a case of learning by doing?
- 2014
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 41:2, s. 141-150
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since the contribution of Cohen et al. (Management Science, 2002, 48: 1-23), it is well established that linkages between engineering firms and public research organisations serve to both suggest new R&D projects and comple existing projects. However, the literature has little to say about whether these two types of outcomes are linked or independent effects. Drawing on theories of organisational learning and empirical analysis of data on Swedish engineering firms, this paper establishes that the occurrence of useful impulses to further R& D is inherently linked to the achievement of objectives related to a firm's ongoing R& D projects. This connection is, however, mediated by the character of the project objective. Compared to linkages where objectives of exploration and exploitation are balanced, the connection between serendipitous learning and the achievement of established R& D objectives is stronger when these objectives are oriented towards exploration and weaker when objectives are oriented towards exploitation.
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| 16. |
- Bugge, Markus M., et al.
(author)
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Governing socio-technical change : Orchestrating demand for assisted living in ageing societies
- 2018
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 45:4, s. 468-479
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in innovation studies towards grand challenges, and in how demand-side policy instruments can supplement traditional supply-side policy measures. To contribute to an improved understanding of how demand-side policy requires new governance responses, this article presents a case study of trialling assisted living technologies to address the grand challenge of demographic ageing. The article departs from an innovation policy framework that incorporates theorising on transformational system failures, governance modes, and policy mixes. This framework serves as an entry point to explore how different modes of governance condition the ways in which demand for assisted living in healthcare is orchestrated across multiple stakeholders. The case study is embedded in a wider system shift from a reactive to a proactive system of healthcare provision, enabling the elderly to live independently at home longer and thus avoiding or postponing institutionalised care.
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| 17. |
- Carlsson, Vanja, 1985, et al.
(author)
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“It is controlling, but you don’t really care.” : Researchers’ perceptions of legitimation of research policy
- 2024
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Starting from the tension between scientific autonomy and state governing in research policy, the aim of this article is to examine how researchers who apply for funding in Sweden perceive the legitimate grounds for a new research policy in which sex and gender perspectives are integrated as criteria in assessing scientific quality. Our results show that researcher’s perception of themselves, and of the purpose of research, is compatible with dominant ideals in contemporary academic landscape, where knowledge is treated as a deliverable to external stakeholders or to meet politically formulated goals. However, according to researchers, the legitimate sources of policy influence originate from their own profession or the common interest of the people, explicitly expressed by citizens. Researchers are questioning, and find strategies to avoid, top-down state governing.
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| 18. |
- Cocos, Marta, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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What we know about research policy mix
- 2020
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 47:2, s. 235-245
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The research policy (RP) arena has been transforming in recent years, turning into a policy mix encompassing the diversity of policy instruments embedded in, and following different policy rationales and aims. Its complexity defies attempts for complex comparative analysis and eventually, a better understanding of what kind of (mixes of) funding instruments work better than others and in which situations. In this article, we address this gap by developing a conceptual framework that allows us to build the policy mix idea into the analysis of research funding instruments (RFIs), by relying on four dimensions: policy rationales, implementation modalities, policy actors, and the funding instruments interactions. We base our work on a careful literature review, especially drawing on the work of researchers who have developed similar frameworks in other policy areas, bringing it together with that of RP scholars, capturing the issues that are key to analyzing and understanding RFIs.
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| 19. |
- Donati, Letizia, et al.
(author)
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A legitimacy approach to social innovation initiatives at universities
- 2022
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 50:2, s. 194-205
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A striving for research excellence and the implementation of third mission activities in the form of technology transfer have become standard practices at modern higher education institutions. The recent call for universities to include social innovation in their third mission and the apparent lack of involvement of universities in this area indicate that social innovation is not yet perceived as a legitimate activity by the academic community. We examine why this is the case and disentangle the legitimation journey of social innovation in research-intensive environments.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Edquist, Charles, et al.
(author)
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Functional procurement for innovation, welfare, and the environment
- 2020
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 47:5, s. 595-603
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Public procurement accounts for a very large share of most economies worldwide. This conceptual article argues that the key to achieving more innovations when pursuing public procurement is to describe problems to be solved or functions to be fulfilled (functional procurement) instead of describing the products to be bought (product procurement). Contracting authorities need to identify the problems that policy should address. The new products (innovations) solving the problems are to be designed by the potential innovators/suppliers, not by public procurers. Hence, the societal needs and problems must be translated and transformed into functional requirements. Functional procurement is allowed in European regulations, and therefore, there are no legal obstacles to use it for innovation policy purposes. Furthermore, it leads to increased competition not only among potential suppliers of similar products, but also among different products that solve the same problem.
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| 22. |
- Eklöf, Jenny, 1973-
(author)
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Success Story or Cautionary Tale? : Swedish Ethanol in Co-existing Science-Policy Frameworks
- 2011
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 38:10, s. 795-806
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sweden's consumption of transport ethanol has given the country a specific biofuel profile in Europe. In recent commentary, Sweden is either depicted as an environmental role model, or figures as a cautionary tale of things going wrong. In both cases, science plays a central role for how this success, or failure, has been achieved. Drawing on the insight that science and policy are highly interwoven, the article identifies different, co-existing and sometimes conflicting, science-policy frameworks. It sets out to shed some light over the complexities of science-policy interactions in the biofuel case and argues that one needs to ask which science is relevant for which policy choice, be aware that lack of scientific certainty carries different weight in different political situations and recognise that high decision-stakes entail value-plurality, also within scientific circles.
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| 23. |
- Elzinga, Aant, 1937
(author)
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Features of the current science policy regime: Viewed in historical perspective
- 2012
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 39:4, s. 416-428
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper aims to throw into relief some of the general features in the development of the history of science policy by drawing attention to the continuation and deepening of old issues in new forms within the current science policy regime. The paper presents a typology which distinguishes different ways in which policy attempts to 'account' for public funding of science by showing how science contributes to wealth and prosperity. The paper concludes that the new forms of accounting place the focus of attention on what is 'produced' in science and that science policy itself has become dominated by the logic of globalism and new public management.
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| 24. |
- Fernandez-Carro, R., et al.
(author)
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The Emperor's clothes and the Pied Piper: Bureaucracy and scientific productivity
- 2016
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 43:4, s. 546-561
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- For some scholars, bureaucratic contracts (i.e. low-powered and highly regulated) mitigate problems of time inconsistency between public employees who have undertaken costly asset-specific investments, and potentially opportunistic governments. For others, bureaucratic contracts exacerbate information asymmetries between bureaucratic experts and political dilettantes. This paper aims to reconcile these views by proposing two testable propositions: while bureaucratic impartiality has a positive effect because it reduces time inconsistency problems in the relationship between principals (governments) and agents (public employees), a bureaucratic career has, on the contrary, a negative effect because it reduces incentives. We test these hypotheses with three samples of countries (worldwide, OECD and EU) using scientific productivity as a proxy for public employees' performance that can be compared across countries. The results show how, controlling for levels of development and investment, proxies for bureaucratic impartiality show a significant positive effect on scientific productivity while the existence of bureaucratic careers significantly diminishes scientists' performance. © The Author 2015.
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| 25. |
- Fogelberg, Hans, 1962, et al.
(author)
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Integration of academic and entrepreneurial roles: The case of nanotechnology research at Chalmers University of Technology
- 2013
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 40:1, s. 127-139
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article analyzes how researchers in leading roles at a Swedish research university relate to the integration of academic and entrepreneurial roles in the field of nanotechnology. In contrast to earlier studies that characterize researchers as being either ‘critical towards’ or ‘unfit for’ entrepreneurial activity, the article argues that researchers can develop a positive approach towards entrepreneurship and it discusses how this, in certain situations and in a specific research area, can lead to new innovation networks and provide important input to early development and commercialization. This is encouraging in the view of current science and innovation policy of nations, which promotes the entrepreneurial scientist and yet hesitates to give him or her adequate control over resources for innovation management processes.
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| 26. |
- Fogelberg, Hans, 1962, et al.
(author)
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Regional innovation policy and public-private partnership: The case of Triple Helix Arenas in Western Sweden
- 2012
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 39:3, s. 347-356
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Policies for regional innovation in Sweden rely on the view that different groups of actors enter into collaboration on the basis of a mutual interest. One recent organisational expression of this view is the development of innovation policy and development organisations known as 'Arenas'. These organisations were modelled on the Triple Helix innovation theory, which is known for promoting innovation as collaboration between industry, university and policy. This paper analyses the historical development of two such Arenas, which were created by public and private actors in two Swedish cities. The study used a historical case-study approach, combined with interviews with project management and project workers, to highlight the difficulties in stabilising broad collaboration patterns. The paper concludes that diverging interests may result in unresolved tensions within Triple Helix Arenas.
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| 27. |
- Frishammar, Johan, et al.
(author)
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A knowledge-based perspective on system weaknesses in technological innovation systems
- 2019
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In: Science and Public Policy. - Oxford : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 46:1, s. 55-70
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The literature on technological innovation systems (TIS) provides policymakers and other actors with a scheme of analysis to identify system weaknesses. In doing so, TIS analysis centres on which system weaknesses policy interventions should target to promote further development of a particular system. However, prior TIS literature has not sufficiently elaborated on what may constitute the conceptual roots of a 'weakness'. We apply a knowledge-based perspective and propose that many-albeit not all-system weaknesses may root in four types of knowledge problems: uncertainty, complexity, equivocality, and ambiguity. Employing these as sensitizing concepts, we study system weaknesses by analysing data from a biorefinery TIS in Sweden. This analysis results in novel implications for the TIS literature and for achieving a better match between system weaknesses and the design of innovation policies.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Hallonsten, Olof
(author)
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Development and transformation of the third sector of R&D in Sweden, 1942-2017
- 2018
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 45:5, s. 634-644
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article chronicles and analyzes the history of the third sector of R&D in Sweden, which corresponds to an organizational field of research institutes outside academia and private firms. Using secondary sources and governmental documentation, the chronicle begins with the forming of a number of industry-specific and industry-owned institutes in the 1940s and ends with today’s reformed and state-owned institute group called Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE). The analysis demonstrates the potential of theoretical tools from historical institutionalism in longitudinal analyses of research policy, by putting the spotlight on an organizational field that has developed in the shadow of major science policy decision-making, largely through processes of conversion and drift. The article identifies path dependence as a key feature of the national Swedish R&D system, and thus confirms, in the area of research policy, the historical-institutionalist postulation that organizational fields and societal sectors often transform gradually and incrementally, with preserved macro-level stability.
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| 30. |
- Hallonsten, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Formation and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science
- 2015
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:6, s. 841-854
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper examines the formation and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science: synchrotron radiation laboratories. These labs were once peripheral servants of some specialisms of solid-state physics, but over the 40 years studied they have grown into a worldwide generic resource for tens of thousands of users in a broad spectrum of disciplines. The paper uses insights primarily from historical institutionalism, but also neo-institutional theory, to analyze the formation and expansion of the organizational field of synchrotron radiation laboratories, and thus contributes to the analysis of the rather dramatic growth of this tool for experimental science from a small-scale lab curiosity to a generic research technology. But the key contribution of the paper is to provide insights into multi-level and multi-dimensional change in science systems by analyzing the emergence and expansion of a new organizational field in experimental science, which has implications not least for science policy.
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| 31. |
- Hallonsten, Olof, et al.
(author)
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From particle physics to photon science : Multi-dimensional and multi-level renewal at DESY and SLAC
- 2013
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 40:5, s. 591-603
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studies of institutional transformation in science have largely overlooked Big Science installations, despite far-reaching changes to the roles and functions of such large labs in the past decades. Here, we present and analyze two Big Science labs that have undergone profound transformations from single-purpose particle physics labs to multi-purpose centers for so-called photon science: SLAC in the USA and DESY in Germany. We provide brief historic accounts of the labs and an analysis of the processes of change on different levels and from different aspects informed by a theoretical framework of institutional change in science. Thus, we describe the relevance of the study of Big Science labs from the perspective of institutional change and in terms of science policy/management. We also prove the aptness of the framework used and pave the way for a detailed analysis of particular forces of change and their interrelatedness.
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| 32. |
- Hallonsten, Olof, 1979, et al.
(author)
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Institutional persistence through gradual adaptation: analysis of national laboratories in the USA and Germany
- 2012
-
In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 39:4, s. 450-463
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper discusses the institutional persistence of systems of national laboratories (SNLs) that unlike other public and private research organizations appear to have experienced only minor institutional shifts in recent years. Although national laboratories started as time-limited mission-oriented projects, most of them have remained in operation as continuously renewed multi-purpose organizations. By comparing the SNLs in Germany and the USA, this paper discusses the relationship between the system and the organizational level and concludes that incremental organizational rearrangements have enabled the institutional persistence of SNLs despite considerable changes in their political and funding environments. The paper applies recent advances in institutional theory and thus contributes to a better understanding of institutional change in path-dependent public R&D systems.
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| 33. |
- Hallonsten, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Institutional persistence through gradual organizational adaptation : Analysis of national laboratories in the USA and Germany
- 2012
-
In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 39:4, s. 450-463
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper discusses the institutional persistence of systems of national laboratories (SNLs) that unlike other public and private research organizations appear to have experienced only minor institutional shifts in recent years. Although national laboratories started as time-limited mission-oriented projects, most of them have remained in operation as continuously renewed multi-purpose organizations. By comparing the SNLs in Germany and the USA, this paper discusses the relationship between the system and the organizational level and concludes that incremental organizational rearrangements have enabled the institutional persistence of SNLs despite considerable changes in their political and funding environments. The paper applies recent advances in institutional theory and thus contributes to a better understanding of institutional change in path-dependent public R&D systems.
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| 34. |
- Hallonsten, Olof
(author)
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Unpreparedness and risk in Big Science policy: Sweden and the European Spallation Source
- 2015
-
In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 42, s. 415-426
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The politics of European collaborative Big Science are inherently uncertain. The European Spallation Source (ESS) for materials science, planned to be built in Sweden with a collaborative European funding solution that was recently finalized is the most recent example. Sweden has so far invested around one billion SEK (&E110 million), taking a significant risk given these uncertainties and given Sweden’s complete lack of experience in hosting such big labs. Tracing the Swedish government’s investments in the ESS project, this article shows that so far, the Swedish ESS bid seems to be generally well funded, but that a long-term plan for the funding and a contingency plan for increased costs seem to be absent. This adds to the seeming unprepared- ness of Sweden and elevates the already quite high level of risk for Swedish science and science policy of investing in the ESS.
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| 35. |
- Hansson, Kristofer, et al.
(author)
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Framing the public : The policy process around xenotransplantation in Latvia and Sweden from 1970 to 2004
- 2011
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 38:8, s. 629-637
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A crucial debate is under way concerning the public's participation in biotechnology decision-making processes. This study, concerning the policy process around xenotransplantation (XTP) in Latvia and Sweden in the period 1970–2004, focuses on how scientific experts and politicians view the public and the public's participation in the process of developing policy regarding XTP. Drawing on interviews with actors involved in XTP in each country, we analyse and explain the inclusion and exclusion of publics in policy decision-making processes. In particular, we highlight the significance of the role of scientists and politicians in generating discourses which exclude the public from participation in policy decision-making.
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| 36. |
- Hardeman, Sjoerd, et al.
(author)
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Characterizing and comparing innovation systems by different 'modes' of knowledge production: A proximity approach
- 2015
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 42:4, s. 530-548
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Though the concept of innovation systems has become influential in both academia and policy-making, an analytical approach to understanding innovation systems is still lacking. In particular, there is no analytical framework to measure 'Mode 1' and 'Mode 2' knowledge production. We propose a framework based on the proximity concept. Mode 1 and Mode 2 knowledge production are characterized by collaborations with cognitive, organizational, social, institutional and geographical proximity, and distance, respectively. Using a gravity model approach we apply our framework to the case of type 2 diabetes research and provide a characterization of the global innovation system and a comparative analysis of the North American and European innovation systems. Our main results hold that although collaborative research on type 2 diabetes generally follows a logic of proximity and hence is not characterized as Mode 2, important differences and similarities exist between the North American and European innovation systems.
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| 37. |
- Heimeriks, Gaston, et al.
(author)
-
How smart is specialisation? An analysis of specialisation patterns in knowledge production
- 2016
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 43:4, s. 562-574
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To understand how the specialisation patterns of cities differ among scientific fields, we study patterns of knowledge production in Astrophysics, Biotechnology, Nanotechnology and Organic Chemistry in the period 1996-2012. Using keywords from journal publications, we find systematic differences across scientific fields, but remarkable similarities across cities within each field. Biotechnology shows a turbulent pattern with comparative advantages that are short lasting, and with few related topics are available for research locations. Astrophysics-and in later years Nanotechnology-show a pattern of stable rankings, comparative advantages that last longer, and many related topics potentially available for research locations. Organic Chemistry has an intermediate position. Thus, fields of knowledge production have fundamentally different characteristics that require different smart specialisation strategies taking into account the differences in accumulation and relatedness.
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| 38. |
- Hellström, Tomas, et al.
(author)
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From thematic to organizational prioritization : The challenges of implementing RDI priorities
- 2017
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 44:5, s. 599-608
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- While priority setting for research, development and innovation (RDI) traditionally focuses on which thematic areas should be supported, less is known about how such goals are implemented on the agency level. Key challenges are how to translate broad priorities into programs and projects, how to govern the knowledge base, and how to handle organizational tensions during implementation. Many of these challenges must be addressed by 'street-level' administrators and agency experts during implementation. We take these agency challenges to be of central concern for RDI policy implementation, and propose a process perspective on priority setting. We apply this perspective to a case study of the Swedish Energy Agency and highlight a number of insights such as the tension between existing organizational capabilities and new goals for research and innovation. We argue that these insights are particularly relevant to other research funders with a sectoral mandate, for example, health, defense, or agriculture.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Hillman, Karl, et al.
(author)
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Fostering sustainable technologies : A framework for analysing the governance of innovation systems
- 2011
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Beech Tree Publishing. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 38:5, s. 403-415
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The development and diffusion of technological innovations need governing in order to contribute to societal goals related to sustainability. Yet, there are few systematic studies mapping out what types of governance are deployed and how they influence the development and diffusion of sustainable technological innovations. This paper develops a framework for analysing the role of governance in innovation systems aimed towards sustainability. The framework is based on the literatures on governance, technological innovation systems and socio-technical transitions. We foresee empirical studies based on the framework that may serve as a needed input into governance processes. © Beech Tree Publishing 2011.
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| 41. |
- Himmelsbach, Raffael
(author)
-
How scientists advising the European Commission on research priorities view climate engineering proposals
- 2018
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : OXFORD UNIV PRESS. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 45:1, s. 124-133
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study contributes to a growing body of research that studies how different societal actors view climate engineering (CE) in an effort to open up received framings and make them amenable to deliberations. CE is an umbrella term for different proposals of how to counteract global warming with technological means, some of which have sparked controversy. Drawing on fifteen interviews, the study explores how scientists who advise the European Commission on research funding priorities regarding climate change and sustainability view CE. They considered CE as treating the symptoms rather than the causes of climate change, as interfering in complex and unpredictable natural systems, and as engendering questions of distributive justice. They also stressed the complexity of governing climate change and expressed support for basic CE research. The concluding discussion dwells on the implications of foresight, the division of labor in research governance, and the challenge of poverty for governing technologies in the service of climate action.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Jacob, Merle, et al.
(author)
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The persistence of big science and megascience in research and innovation policy
- 2012
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 39:4, s. 411-415
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This special section of an issue of Science and Public Policy grew out of an interest in following the politics of the European Spallation Source (ESS) Facility at Lund, Sweden. The ESS spectacle provided a platform from which to review different research infrastructure projects and to place them in the context of science policy as a whole. Large-scale research infrastructure investments are often very visible and controversial science policy investments. This group of five papers provides insights into the persistence of these types of investments in an era where cost efficiency and the contribution of science to innovation and economic development appear to be the dominant rationale for investment.
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| 44. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(author)
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Identifying, explaining and improving the effects of academic R&D: The case of nanotechnology in Sweden
- 2012
-
In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 39:4, s. 513-529
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is commonly believed that the academic sector does not generate enough value for society. This value is often measured in terms of new firms, patents and products, leading to policy responses which aim to enhance 'commercialisation' by academics. However, others maintain that academic research generates benefits in many ways, some of which are difficult to measure, and that policy must look beyond the academic sector to find ways of improving the impact of academic R & D. Applying a new version of the 'technological innovation system' framework to nanotechnology in Sweden, we find a rich pattern of impact, including substantial 'commercialisation'. However, the effect of academic activities is constrained by factors exogenous to academia, in particular a lack of knowledge about environmental and health risks, institutional and market uncertainties, poorly coordinated policies and insufficient access to innovation-related capital. Policy-makers seeking to improve the impact of academic R & D should help to resolve these issues. © The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved.
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| 45. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, et al.
(author)
-
The many ways of academic researchers : How is science made useful?
- 2014
-
In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 41:5, s. 641-657
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In assessing the performance of academic research, there is a growing interest in combining excellence with impact criteria. A frequently encountered belief is that impact should be understood in terms of new firms and patents. Others argue that academic R&D generates impacts that greatly exceed such commercialization efforts by academic researchers. The tension between these two beliefs reveals a risk that the criteria for assessing the impact of academic R&D, including criteria for allocating performance-based funding, may neglect vital aspects of how science is made useful. With insights gained from a comprehensive analysis of a wellreputed academic body, Chalmers Energy Initiative, we address this risk with the aim of contributing to the eventual design of an evidence-based science policy with appropriate evaluation routines.
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| 46. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(author)
-
The many ways of academic researchers - how science is made useful at a University of Technology
- 2014
-
In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1471-5430 .- 0302-3427. ; 41:5, s. 641-657
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In assessing the performance of academic research, there is a growing interest in combining excellence with impact criteria. A frequently encountered belief is that impact should be understood in terms of new firms and patents. Others argue that academic R&D generates impacts that greatly exceed such commercialization efforts by academic researchers. The tension between these two beliefs reveals a risk that the criteria for assessing the impact of academic R&D, including criteria for allocating performance-based funding, may neglect vital aspects of how science is made useful. With insights gained from a comprehensive analysis of a well-reputed academic body, Chalmers Energy Initiative, we address this risk with the aim of contributing to the eventual design of an evidence-based science policy with appropriate evaluation routines.
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
- Jones-Evans, Dylan, et al.
(author)
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Role of the university in the technology transfer process : A European view
- 1998
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In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 25:6, s. 373-380
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studies have examined the contributions made by universities to technological development in industry from the viewpoint of the recipient firm. However, very little detailed examination has been made of the proactive role that the university can play in developing strong linkages with industry, or of the strategies and policies that are undertaken to increase the process of technology transfer from academia into local indigenous business. Using three specific cases, this paper examines the role that universities play in regional economic development. The results show that technology transfer with industry is most effective when resources go to activities that are carried out in close cooperation with external actors and when the clear purpose of those activities is to satisfy real needs. Selective and goal-oriented initiatives are preferable to broad and unfocused programmes.
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| 49. |
- Jonsson, Anna, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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Unboxing knowledge in collaboration between academia and society : A story about conceptions and epistemic uncertainty
- 2022
-
In: Science and Public Policy. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 49:4, s. 583-597
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Policymakers increasingly emphasize knowledge collaboration between academia and society as important means to generate innovations and solve complex issues. However, while recent literature on such collaboration suggests that knowledge needs to be integrated and generated across disciplines and sectors, there are surprisingly few studies that define what is meant by ‘knowledge’ or focus on the process of generating knowledge. Subsequently, the aim of this paper is to unbox ‘knowledge’ in knowledge collaboration by focusing specifically on how knowledge is understood by heterogenous actors during the process of generating knowledge. We build on insights from an in-depth case study and contribute to the literature on knowledge collaboration by bringing in theory on boundary work that specifically addresses the knowledge generation process. We argue that to better meet the expectations of collaboration, there is a need for more discussions and focus on the participating stakeholders’ heterogenous epistemological as well as ontological understanding.
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| 50. |
- Kulawik, Teresa
(author)
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Science Policy and Public Accountability in Poland : The Case of Embryonic Stem Cell Research
- 2009
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In: Science and Public Policy. - 0302-3427 .- 1471-5430. ; 36:6, s. 469-482
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article examines how exercises of public involvement in science policy, which have been transported to the new member states via EU regulations, function in post-socialist democracies. Given Poland's agonistic and non-transparent policy style, the public consultation process in the case of embryonic stem-cell research stands out as an exemplary model of ensuring public awareness and high-quality communication. When taking a closer look at the applied accountability criteria, however, the overall assessment becomes more critical. Still, an important result of this case study is that deliberative exercises based on face-to-face forums facilitate communication and contribute to mutual understanding even within highly polarized and antagonistic constellations. The findings of the case study suggest that exercises of public involvement need more precise institutional rules to have an impact on advancing public accountability in consolidating democracies.
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