| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Berman, Anne H., et al.
(author)
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The self-report drug use disorders identification test-extended (DUDIT-E) : Reliability, validity, and motivational index
- 2007
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 32:4, s. 357-369
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Among clients who have been screened already for drug-related problems, the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test - Extended (DUDIT-E) maps the frequency of illicit drug use (D), the positive (P) and negative (N) aspects of drug use, and treatment readiness (T). D scores correlated with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition diagnoses among 154 heavy drug users from criminal justice and drug detoxification settings, as well as with urine test results in drug detoxification units. One-week test/retest intraclass correlation coefficients among 92 male prison inmates were .90, .78, .75, and .84 for D, P, N, and T scores, respectively. Cronbach's alpha were .88-.95 for P score, .88-.93 for N score, and .72-.81 for T score. Principal components analysis supported construct validity for P, N, and T scores. T scores were higher in prison treatment units than in motivational and regular units without treatment emphasis. Motivational index scores differentiated between three categories of heavy drug users; they did not differentiate between prisons and unit types, but this corresponded to unclear structural differentiation between units.
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| 3. |
- Bihlar Muld, Berit, et al.
(author)
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Long-term outcomes of pharmacologically treated versus non-treated adults with ADHD and substance use disorder : a naturalistic study
- 2015
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 51, s. 82-90
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The pharmacological treatment of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and severe substance use disorder (SUD) is controversial, and few studies have examined the long-term psychosocial outcome of these treatments. Our aim was to investigate whether pharmacological treatment was associated with improved long-term psychosocial outcomes.METHODS: The present naturalistic study consisted of a long-term follow-up of 60 male patients with ADHD and comorbid severe SUD; all participants had received compulsory inpatient treatment due to severe substance abuse. The average interval between inpatient discharge and follow-up was 18.4months. Thirty patients had received pharmacological treatment for ADHD, and 30 patients were pharmacologically untreated. The groups were compared with respect to mortality and psychosocial outcomes operationalized as substance abuse status, ongoing voluntary rehabilitation, current housing situation and employment status.RESULTS: The groups were comparable with regard to the demographic and background characteristics. Overall, mortality was high; 8.3% of the participants had deceased at follow-up (one in the pharmacologically treated group and four in the untreated group; the between-group difference was not significant). The group that received pharmacological treatment for ADHD exhibited fewer substance abuse relapses, received more frequently voluntary treatments in accordance with a rehabilitation plan, required less frequent compulsory care, were more frequently accommodated in supportive housing or a rehabilitation center, and displayed a higher employment rate than the non-treated group.CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations for the close clinical monitoring of high-risk populations and the prevention of misuse and drug diversion were fulfilled in the structured environment of compulsory care for the treated group. Pharmacological treatment of ADHD in individuals with severe SUD may decrease the risk of relapse and increase these patients' ability to follow a non-pharmacological rehabilitation plan, thereby improving their long-term outcomes.
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| 4. |
- Billsten, Johan, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Organizational Readiness for Change (ORC) test used in the implementation of assessment instruments and treatment methods in a Swedish National study
- 2018
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 84, s. 9-16
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Organizational climate and related factors are associated with outcome and are as such of vital interest for healthcare organizations. Organizational Readiness for Change (ORC) is the questionnaire used in the present study to assess the influence of organizational factors on implementation success. The respondents were employed in one of 203 Swedish municipalities within social work and psychiatric substance/abuse treatment services. They took part in a nationwide implementation project organized by the Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions (SALAR), commissioned by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Aim The aims were: (a) to identify classes (clusters) of employees with different ORC profiles on the basis of data collected in 2011 and (b) to investigate ORC profiles which predicted the use of assessment instruments, therapy methods and collaborative activities in 2011 and 2013. Design and recruitment The evaluation study applied a naturalistic design with registration of outcome at consecutive assessments. The participants were contacted via official e-mail addresses in their respective healthcare units and were encouraged by their officials to participate on a voluntary basis. Statistics Descriptive statistics were obtained using SPSS version 23. A latent profile analysis (LPA) using Mplus 7.3 was performed with a robust maximum likelihood estimator (MLR) to identify subgroups (clusters) based on the 18 ORC indexes. Results A total of 2402 employees responded to the survey, of whom 1794 (74.7%) completed the ORC scores. Descriptive analysis indicated that the respondents were a homogenous group of employees, where women (72.0%) formed the majority. Cronbach's alpha for the 18 ORC indexes ranged from α = 0.67 to α = 0.78. A principal component analysis yielded a four-factor solution explaining 62% of the variance in total ORC scores. The factors were: motivational readiness (α = 0.64), institutional resources (α = 0.52), staff attributes (α = 0.76), and organizational climate (α = 0.74). An LPA analysis of the four factors with their three distinct profiles provided the best data fit: Profile 3 (n = 614), Profile 2 (n = 934), and Profile 1 (n = 246). Respondents with the most favorable ORC scores (Profile 3) used significantly more instruments and more treatment methods and had a better collaborating network in 2011 as well as in 2013 compared to members in Profile 1, the least successful profile. Conclusion In a large sample of social work and healthcare professionals, ORC scores reflecting higher institutional resources, staff attributes and organizational climate and lower motivational readiness for change were associated with a successful implementation of good practice guidelines for the care and treatment of substance users in Sweden. Low motivational readiness as a construct may indicate satisfaction with the present situation. As ORC proved to be an indicator of successful dissemination of evidence-based guidelines into routine and specialist healthcare, it can be used to tailor interventions to individual employees or services and to improve the dissemination of and compliance with guidelines for the treatment of substance users. © 2017
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Durbeej, Natalie, et al.
(author)
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Validation of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test in a Swedish sample of suspected offenders with signs of mental health problems : results from the Mental Disorder, Substance Abuse and Crime study
- 2010
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 39:4, s. 364-377
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Substance abuse is common among offenders. One method widely used for the detection of substance abuse is screening. This study explored the concurrent validity of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) screening tools in relation to (a) substance abuse and dependency diagnoses and (b) three problem severity domains of the sixth version of the Addiction Severity Index in a sample of 181 suspected offenders with signs of mental health problems. The screening tools showed moderate to high accuracy for identification of dependency diagnoses. The AUDIT was associated with alcohol problem severity, whereas the DUDIT was associated with drug and legal problem severity. Administering the screening tools in the current population yields valid results. However, the suggested cutoff scores should be applied with caution due to the discrepancy between present and previous findings.
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| 7. |
- Fridell, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Implementing guidelines for interventions in Swedish substance abuse treatment : A national evaluation of outcomes from 2010 to 2014
- 2020
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - Philadelphia : Elsevier. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 119, s. 1-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2009, the Swedish government launched a nationwide dissemination and implementation project regarding substance abuse treatment, Knowledge to Practice (KTP), which was commissioned by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (SoS). Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a national project to disseminate and implement evidence-based assessment instruments and treatment methods, and to promote cross-sectional collaboration in substance abuse treatment. Design and recruitment: This study was a naturalistic prospective follow-up study of a sample of 3063 participants in 203 municipalities via five consecutive online surveys. Of the 21 Swedish regions, we included 20. All participants, representing 79.5% of the population, were employed in substance abuse treatment/care within social work and psychiatry. We used individual background variables and factors in the organizational readiness for change (ORC) questionnaire for prediction. Methods: We calculated descriptive statistics using SPSS 24.0. We applied latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify respondents with distinct growth profiles across five assessment points. Next, we calculated multilevel growth curve analyses using full information maximum likelihood analysis (FIML) in Mplus 8.3. In the analyses, we nested "within-person change" (level 1) in "between-persons analysis" (level 2). We, in turn, nested these in municipalities/regions (level 3). We included both respondents and organizational predictors in levels 2 and 3. We tested four statistical models in the multilevel analyses to predict the outcome. Results: The annual response rate was 59% on average across the five years. Respondents were a homogenous group with regard to education and years of employment, and two thirds were women. We identified four different trajectories nationwide, which showed different growth profiles for the use of methods and assessment instruments. Our results showed a larger between-region variation than within-region variation in outcome indicators. Some regions were more successful than others over the five years. At the respondent level, the years of employment in treatment work was associated with increased use of assessment instruments, while the ORC factor, institutional resources, predicted decreased use of assessment instruments. Specialist competence and the ORC factors staff attributes (job satisfaction, efficacy, and influence) and institutional resources predicted increased use of psychosocial treatment methods. The ORC factor organizational climate was positively associated with increased cross-sectional collaboration activities.
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| 8. |
- Grahn, Robert, 1972-
(author)
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The association between history of civil commitment for severe substance use and future imprisonment : A Swedish registry study
- 2022
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 134
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Civil commitment for individuals with severe substance use is fairly common and a part of many treatment systems worldwide. In Sweden, individuals with severe substance use and experience with civil commitment are more likely to use higher levels of alcohol and drugs, to be younger, and be more socially marginalized compared to their counterparts. The study examined whether civil commitments for severe substance use increased the likelihood of imprisonment following the civil commitment.Method: Baseline ASI-data merged with national registry data on prison sentences (2007 through 2016). Cox regression was used to estimate, for a Swedish sample of 12,044 adults assessed for risky substance use, the importance of having a history of civil commitment for severe substance use, controlling for age, gender and baseline assessment of ASI composite scores in seven areas (alcohol, drugs other than alcohol, legal, mental- and physical health, family & social relationships and employment) on the likelihood of future imprisonment.Results: The regression showed that being a male, those with experience of civil commitment and elevated ASI composite scores for both legal and employment were significantly associated with imprisonment post-civil commitment. Civil commitment for severe substance use showed 1.29 (HR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03–1.49, p < 0.001) increased likelihood of imprisonment post-civil commitment.Conclusion: Having been in treatment through civil commitment due to severe substance use was strongly associated with imprisonment post-civil commitment episode. This is concerning since civil commitment is supposed to mediate against the consequences of severe substance use and promote voluntary treatment participation. Those with severe substance use and a history of civil commitment are in need of a well-coordinated and integrated system of extensive aftercare services to reduce the likelihood of imprisonment.
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| 9. |
- Green, Johan, et al.
(author)
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Implementing clinical guidelines for co-occurring substance use and major mental disorders in Swedish forensic psychiatry: An exploratory, qualitative interview study with mental health care staff
- 2023
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 144
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Patients with substance use disorders (SUD) and co-occurring mental disorders (COD) within forensic psychiatric care often suffer poor treatment outcomes and high rates of criminal recidivism, substance use, and psychiatric problems. This study aimed to describe the conditions for, and mental health care staff's experiences with, implementing integrated SUD-focused clinical guidelines, including assessment and treatment for patients with COD at a high-security forensic mental health services (FMHS) facility in Sweden. Methods: Study staff conducted nineteen semi-structured interviews with health care staff experienced in administering the new SUD assessment and treatment. The study conducted a thematic analysis to describe the health care staff's experiences with these guidelines and suggestions for improvement. Results: Most participants reported appreciation for the implementation of clinical guidelines with an SUD focus, an area they considered to have previously been neglected, but also noted the need for more practical guidance in the administration of the assessments. Participants reported the dual roles of caregiver and warden as difficult to reconcile and a similar, hindering division was also present in the health care staff's attitudes toward SUD. Participants' reports also described an imbalance prior to the implementation, whereby SUD was rarely assessed but treatment was still initiated. One year after the implementation, an imbalance still existed, but in reverse: SUD was more frequently assessed, but treatment was difficult to initiate. Conclusions: Despite indications of some ambivalence among staff regarding the necessity of the assessment and treatment guidelines, many participants considered it helpful to have a structured way to assess and treat SUD in this patient group. The imbalance between frequent assessment and infrequent treatment may have been due to difficulties transitioning patients across the “gap” between assessment and treatment. To bridge this gap, mental health services should make efforts to increase patients' insight concerning their SUD, flexibility in the administration of treatment, and the motivational skills of the health care staff working with this patient group. Participants considered important for enhancing treatment quality a shared knowledge base regarding SUD, and increased collaboration between different professions and between in- and outpatient services.
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| 10. |
- Johnson, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Diversion of methadone and buprenorphine from opioid substitution treatment : the importance of patients’ attitudes and norms
- 2015
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 54, s. 50-55
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims Methadone and buprenorphine diversion by patients in opioid substitution treatment (OST) is a poorly understood phenomenon. We study the norms and attitudes on diversion among OST patients, including the role these norms and attitudes play as diversion risk factors. We also study whether perceived quality of care, social bonds to treatment staff, and deterrence can be associated with diversion. Methods Structured interviews were conducted with 411 patients from eleven OST programs. In total, 280 interviews were done on site by the researchers, while 131 interviews were conducted through peer interviewing by specially trained patients. The data was analyzed through frequency- and averages-calculations, cross-tabulations, and logistic regression analysis. Results Most patients consider diversion as mostly positive (83.7%), morally right (76.8%), and without any significant risk of detection (66.9%). Individual differences in norms and risk perceptions may play a role in explaining variations in diversion; patients who consider it right to share medication with friends report higher treatment-episode diversion than other patients (OR 1.455, p = 0.016). Patients who perceive control measures as effective report lower diversion than other patients (OR = 0.655, p = 0.013). Furthermore, data indicate that patients who are satisfied with the care and service are less prone to engage in diversion. Social bonds with treatment staff seem to be less importance. Conclusions The norm system described by patients resemble Bourgois’ ‘moral economy of sharing’ concept—not sharing drugs with friends in withdrawal is considered unethical. Efforts to decrease diversion may focus on lifestyle-changing interventions, and reducing black market demand for illicit medications by expanding access to treatment.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Larm, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Adolescent Substance Misusers with and without Delinquency : Death, Mental and Physical Disorders, and Criminal Convictions from Age 21 to 45
- 2015
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Pergamon-Elsevier Science. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 59, s. 1-9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Little is known about adult outcomes of males who as adolescents sought treatment for alcohol misuse or drug use, and who additionally were engaging or not engaging in other forms of delinquency. Since the rates of negative outcomes vary in the general population, the study determined whether the sub-groups of clinic attendees fared differently as compared to males of the same age who had not sought treatment for substance misuse from age 21 to 45. Adolescent males who consulted the only substance misuse clinic in a Swedish city between 1968 and1971 were divided into four groups: ALCOHOL no drug use, no criminal offending (n = 52); ALCOHOL + D no drug use, plus criminal offending (n = 105); DRUG use, no criminal offending (n = 92); and DRUG + D plus criminal offending (n = 474). These four groups were compared to a general population sample (GP) of males matched on age and birthplace, who did not seek treatment for SM in adolescence. National Swedish registers provided data on death, hospitalizations for substance misuse (SM), mental and physical disorders, and criminal convictions. Compared to the GP, and after controlling for co-occurring adult outcomes, ALCOHOL showed elevated risks for SM hospitalization and convictions for violent crimes, and DRUG showed elevated risks for SM hospitalization, convictions for non-violent crimes, and hospitalization for psychosis. ALCOHOL + D and DRUG + D showed increased risk for SM hospitalization, violent and non-violent convictions, and DRUG + D additionally, for death, and hospitalizations for psychosis and physical illness. Misuse of alcohol without drug use or other delinquency in adolescence was associated with increased risk for convictions for violent crimes during the subsequent 25 years, in addition to SM, while adolescent drug use without other forms of delinquency was associated with increased risks for convictions for non-violent crimes, hospitalizations for SM, and non-affective psychosis. Cannabis use, with and without delinquency, was associated with subsequent hospitalization for non-affective psychosis. Consistent with contemporary studies, most adolescents treated for SM from 1968-1971 presented delinquency that was associated with an increase in risk of all adverse outcomes to age 45.
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| 13. |
- Ledberg, Anders
(author)
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Mortality related to methadone maintenance treatment in Stockholm, Sweden, during 2006–2013
- 2017
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 74, s. 35-41
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) of opiate addiction was introduced in Sweden 50years ago. The first Swedish programs were modeled after the original Dole and Nyswander program, with strict criteria for admittance into treatment, and have been shown to have positive effects on social andhealth variables, including mortality. During the last 11 years, there have been a number of changes in the regulations controlling MMT-programs in Sweden, and the criteria for admittance are now much less strict compared to previous ones. This study aims to characterize the current MMT-programs with respect to mortality and to compare the results to those obtained in earlier periods.Methods: Persons entering into treatment in Stockholm county, between 2006 and 2011, were followed until September 2013 or until death occurred. Death rates for periods in treatment and out of treatment were determined and compared to rates for the general population. Proportional hazards models with treatment status as time-varying covariate were fitted to the data. A competing risk analysis was made to investigate the effects of MMT on drug-related mortality as compared to mortality from other causes. Mortality data for earlier periods were retrieved from the literature.Results: A total of 441 persons entered MMT during the time period. Of these 67 died during follow-up, the death rate being almost twenty times higher than in the general population. Not being in treatment was associated with a significantly increased hazard of dying (hazard ratio: 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.3–3.4). The hazard ratio was mainly increased for drug-related deaths (hazard ratio: 4.4 (2.1–9.2).Conclusions: Mortality rates among persons who entered MMT-programs in Stockholm during 2006–2011 were not increased compared to persons in treatment twenty years ago. The mortality was significantly increased during periods off treatment. Changes in regulations that minimizes the time off treatment are therefore likely to reduce the mortality rates among clients of MMT-programs.
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| 14. |
- Lindqvist, Helena, et al.
(author)
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The relationship between counselors technical skills, clients in-session verbal responses, and outcome in smoking cessation treatment
- 2017
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 77, s. 141-149
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The technical component of Motivational Interviewing (MI) posits that client language mediates the relationship between counselor techniques and subsequent client behavioral outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine this hypothesized technical component of MI in smoking cessation treatment in more depth. Method: Secondary analysis of 106 first treatment sessions, derived from the Swedish National Tobacco Quitline, and previously rated using the Motivational Interviewing Sequential Code for Observing Process Exchanges (MI SCOPE) Coders Manual and the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code (MITI) Manual, version 3.1. The outcome measure was self-reported 6-month continuous abstinence at 12-month follow-up. Results: Sequential analyses indicated that clients were significantly more likely than expected by chance to argue for change (change talk) following MI-consistent behaviors and questions and reflections favoring change. Conversely, clients were more likely to argue against change (sustain talk) following questions and reflections favoring status-quo. Parallel mediation analysis revealed that a counselor technique (reflections of client sustain talk) had an indirect effect on smoking outcome at follow-up through client language mediators. Conclusions: The study makes a significant contribution to our understanding of how MI works in smoking cessation treatment and adds further empirical support for the hypothesized technical component in MI. The results emphasize the importance of counselors avoiding unintentional reinforcement of sustain talk and underline the need for a greater emphasis on the direction of questions and reflections in MI trainings and fidelity measures. (C) 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 15. |
- Lundgren, Lena, et al.
(author)
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Frequency and recency of non-medical opioid use and death due tooverdose or suicide among individuals assessed for risky substance use : Anational registry study in Sweden
- 2022
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sweden and many other countries have experienced increases in suicide and accidental overdose deaths. Ananalysis examined the associations between recency of non-medical opioid misuse and frequency of use of nonmedicalopioids with death due to either suicide or accidental overdose within a sample of 15,000 Swedish adultswho completed an Addiction Severity Index (ASI) assessment for risky substance use or a substance use disorder.Methods and materials: Suicide (n = 136) and death due to overdose (n = 405) were identified in the official Causeof Death Registry from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare. Control variables included demographiccharacteristics and risks associated with either overdose or suicide. Cox regression analyses controlledfor variables statistically significantly at the bivariate level.Results: At the multivariable level: a) a higher (modified) ASI Composite Score for mental health; b) history ofsuicide attempt; c) having used non-medical opioids for 1–2 times per week for at least a year; d) history ofinjection drug use; and, e) early onset of drug use, were all significantly and positively associated with death dueto suicide. At the multivariable level: a) a higher the revised ASI Composite Score for mental health; b) recency ofuse of non-medical opioids; c) frequency of non-medical opioid use; d) being a male; and e) being of ages 18–24years compared to ages 43–51 years were all positively and significantly associated with death due to accidentaloverdose.Conclusion: These findings underscore the need to integrate mental health and substance use disorder treatmentand provide suicide and overdose prevention interventions for individuals with an opioid use disorder. Recencyand frequency of non-medical opioids were only associated with death due to overdose and not suicide. However,other drug use related variables (using opioids 1–2 times per week for at least a year, early onset of drug use anddrug injection) were significantly associated with death due to suicide.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Lundgren, Lena, et al.
(author)
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Organizational readiness for change in community-based addiction treatment programs and adherence in implementing evidence-based practices : a national study
- 2013
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 45:5, s. 457-465
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prior studies by the authors identified that clinical staff who reported that their treatment unit had lower levels of organizational readiness to change experienced higher levels of barriers in implementing an evidence-based practice (EBP). The current study examined whether clinical staff perceptions of their treatment unit's organizational readiness to change were also associated with their adherence to EBP protocols during EBP implementation. Adherence was examined through a variable measuring the extent to which staff modified EBP standards and manuals when implementing a new EBP. Multivariate regression analyses identified that clinical staff who had five or more years of addiction counseling experience, who rated staff in their organization as having higher levels of influence, who less frequently implemented new counseling interventions and who reported higher levels of barriers when implementing a newly funded EBP also reported that their program made more modifications to the EBP in the implementation process. Finally, staff who implemented MI compared to any other EBP reported lower levels of EBP modifications. Implications: Continued federal funding is needed to enhance treatment unit organizational resources in order to reduce barriers and promote adherence to EBPs. Also, funders of treatment need to continue to provide ongoing technical assistance and training opportunities to promote implementation of EBPs with fidelity.
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| 18. |
- Nilsen, Per, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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A systematic review of emergency care brief alcohol interventions for injury patients
- 2008
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 35:2, s. 184-201
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article examines 14 studies that assessed the effectiveness of brief interventions (BIs) delivered to injury patients in emergency care settings. The aims were to review findings concerning the effectiveness of providing BI in these settings and to explore factors contributing to its effectiveness. Of the 12 studies that compared pre- and post-BI results, 11 observed a significant effect of BI on at least some of the outcomes: alcohol intake, risky drinking practices, alcohol-related negative consequences, and injury frequency. Two studies assessed only post-BI results. More intensive interventions tended to yield more favorable results. BI patients achieved greater reductions than control group patients, although there was a tendency for the control group(s) to also show improvements. Five studies failed to show significant differences between the compared treatment conditions. Variations in the study protocol, alcohol-related recruitment criteria, screening and assessment methods, and injury severity limit the specific conclusions that can be drawn. © 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Skoglund, Charlotte, et al.
(author)
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Clinical trial of a new technique for drugs of abuse testing : a new possible sampling technique.
- 2015
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472 .- 1873-6483. ; 48:1, s. 132-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Exhaled breath has recently been proposed as a matrix for drug testing. This study aims to further explore, develop and validate exhaled breath as a safe and effective non-invasive method for drug testing in a clinical setting. Self-reported drug use was recorded and drug testing was performed by mass spectrometry and immunochemical methods using breath, plasma and urine samples from 45 individuals voluntarily seeking treatment for recreational drug use. Cannabis was the most prevalent drug detected by any method. Urine sampling detected most cases. The exhaled breath technique was less sensitive (73%) than plasma analysis for detection of cannabis uses but captures a more recent drug intake than both plasma and urine. Exhaled breath was the preferred specimen to donate according to interview data of the participants. Testing illicit drugs with the exhaled breath sampling technique is a sufficient, non-invasive and safe alternative and complement to plasma and/or urine sampling.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Jönson, Håkan, et al.
(author)
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Finding a fair deal : Policies on alcohol and drugs at “wet” eldercare facilities
- 2022
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In: Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0740-5472. ; 134
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- “Wet” eldercare facilities for people who age with long-term substance use problems and complex needs exist in several countries. Residents are accepted as active users of alcohol and drugs, and while the media has presented the permissive policies of the facilities in a positive light, others have described these policies as harmful. The aim of this article is to analyze residents' and staff members' understanding of alcohol and drug policies in wet eldercare facilities. Is there a shared understanding? What reasons do they give in support or criticism of the policies? The study is based on qualitative interviews with 42 residents and 21 staff members at four Swedish eldercare facilities for people who are aging with long-term substance use problems. The research team identified central themes using qualitative content analysis. The analysis shows that both residents and staff cite self-determination and the need for pragmatic trade-offs as the reasons for a policy whereby residents can consume alcohol in the privacy of their own rooms but not in common areas. The analysis did not support claims that the permissive approach resulted in reduced consumption of alcohol, and this demonstrates the need to balance self-determination with the risk of harm. Residents' general appreciation of their facility colored their views on alcohol and drug policies, which shows how important it is to provide residents with positive conditions and experiences so that they can balance the rules that make the facilities tolerable places to live.
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| 27. |
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