| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Konsman, J.P., et al.
(author)
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How the immune and nervous systems interact during disease-associated anorexia
- 2001
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In: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 17:7-8, s. 664-668
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Anorexia is one of the most common symptoms associated with illness and constitutes an adaptive strategy in fighting acute infectious diseases. However, prolonged reduction in food intake and an increase in metabolic rate, as seen in the anorexia-cachexia syndrome, lead to depletion of body fat and protein reserves, thus worsening the organism's condition. Because the central nervous system controls many aspects of food intake, soluble factors known as cytokines that are secreted by immune cells might act on the brain to induce anorexia during disease. This review focuses on the communication pathways from the immune system to the brain that might mediate anorexia during disease. The vagus nerve is a rapid route of communication from the immune system to the brain, as subdiaphragmatic vagotomy attenuates the decrease in food-motivated behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nervous system in response to peripheral administration of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1ß, or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. At later time points after peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration, interleukin-1 itself acts in the brain to mediate anorexia and is found in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The mechanisms by which interleukin-1ß gains access to the brain and the potential role of neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in the arcuate hypothalamus in mediating anorexia during disease are discussed. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.
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| 3. |
- Kristenson, Margareta, 1950-, et al.
(author)
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Lower serum levels of beta-carotene in Lithuanian men are accompanied by higher urinary excretion of the oxidative DNA adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine : The LiVicordia study.
- 2003
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In: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 19:1, s. 11-15
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: In 1995, middle-aged Lithuanian men had a four-fold higher risk than Swedish men of dying from coronary heart disease. The cross-sectional LiVicordia study had reported significantly lower levels of the lipid-soluble antioxidants lycopene, ▀-carotene, and ?-tocopherol among Lithuanian men than among Swedish men. We examined whether there were differences in urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG), a marker of oxidative stress, between these groups of men. METHODS: Using automated coupled column high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, we examined 50-y-old men randomly sampled from Link÷ping, Sweden (n = 99) and Vilnius, Lithuania (n = 109) with regard to urinary concentrations of 8-OHdG. RESULTS: Levels of 8-OHdG were higher in the Lithuanian men than in the Swedish men (20.9 ▒ 0.91 versus 14.9 ▒ 0.75 nM/L, P < 0.001), and this difference was evident in smokers (P < 0.01) and non-smokers (P < 0.001). Serum levels of a- and ▀-carotene were inversely correlated to urinary 8-OHdG levels (P < 0.05 in both cases). Habitual smoking and low levels of ▀-carotene contributed significantly to higher oxidative DNA damage expressed as urinary 8-OHdG. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that increased urinary 8-OHdG levels accompany lower serum levels of antioxidants in Lithuanian men. They supported previous suggestions that increased oxidative stress may be one factor behind the higher mortality in Lithuanian men. ⌐ Elsevier Science Inc. 2003.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Netterbladt, Carl Gustaf, et al.
(author)
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Pre-stress carbohydrate solution prevents fatal outcome after hemorrhage in 24 hour food deprived rats
- 1996
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In: Journal of Nutrition. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 12:10, s. 696-699
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Twenty-four-hour food deprivation increases mortality after experimental hemorrhage. Survival after hemorrhageis closely related to the capacity of the animal to develop hyperglycemia. In this study, 24-h food-deprived ratswere subjected to hemorrhage over a period of 75 min, standardized to reach a final blood pressure of 45 mmHg. Just prior to hemorrhage, the rats ingested a carbohydrate solution (n = 8) 2.16 mL/100 g body weight (b.wt.) or the same volume of water sweetened with sodiumsaccarinate (n = 7). A third group (n = 8) received an IV infusion of 5% glucose 0.5 mL/100 g b. wt. to mimic the hyperglycemia during hemorrhage of rats taking carbohydrates before stress. During hemorrhage rats treated with oral carbohydrate and IV glucose developed moderate hyperglycemia while glucose levels fell in water-treated rats (P < 0.001). Concomitant developments in hematocrits indicated improved plasma refill in carbohydrate and glucose-treated animals versus controls (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in blood pressure by the end of hemorrhage. Six of the seven animals treated with water died within 2 h of bleeding. In both the carbohydrate- and the glucose-treated groups 7 of 8 animals recovered and survived the 7-d observation period (P < 0.05 versus controls). It is concluded that oral carbohydrate solution before hemorrhage can alter the outcome after experimental hemorrhage. The similar finding in rats given IV glucose suggests that the key factor for survival was the capacity to mount a state of hyperglycemia during hemorrhage.
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| 6. |
- Nygren, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Short-term hypocaloric nutrition but not bed rest decrease insulin sensitivity and IGF-I bioavailability in healthy subjects : the importance of glucagon
- 1997
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In: Journal of Nutrition. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 13:11-12, s. 945-951
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hyperinsulinemic, normoglycemic clamps were performed before and after 24 h of either hypocaloric nutrition or bed rest in healthy subjects. Decreased insulin sensitivity and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) bioavailibility, as measured by the serum IGF-I/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) ratio, was found after fasting, whereas no metabolic changes were found after bed rest. Glucagon seems to be a key regulator of IGFBP-1 after brief hypocaloric nutrition. Hypocaloric nutrition and immobilization may add to the catabolic response to surgery and other trauma. Presently, six healthy subjects were studied before and after a 24-h period of hypocaloric nutrition (200 kcal/24 h, fast) or immobilization (bed rest) using the hyperinsulinemic (0.8 mU · kg−1 · min−1), normoglycemic (4.5 mmol/L) clamp, indirect calorimetry, and circulating levels of substrates and hormones. After fast, body weight decreased (P < 0.05), and nitrogen balance was negative (−10 ± 1 g urea nitrogen/24 h). Basal levels of free fatty acids, glucagon, and IGFBP-1 increased (P < 0.05), whereas c-peptide levels and the IGF-I/IGFBP-1 ratio decreased (P < 0.05). However, no change was found in basal levels of IGF-I or substrate oxidation. Furthermore, changes (%) in basal levels of glucagon after fast correlated to IGFBP-1 (r = 1.0, P < 0.05), whereas the suppressibility of IGFBP-1 by insulin was maintained at normal levels. During clamps, glucose infusion rates (GIR) decreased after fast (−43 ± 13%, mean ± SEM, P < 0.001). Although not significant, clamp levels of fat oxidation tended to increase and glucose oxidation tended to decrease. Levels of IGFBP-1 during clamps were higher as compared with the control clamp (P < 0.05). No adverse metabolic changes were seen after bed rest, and no change in GIR during clamps were seen as compared with the control measurement (0 ± 14%). After brief hypocaloric nutrition, insulin sensitivity is reduced, whereas IGF-I bioavailibility is reduced by an increase in levels of IGFBP-1. Glucagon seems to contribute to the increase in IGFBP-1 during these conditions.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Thorell, Anders, et al.
(author)
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The effect of preoperative carbohydrate loading on hormonal changes, hepaticglycogen and glucoregulatory enzymes during abdominal surgery
- 1996
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In: Journal of Nutrition. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 12:10, s. 690-695
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effect of preoperative glucose infusion on preoperative alterations in hepatic glycogen content, the activity of key hepatic glucoregulatory enzymes (fructose 1,6-diphosphatase [FDPase]), pyruvate kinase (PK), hormonal developments, and plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA) were investigated in 16 patients undergoing open cholecystectomy. Patients were randomized to receive (group G) or not receive (group C) overnight glucose infusion (5 mg·kg−1·d−1) preoperatively. Infusion of glucose overnight resulted in preoperative elevations of insulin and c-peptide (P < 0.05) and lower plasma levels of FFA, while the same glucose levels were found in both groups, 4.6 mmol/L. During and after surgery, only minor changes in the plasma levels of insulin, c-peptide, catecholamines, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, and FFA were found, with minimal differences between groups. The hepatic glycogen content was 65% higher in group G and a significant reduction was confirmed only in this group of patients during surgery. The higher glycogen content was associated with a higher FDPase activity ratio (P < 0.05), which remained unchanged during surgery. In contrast, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the activity of this enzyme was found in group C. The PK activity ratio did not differ between groups and remained unchanged during surgery. The finding of enhanced FDPase activity suggests that the indirect route (via gluconeogenesis) represents an important contributor to the increased glycogen formation during glucose infusion. Additionally, surgery in the overnight fasted patient induces enzymatic changes favoring gluconeogenesis. Lastly, preoperative high-dose glucose infusion has only minor effects on the endocrine response, plasma levels of FFA, and glycogen depletion during elective open cholecystectomy.
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| 11. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Alshahawy, Rasha, et al.
(author)
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Changes in plasma fatty acids and related biomarkers during transition to an exclusively plant- and fish-based diet in healthy adults
- 2021
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In: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - : Elsevier. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 90
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the time scale of plasma fatty acid changes during transition to an exclusively plant- and fish-based diet in healthy individuals and determine whether there are associated alterations in arachidonic acid (ARA)-derived inflammatory mediators, estimated stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase (SCD) activity, and blood pressure. Methods: In pursuit of a religious fast, 36 adults abstained from eating poultry, meat, dairy products, and eggs, while increasing fish intake for 6 wk. Participants were assessed 1 wk before (W0) and 1 (WI) and 6 (W6) weeks after the diet change. Results: By W6, fasting plasma long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LC-PUFAs); docosahexaenoic (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic (EPA) had increased (+67% and +73%, respectively; P <= 0.001), with early rise of DHA (+22%), but not EPA at W1.The omega-3 index (sum of DHA and EPA as a percent of total fatty acids) increased from 2.1% to 3.4%. ARA decreased progressively (W1, -9%; W6, -16%; P < 0.001). ARA precursors gamma-linolenic and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acids also decreased, without changes in the ARA-derived mediators prostaglandin-E2 and leukotriene-B4. Myristic acid decreased at W1 (-37%) and W6 (-40%). There was no consistent change in SCD indices. At W6, systolic and diastolic blood pressure had declined by 8 and 5 mm Hg, respectively (P <= 0.013). Conclusions: Shifting to a plant- and fish-based diet produces rapid and sustained increases in omega-3 LC-PUFAs and decreases the omega-6 PUFA ARA and its precursors, consistent with a cardio-protective profile. The rapid response suggests that these biomarkers may be useful for assessment of diet interventions.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Axling, Ulrika, et al.
(author)
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Metabolic effects of whole grain wheat and whole grain rye in the C57BL/6J mouse.
- 2010
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 26, s. 230-239
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: A diet rich in whole grain cereals is suggested to protect against type 2 diabetes and facilitate body weight regulation. However, little is known about the impact of different cereals and the underlying mechanisms. The objective of this study was to compare the long-term metabolic effects of diets supplemented with whole grain wheat or whole grain rye in the C57BL/6J mouse. METHODS: Mice were fed the whole grain supplements in a low-fat background diet for 22 wk. Oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests were performed during the study and in vitro insulin secretion assays were performed at the end of the study. Body weight, energy intake, body fat content, and plasma parameters were measured during the study. RESULTS: A dietary supplement of whole grain rye suppressed body weight gain and resulted in significantly decreased adiposity, plasma leptin, total plasma cholesterol, and triacylglycerols compared with a supplement of whole grain wheat. Also, a slight improvement in insulin sensitivity was observed in the rye group compared with the wheat group. The decreases in body weight and adiposity were observed in the absence of differences in energy intake. CONCLUSION: Long-term administration of whole grain rye evokes a different metabolic profile compared with whole grain wheat in the C57BL/6J mouse, the primary difference being that whole grain rye reduces body weight and adiposity compared with whole grain wheat. In addition, whole grain rye slightly improves insulin sensitivity and lowers total plasma cholesterol.
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| 19. |
- Blomstrand, Eva, et al.
(author)
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Influence of ingesting a solution of branched-chain amino acids on plasma and muscle concentrations of amino acids during prolonged submaximal exercise.
- 1996
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In: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 12:7-8, s. 485-90
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- On two occasions, seven male endurance-trained cyclists performed sustained exhaustive exercise with reduced muscle glycogen stores. During exercise, the subjects were supplied in random order with an aqueous solution of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) or flavored water (placebo). Ingestion of BCAA caused the concentration of these amino acids to increase by 135% in the plasma and by 57% in muscle tissue during exercise, whereas in the placebo trial there was no change or a slight decrease in the concentration in plasma and a decrease of 18% in the muscle. The plasma concentration of alanine increased by 48% during exercise when BCAA were ingested, and the increase in the muscle concentration of alanine during exercise was larger (70% versus 31% in the placebo trial), suggesting an increased rate of alanine production. Also, the plasma concentration of arginine increased by 14% during exercise when BCAA were ingested, whereas there was no change during exercise in the placebo trial. There was a smaller decrease in the muscle glutamate concentration during exercise in the BCAA trial (32% versus 47% in the placebo trial; p < 0.05), but, for the remaining amino acids, there was no difference between the BCAA and placebo trials. There was a significant decrease in the muscle glycogen concentration during exercise in the placebo trial, whereas only a small decrease was found in the BCAA trial (28 and 9 mmol/kg wet wt [p < 0.05] in the placebo and BCAA trial, respectively). This might indicate that an increased supply of BCAA has a sparing effect on muscle glycogen degradation during exercise.
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| 20. |
- Boccardi, Virginia, et al.
(author)
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Consensus paper on the executive summary of the international conference on Mediterranean diet and health : a lifelong approach an Italian initiative supported by the Mediterranean Diet Foundation and the Menarini Foundation
- 2018
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 51-52, s. 38-45
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Mediterranean Diet Foundation, in collaboration with the International Menarini Foundation, organized the International Conference on Mediterranean Diet and Health: A Lifelong Approach. The Conference was held in Ostuni (Puglia, Italy) from March 30 to April 1, 2017. The event received the endorsement of the American Federation for Aging Research, the Research Consortium Luigi Amaducci, the European Nutrition for Health Alliance, the European Union Geriatric Medicine Society, the Clinical Section of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics European Region, the National Research Council Research Project on Aging, the Italian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics, and the Italian Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism.During the conference, results were presented from major studies on dietary interventions aiming to assess the efficacy of the Mediterranean diet in the prevention of chronic diseases and the potential underlying mechanisms. Twenty-six international speakers, in seven different sessions, discussed the biological basis, clinical impact, health policy, and behavioral implications of the Mediterranean diet, and its use in potential interventions for health promotion.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Chen, Jie, et al.
(author)
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Plasma phospholipid arachidonic acid in relation to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease : Mendelian randomization study
- 2023
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In: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - : Elsevier. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 106
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The role of plasma phospholipid arachidonic acid (AA) in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NALFD), cirrhosis, and liver cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the causality of the associations of plasma phospholipid AA with NALFD, cirrhosis, and liver cancer using Mendelian ran-domization analysis.Methods: Nine independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma phospholipid AA at the genome-wide significance were used as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for three outcomes were obtained from 1) a genome-wide association study for NAFLD, 2) the UK Biobank study, and 3) the Finn -Gen study. The sensitivity analysis excluding the pleiotropic variant rs174547 in the FADS1 gene was per-formed. Estimates from different sources were combined using the fixed-effects meta-analysis method.Results: Per standard deviation increase in AA levels, the combined odds ratio was 1.06 (95% confidence inter-val, 1.02-1.11; P = 0.008) for NAFLD, 1.05 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.09; P = 0.009) for cirrhosis, and 0.99 (95% confidence interval, 0.94-1.05; P = 0.765) for liver cancer. The associations remained stable in the sensitivity analysis excluding rs174547.Conclusions: This study suggests potential causal associations of high levels of plasma phospholipid AA with the risk of NAFLD and cirrhosis.
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| 23. |
- Clevers, Egbert, et al.
(author)
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Adherence to diet low in fermentable carbohydrates and traditional diet for irritable bowel syndrome
- 2020
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007. ; 73
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: Dietary interventions in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) include a traditional IBS diet following the guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and a diet low in fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the adherence to these diets, food groups difficult to replace, and dietary determinants of symptom improvement. Methods: Sixty-six patients with IBS were randomized to a 4-wk low FODMAP or traditional IBS diet. Participants completed 4-d diet diaries before and during the intervention and reported symptoms on the IBS severity scoring system. We described adherence to the diets on the food group and product level and investigated the association between adherence and symptom improvement. Results: Adherence to the low FODMAP diet was good and consistent: All participants had a comparable shift in the diet's principal components compatible with the guidelines. Most high FODMAP products were well replaced with low FODMAP equivalents. However, total energy intake fell by 25%, mainly owing to a 69% decreased intake of snacks (P < 0.001). The traditional IBS diet did not shift the diet's principal components, and despite the guidelines, consumption of coffee and alcoholic beverages remained rather high (>50% of baseline). Total energy intake fell by 11% (P = 0.15). For both diets, there was a trend toward an association between adherence and symptom improvement (P < 0.10). Conclusion: In both the low FODMAP and traditional IBS diet, certain food groups were difficult to replace. Because adherence may predict symptom improvement, close dietary guidance might enhance the efficacy of both diets. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Dey, Debashish Kumar, 1968, et al.
(author)
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Changes in body composition and its relation to muscle strength in 75-year-old men and women: A 5-year prospective follow-up study of the NORA cohort in Göteborg, Sweden
- 2009
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In: Nutrition. - 0899-9007. ; 25:6, s. 613-619
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to explore the association between body composition in the elderly and subsequent changes in muscle strength during aging. METHODS: This was a longitudinal study with a 5-y follow-up. Eighty-seven men (n = 38) and women (n = 49) from a random sample of 75-y-old subjects in the Göteborg part of the Nordic Research on Aging study who were investigated at ages 75 and 80 y and were free from any major diseases at baseline were included. Body composition was estimated from bioelectrical impedance. The maximal isometric strengths of handgrip, arm flexion, and knee extension were measured on the side of the dominant hand while a subject was in a sitting position in an adjustable dynamometer chair. RESULTS: Fat-free mass decreased significantly (P < 0.001) in both sexes, but more in men. Percentage of body fat increased only in men (P < 0.05). Body height decreased in both sexes, but more in women (P < 0.001). Declines in muscle strengths were evident for all muscle groups in both sexes but more prominent in men. It was observed that body composition status at baseline, measured as fat-free mass and fat-free mass index, was a statistically significant predictor for decline in muscle strength, particularly in the extremities. CONCLUSION: Fat-free mass at age 75 y was associated with lower 5-y decline in muscle strength. This finding underscores the potential importance of fat-free mass for maintaining functional ability during aging.
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| 27. |
- Dobrowolski, Piotr, et al.
(author)
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Can 2-oxoglutarate prevent changes in bone evoked by omeprazole?
- 2013
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 29:3, s. 556-561
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Proton-pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, are widely used in the prevention and treatment of gastroesophageal diseases. However, an association between proton-pump inhibitors and the increased risk of bone fractures has been observed, especially in patients treated for extended periods. Conversely, 2-oxoglutarate, a precursor of hydroxyproline, the most abundant amino acid in bone collagen, counteracts the bone loss. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the influence of omeprazole on bone and investigate whether dietary 2-oxoglutarate supplementation could prevent the effects of omeprazole. Methods: Eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Rats received omeprazole in the diet and 2-oxoglutarate in the drinking water. Body and organ weights and serum concentrations of cholecystokinin and gastrin were measured. The femurs, tibias, and calvarias were collected. Histomorphometric analysis of bone and cartilage tissues was conducted. Bone densitometric and peripheral quantitative computed tomographic analyses of the femur and tibia were performed. Results: Omeprazole decreased the femur and tibia weights, the mechanical properties of the femur, the volumetric bone density and content, the trabecular and cortical bone mineral content, the total, trabecular, and cortical bone areas, the mean cortical thickness, and the periosteal circumference of the femur. Omeprazole had a minor effect on the examined bone morphology and exerted negligible effects on the cartilage. 2-Oxoglutarate lowered the gastrin concentration. Conclusions: Omeprazole treatment exerts its effects mostly on bone mineralization and cancellous bone, adversely affecting bone properties. This adverse effect of omeprazole was not markedly abolished by 2-oxoglutaric acid, which acted as an anti-hypergastrinemic agent. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 28. |
- Dobrowolski, Piotr, et al.
(author)
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Potato fiber protects the small intestinal wall against the toxic influence of acrylamide
- 2012
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 28:4, s. 428-435
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Acrylamide is a neurotoxic, genotoxic substance present in many commonly consumed food products and has been shown to have carcinogenic effects in rodents. The protective effects (if any) of potato fiber preparations, composed of cell wall material from potatoes, against the toxic influence of dietary acrylamide on the small intestinal wall were investigated. Methods: Male mice of the BALB/c strain were used in the study. Acrylamide was administered to the mice in their drinking water (0.5 mg/kg of body weight per day) and one of two types of potato fiber preparations (heated or raw potato fiber preparation) was added to their feed (2% addition to their feed). Histomorphometry of the small intestinal wall, hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide, animal weight, and feed and water consumption analyses were performed. Results: Acrylamide altered the morphology and histology of the small intestinal wall, decreasing proliferation, myenteron and submucosal thicknesses, villus length, fractal dimension, crypt depth, crypt number, and the small intestinal absorptive surface. Conversely, apoptosis, hemoglobin adduct levels, intensity of epithelium staining, enterocyte number, villus epithelial thickness, and crypt width and parameters associated with nerve ganglia were increased. The two potato fiber preparations that were used abolished the negative influences of acrylamide on the small intestinal wall and had no influence on the hemoglobin adduct levels of acrylamide. Conclusion: The negative impact of acrylamide on the histologic structure, regeneration, and innervation of the small intestinal wall and the absorptive function of the small intestinal mucosa can be abolished by dietary potato fiber preparations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 29. |
- Ekelund, Mats, et al.
(author)
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Selective induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase in pancreatic islet of rat after an intravenous glucose or intralipid challenge.
- 2006
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 22:2006 Apr 22, s. 652-660
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Constant exposure of pancreatic islets to high levels of glucose or free fatty acids can lead to irreversible beta-cell dysfunction, a process referred to as glucotoxicity or lipotoxicity, respectively. In this context a role for nitric oxide generated by pancreatic islet has been suggested. The present investigation examined whether the route of glucose administration, i.e., given orally (OG) or infused intravenously (IVG), could have any effect on the expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in pancreatic islets. Methods: Rats were infused with glucose (50%) or Intralipid intravenously for 24 h or given glucose orally. A freely fed control group (FF) was also included. At 24 h rats were killed and blood samples were drawn for analysis of plasma insulin, glucagon, and glucose. Pancreatic islets were harvested from each animal and investigated for the occurrence of iNOS by the use of confocal microscopy, western blot, and high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. The effect of intravenously infused glucose was then compared with the effect of an intravenous infusion of Intralipid (IL). Results: Plasma insulin levels were markedly decreased after 24 h of infusion of glucose (IVG group) or Intralipid (IL group) compared with the FF or OG group. Plasma glucagon and glucose levels were markedly increased in the IVG group, whereas both parameters were decreased in the IL group. No significant differences in plasma insulin, glucagon, or glucose were found between the OG and FF groups. Immunocytochemical (confocal microscopy), western blot, and biochemical (high-performance liquid chromatographic) analyses showed that a sustained increase in plasma level of glucose or free fatty acids by an intravenous infusion of either nutrient for 24 h resulted in a marked expression and activity of iNOS in pancreatic islets. No sign of iNOS expression could, however, be detected in the islets of FF control or OG rats. Conclusion: The data suggest that impaired beta-cell function found after 24 It of an intravenous infusion of glucose or Intralipid might be mediated, at least in part, by the induction of iNOS in pancreatic islets. This may subsequently result in an exclusive production of nitric oxide, which is deleterious for beta-cells. (C) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 30. |
- Engelheart, Stina, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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Dehydration and loss of appetite: Key nutrition features in older people receiving home health care
- 2021
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 91-92
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The aim was to describe a population of older people in home health care based on what is probably a novel theoretical model, previously published, and to analyze longitudinal changes in different dimensions of nutritional status. Methods: This explorative and longitudinal study examines nutritional status based on four domains in the novel theoretical model: health and somatic disorders; cognitive, affective, and sensory function; physical function and capacity; and food and nutrition. Inclusion criteria were age ≥65 y and need of home health care for more than three months. A total of 69 men and women were enrolled in the study. Participants’ nutritional status was studied at baseline and regularly during the following three years. Results: At baseline, 44% (n = 27) reported one or more severe symptoms and 83% had polypharmacy (≥5 prescribed medications). The prevalence of malnutrition, sarcopenia, frailty, and dehydration at baseline were, respectively, 83% (n = 35), 44% (n = 24), 34% (n = 18), and 45% (n = 25). Participants that died during the 3-y follow-up (n = 14) differed from survivors in the following aspects: more reduced appetite, lower quality of life, worse cognitive function, lower physical activity, and less intake of dietary fiber and water. Dehydration at baseline was associated with lower function in several domains and with general decline over time. Conclusions: Most participants had poor nutritional status. Dehydration and reduced appetite were important indicators of worsening nutritional and overall status and mortality. © 2021 The Authors
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| 31. |
- Enochsson, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Bile duct obstruction is associated with early postoperative upregulation of liver uncoupling protein-2 and reduced circulating glucose concentration in the rat
- 2010
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 26:4, s. 405-410
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To evaluate whether upregulation of liver and muscle uncoupling protein 2 (UCP-2) is an acute phenomenon in obstructive jaundice and associated with secondary metabolic effects. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups bile duct ligated (BDL) and sham-operated pair-fed (PF), ad libitum fed (AL), and controls BDL. PF. and AL rats were further divided into subgroups according to the interval postoperatively when they were reanesthetized and sampled for tissue and blood 2, 4, and 8 d, respectively Bilirubin, liver enzymes. glucose, free fatty acids, and insulin in blood plasma were analyzed Liver and muscle tissue were sampled for UCP-2 and adenosine triphosphate analysis. Results: The BDL rats showed an increase of the liver UCP-2 expression compared with PF and AL rats (P < 0 05) 4 d postoperatively. Liver adenosine triphosphate in BDL rats showed a decrease compared with sham-operated controls at all intervals < 0 05) Plasma glucose concentration in BDL rats was decreased compared with the other groups. Free fatty acids showed an initial increase 2 d postoperatively compared with sham-operated controls and PF and AL rats (P < 0 05) at the corresponding time point Conclusion: Obstructive jaundice is associated with an early upregulation of liver UCP-2. reduced liver adenosine triphosphate content, and decreased plasma glucose concentration, supporting the hypothesis that obstructive Jaundice results in impaired energy homeostasis in the liver. which might cause decreased glucose output and hypoglycemia as a consequence (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All flats reserved
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| 32. |
- Felix Garrido, Ananda Lais, et al.
(author)
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Eating habits, sleep, and a proxy for circadian disruption are correlated with dyslipidemia in overweight night workers
- 2021
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In: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 83
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between proxy for circadian disruption, eating habits, sleep characteristics, and dyslipidemic parameters.Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, crossover controlled clinical trial, and for this study, only baseline data were used. The sample was composed of 36 overweight female nurses who worked on a fixed night shift (12 × 36 h). Linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between the mentioned variables.Results: The participants’ average age was 39.4 y (Standard error (SE) 1 y) and the average nighttime sleep duration was 5.76 h (SE 0.16 h). The average chronotype indicated a moderate early type (03:03 h; SE 20 min) and the average social jetlag was 03:42 h (SE 10 min). It was found that 1 h less of nighttime sleep increased very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 2.75 mg/dL and triacylglyceride levels by 3.62 mg/dL. Additionally, higher social jetlag was associated with higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. On the other hand, each additional hour in the chronotype increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by 3.06 mg/dL and a time interval >2 h between the last meal and sleep onset was associated with higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.Conclusion: Short duration of nighttime sleep and high social jetlag are risk factors for dyslipidemia, whereas the late type and the longer time interval between the last meal and sleep onset appear to be protective factors for dyslipidemia.
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| 38. |
- Hansson, Patrik, et al.
(author)
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Habitual high intake of fatty fish is related to lower levels of F2-isoprostanes in healthy females
- 2015
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 31:6, s. 847-852
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether habitual dietary intake of fatty fish, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, or a combination of them all, is associated with oxidative stress levels, measured as urine concentration of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α) in healthy women. Methods Eighty-one participants were included in this cross-sectional study. Mean age of the women was 26.1 ± 6.2 (mean ± SD) years and mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.4 ± 3.0 kg/m2. The concentration of 8-iso-PGF2α was determined in urine, and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels were determined in blood. Participants' habitual fish, whole grain, fruit, and vegetable intake was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. Results In the multivariate analysis, there was a significant inverse association between 8-iso-PGF2α and high fatty fish intake (P < 0.001). Fatty fish intake was positively correlated to serum phospholipid concentrations of EPA (P = 0.001) and DHA (P = 0.002). A borderline effect of DHA was seen on 8-iso-PGF2α, but higher serum phospholipid concentrations of fatty acids were generally not related to lower F2-isoprostane levels. No overall effect from whole grains or fruits and vegetables was seen. Conclusions The results indicate that high intake of fatty fish is related to lower levels of oxidative stress, but high levels of ω-3 fatty acids in intake may not alone explain the effect. High habitual intake of whole grains or fruits and vegetables did not seem to affect the F2-isoprostane level.
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| 39. |
- Hantikainen, Essi, et al.
(author)
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Dietary non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity and risk of stroke : The Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort
- 2020
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In: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 73
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Consumption of antioxidant-rich foods has been associated with a reduced risk for stroke. However, antioxidant supplementation is not recommended owing to controversial findings reported in clinical trials. The aim of this study was to better understand the effect of dietary antioxidants by investigating the effect of dietary non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (NEAC), reflecting the antioxidant potential of the whole diet, on the risk for stroke. Methods: In the Women's Lifestyle and Health Cohort, 45 882 women 30 to 49 y of age and free from cardiovascular diseases were followed through record linkages from 1991 to 2012. Dietary NEAC was assessed by a validated food frequency questionnaire collected at baseline and categorized into quintiles. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models were fitted to estimate hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals for overall stroke and ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke separately. Results: During a mean follow-up time of 20.2 y, we detected 871 incidence cases of stroke (516 ischemic, 296 hemorrhagic, and 59 unspecified strokes). After adjusting for potential confounders, we did not find any association between dietary NEAC and stroke, either overall, or ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke (P-trend > 0.05). Conclusion: Higher dietary NEAC was not associated with any type of stroke in young and middle-aged Swedish women.
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| 40. |
- Hassmén, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during 30-km competitive run : mood and cognitive performance.
- 1994
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In: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 10:5, s. 405-10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It has been suggested that an elevated concentration of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in specific areas of the brain may contribute to the development of central/mental fatigue during and after sustained exercise. Supplementation with branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) should prevent the exercise-induced increase in the plasma concentration ratio of free tryptophan to other large neutral amino acids (including BCAAs) and thereby prevent an elevation in the level of 5-HT in the brain. In this study, subjects were given either a mixture of BCAAs in a carbohydrate solution or a placebo drink that contained only carbohydrates during a 30-km cross-country race. Several tasks to measure cognitive performance were performed before and after the race. When subjects were supplied with BCAAs, their performance in the different parts of the color-word test (words, colors and color words) was improved by an average of 3-7% (p < 0.05) after exercise, whereas there was no difference in performance before and after exercise in the subjects who were given the placebo. Furthermore, the experimental group, supplied with BCAAs, maintained their performance in the shape-rotation and figure-identification tasks, whereas an impairment in performance in these tests by 25% (p < 0.05) and 15% (p < 0.05), respectively, was found in the subjects who received the placebo. Thus, BCAA supplementation seemed to have an effect on the more complex tasks, whereas no effect could be detected on the less demanding tasks. However, an intake of BCAAs during exercise modified only slightly the exercise-induced changes in mood.
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| 43. |
- Hoppe, Michael, 1969, et al.
(author)
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Heme iron-based dietary intervention for improvement of iron status in young women.
- 2013
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007. ; 29:1, s. 89-95
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Conventional iron deficiency treatment with pharmacologic iron doses often causes side effects. Heme iron has high bioavailability and a low capacity to cause gastrointestinal side effects. This study investigated the possibility of using heme iron in the form of blood-based crisp bread as a diet-based treatment program to improve the iron status of women of reproductive age. METHODS: In a 12-wk intervention study, 77 women (mean age 24 y) were assigned to one of four groups: blood-based crisp bread (35 mg of iron [Fe], 27 mg of which was heme Fe), iron supplementation consisting of 35 mg of non-heme iron/day (Fe35), iron supplementation consisting of 60 mg of non-heme iron/day (Fe60), and controls (iron-free tablets). RESULTS: Body iron increased significantly in the crisp bread group by a median of 2.7 mg/kg (interquartile range 3.1, n = 18), in the Fe35 group by 2.7 mg/kg (interquartile range 2.8, n = 11), and in the Fe60 group by 4.1 mg/kg (interquartile range 3.6, n = 13), whereas no change was observed in the control group. No statistically significant difference in iron status increase was observed between the crisp bread group compared with the two iron-supplemented groups. CONCLUSION: Dietary-based treatment containing heme iron has few side effects and can be used efficiently to improve the iron status of women of reproductive age.
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| 44. |
- Hoppe, Michael, 1969, et al.
(author)
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Iron status in Swedish teenage girls – the impact of low dietary iron bioavailability : Bioavailability and Fe status in young girls
- 2008
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 0899-9007. ; 24:7-8, s. 638-45
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Although it is well known that bioavailability of iron in the diet is important, it has not been fully elucidated in practice. Objective: To investigate iron intake and iron absorption in the ordinary diet of free-living individuals, in relation to iron status and assessed iron requirements. Research Methods & Procedures: From a total of 1245 adolescence boys and girls included in the Göteborg Adolescence Study of food habits, 28 adolescent girls registered their food intake during 7 days. Iron intake was assessed on the basis of these 7-day dietary records. Iron absorption was calculated using an algorithm including enhancing and inhibiting dietary factors on iron absorption in relation to individual iron status. Results: Mean available iron intake was 11.5 mg/day. The proportion of girls with an iron intake below the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations was 85% (n=24). Calculated mean iron absorption was 1.09 mg/day. Only four girls satisfied their estimated individual Fe requirement concerning absorbed amount of iron. Iron depletion (S-ferritin below 15 µg/l) was present in 10 (36%) girls, of whom two were also anemic (Hb below 120 g/l). Conclusions: The Swedish adolescent girls seemed to have difficulties satisfying their iron requirement in terms of absorbed amount. The data supports the view that both iron intake and bioavailability of dietary iron is important when evaluating whether iron requirements have been met.
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| 45. |
- Hu, Minyu, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of lycopene and fluvastatin effects on atherosclerosis induced by a high-fat diet in rabbits
- 2008
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In: Nutrition Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1475-2891. ; 24:10, s. 1030-1038
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective We evaluated the antiatherogenic effect of lycopene in rabbits fed a high-fat diet. Methods Forty adult male rabbits were divided into five groups that were fed a standard diet, a high-fat diet, a high-fat diet plus 4 mg/kg of lycopene, a high-fat diet plus 12 mg/kg of lycopene, and a high-fat diet plus 10 mg/kg of fluvastatin, respectively. Lycopene and fluvastatin were administered intragastrically. The level of serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total antioxidant capacity, and malondialdehyde were measured before and after 4 and 8 wk of experimental treatment. In addition, plasma levels of lycopene, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, serum nitric oxide, and interleukin-1 were measured after the experiment. The area of atherosclerotic plaque and pathologic changes of the aorta were evaluated. Results Compared with the control, levels of total cholesterol, total triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, malonaldehyde, oxidized low-density lipoprotein, and interleukin-1 were increased and total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide were decreased in the animals with a high-fat diet (P < 0.05). Intragastric administration of lycopene counteracted the change in these parameters (P < 0.05). In this case, the data showed that lycopene in the used dose was better than the fluvastatin intervention. Morphologic analysis revealed that lycopene and fluvastatin markedly reduced the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta compared with the situation in rabbits on a high-fat diet alone. Conclusion Lycopene, like fluvastatin, significantly attenuated atherogenesis in rabbits fed a high-fat diet.
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| 46. |
- Jakobsdottir, Greta, et al.
(author)
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Designing future prebiotic fiber to target the metabolic syndrome.
- 2014
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 30:5, s. 497-502
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The metabolic syndrome (MetS), characterized by obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance, is a growing epidemic worldwide, requiring new prevention strategies and therapeutics. The concept of prebiotics refers to selective stimulation of growth and/or activity(ies) of one or a limited number of microbial genus(era)/species in the gut microbiota that confer(s) health benefits to the host. Sequencing the gut microbiome and performing metagenomics has provided new knowledge of the significance of the composition and activity of the gut microbiota in metabolic disease. As knowledge of how a healthy gut microbiota is composed and which bacterial metabolites are beneficial increases, tailor-made dietary interventions using prebiotic fibers could be developed for individuals with MetS. In this review, we describe how dietary fibers alter short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) profiles and the intrinsic and extrinsic effects of prebiotics on host metabolism. We focus on several key aspects in prebiotic research in relation to MetS and provide mechanistic data that support the use of prebiotic fibers in order to alter the gut microbiota composition and SCFA profiles. Further studies in the field should provide reliable mechanistic and clinical evidence for how prebiotics can be used to alleviate MetS and its complications. Additionally, it will be important to clarify the effect of individual differences in the gut microbiome on responsiveness to prebiotic interventions.
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| 47. |
- Johansson, Ewa, 1964, et al.
(author)
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Specially processed cereals diet increases plasma levels of active antisecretory factor and up-regulates rat hepatic glutathione S-transferase mu.
- 2011
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In: Nutrition. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-1244 .- 0899-9007. ; 27:9, s. 949-954
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Antisecretory factor (AF) inhibits pathologic fluid secretion and inflammation. AF is expressed in most tissues and is secreted into the blood. Challenge with bacterial enterotoxins increases AF activity. The plasma level of active AF is also increased after intake of certain food constituents, such as specially processed cereals, SPC. The exact molecular events that mediate these responses have remained obscure. The objective of this study was to investigate changes in protein expression in liver after SPC diet. METHODS: Rats were fed SPC or standard rodent diet for 18 d. The induction of AF in plasma was tested by ELISA. Changes in the liver proteome were analyzed by using 2D DIGE and LC-MS/MS. Further characterizations were done with Western blot and immunohistochemistry studies. RESULTS: The AF activity was increased after intake of SPC. Equivalent to recombinant AF, 6.6 ± 1.09 ng/well could be detected in control plasma compared to 26 ± 5.73 ng/well in plasma after SPC treatment. We found that the protein level of glutathione S-transferase mu (GST mu) was significantly up-regulated 1.2-fold in rat liver after stimulation with SPC (wheat). The result was further confirmed by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed staining for GST mu1 and AF preferentially in the central parts of the liver lobuli. CONCLUSION: Given the known role of GST mu1 in inducing defense, our results suggest that SPC-induced GST mu1 up-regulation can contribute to the positive clinical effects seen by SPC treatment.
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| 48. |
- Krakau, Karolina, et al.
(author)
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Nutritional treatment of patients with severe traumatic brain injury during the first six months after injury
- 2007
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In: Nutrition Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 1475-2891. ; 23:4, s. 308-317
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: This study explored current nutritional treatment policies and nutritional outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods: We performed a retrospective, structured survey of the medical records of 64 patients up to 6 months after injury or until the patients were independent in nutritional administration. Results: Enteral nutrition was administered to 86% of patients. Fourteen patients (22%) had a gastrostomy; after 6 months four were still in use. At 6 months, 92% of patients received all food orally and 84% had gained nutritional independence. Energy intake was equal to the calculated basal metabolic rate throughout the first month after injury and increased by 21% during the second month. Sixty-eight percent exhibited signs of malnourishment with weight losses of 10-29%. Conclusion: This study suggests that most patients with severe traumatic brain injury regain their nutritional independence within the first 6 months after injury, but also that most develop signs of malnutrition.
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