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Enumeration	Reference	Cover	Find
1.	Andersson, Per (author) Connected internationalisation processes: the case of internationalising channel intermediaries 2002 In: International business review. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1873-6149 .- 0969-5931. ; 11:3, s. 365-383 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Based on a network approach to internationalisation, the paper presents concepts for analysing companies’ processes of internationalising in a moving context of other firms internationalising. The analytical problem and research question of the study is: How are firms internationalising in a continuously moving context of other, connected firms that are internationalising concurrently? The idea of connected and overlapping network processes is introduced as an analytical tool for approaching the problem. The concept spatial overlapping is applied to analyse geographical aspects of overlapping internationalisation processes. These processes are illustrated with an empirical study of the internationalisation processes of channel intermediaries. The empirical aim of the study is to complement earlier research into the internationalisation of manufacturing firms, service firms, retail chains, etc. with a study that puts channel intermediaries in focus. Connected internationalisation processes are illustrated with a case from the electronic component distribution industry. Two issues are brought up in the analysis of the case: various ways of handling concurrent and connected internationalisation processes, and of handling the resulting spatial overlapping processes, including the redefinition of market regions, regionalisation. In the final implications, the handling of network contradictions and tensions emerging from connected internationalisation processes are elaborated on in a model suggesting further research into this line of internationalisation research.
2.	Andersson, Ulf, et al. (author) Subsidiary Influence on Strategic Behaviour in MNCs: An Empirical Study 1997 In: International Business Review. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 6:3, s. 319-334 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
3.	Dahlgren, Jörgen, 1946-, et al. (author) Managing inter-firm industrial projects - on pacing and matching hierarchies 2001 In: International Business Review. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 10:3, s. 305-322 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The purpose of this article is to present a conceptual framework useful for understanding and analyzing the management and organization of the execution phase of inter-firm industrial projects. On the basis of an exploratory case study of a project within the ABB (Asea Brown Boveri) Group, we develop two concepts. One is pacing, which focuses on the mutual coordination of activities between client and contractor. Pacing refers to the temporal orientation of the parties involved in inter-firm projects. The other concept is matching hierarchies, which focuses on how the interacting parties establish joint-decision making in order to handle overall project-related dependencies and conflicts. The suggested concepts are linked to each other in the sense that a configuration with matching hierarchies provides the arena for solving pacing problems, while, on the other hand, the pacing process provides the mechanism for linking hierarchies.
4.	Fey, Carl F, et al. (author) Joint venture conflict: the case of Russian international joint ventures 2000 In: International business review. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1873-6149 .- 0969-5931. ; 9:2, s. 139-162 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper investigates the importance of firms forming joint ventures having similar organizational climates such that the chances of inter-party conflict arising will be minimized. The study is based on 40 Russian international joint ventures (IJVs) and has both qualitative and quantitative elements. Support was provided for inter-party IJV conflict being an important outcome of IJV activity to monitor (and try to minimize) when evaluating IJV success. Further, evidence was presented to show that similar firms forming an IJV are more likely to have less conflict than more dissimilar firms.
5.	Håkansson, Per, et al. (author) Strategic alliances in global biotechnology — a network approach 1993 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 1873-6149 .- 0969-5931. ; 2:1, s. 65-82 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Strategic alliances, as a means to acquire and co-ordinate resources for technological development, market access and manufacturing efficiency have, during the last years, captured increasing attention. Presumably driven by the globalization of markets and technological development, alliances are increasingly being used as strategic tools for corporate survival and growth, shaping the present and future structure of industries. The establishment of strategic alliances is a characteristic shared by many industries; such as the aircraft, automobile, telecommunications and computer industries, to mention but a few. The issues are if these predominantly hidden industrial structures can be exposed and if we can identify factors determining these structures.
6.	Madsen, Tage Koed, et al. (author) The internationalization of Born Globals : an evolutionary process? 1997 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 6:6, s. 561-583 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Recently, the phenomenon of Born Globals has been highlighted in many articles concerning the internationalization processes of firms. Such firms adopt an international or even global approach right from their birth or very shortly thereafter. Some authors consider this phenomenon as being in strong opposition to the traditional models of internationalization. This is, of course, true if one considers the manifestations of these models, namely the so-called stages model, according to which the firm should internationalize like “rings in the water”, i.e. in a slow and gradual manner with respect to geographical markets, market entry mode and product policy. This article contributes to the field in three ways: it summarizes the empirical evidence reported about Born Globals; it interprets the phenomenon at a deeper theoretical level and offers a new conceptionalization of the research issue; and it generates propositions about the antecendents of as well as the necessary and sufficient conditions for the rise of the phenomenon. In doing so, the conclusion is that Born Globals grow in a way which may be in accordance with evolutionary thinking.
7.	Roos, Johan, et al. (author) An epistemology of globalizing firms 1994 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 3:4, s. 395-409 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This article discusses two concepts in an emerging theory of knowledge development in globalizing firms. The concept of "language games" is developed to shed light on the role of language in globalizing organizations. The concept of "self-similarity" enables discussions of changes in routines, processes, and structures as firms evolve from national to global organizations. © 1995.
8.	Thilenius, Peter, et al. (author) Consequences of perception gaps in the headquarters–subsidiary relationship 2000 In: International business review. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 1873-6149 .- 0969-5931. ; 9:3, s. 321-344 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper is built on two premises: (1) that HQ and subsidiary managers often have different perceptions about the role of the subsidiary in the multinational corporation, and (2) that such differences have important implications for the management of the HQ–subsidiary relationship. Using data collected from 89 HQ–subsidiary dyads, we test and find support for a LISREL model, in which subsidiary managers' overestimation of their roles is associated with greater HQ control of the subsidiary, which in turn is associated with a lower level of HQ–subsidiary cooperation.
9.	von Krogh, G., et al. (author) "Knowledge in organizations, knowledge transfer and cooperative strategies" A word from the guest editors 1994 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 3:4, s. 331-335 Journal article (other academic/artistic)
10.	Adenfelt, Maria, et al. (author) Knowledge development and sharing in multinational corporations : The case of a centre of excellence and a transnational team 2006 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 15:4, s. 381-400:15 (4), s. 381-400 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper, we link the discussion on the differentiated multinational corporation (MNC) with organisational mechanisms for knowledge development and sharing. The aim is to explore the impact of different organisational mechanisms on knowledge development and sharing. Using case-study data-drawn from the same MNC-to explore two different organisational mechanisms, a Centre of Excellence and a transnational team, the findings illustrate how multifaceted knowledge development and sharing are. The organisational structure of the two organisational mechanisms partly determines whether knowledge development occurs locally or globally. This, in turn, has consequences for how knowledge sharing evolves. The sharing process is like a double-edged sword: how to share globally while allowing for local adaptations or how to share locally while developing global knowledge.
11.	Alimadadi, Siavash, 1984-, et al. (author) How does uncertainty impact opportunity development in internationalization? 2018 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 27:1, s. 161-172 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The features of the internationalization of emerging market multinational companies (EMNCs) create a laboratory for extending theory. In this paper, we argue that a high level of asymmetry between prior knowledge and a non-incremental commitment, such as an acquisition, lies at the core of understanding these types of internationalization processes. Our proposed theoretical view is that while some uncertainties in opportunity development are known to the firms and can be managed by available knowledge, disruptive commitments can result in complexes of unstable and unilineal dynamics that bring about unexpected and hence unforeseeable uncertainties. These uncertainties may be a source of future unintended consequences that will have an impact on the firm as the internationalization process unfolds. This view is used for analysis of a longitudinal case study concerning the acquisition of a Swedish firm, Vargon Alloys, by the Turkish corporation Yildirim Group, focusing on the opportunity discovery and exploitation period between 2008 and 2013. By dividing uncertainty into two types (foreseeable and unforeseeable) and analysing the hidden problems that emerged after the sudden fusion of the two networks, the study nuances understanding of the emergent and non-orderly nature of the internationalization process as it unfolds. From a process point of view, the study may aid deeper understanding of complications when discovering and exploiting opportunities.
12.	Azar, Goudarz, et al. (author) Organizational innovation, technological innovation, and export performance : The effects of innovation radicalness and extensiveness 2017 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 26:2, s. 324-336 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study focuses on the relevance of different types of innovation for firms' export performance. Despite ample research on the innovation performance relationship, previous studies have mainly focused on technological innovations, leaving the effects of organizational innovations relatively unexplored. Hypotheses on the relationship between organizational and technological innovations and firm export performance are tested by structural equation modelling using data from 218 Swedish export ventures. The results indicate that organizational innovation enhances export performance both directly and indirectly by sustaining technological innovation. Moreover, by fine-graining our analysis of the mediating role of technological innovation, according to its radicalness and extensiveness, for organizational innovation, we show how the latter enhances both the radicalness and extensiveness of technological innovation although, notably, only extensiveness is actually beneficial for export performance. This study helps alleviate the scarcity of research examining the links among different types of innovation in relation to export performance and contributes to international business and marketing literature by generating new evidence regarding the mechanisms through which organizational and technological innovations may improve export performance.
13.	Bai, Wensong, et al. (author) Knowledge and internationalization of returnee entrepreneurial firms 2017 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 26:4, s. 652-665 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study aims to answer whether and how returnee entrepreneurs’ international experience and returnee entrepreneurial firms’ international market knowledge influence these firms’ internationaliza-tion. Anchored in a framework combining an entrepreneurial and knowledge-based view, we develop a model and four hypotheses on the relations between returnee entrepreneurs’ international experience, international market knowledge, international market commitment, and level of internationalization of the returnee entrepreneurial firm. Empirical evidence of the proposed model is derived from a recent sample of Chinese returnee SMEs in knowledge-intensive and high-technology industries. The main finding is that returnee entrepreneurs’ international experience nurtures international market knowledge of returnee entrepreneurial firms, which in turn has a positive effect on these firms’ international market commitment and level of internationalization. In terms of theory, the study extends our understanding of returnee entrepreneurial firms by uncovering the role of returnee entrepreneurs’ international experience and returnee firms’ international market knowledge during their initial and early international expansion.
14.	Bauweraerts, Jonathan, et al. (author) Family CEO and board service : Turning the tide for export scope in family SMEs 2019 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 28:5 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Adopting the socioemotional wealth perspective, we argue that the presence of a family CEO in family SMEs negatively affects export scope, but that such negative effect is mitigated by board service. We develop and test a model that considers the synergistic combination of family management and another important aspect of family governance in the context of family firm internationalization: the service behavior of the board of directors. The empirical evidence from a sample of 248 Belgian family SMEs shows that governance is crucial to overcoming the problems of family management: family CEOs may negatively influence export scope, but board service is able to turn the tide so that the family CEO effect becomes positive. With such novel findings, we contribute to international business and family business studies.
15.	Bhatti, Waheed Akbar, et al. (author) Relationship learning : A conduit for internationalization 2020 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 29:3, s. 1-13 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Internationalization opportunities can emerge through inter-organizational sharing, yet research on why and how organizations learn through relationship interactions is underdeveloped. We explore how learning in supplier-customer relationships contributes to organizational offerings through the knowledge development process. We identify relationship learning as an organizational dynamic capability by thematic analysis of qualitative longitudinal data from large as well as small and medium-sized organizations. Our case study of organizations demonstrates that nurturing personal relationships and paying attention to customer communication is core in knowledge sharing. Customer input is valuable in solution offerings, strengthening mutual work, and growth in internationalization within an existing relationship or in new ones. The results endorse that the knowledge development processes and commitments transpire at both ends of the relationship. The findings provide practical managerial implications for ensuring the development of open and transparent communication conduits in relationships. The process of providing a solution that addresses customers' needs must begin with understanding their work, issues, and the intended jobs they will perform.
16.	Bhatti, Waheed Akbar, et al. (author) The impact of industry 4.0 on the 2017 version of the Uppsala model 2022 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 31:4 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The emergence of Industry 4.0 offers firms internationalization opportunities employing digital platforms and emerging technologies. Relying upon the Uppsala model as applied in light of a firm case study, we contribute to the validity of the Uppsala model 2017. We respond to the counterpoint by Coviello, Kano, and Liesch (2017) to the Uppsala 2017 model, answering the question, What is the impact of Industry 4.0 on the validity of the 2017 version of the Uppsala model? This study builds on a qualitative research methodology through a single case study of Delivery Hero, a global service provider firm. We adopt an extensive longitudinal approach to understand a startup firm’s digital business concept and business evolution, including its internationalization paths. We conclude that the mechanisms of the Uppsala model are valid, but their characteristics have changed by digital and globalized value-adding processes. The dynamic capabilities possessed by the founding entrepreneur turn out to constitute a critical micro foundation for the firm’s international business success. Our findings explain these change mechanisms, illustrating the stepwise progression process led by entrepreneurial decision-making. Industry 4.0 technologies have changed the very manner by which ﬁrms arrange their value-adding activities with their business stakeholders in course of the firm’s internationalization. By relying on reasonable business targets, algorithms, and data management systems, real-time market monitoring enables international startup firms to learn and adopt local identities faster, thereby efficiently alleviating liabilities of foreignness.
17.	Blankenburg Holm, Desirée, et al. (author) Internationalisation of Small to Medium-Sized Manufacturing Firms: A Network Approach 2000 In: International Business Review. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 9:77-93 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
18.	Braunerhjelm, Pontus, 1953-, et al. (author) Born globals – presence, performance and prospects 2019 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 28:1, s. 60-73 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The concept born global firms has gained a spectacular increase in interest from both academic and political circles. Rigorous quantitative treatment of born global firms are however rare in the international business/economics literature. Implementing unique data on all Swedish start-ups during 1998–2008 in the manufacturing sector, we conclude that born global firms are a very rare event, that their prevalence seems invariant to time, and that they perform similar to other matched “twin” firms with regard to profitability and productivity but report a considerably higher growth in employment and sales. These results are robust to a wider definition of born global firms and to the timing of performance measurements.
19.	Braunerhjelm, Pontus, et al. (author) The Relationship Between Domestic and Outward Foreign Direct Investment : The Role of Industry-Specific Effects 2005 In: International Business Review. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 14:6, s. 677-694 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Previous research has been inconclusive as regards the effect of outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic investments. In this article, we show that this inconclusiveness can be explained at a disaggregated level as a function of the way industries are organized. Based on a simple theoretical framework including monitoring and trade costs, we argue that a complementary relationship can be expected to prevail in vertically integrated industries, whereas a substitutionary relationship can be expected in horizontally organized production. The empirical analysis confirms a significant difference between the two categories of industry as regards the impact of outward FDI on domestic investment. The results may thus have profound policy implications.
20.	Chidlow, Agniezka, et al. (author) Do I stay or do I go? Sub-national drivers for post-entry subsidiary development 2015 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 24:2, s. 266-275 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
21.	Chimenson, Dina, et al. (author) The paradox and change of Russian cultural values 2022 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 31:3 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Existing studies on Russian culture using the dominant dimensional theory of culture (e.g., Hofstede’s), in general, offer “stereotypical” characterization of that country’s societal culture but fail to capture the dynamics of cultural values that exist in Russian business and society. We argue that this weakness stems from the either/or logic associated with such an approach. We echo the call for improving the quality of cross-cultural research by going beyond Hofstede (Tung & Verbeke, 2010) through studying cultural paradoxes and their embedded contexts (e.g., Osland & Bird, 2000) in historical and contemporary Russia. To this end, we have applied Faure & Fang’s (2008) framework which builds on the holistic, dynamic, and paradoxical Yin Yang thinking to unravel the paradox inherent and changes to Russian cultural values over time. We find that underlying paradoxical values that traditionally coexisted in Russian culture during the Communist regime have been further reinforced as a consequence of Russia’s interactions with the rest of the world. In post-Communist Russia, traditional values have not disappeared; rather, they coexist and interact with new values as a result of cultural learning and knowledge transfer in global economy. We discuss the implications of these findings for future research.
22.	Choi, S. -G, et al. (author) Knowledge translation through expatriates in international knowledge transfer 2012 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 21:6, s. 1148-1157 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Studies of international knowledge transfer usually focus on the transfer of knowledge without loss between organizational units. However, this research has frequently been inconclusive because of the tacit nature of knowledge and the difficulties of measuring the results of knowledge transfer. Therefore, we suggest a paradigmatic shift of research from knowledge transfer without loss, to knowledge translation as a matter of modification of knowledge when transferred from one context to an other. According to this perspective, the knowledge transfer between the MNE HQ and foreign subsidiaries is a socio-cultural process in which expatriates can be expected to play an important role.In this paper, we study the impact of expatriates in knowledge translation from MNE HQ to foreign subsidiaries. Through an empirical analysis, we examine how the characteristics of expatriates influence the usefulness of knowledge transferred internationally. An important result of the study is that the expatriation experience and, in particular, the relationship development capability has significant positive effects on the international knowledge translation process. However, we did not find any statistical evidence that an expatriate's experience of the particular industry or the particular country has a significant effect.
23.	Ciabuschi, Francesco, et al. (author) Dual embeddedness, influence and performance of innovating subsidiaries in the multinational corporation 2014 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 23:5, s. 897-909 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study adopts a business network view to study the effects of subsidiary embeddedness on both subsidiary influence within the MNC and innovation-related business performance. Through Structural Equation Modeling we analyze subsidiary relationships connected to 85 innovation projects. The results show that external and corporate embeddedness are complementary contexts, although they affect subsidiary influence and performance differently. Whereas external embeddedness directly affects innovation-related business performance, corporate embeddedness strengthens the subsidiary's influence within the MNC, which in turn positively relates to performance. Moreover, as the study also finds that external and corporate embeddedness are positively associated, it stresses the issue of simultaneously balancing both external and corporate relationships (i.e., dual embeddedness) to nurture innovation projects.
24.	Ciabuschi, Francesco, et al. (author) Headquarters involvement and efficiency of innovation development and transfer in multinationals : A matter of sheer ignorance? 2012 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 21:2, s. 130-144 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We compare two theoretical perspectives on the knowledge situation of headquarters (HQ) in multinational corporations: the bounded rationality perspective and the sheer ignorance perspective. We claim that these perspectives lead to different expectations when it comes to HQ's role and the effects of HQ involvement in innovation processes at the subsidiary level. More specifically, we examine the impact of HQ involvement on the efficiency of 71 subsidiary innovation projects. The findings show that HQ involvement in innovation development and transfer has a negative rather than a positive impact on efficiency in both processes. We contribute by showing and suggesting that the sheer ignorance perspective might provide a more accurate portrayal of the HQ knowledge situation than the bounded rationality perspective does. This study furthers understanding of the role of HQ in the contemporary, knowledge-creating multinational.
25.	Cook, Gary, et al. (author) Geographic Clustering and Outward Foreign Direct Investment 2012 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 21:6, s. 1112-1121 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study addresses an important neglected question: To what extent do geographic clusters promote outward foreign direct investment (ODI)? We find evidence that clusters do promote ODI and so support Porter’s argument that advantages gained in clusters can be the foundations of successful internationalisation. Digging deeper, we find that certain cluster incumbents promote more ODI than others, with more experienced firms and firms with stronger resource bases accounting for more ODI. We also find that firms located in clusters within major global nodes/cities engage in more ODI. Finally, we find that both localisation and urbanisation economies promote ODI. However, the former, within-industry effects, are more important. Overall, this study echoes Dunning’s call for more focus on the ‘L’ component of the OLI paradigm and particularly on the advantages that reside in clusters that make them not only attractive destinations for FDI but also fertile environments from which FDI can spring.
26.	Dellestrand, Henrik, 1978-, et al. (author) Moving beyond the transfer dyad : Exploring network influences on transfer effectiveness 2023 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 32:2 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract There is a wealth of research analyzing sender-receiver transfers within multinational corporations focusing on the characteristics of (a) the sender, (b) the receiver, (c) the knowledge subject to transfer, and (d) the immediate transfer context. However, less is known about how networks external to the sender-receiver transfer dyad influence the outcomes of a transfer project. In this paper, we focus on the receiving subunits' internal and external networks and how embedded actors in these networks influence transfer effectiveness. More specifically, by means of an inductive multiple-case study, we explore how internal and external networks of subunits influence the effectiveness of capability transfers from headquarters to subunits. We study 18 transfers of the same capability from headquarters to subunits’ innovation projects. We theorize about how the capacity and configuration of receiving subunits’ networks can have a unique and detrimental influence on transfer effectiveness. The results of our study suggest that the receiver in a transfer project is not so much a specific unit as a network.
27.	Demir, Robert, et al. (author) Skills and complexity in management of IJVs : Exploring Swedish managers’ experiences in China 2007 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 16:2, s. 229-250 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Recent Chinese growth and development has had a tremendous impact on the world economy, especially in terms of the absorption of a significant amount of global foreign direct investment (FDI). Most of this FDI has taken the form of joint ventures between local and foreign firms. Some researchers typically see this as a race by local firms to learn from and eventually outperform foreign firms. The aim of this paper is to explore the evolving experiences, concerning acquired knowledge, resourcing, and control activities, of managers in Sino-Swedish joint ventures. For this purpose, a theoretical framework based on Buckley, P. J., Glaister, K. W., and Husa, R. [(2002). International Joint Ventures: Partnering skills and cross-cultural issues. Long Range Planning, 35, 113-134] and Child, J., and Yan, Y. [(2003). Predicting the performance of International Joint Ventures: An investigation in China. Journal of Management Studies, 40(2)] is developed. Within this framework - The Actor Oriented Approach-four propositions emerge. These are then tested against nine Swedish cases in China. The cases are based on data from a study of Swedish expatriate CEOs. Based on the findings a five stage, sequential approach to foreign firm entry and evolution into foreign markets is constructed. The paper concludes with a discussion of the model's more general applicability and suggestions for further research.
28.	Deng, Z., et al. (author) Rapid internationalization and exit of exporters: The role of digital platforms 2022 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 31:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Digital platforms have been developing fast which transform the benefits and costs of rapid internationalization of firms on them. Employing transaction cost economics perspective, we argue that the transaction attributes of asset specificity, transaction uncertainty, and transaction frequency, have all changed fundamentally in digital platform-based transactions. They render the organizational learning in rapid Internet exporting to counterbalance the diseconomies of time compression caused by the lack of organizational absorptive capacity. By using the three attributes as underlying mechanisms, we hypothesize that the expansion speed of exporters on digital platforms reduces exit hazards of the exporters. We further hypothesize that digital signals on product quality strengthen the main effect. As for digital infrastructure, we recognize its competing effects and make curvilinear moderating hypotheses. Survival analyses based on 353,636 entries of real transaction records from a digital exporting platform have provided robust findings. This study highlights the importance of examining how the digital platform reshapes the transaction attributes and internationalization-performance relationship. © 2021 Elsevier Ltd
29.	Dong, Guowei, et al. (author) Innovation and export performance of emerging market enterprises : The roles of state and foreign ownership in China 2022 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 31:6 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This article examines the role of ownership for the relationship between innovation and exports. Analyzing a large firm-level data set on Chinese manufacturing firms during 2000–2007, we find that state ownership has a positive moderating effect on the innovation–export relationship. We ascribe this effect to state-owned firms’ privileged access to complementary resources and networks that strengthen their ability to use innovation to generate exports. In contrast to many earlier studies, we also find that foreign ownership has a negative moderating effect. One likely reason is that indicators of local innovation do not reflect the flows of knowledge between foreign-owned firms and their parent companies. This finding highlights the fact that innovation and production may be geographically separated within multinational enterprises. A policy implication of the analysis is that public support to innovation is likely to have stronger effects on exports when it targets firms that carry out most of their activities in domestic market.
30.	Drogendijk, Rian, et al. (author) Cultural distance or cultural positions? : Analysing the effect of culture on the HQ-subsidiary relationship 2012 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 21:3, s. 383-396 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We develop a model of cultural positions in relationships that should be considered in addition to the more conventional cultural distance. We empirically analyse relationships between headquarters and foreign subsidiaries in multinational corporations and how high or low acceptance of power differences at both sides of the relationship is associated with headquarters influence on subsidiary competence development. ANCOVA analyses of 1529 subsidiaries in six European countries, headquartered in 28 countries, provide new insights. We find that relationships with low cultural distance, differ significantly in terms of headquarters influence depending on whether headquarters and subsidiaries agree on accepting or rejecting power differences. Similarly, relationships with high cultural distance differ depending on whether it is headquarters or the subsidiary that is from a high-power-distance culture: we find that headquarters influence is particularly dependent on great acceptance of power differences by the subsidiary.
31.	Drogendijk, Rian, et al. (author) Relationship Development in Greenfield Expansions 2013 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 22:2, s. 381-391 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper investigates conceptually how new Greenfield subsidiaries develop relationships over time. We focus our analysis on the earliest start-up stage of new Greenfield subsidiaries, and on the dynamics of relationships development with five different groups of actors within the MNC and the local environment of the new Greenfield. We argue that relationship strength, or the intensity of interaction and resource exchange, depends on the new Greenfield's degree of dependence or interdependence within these relationships and develop propositions based on institutional theory, resource dependency theory and network approaches. In the concluding sections we suggest directions for future work to enhance understanding of the dynamics of relationship management in new Greenfield expansions.
32.	Drogendijk, Rian, et al. (author) Relevant dimensions and contextual weights of distance in international business decisions : Evidence from Spanish and Chinese outward FDI 2015 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 24:1, s. 133-147 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We investigate how distance and different dimensions of distance between countries explain the outward FDI of firms according to distinct home country contexts. We identify three important dimensions of country distance: socio-economic development distance, cultural and historical distance and physical distance. We then empirically explore whether these dimensions receive different weights when explaining the location of FDI depending on its origin by comparing the outward FDI of China and Spain using partial least squares-based structural equations modelling (SEM-PLS). We find that although country distance significantly explains the FDI of both countries, the weights of the three dimensions of distance depend on the home country context. More specifically, we find that all three dimensions of distance explain the direction of Spanish investments, whereas only cultural and historical distance significantly explains Chinese outward FDI. Our research advances the understanding of distance between countries, the dimensions of distance, and how context influences the impact of the dimensions of distance.
33.	Ekman, Peter, et al. (author) Tit for tat and big steps : The case of Swedish banks' internationalization 1961-2010 2014 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 23:6, s. 1049-1063 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study examines four major Swedish banks' internationalization process patterns during the period 1961-2010. The study complements earlier studies by also considering the banks' levels of market commitment. One objective is to determine if 'Tit for tat'-behaviour seen in earlier studies of Swedish banks still prevails after the deregulation. Adding to earlier studies, this study also considers the level of market activities and commitments. A secondary purpose is to examine how the financial crisis has affected the banks with reference to the banks' internationalization patterns. The empirical study is based on archival data on the studied banks' foreign operations. The results show that the banks' behaviour follows 'Tit for tat'-behaviour but that the internationalization has accelerated after the deregulation, hence being carried out with 'big steps' rather than small steps. The analysis also shows that the mimetic behaviour is complemented by other types of internationalization behaviours. The differences in bank internationalization also mean that the effect of a financial crisis varies depending on how the banks have internationalized.
34.	Engwall, Lars, 1942-, et al. (author) Internationalization of Financial Services in Turbulent Markets 2014 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 23:6, s. 1035-1039 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Two significant features during the post-war period have been an increasing internationalization of ecohomic activities and a growing role for financial services in the world economy. Considerable attention has been devoted to both these features separately, while attention to the internationalization of financial service firms has been more limited. Even more limited have been the efforts to combine this work with studies of the influence of market turbulence on financial service firms. The present special issue is an attempt to provide a remedy to this state of affairs. In this introduction we first provide a background to the topic. We then give a brief summary of the characteristics of financial services as well as a short review of extant literature, before presenting the six papers that make up the issue and providing some conclusions.
35.	Engwall, Lars, 1942-, et al. (author) The development of IB as a scientific field 2018 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 27:5, s. 1080-1088 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract International business (IB) is today an established field in business studies with two professional associations and numerous academic publications. However, it is much younger than many other fields in the management area. Although economists were focusing on international issues even before, it was not until after the Second World War that IB started to emerge as a scientific field. The purpose of this paper is to analyse this development from the early days up to the present time. In so doing, using a theoretical framework, it focuses on the organizing of the field, i.e. how early informal contacts eventually led to the formation of formal organizations, the launching of journals, and with the passage of time the publishing of handbooks. The paper provides empirical evidence of all these steps. In this way it presents data on significant contributions to the field.
36.	Eriksson, Kent, et al. (author) Modeling firm specific internationalization risk : An application to banks' risk assessment in lending to firms that do international business 2014 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 23:6, s. 1074-1085 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Drawing on internationalization process theory, we develop a new model for firm-specific internationalization risk assessment. The model shows that firm-specific internationalization risks can be determined from a firm's experiences and from current business activities in a firm's network. Experiential risks are categorized as international, country market, network, or relationship experience risks. Risk assessment in current network activities can be determined from a firm's dependency on a network and from the network's performance and evolution. We apply our model to credit risk assessment by banks and other credit institutions. This article adds to research on financial institutions' credit risk assessment by focusing on firm-specific internationalization risk assessment, an area that has previously received little attention in the literature. In addition, this article provides a better understanding of risk assessment in the internationalization process, shedding light not only on the risks involved in firms' commitment to internationalization but also on the risks that banks and other institutions take when they commit by lending to internationalizing firms.
37.	Eriksson, Kent, et al. (author) Transaction services and SME internationalization : The effect of home and host country bank relationships on international investment and growth 2017 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 26:1, s. 130-144 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Building on the argument put forward by North and Wallis (1994) that the transaction sector enables economic growth by lowering the costs of transacting, we investigate how internationalizing firms' host and home country bank relationships affect their international specific investments and growth. Banks provide payment, liquidity, and risk management services, which are essential to international business relationships, yet little is known about how banks affect international business relationships. In a sample of 255 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), we find that host and home country bank relationships affect the dependent variables differently. We contribute to the literature by explicating the role and effects of banks in international business relationships. Our findings have implications for understanding transaction services in international business as well as the choices made by their customers.
38.	Evers, Natasha, et al. (author) Predictive and effectual decision-making in high-tech international new ventures – A matter of sequential ambidexterity 2021 In: International Business Review. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 30:1, s. 1-13 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This study investigates the international opportunity exploration and exploitation processes of high technology international new ventures (INVs) operating in the global medical devices sector. Drawing upon the effectuation and causation perspectives, we contribute to the micro-foundations of international entrepreneurship research in the early innovation development space by focusing on decision-making logics of techno-entrepreneurs of INVs. Specific focus is afforded to the phases of their exploration and exploitation of international opportunities leading to international new venture creation. In the pre-start-up and start-up stages of international new ventures, we find that sequential ambidexterity applies to how the subject firms manage the exploration and exploitation of opportunities in the delivery of their innovations to global markets. This research advances prior international entrepreneurship studies by focusing on the opportunity and innovation processes on the individual level. We identify different decision-making logics in the different phases and contrary to earlier findings in the international entrepreneurship (IE) area, we found causation logic to dominate the initial stages of exploration and effectuation logic, in the latter stages. Prior commercial experience presented itself as a key determining factor in the decision-making path chosen by international techno-entrepreneurs. Our study further extends the view of organizational ambidexterity by offering empirical insights into the relevance of sequential ambidexterity for understanding the processes of innovation exploration and exploitation in high-tech INVs and the decision-making logics driving these processes. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
39.	Fang, Tony, et al. (author) Changing success and failure factors in business negotiations with the PRC 2008 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 17:2, s. 159-169 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This article studies the factors that could affect success and failure in business negotiations with the People's Republic of China (PRC). By comparing this study with two earlier studies on the same subject conducted in the 1980s and 1990s, respectively, the article suggests that both success and failure factors in negotiating with the PRC are in transition. The article emphasizes the importance of trust, professionalism, technology, and price competition in negotiating with the Chinese in post-WTO China. Future research and managerial implications are discussed.
40.	Fang, Tony, et al. (author) The changing Chinese culture and business behaviour 2008 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 17:2, s. 141-145 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
41.	Fang, Tony (author) Two books: Globalization of Chinese enterprises (by Ilan Alon and John R. McIntyre, eds.), and Chinese Multinationals (by Jean-Paul Larçon, ed.), International Business Review, 20(1), 113-115. 2011 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 20:1, s. 113-115 Review (peer-reviewed)
42.	Fang, Tony, et al. (author) Why did the Telia-Telenor merger fail? 2004 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 13:5, s. 573-594 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The purpose of this article is to examine through a case study of the merger of Telia–Telenor why firms from apparently similar national cultures can fail to form a co-operative venture. Telia and Telenor were the largest telecom operators in Sweden and Norway, respectively. Both were government-owned with a strong monopoly over their respective national markets for a long time. Despite perceived similarities between the negotiating parties in national culture, corporate practice, and language, the negotiation eventually went askew and the ongoing merger ended in December 1999 after only two months in existence. We describe the process of the Telia–Telenor merger negotiation and analyze it from a cross-cultural management perspective. Our major finding is that historical sentiments, feelings and emotions, if not handled well, can cause fatal damage to cross-cultural business ventures.
43.	Faure, Guy Olivier, et al. (author) Changing Chinese values : Keeping up with paradoxes 2008 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 17:2, s. 194-207 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The impact of China's modernization during the past three decades (1978-2008) on the changes of Chinese behaviours is salient. However, these changes have had an even greater impact on Chinese values. Indeed, China seems to have never given up its single most important cultural characteristic, the ability to manage paradoxes. Ancient Chinese society was an oxymoron melting pot. In the current age of globalization, Chinese society has retained and reinforced this unique feature even in the most significant sociocultural changes. Through the analysis of eight pairs of paradoxical values, referring to business and society at large, the article argues that life in contemporary China has undergone significant cultural change. Nonetheless, in terms of the thinking process, modern Chinese society remains anchored to the classical Yin Yang approach.
44.	Fjellström, Daniella, et al. (author) Springboard internationalisation in times of geopolitical tensions 2023 In: International Business Review. - : Emerald. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 32:6 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Geopolitical tensions and a world where state interventions are driven by national security and ideology present novel challenges for emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs). Often, individual companies are targeted, and their corporate growth gets curbed. These phenomena are derived from non-market factors, which are generally absent in the springboard view of the international business discourse that explains the foreign expansion of EMNEs by viewing these firms as ambidextrous organisations capable of handling conflicting requirements. This research aims to understand the international expansion of EMNEs under geopolitical tensions by incorporating non-market factors into the ambidexterity model to enrich the springboard view. A case study of Huawei and its exclusion from the telecommunications industry in Sweden forms the empirical base of this research. The contributions are twofold. First, within the springboard view, the ambidexterity model can be upgraded by incorporating non-market factors that better explain the international expansion of EMNEs in changing geopolitical and business contexts. Second, the research highlights the management of EMNEs' subsidiaries while considering geopolitical tensions.
45.	Forssbaeck, Jens, et al. (author) Finance-specific factors as drivers of cross-border investment - An empirical investigation 2008 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6149 .- 0969-5931. ; 17:6, s. 630-641 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper we empirically test the role of firm-specific financial characteristics as drivers of international investment and production. We hypothesize that financial strength generates advantages that can be exploited through cross-border investment activity. The hypothesis is tested in a series of binary-response models, using a sample of 1379 European non-financial firms' international acquisitions. Controlling for traditional firm- and target-country-specific foreign direct investment (FDI) determinants, we find strong evidence that financial factors play a significant role in explaining cross-border investment. We conclude that without explicit consideration of the financial dimension, firms' FDI decisions cannot be properly understood. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
46.	Fregidou-Malama, Maria, 1944-, et al. (author) Constructing organizational culture in an international subsidiary: Elekta healthcare services in Greece 2024 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 13:4 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Purpose: This study analyzes the development of organizational culture in an international subsidiary in healthcare through the interaction of the parent company and local culture. Design/methodology/approach: We conducted a single case study on Elekta Greece, a subsidiary of the multinational company Elekta based in Sweden via interviews. Findings: The company creates a unique organizational culture, called the Philotask culture, that takes into consideration the cultural contexts of Sweden and Greece, the value of philotimo, situation in the market, and the type of company and services. Research implications/limitations: The model consists of a context-grounded framework focusing on healthcare. Research in other countries and industries can help to generalize this model. Practical implications: The findings indicate that to develop organizational culture, managers need to consider the local cultural context. Originality/value: This research contributes to organizational culture theory, reporting on the Philotask model that emerged.
47.	Fregidou-Malama, Maria, 1944-, et al. (author) Impact of culture on marketing of health services : Elekta in Brazil 2015 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 24:3, s. 530-540 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We examine how culture influences the international marketing of health services. This is done by analyzing how culture affects trust, networks and standardization/adaptation and how trust develops and operates in relation to culture, networks and standardization and adaptation. Using qualitative data gathered through semi-structured interviews and researcher observations, we find that the cultural dimensions of power distance, individualism/collectivism and uncertainty avoidance have an impact on trust, network development and standardization/adaptation. This finding helps in deciding what parts of the service to standardize and what to adapt for successful services marketing. We conceptualize three interrelated levels of trust comprising country-, company- and individual trust. This multilevel trust offers an important understanding of how to manage cultural complexity in the international marketing of services. The theoretical model developed based on cultural dimensions can be useful when marketing services in other countries.
48.	Fregidou-Malama, Maria, 1944-, et al. (author) Multilevel trust in international marketing of healthcare services : A five-country comparative study 2021 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 30:6 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Purpose: This research aims to increase understanding on how multilevel trust is developed as well as how trust levels are interconnected and influence international marketing strategy for healthcare services. Design/Methodology/Approach: A comparative case study approach was applied with Elekta, a Swedish firm, operating in Brazil, the Philippines, China, Russia, and Hong Kong. Findings: The research culminated in a multilevel trust (MLT) model comprised of three levels relating to individuals, company performance, and context. Research implications/limitations: This study offers a context-based multilevel trust model from a process perspective focusing on healthcare. This model can be tested in other service sectors. Practical implications: Managers should consider multilevel trust to boost relationships and achieve local acceptance. Originality/Value: This research contributes to trust theory by constructing a context-based multilevel trust model for international healthcare marketing.
49.	Gammelgaard, Jens, et al. (author) The impact of increases in subsidiary autonomy and network relationships on performance 2012 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 21:6, s. 1158-1172 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper uses network approaches to subsidiary theory to investigate the performance impacts of interactions among the factors of autonomy, intra-organizational network relationships, and inter-organizational network relationships. The paper offers an analysis of both direct and indirect interactions among these factors. This study develops and extends existing research that uses network-based approaches in studies of subsidiary performance by considering the roles of autonomy and network relationships. In addition, the study examines changes in terms of increases in the interactions between the main factors rather than the levels of these factors. The examination of the interactions between increases in autonomy and networks and the subsequent impact of this change on performance contributes to a better understanding of subsidiary evolution. The results, which are based on data gathered from a survey of 350 foreign-owned subsidiaries in the UK, Germany, and Denmark, reveal complex interactions between increases in autonomy and network relationships, and the subsequent impact of these changes on performance. The results also highlight the central role of inter-organizational network relationships in the interaction between the factors, which produce significant and positive effects.
50.	Gebert-Persson, Sabine, et al. (author) On the discursive contest of an international M&A relationship development process within financial services 2014 In: International Business Review. - : Elsevier BV. - 0969-5931 .- 1873-6149. ; 23:6, s. 1064-1073 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The global liberalisation of national regulated financial services' sectors has opened up a wave of international mergers and acquisitions processes. To succeed with such processes, a positive relationship needs to be developed between involved parties. But actors within and outside involved companies in international mergers and acquisitions may have conflicting interests, not least because of national resistance to changes in domestic financial sectors. In order to study the discourse among such actors, this paper presents a theoretical view based on business relationships, highlighting the concept of legitimacy. The aim is to analyse how different actors communicate in and through the media, in order to legitimise their own actions or to delegitimise the actions of their opponents in the relationship development process. The empirical investigation is a longitudinal study of an acquisition process between two insurance companies from Sweden and South Africa. A discourse analysis shows that the relationship development process is not only a matter of rational arguments. It is rather a struggle between actors drawing on discourses that change over time, as a means to affect perceptions of legitimate behaviours to reach the preferred outcome. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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