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1.	Alm, Susanne (författare) Drug abuse and life-chances—Do childhood conditions matter? Results from a Swedish life course study 2017 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 32, s. 1-11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract It is well known that people whose childhoods are characterized by various types of resource deficiencies are at significantly higher risk than others of developing serious drug-abuse. Having confirmed the existence of this correlation in the study's data set, this study asked whether the different childhood conditions experienced by individuals with serious drug-abuse problems continue to affect their life chances once these problems have become established, or whether the drug abuse appears to produce such radically new life conditions that childhood conditions no longer play a significant role. Analyses were based on the Stockholm Birth Cohort study which includes data on a cohort of individuals (n = 15,117) from birth to middle age, and in addition to measurements of social and economic problems during childhood, the analysis also included a measurement of the family's socio-economic status and a measurement of the individual's own childhood resources in the form of school performance. Drug abuse was measured using an indicator of whether the individual had been admitted for inpatient treatment with a drug-related diagnosis at least once at ages 16–30 (n = 229). On basis of Cox and OLS regression models, the most important conclusion from the study was that heavy drug-abuse seems to involve such a fundamental change to individuals' life situation that variations in childhood conditions lose a substantial amount of their power to explain subsequent life course outcomes. However, the study did find a tendency for SES of family of origin to be related to mortality risk up to age 56, in that those from less privileged homes died to a somewhat higher extent. Individuals from more privileged homes did not manage to recover to a higher extent though, but tended to remain in heavy abuse. The study found no relationship between childhood conditions and recovery from heavy abuse.
2.	Almquist, Ylva (författare) Social isolation in the classroom and adult health : A longitudinal study of a 1953 cohort 2011 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 16:1, s. 1-12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Empirical evidence of long-term health effects of social isolation in young people is limited. In childhood, the school class emerges as a central context, wherein social disadvantages may be detrimental for health development. The purpose of this study was to examine social isolation in the school class and its association with adult disease. Data was derived from a longitudinal study using a 1953 cohort born in Stockholm, Sweden (n = 14,294). Two types of social isolation in the classroom, friendlessness and marginalisation, were sociometrically assessed in 6th grade (1966). Information on adult health was gathered through registry-data on in-patient care (1973–2003). Analyses were based on logistic regression and Poisson regression. The results demonstrated that both types of social isolation in the school class were related to various adverse individual, school-related and family-related aspects. Moreover, while marginalisation was associated with the odds of becoming hospitalised, friendlessness was not. However, if ever being hospitalised, both types of isolates had significantly more hospital care events. These results were largely unexplained by the included individual, school-related and family-related aspects.
3.	Andersson, Linus (författare) Lifetime parenthood in the context of single- and multiple-partner fertility 2021 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 47 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The proportion of life spent caring for dependent children is a defining feature of life courses. This study uses Swedish register data to analyze the period of life spent as parents to children no older than 18 as a salient difference between singleand multiple-partner fertility trajectories. Individuals who have children with more than one partner spend a much longer time as parents to dependent children than those who have children with one partner, on average 8.2 more years among men and 6.2 more years among women. Cross-partner birth spacing is a more powerful proximate cause of this gap than completed fertility. We argue that an extended time parenthood is part and parcel to multi-partner fertility and discuss implications of this.
4.	Berg, Noora, et al. (författare) Pathways from poor family relationships in adolescence to economic adversity in mid-adulthood 2017 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1040-2608. ; 32, s. 65-78 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Previous studies have found that troubled childhood family conditions have long-term detrimental effects on a person’s economic situation in adulthood. However, the mechanisms behind these effects are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between poor adolescent family relationships and the economic adversity in mid-adulthood and whether different adversities in early adulthood mediate this association.Participants of a Finnish cohort study at 16 years in 1983 were followed up when aged 22, 32 and 42 (N = 1334). Family relationships were measured according to adolescents’ perceived lack of emotional parental support (e.g. My mother is close to me (reversed)), lack of parental support in the individuation process and poor atmosphere at home. We analysed the direct effects of poor family relationships at age 16 on the economic adversity at age 42 and also indirect effects via various adversities at ages 22 and 32. The examined adversities were poor somatic and mental health, lack of an intimate relationship, low education and heavy drinking.Poor adolescent family relationships were associated with economic adversity in mid-adulthood. For women, poor relationships were associated with their economic adversity (42y) through poor mental health and low education in early adulthood. For men, the effect was transmitted via low education, although this was not the case after adjusting for school achievement in adolescence.The quality of family relationships in adolescence is associated with an individual’s economic situation well into mid-adulthood in women. Moreover, this association was not explained by family structure and parental SEP in adolescence. Early promotion of parent-child interaction, as well as health and education of individuals from troubled family conditions, might reduce economic inequality in adulthood.
5.	Billingsley, Sunnee, et al. (författare) Social mobility and family expansion in Poland and Russia during socialism and capitalism 2018 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1040-2608. ; 36, s. 80-91 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We explore whether social mobility influences fertility behavior, using multiple comparative layers to better observe structural and individual-level mechanisms at work. We locate this study in Poland and Russia during periods of socialism and capitalism. Applying event-history analysis techniques to longitudinal micro-data, we find evidence of a relationship between mobility and second birth risks for women only. Status enhancement aims seem the most plausible link between mobility and childbearing. The relationship appears moderated by the economic context, which we interpret as being related to differential selection into upward and downward mobility based on labor market opportunities. In general, the suppressing effect of upward mobility on second birth risks was stronger in the poorer economic context of Russia, whereas the increased second birth risks related to downward mobility were heightened in Poland’s more prosperous context.
6.	Bishop, Lauren, et al. (författare) Offspring hospitalization for substance use and changes in parental mental health : A Finnish register-based study 2023 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - 1040-2608. ; 57 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Prior research indicates that parental psychiatric disorders increase their offspring's risk of substance use problems. Though the association is likely bidirectional, the effects of an adult child's substance use on parental mental health remain understudied. We examined parents' psychotropic medication use trajectories by parental sex and educational attainment before and after a child's alcohol- or narcotics-attributable hospitalization. We identified Finnish residents, born 1979-1988, with a first hospitalization for substance use during emerging adulthood (ages 18-29, n = 12,851). Their biological mothers (n = 12,283) and/or fathers (n = 10,765) were followed for the two years before and after the hospitalization. Psychotropic medication use was measured in three-month periods centered around the time of child's hospitalization, and the probability of psychotropic medication use at each time point was assessed using generalized estimating equations logit models. Among mothers, the prevalence of psychotropic medication use increased during the year before, peaked during the 0-3 months after hospitalization, and remained at a similarly elevated level until the end of follow-up. The prevalence among fathers increased gradually and linearly across follow-up, with minimal changes evident either directly before or after the hospitalization. Parents' educational attainment did not modify these trajectories. Our results highlight the importance of considering linked lives when quantifying substance use-attributable harms and underscore the need for future research examining the intergenerational spillover effects of substance use in both directions, particularly in mother-child dyads.
7.	Borg, Ida, 1981-, et al. (författare) Socio-spatial stratification of housing tenure trajectories in Sweden – a longitudinal cohort study 2022 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 57 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Individuals tend to be most mobile when they are between 20 and 40 years of age. This pattern is relatively stable across regions and over time. For geographical mobility, less is known about their transitions between different types of housing and tenure forms. In Sweden, households may select between, principally, three different types of tenure forms, each often coupled with a specific housing type. Households may rent from either public companies (municipality owned) or private landlords in multifamily dwellings, households may own their single-family house privately, or they can cooperatively own a multifamily house as a tenant-owner in an apartment. Yet we lack knowledge of which tenure trajectories individuals tend to follow during their most mobile years, and we also lack knowledge about which factors determine tenure trajectories. Our sample consist of individuals who in 1995 were aged 18–25 and who left their parental house between 1994 and 1995. This study tracks their tenure trajectories for 21 consecutive years starting in 1995 until 2015. The cohorts in our sample were the first who encountered the conditions on the deregulated housing market that are still in place in Sweden today. We followed these cohorts until they were between 39 and 46 years old and used sequence analysis to classify tenure trajectories. One result that stands out is the outstanding and increasing emphasis on home ownership in our sample, quite unlike the traditional picture of the Swedish housing market. Additionally, we found that resources in a broad sense and spatial context have a great impact on the type of trajectory individuals follow.
8.	Brydsten, Anna, et al. (författare) Intergenerational Interdependence of Labour Market Careers 2022 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1040-2608. ; 54 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Labour market disadvantages tend to run in families: children who grow up with parents who experience job losses or receive low wages are themselves at higher risk of experiencing labour market difficulties. However, little is known about the intergenerational transmission for those who manage to escape from precariousness, and how the transmission of labour market disadvantage operates depending on the gender structure of parent-child dyads. The present study uses Swedish register data and longitudinal methods that follow a cohort of people born in 1985 (n = 72,409) and their parents across 26 years. Our findings show that children who experienced parental employment disadvantages had the most severe labour market disadvantages later in life. However, if the employment situations of their parents improved, they were somewhat more likely to follow a more stable, high-wage career path compared to children whose parents experienced more persistent forms of disadvantage, such as long-term unemployment or severe labour market instability. We also show that the mother’s labour market disadvantages were an important determinant of the future labour market career of her child, regardless of gender. This finding underscores the need to go beyond the analysis of father-son dyads in intergenerational research.
9.	Chanfreau, Jenny, et al. (författare) Sibling group size and BMI over the life course : Evidence from four British cohort studies 2022 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 53 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Only children, here defined as individuals growing up without siblings, are a small but growing demographic subgroup. Existing research has consistently shown that, on average, only children have higher body mass index (BMI) than individuals who grow up with siblings. How this difference develops with age is unclear and existing evidence is inconclusive regarding the underlying mechanisms. We investigate BMI trajectories for only children and those with siblings up to late adolescence for four British birth cohorts and across adulthood for three cohorts. We use data on BMI from ages 2–63 years (cohort born 1946); 7–55 years (born 1958); 10–46 (born 1970) and 3–17 years (born 2000–2002). Using mixed effects regression separately for each cohort, we estimate the change in BMI by age comparing only children and those with siblings. The results show higher average BMI among only children in each cohort, yet the difference is substantively small and limited to school age and adolescence. The association between sibling status and BMI at age 10/11 is not explained by differential health behaviours (physical activity, inactivity and diet) or individual or family background characteristics in any of the cohorts. Although persistent across cohorts, and despite the underlying mechanism remaining unexplained, the substantively small magnitude of the observed difference and the convergence of the trajectories by early adulthood in all cohorts raises doubts about whether the difference in BMI between only children and siblings in the UK context should be of research or clinical concern. Future research could usefully be directed more at whether only children experience elevated rates of disease, for which high BMI is a risk factor, at different stages of the life course and across contexts.
10.	Duvander, Ann-Zofie, et al. (författare) Who makes the decision to have children? Couples' childbearing intentions and actual childbearing 2020 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 43 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study investigates how the childbearing intentions of women and men in couples affect actual childbearing over the following years with the aim to explore whether women's or men's intentions may be more important. The study is set in Sweden, a country known for ranking high in terms of gender equality and a country with relatively high fertility. We use the Young Adult Panel Study (YAPS), which gives information about both partners' long-term childbearing intentions in 2009, and follow these couples for five years with register data on childbearing. In 30 percent of the couples, both partners intended to have a child, and out of these about three quarters have a child. The results show that, in general, both partners need to intend to have a child for the couple to do so but that women's intentions tend to have more influence over the decision to have a second or third child. This phenomenon is interpreted as decision-making in relation to the cost and utility of children for women and men.
11.	Evertsson, Marie (författare) Parental leave and careers : Women's and men's wages after parental leave in Sweden 2016 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 29, s. 26-40 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Persistent gender differences in caretaking and the parental leave length have been proposed as one important reason why the gender wage and income gap has remained stablein Sweden for a long period of time. In this article, we study whether and how parental leave uptake (PL) affects mothers' and fathers' earned income and wages during a period of up to eight years after the first child is born. Focusing on those who had their first child in 1999, the descriptive results based on Swedish population registers show that social transfers compensate for a large part of the loss in earned income for mothers. Multivariate analyses of fixed effect models indicate small wage effects of PL. PL results in greater wage reductions (or the loss of wage increases) for the higher educated than for others. For women, the longer their leaves are, the more their wages suffer. For men, the negative wage effect is more immediate but increases less with time in parental leave, which leads to the conclusion that human capital depreciation most likely is not the main reason for the wage decreases that fathers experience. Instead, it seems that men's leave taking is perceived as a signal of work commitment by employers, given that the negative wage effect appears already at very short leaves.
12.	Fors, Stefan, et al. (författare) Is childhood intelligence associated with coexisting disadvantages in adulthood? Evidence from a Swedish cohort study 2018 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 38, s. 12-21 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Intelligence has repeatedly been linked to a range of different outcomes, including education, labour market success and health. Lower intelligence is consistently associated with worse outcomes. In this study, we analyzed the associations between intelligence measured in childhood, and the risk of experiencing a range of different configurations of coexisting disadvantages in adulthood. We also examined the role of educational achievements in shaping the associations. The analyses are based on the Stockholm Birth Cohort, a data material that encompasses more than 14,000 individuals born in 1953, with follow up until 2008. Latent class analysis was used to identify four different outcome configurations characterized by varying levels of disadvantages, measured in terms of unemployment, social assistance recipiency, and mental health problems. The results show that those who scored lower on an intelligence test in childhood were at an increased risk of experiencing all configurations characterized by increased levels of disadvantages during adulthood. However, these associations were contingent on educational achievement. Once the models were adjusted for school marks and educational attainment, no association between intelligence and disadvantages remained. These findings highlight the importance of developing strategies to facilitate optimal educational opportunities for all children, at all levels of cognitive performance.
13.	Huschek, Doreen, et al. (författare) Crime and parenthood : Age and gender differences in the association between criminal careers and parenthood 2016 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 28, s. 65-80 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Criminal careers are linked with life-course careers in other domains. In life-course criminology, thus far research has predominantly focused on the effects conventional events and transitions (such as marriage or work) have on criminal development. Far less attention has been paid to the way that an individual's criminal career in turn may influence an individual's demographic transitions. This one sided research attention inhibits our understanding of how crime resonates through the life-course. The current effort seeks to help overcome this research bias by focusing on the influence crime has on the occurrence and timing of parenthood. Specifically, this paper examines the role of a criminal lifestyle - or in other words a frequent offending career - on the chance to become a first-time parent and whether this influence differs by age, gender and marital status. We use the Criminal Career and Life-Course Study (CCLS), a long-term longitudinal register dataset on a large sample of offenders (4059 men and 384 women) convicted in the Netherlands in 1977. For men and women, we find that being heavily involved in a criminal lifestyle during adolescence and early adulthood is connected with an early experience of parenthood. By contrast, being heavily involved in a criminal lifestyle after the mid-twenties is associated with a lower likelihood of experiencing fatherhood for men but does not any longer influence the transition to motherhood among women. These findings hold regardless of the type of crime. We discuss the possible importance of age-related social expectations for the involvement in crime, the special situation of criminal women and the possible importance of planned and unplanned parenthood to explain the results.
14.	Härkönen, Juho, et al. (författare) Gender inequalities in occupational prestige across the working life : An analysis of the careers of West Germans and Swedes born from the 1920s to the 1970s 2016 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 29:SI, s. 41-51 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Using retrospective occupational biography data from West Germany and Sweden we analyze gender inequalities in occupational careers in three birth cohorts (1920s to early 1940s, mid-1940s to early 1960s, and mid-1960s to late 1970s). We ask whether gender inequalities are generated at labour market entry, whether career progression and parenthood weaken or strengthen such gender inequalities, and how they differ across cohorts in the two countries. With data from the German Life History Study and the Swedish Level of Living Surveys, we used growth curve analysis to model career developments in occupational prestige. We find less change in occupational prestige across careers in Germany than in Sweden. In both countries a clear female disadvantage in occupational prestige in the oldest cohort has turned into a female advantage in the youngest cohort. This is only partially explained by changes in educational attainment levels. We also find a substantial motherhood penalty in careers in both countries, which has shifted to a fatherhood premium in Sweden over time.
15.	Kalucza, Sara, 1987-, et al. (författare) Not all the same : Swedish teenage mothers' and fathers' selection into disparate early family formation trajectories 2020 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1040-2608. ; 44 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Previous research has focused on teenage parenthood as a single outcome, and has overlooked the wider family formation trajectory in which it is situated. In this paper, using Swedish register data and sequence analysis tools, we explore the diversity in timing and ordering of childbearing and (re)partnering events among teenage parents. We identify trajectory clusters of traditional family patterns, modern family patterns, single parenthood and re-partnering patterns. We also examine the role of resources in the family of origin for the probability of following the different types of family formation trajectories among teenage parents. Where economic resources in the family of origin is related to the type of trajectory teenage fathers follow, family structure is of greater importance for teenage mothers. The family formation trajectories of teenage parents display substantial heterogeneity, which contradicts a view that a person who has a child early in life suddenly has their life's script written.
16.	Kalucza, Sara, 1987-, et al. (författare) Transformation, disruption or cumulative disadvantage? Labor market and education trajectories of young mothers in Australia 2022 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1040-2608. ; 51 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Young motherhood is often framed as detrimental to the life chances of young women with research showing negative impacts on education and labor market outcomes. At the same time, qualitative research reports narratives of motherhood as a transformative experience, providing motivation for a fresh start and moving young women away from previously unstable life pathways. These scenarios appear contradictory, however outcomes might vary for different groups of women depending on their pre-birth trajectories. We investigate the effects of early parenthood using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. We employ a sequence based approach to compare labor market- and educational precarity of young mothers and non-parenting peers. We employ a novel sequence matching technique creating a comparison group of non-parenting young women, based on similarities in early labor market trajectories. We find that young mothers have higher levels of precarity in their pre-birth trajectories. Moreover, our results show that becoming a young mother is connected to an average increase in labor market and educational precarity post birth, which supports the hypothesis of cumulative disadvantage. However, only mothers with the least precarious trajectories prior to birth experience this development, whereas young women already on highly precarious paths see a decrease in precarity over time. Although our results do not support cumulative disadvantage for the most disadvantaged women, neither does it support the idea of parenthood as a transformative event. Our results point to the importance of understanding heterogeneity in the outcomes of young mothers.
17.	Kolk, Martin, 1986-, et al. (författare) Fading family lines- women and men without children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren in 19th, 20th and 21st Century Northern Sweden 2022 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 53 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract We studied to what extent family lines die out over the course of 122 years based on Swedish population-level data. Our data included demographic and socioeconomic information for four generations in the Skellefteå region of northern Sweden from 1885 to 2007. The first generation in our sample consisted of men and women born between 1885 and 1899 (N = 5850), and we observed their children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. We found that 48% of the first generation did not have any living descendants (great-grandchildren) by 2007. The risk of a family line dying out within the four-generational framework was highest among those who had relatively low fertility in the first generation. Mortality during reproductive years was also a leading reason why individuals in the first generation ended up with a greater risk of not leaving descendants. We identified socioeconomic differences: both the highest-status and the lowest-status occupational groups saw an increased risk of not leaving any descendants. Almost all lineages that made it to the third generation also made it to the fourth generation.
18.	Kreyenfeld, Michaela, et al. (författare) Socioeconomic differences in the unemployment and fertility nexus : Evidence from Denmark and Germany 2014 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 21, s. 59-73 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Studies that have investigated the role of unemployment in childbearing decisions have often shown no or only barely significant results. We argue that many of these nonfindings may be attributed to a neglect of group-specific differences in behavior. In this study, we examine how the association of unemployment and fertility varies by sociodemographic subgroups using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) and from Danish population registers. We find that male unemployment is related to a postponement of first and second childbearing in both countries. The role of female unemployment is less clear at these two parities. Both male and female unemployment is positively correlated with third birth risks. More importantly, our results show that there are strong educational gradients in the unemployment and fertility nexus, and that the relationship between unemployment and fertility varies by socioeconomic group. Fertility tends to be lower during periods of unemployment among highly educated women and men, but not among their less educated counterparts.
19.	Kridahl, Linda, 1984-, et al. (författare) Retirement coordination in opposite-sex and same-sex married couples : Evidence from Swedish registers 2018 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 38, s. 22-36 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This study examines how married couples’ age differences and gender dynamics influence retirement coordination in Sweden. High-quality longitudinal administrative registers allow us to study the labor market outcomes of all marital couples in Sweden. Using regression analysis, we find that the likelihood of couples retiring close in time decreases as their age difference increases but that age differences have a similar effect on retirement coordination for couples with larger age differences. Additionally, retirement coordination is largely gender-neutral in opposite-sex couples with age differences regardless of whether the male spouse is older. Additionally, male same-sex couples retire closer in time than both opposite-sex couples and female same-sex couples. The definition of retirement coordination as the number of years between retirements contributes to the literature on couples’ retirement behavior and allows us to study the degree of retirement coordination among all couples, including those with larger age differences.
20.	Mahne, Katharina, et al. (författare) Grandparenthood: A Universal Aspiration for Later Life? On the Subjective Importance of the Grandparent Role in Germany 2011 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1040-2608. ; 17:3, s. 145-155 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In the light of changing opportunity structures for the experience of grandparenthood, we address older parents’ attitudes towards the grandparent role. Our focus is on the interrelationship between the importance of the grandparent role and social class. The likelihood of the transition to grandparenthood and the opportunities to enact the grandparent role clearly differ according to an individual's social class position. We therefore ask whether the importance attached to grandparenthood varies for individuals from different social classes as well. Furthermore, we test for other correlates of the subjective importance of grandparenthood, such as the quality of family relations, marital status, and value orientations towards life in general.The analyses are based on data of the German Ageing Survey, a nationally representative study of individuals aged 40 years and older. Data collected in 2008 provide information on the subjective importance of (prospective) grandparenthood as reported by grandparents and non-grandparents.According to our data, the subjective importance of experienced as well as prospective grandparenthood does not vary by social class. Instead, we find relationship quality with grandchildren to be most influential and positively related to the perceived importance of the grandparent role. The same holds true for non-grandparents and their relationships with children. Conservative value orientations promote the importance of a future transition to grandparenthood only. In light of the findings, and given the changing opportunities to experience the grandparent role, grandparenthood might evolve into an unequally distributed social resource for later life.
21.	Nisén, Jessica, et al. (författare) The gendered impacts of delayed parenthood : A dynamic analysis of young adulthood 2022 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 53 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Young adulthood is a dynamic and demographically dense stage in the life course. This poses a challenge for research on the socioeconomic consequences of parenthood timing, which most often focuses on women. We chart the dynamics of delayed parenthood and its implications for educational and labor market trajectories for young adult women and men using a novel longitudinal analysis approach, the parametric g-formula. This method allows the estimation of both population-averaged effects (among all women and men) and average treatment effects (among mothers and fathers). Based on high-quality data from Finnish registers, we find that later parenthood exacerbates the educational advantage of women in comparison to men and attenuates the income advantage of men in comparison to women across young adult ages. Gender differences in the consequences of delayed parenthood on labor market trajectories are largely not explained by changes in educational trajectories. Moreover, at the time of entering parenthood, delayed parenthood improves the incomes of fathers more than those of mothers, thereby exacerbating existing gender differences. The results provide population-level evidence on how the delay of parenthood has contributed to the strengthening of women’s educational position relative to that of men. Further, the findings on greater increases in fathers’ than mothers’ incomes at the time of entering parenthood, as followed by postponement, may help explain why progress in achieving gender equality in the division of paid and unpaid work in families has been slow.
22.	Piiroinen, Ilkka, et al. (författare) Long-term changes in sense of coherence and mortality among middle-aged men : A population -based follow-up study 2022 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1040-2608 .- 1879-6974. ; 53 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sense of coherence (SOC) scale measures one’s orientation to life. SOC is the core construct in Antonovsky’ssalutogenic model of health. It has been shown that weak SOC correlates with poor perceived health, low qualityof life, and increased mortality. Some studies have indicated that SOC is not stable across life, but there are noprevious studies on how a change of SOC is reflected in mortality. However, there is some evidence that a changein perceived quality of life is associated with mortality. The study explores the association between the change inSOC and mortality using longitudinal data from a cohort of middle-aged Finnish men recruited between 1986and 1989. Approximately 11 years after the baseline examinations, between 1998 and 2001, 854 men returnedthe SOC questionnaire a second time. The baseline SOC was adjusted for the regression to the mean phenomenonbetween the two measurements. The hazard ratios of the SOC difference scores were adjusted for initial SOC ageand 12 somatic risk factors of mortality (alcohol consumption, blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterolconcentration, physical activity, education, smoking, marital status, employment status, history of cancer, his-tory of cardiovascular disease and diabetes). SOC was not stable among middle-aged Finnish men and a declinein SOC was associated with an increased hazard of all-cause mortality. In the fully adjusted model, a decrease ofone standard deviation (SD) of the SOC mean difference increased the mortality hazard by about 35 %, two SDsdecrease about 70 %, and 2.5 SDs about 100 %. Strengthening SOC showed a limited association with decreasingmortality hazards in the age-adjusted model. Policies, strategies, or plans, supporting SOC in the middle-age mayhelp to decrease mortality and increase quality of life in later years.
23.	Rozer, Jesper Jelle, et al. (författare) Romantic relationship formation, maintenance and changes in personal networks 2015 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 23, s. 86-97 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract According to the social withdrawal hypothesis, a personal network becomes smaller when a person starts dating, cohabitates and marries. This phenomenon is widely established in the literature. However, these studies were usually done with cross-sectional data. As a consequence, it is still unclear whether or how personal networks actually change after the formation of a romantic relationship (i.e. dating), after starting cohabitation and after getting married. It is also unclear how long and to what extent social withdrawal continues. To overcome these shortcomings, we examine how the size and composition of personal networks change after relationship formation. We use two waves of the PAIRFAM dataset (2008 and 2011), which include information about 6640 Germans who were between 16 and 39 years of age at the time of the second interview in 2008. Results from fixed effects regression models underscore that the association between romantic relationships and changes in personal networks is more dynamic than previous studies suggested. For example, after the formation of a romantic relationship people show a decrease in non-kin contacts, while an increase in non-kin contacts is observed after two years of dating, as well as after two years of cohabitation. These network changes suggest that people adapt their social networks to the demands and constraints of each phase of a romantic relationship. Because the decline in network size after dating is not stable, there is no need to be afraid that those who have a romantic partner remain isolated from other relationships.
24.	Scott, Kirk, et al. (författare) The transition to parenthood among the second generation: evidence from Sweden, 1990–2005. 2011 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1569-4909 .- 1040-2608. ; 16, s. 190-204 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
25.	Settersten, Richard A., et al. (författare) Understanding the effects of Covid-19 through a life course lens 2020 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 45 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Covid-19 pandemic is shaking fundamental assumptions about the human life course in societies around the world. In this essay, we draw on our collective expertise to illustrate how a life course perspective can make critical contributions to understanding the pandemic's effects on individuals, families, and populations. We explore the pandemic's implications for the organization and experience of life transitions and trajectories within and across central domains: health, personal control and planning, social relationships and family, education, work and careers, and migration and mobility. We consider both the life course implications of being infected by the Covid-19 virus or attached to someone who has; and being affected by the pandemic's social, economic, cultural, and psychological consequences. It is our goal to offer some programmatic observations on which life course research and policies can build as the pandemic's short- and long-term consequences unfold.
26.	Silverstein, Merril, et al. (författare) Sense of coherence changes with aging over the second half of life 2015 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608 .- 1879-6974. ; 23, s. 98-107 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sense of coherence (SOC), a concept reflecting meaningfulness, comprehensibility, and manageability of life, has been demonstrated to have strong connections to positive outcomes such as good health. However, less is known about how SOC changes over the second half of life as age-related deficits accumulate. We used longitudinal samples of mature adults that included the oldest-old to track change in SOC from age 55 to 101. Growth curves using an accelerated longitudinal design were estimated for 1809 individuals who contributed 4072 observations from five national Swedish surveys between 1991 and 2010/11. Results indicated that deficits in health and social resources were largely responsible for the precipitous decline in SOC after age 70. When controlling for these deficits, SOC increased continuously into advanced old age. We conclude that the capacity to comprehend, manage, and find meaning in life the component elements of SOC strengthens over the last years of life, suggesting a positive ontogenic development that runs parallel but opposite to the negative impact of health and social decline.
27.	Sirnio, Outi, et al. (författare) Income trajectories after graduation : An intergenerational approach 2016 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 30, s. 72-83 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Labor-market outcomes depend on educational attainment, but parental background also plays a role. By applying sociological perspective to income and combining the classical intergenerational approach with a study of intragenerational mobility, we analyze the direct association between parental background and achieved labor-market outcomes. We focus on income trajectories within the same level of achieved education by parental income. Using register-based data covering the whole Finnish population, we analyze those who graduated in 1995-2000 for eight years after graduation by means of repeated measures linear regression. The results show that following entry into the labor market higher parental income is associated with higher incomes even after adjustment for education, labor market status, and childbearing. The effects of parental income are observed within all education groups except for those with highest education, and for men and women. We further demonstrate that parental income is associated with either higher starting level or faster growth of incomes within most education groups. The implication is that intergenerational associations are complex processes that are shaped across the whole life course.
28.	Sirniö, Outi, et al. (författare) Intergenerational determinants of joint labor market and family formation pathways in early adulthood 2017 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 34, s. 10-21 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Early adulthood life courses have become diversified in recent decades, but little is known about how different dimensions of early life courses (i.e., education, labor market participation and family formation) co-evolve and are associated with parental background. This study describes the most typical joint labor market and family formation pathways of young adults and assesses whether belonging to these pathway groups is associated with parental origin. We use annually updated register-based data and analyze Finnish men and women born between 1972 and 1975 with follow-up until their mid-30s. By using multichannel sequence analyses, we identified six distinct pathway types to adulthood that are defined by educational attainment, labor market participation, and family formation, and demonstrate that these pathways are primarily dominated by the educational achievements of young adults. Educational choices and trajectories, thus, also strongly shape the patterns of other life paths and events in early adulthood. Gender differences were particularly evident for pathways characterized by low education, women entering pathways dominated by early partnership and motherhood, and men remaining without a partner or any children. We further show that parental resources particularly parental income predict the paths upon which the young adults embark. Parental resources in particular are most strongly linked with the educational differentiation between the paths.
29.	Stanfors, Maria, et al. (författare) Heterogamy and contraceptive use among married and cohabiting women 2022 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1569-4909 .- 1040-2608. ; 53 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Decisions about which contraceptives to use are a key component of a couple’s “fertility work,” and these decisions can be made in homogamous or heterogamous couple contexts. Relative resource theory and the strain perspective suggest that heterogamy may lead to differences in bargaining power or higher levels of discordance within couples, thereby affecting the distribution of fertility work and decisions about which contraceptives a couple will use. While heterogamy has been linked to less effective contraceptive use amongst teenagers, its role in the contraceptive behavior of married and cohabiting women has been less widely studied. This study examines the association between relationship context in terms of education, age, and race/ethnicity heterogamy and partnered women’s use of contraceptives. We used data on partnered women aged 20-45 who were trying to avoid pregnancy from the 2006-2015 National Survey of Family Growth (n= 8,097). We used multinomial logistic regressions to determine whether education, age, or race/ethnicity heterogamy was associated with the use of male or female sterilization, long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), other hormonal contraceptives, or other non-hormonal methods. We did not find consistent evidence that relative bargaining power due to higher education, more advanced age, or racial/ethnic privilege resulted in the use of methods requiring lower levels of fertility work. We found some evidence supporting the strain perspective. Younger women (20-34) who differed from their partners along two or more dimensions were less likely to use contraceptive methods requiring ongoing effort and coordination (i.e., LARCs, other hormonal methods, and non-hormonal methods). This association was not observed among women aged 35-45. Despite the more permanent nature of marriage/cohabitation, differences between partners in heterogamous relationships may factor into the contraceptive decision-making process, especially among younger adults at earlier stages of their relationships.
30.	Torssander, Jenny, et al. (författare) Trajectories of economic, work-, and health-related disadvantage and subsequent mortality risk : Findings from the 1953 Stockholm Birth Cohort 2017 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 31, s. 57-67 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract To experience difficulties such as poverty, joblessness, or mental disease, may not only impair one's current life situation but could also involve increased later-life mortality risks. Although various types of disadvantage often are interrelated, little attention has been paid to the multifaceted interplay between disadvantages and subsequent mortality. We extended the current research by (1) identifying life-course trajectories of economic, work- and health-related disadvantage, and (2) assessing relative mortality risks for different life-course trajectories. The disadvantages included were unemployment, social assistance recipiency, and severe mental illness in 1992-1999, whereas the follow-up of all-cause mortality covered the years 2000-2008. Results based on the Stockholm Birth Cohort study of individuals born 1953, utilizing (1) sequence and (2) survival analyses, revealed seven life-course trajectories of disadvantage, some of which were related to elevated mortality risks. In particular, life courses characterized by persistent and coexisting disadvantages during the 1990s were associated with comparably higher mortality in the 2000s. Conversely, temporary disadvantage, even if characterized by high intensity and/or combined with other difficulties, was not associated with increased mortality risks. To pay simultaneous attention to different types of disadvantages, as well as the routes in and out of them, is thus central for understanding inequalities in mortality.
31.	Virtanen, Pekka, et al. (författare) Tracks of labour market attachment in early middle age : A trajectory analysis over 12 years 2011 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 1040-2608. ; 16:2, s. 55-64 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The predominant aim of this study was to contribute to the methodology in research on work trajectories as essential element of the life course in adulthood. Data on the labour market attachment of a population cohort (n = 1005) from age 30 to age 42 were collected with a questionnaire. We applied trajectory analysis in order to define different attachment tracks. According to the information criteria, six tracks were discerned: in addition to those who are in permanent employment (high-level attachment), in temporary employment (medium-level attachment) and out of work (poor-level attachment) throughout early middle age, we were able to define subgroups that move from temporary to permanent employment (strengthening attachment) or vice versa (weakening attachment), and also some who enter working life and attain permanent employment at a relatively high age (delayed attachment). On average, attachment was high and strengthened with time, indicating that no major de-standardization of employment occurred during the follow-up years (1995-2007) in the studied labour market and age cohort. Given longitudinal data with at least ordinal scale variables, the applied trajectory analysis may be recommended as a "method of choice" in clustering the diverse and non-standard work-life courses into a meaningful set of tracks. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
32.	Vossemer, Jonas, et al. (författare) The effect of an early-career involuntary job loss on later life health in Europe 2018 Ingår i: Advances in Life Course Research. - : Elsevier. - 1040-2608. ; 35, s. 69-76 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Recent years have witnessed an increase in interest towards the long-term health consequences of early-career job loss and youth unemployment. Relying on detailed retrospective data from the third wave (2008/09) of the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) this paper investigates whether an involuntary job loss in the first 10 years after labour market entry has lasting negative effects on health more than 30 years later. The results show that an early-career involuntary job loss due to a layoff or plant closure increases the probability of fair or poor self-rated health in late life by about 6 percentage points. Moreover, examining the mechanisms behind this relationship, the analysis reveals that the subsequent unemployment risks and employment instability only explain a small share of the total effect. In line with previous studies, these findings highlight the importance of early career experiences for workers’ later life health.

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