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1.
  • Abbasalizadeh, Aida, et al. (author)
  • Highlights of the Salt Extraction Process
  • 2013
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 65:11, s. 1552-1558
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This article presents the salient features of a new process for the recovery of metal values from secondary sources and waste materials such as slag and flue dusts. It is also feasible in extracting metals such as nickel and cobalt from ores that normally are difficult to enrich and process metallurgically. The salt extraction process is based on extraction of the metals from the raw materials by a molten salt bath consisting of NaCl, LiCl, and KCl corresponding to the eutectic composition with AlCl3 as the chlorinating agent. The process is operated in the temperature range 973 K (700 degrees C) to 1173 K (900 degrees C). The process was shown to be successful in extracting Cr and Fe from electric arc furnace (EAF) slag. Electrolytic copper could be produced from copper concentrate based on chalcopyrite in a single step. Conducting the process in oxygen-free atmosphere, sulfur could be captured in the elemental form. The method proved to be successful in extracting lead from spent cathode ray tubes. In order to prevent the loss of AlCl3 in the vapor form and also chlorine gas emission at the cathode during the electrolysis, liquid aluminum was used. The process was shown to be successful in extracting Nd and Dy from magnetic scrap. The method is a highly promising process route for the recovery of strategic metals. It also has the added advantage of being environmentally friendly.
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2.
  • Ananthanarayanan, Durga, et al. (author)
  • Grain Structure Prediction for Directionally Solidified Superalloy Castings
  • 2020
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Nature. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 72:5, s. 1785-1793
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A highly parallelized mesoscale solidification model based on a cellular automaton method was coupled with a macroscale process model to predict grain structure during directional solidification. The macroscale thermal model and a nucleation parameter (maximum nucleation density) for René N500 were verified and calibrated using temperature profiles obtained via thermocouples in step-geometry castings and grain structures analyzed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), respectively. The calibrated model was then applied to a laboratory-scale turbine blade to predict its grain structures. The predicted grain sizes agreed with experimental measurements under different casting conditions. The established bulk nucleation parameter based on the simple geometry can be directly transferred to complex geometries. Grain calculations without accurate estimations of nucleation on the chill plate can still provide reasonably good predictions. Overall, a viable path to calibrate model inputs for grain structure models based on simple geometry, where faster iterations can be achieved, is demonstrated.
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3.
  • Aune, Ragnhild E., et al. (author)
  • Thermophysical properties of silicate slags
  • 2002
  • In: JOM. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 54:11, s. 62-69
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The optimization of metallurgical processes requires reliable data of the slag phase. This paper focuses on three properties that are relevant to heat and mass-transfer calculations-viscosities, thermal diffusivities, and surface tensions of silicate melts. A brief account of the experimental techniques used for the measurements of these properties, with special reference to the work carried out in the Division of Metallurgy, Royal Institute Of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, are presented, along with the advantages and limitations. As these properties are structure-oriented, the impact of structure on these properties is also presented. The paper is intended as a state-of-the-art review of the subject.
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4.
  • Awasthi, Shikha, et al. (author)
  • Multi-Length Scale Tribology of Electrophoretically Deposited Nickel-Diamond Coatings
  • 2017
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 69:2, s. 227-235
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Electrophoretically deposited (EPD) nickel and its composite coatings are widely used to enhance the life span of continuous ingot casting molds in the steel, aerospace and automotive industries. This article reports the effect of different concentrations of diamond particles (2.5–10 g/L) on the wear mechanism of EPD Ni. The distribution of diamond particles in the Ni matrix was observed using Voronoi tessellation. Variation in COF was observed by a fretting wear test to be 0.51 ± 0.07 for Ni, which decreases to 0.35 ± 0.03 for the Ni-diamond coatings. The wear volume of the coatings with 7.5 g/L concentration of diamond was observed to be a minimum (0.051 ± 0.02 × 10−3 mm3) compared with other composite coatings. Further, the micro-scratch testing of the coatings also exhibited a reduced COF (0.03–0.12) for 7.5 g/L diamond concentration compared with Ni (0.08–0.13). Higher wear resistance of the diamond-added coatings (optimum 7.5 g/L concentration) is due to the balance between the dispersion strengthening mechanism and the enhancement of the load-bearing capacity due to the incorporation of diamond particles. Thus, these composites can be used for applications in automotive and aerospace industries. © 2016 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
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5.
  • Bayat, Nazlin, et al. (author)
  • Surface structure formation in direct chill (DC) casting of al alloys
  • 2014
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 66:5, s. 700-710
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The aim of this study is to increase the understanding of the surface zone formation during direct chill (DC) casting of aluminum billets produced by the air slip technology. The depth of the shell zone, with compositions deviating from the bulk, is of large importance for the subsequent extrusion productivity and quality of final products. The surface microstructures of 6060 and 6005 aluminum alloys in three different surface appearances - defect free, wavy surface, and spot defects - were studied. The surface microstructures and outer appearance, segregation depth, and phase formation were investigated for the mentioned cases. The results were discussed and explained based on the exudation of liquid metal through the mushy zone and the fact that the exudated liquid is contained within a surface oxide skin. Outward solidification in the surface layer was quantitatively analyzed, and the oxide skin movements explained meniscus line formation. Phases forming at different positions in the segregation zone were analyzed and coupled to a cellular solidification in the exudated layer.
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6.
  • Beheshti, Reza, et al. (author)
  • Black Dross : Processing Salt Removal from Black Dross by Thermal Treatment
  • 2014
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 66:11, s. 2243-2252
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The salt removal from black dross by thermal treatment has experimentally been studied under different conditions in both a stationary resistance furnace and in a laboratory scale rotary furnace. The experiments were designed based on partial pressure calculations using the Thermo-Calc software (Thermo-Calc Software, Stockholm, Sweden). The salt removal efficiency was evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction analyses, and the optimum conditions for treatment established, i.e., temperature, gas flow rate, holding time, rotation rate, and sample size. The overall degree of chloride removal was established to increase as a function of time and temperature, as well as by reduced pressure. Under atmospheric pressure, the highest degree of chloride removal from a 20 g sample was obtained after 10 h at 1523 K resulting in a 98% removal and a final chloride content of 0.3 wt.% in the residue. Under reduced pressure, the chloride concentrate was lowered to 0.2 wt.% after thermal treatment of a 20 g sample at 1473 K for 8 h. In the case of 200 g samples treated in a rotary furnace, the chloride concentrate was 2.5 wt.% after 14 h at 1523 K, representing a removal of 87%. Below 0.3 wt.% chloride content, the material is deemed a nonhazardous waste.
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7.
  • Björkman, Bo, et al. (author)
  • Waste reduction through process optimization and development
  • 1996
  • In: JOM. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 48:3, s. 45-49
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this article, the possibilities of optimizing metallurgical processes based on minimization for waste reduction and application requirements for the reuse of waste products are discussed together with the possibilities of treating existing waste in direct connection with the process involved. Some results from ongoing projects on controlled dust generation and an outline of an ongoing research program are also described.
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8.
  • Buffington, Jack, et al. (author)
  • Defining a Closed-Loop US Aluminum Can Supply Chain Through Technical Design and Supply Chain Innovation
  • 2013
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 65:8, s. 941-950
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The purpose of this study is to conduct a supply chain material flow analysis (MFA) for the U.S. aluminum can market, consistent with studies conducted for the overall worldwide aluminum industry. A technical definition of the use of alloys 5182 and 3104 is conducted by metallurgists for use in the "aluminum can" MFA. Four propositions are created: technical, economic, and supply chain factors are as important to secondary aluminum recycling in an aluminum can as higher recycling rates (P-1); the development of a unialloy aluminum can will increase reuse rates, but recycling rates must increase for this to happen (P-2); a closed-loop aluminum can supply chain is not able to be fully realized in today's environment but is very useful for understanding improvement through both supply and demand (P-3); and UBC supply can improve through a "voluntary deposit-refund system" approach (P-4).
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9.
  • Buffington, Jack (author)
  • The Beverage Can in the United States : Achieving a 100% Recycled Aluminum Can through Supply Chain Innovation
  • 2012
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 64:8, s. 923-932
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The purpose of this research is to analyze why recycled content is low (33-50%) in the aluminum can in the United States when it is technically possible to have a product that is made from 100% recycled material. A comprehensive literature review is conducted, followed by identification of five propositions determined with respect to the research problem. With respect to aluminum can recycling (and its research), there is a greater focus on the role of the consumer than the producer in the aluminum can supply chain system, which may impact on the role of innovation in addressing the problem. The upstream primary aluminum supply chain is vertically integrated and efficient within itself, but not integrated with the downstream secondary aluminum can market. Given the importance of the secondary aluminum market in the United States, there are significant recycling/efficiency/sustainability opportunities to address. As opposed to a dominant focus on consumers and their recycling habits, this study focuses on the aggregate aluminum can supply chain to apply innovation to the solution.
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10.
  • Cai, Xiaoping, et al. (author)
  • Fabrication of Highly Porous CuAl Intermetallic by Thermal Explosion Using NaCl Space Holder
  • 2018
  • In: JOM. - : The Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 70:10, s. 2173-2178
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A high-porosity CuAl-based intermetallic compound with composition Cu-50 at.% Al has been successfully prepared by thermal explosion (TE) using NaCl as space holder. The results showed that the NaCl particles were completely removed from the green compact by water leaching. The temperature of the specimen during the TE and the evolution of the porous microstructure were investigated. The TE was ignited at 560°C, and the specimen temperature increased to 775°C in 3 s, resulting in formation of intermetallic CuAl and CuAl2 phases in the final product. A porous CuAl-based intermetallic compound with up to 62 vol.% open porosity was produced when adding 60 vol.% NaCl. The compound exhibited a bimodal pore size structure, including large pores (200 μm to 300 μm) that replicated the NaCl particles and small pores (5 μm to 10 μm) interspersed in the pore walls. Moreover, the large pores were interconnected by channels and formed an open CuAl-based intermetallic cellular structure, having great potential for use in heat exchange and filtration applications.
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11.
  • Čapek, J., et al. (author)
  • The Effect of γ″ and δ Phase Precipitation on the Mechanical Properties of Inconel 718 Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting : An In Situ Neutron Diffraction and Acoustic Emission Study
  • 2021
  • In: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 73:1, s. 223-232
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The deformation behavior of additively manufactured Alloy 718 in as-built condition and after annealing was studied in situ under tensile loading along the build direction. Pre-characterization by synchrotron X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy revealed a significant amount of γ″ precipitates in the as-built samples, whereas the γ″ phase was entirely consumed and needle-like δ precipitates appeared in the annealed sample. In situ neutron diffraction (ND) and acoustic emission (AE) enabled indirect observation of the role of the precipitates on the mechanical behavior. ND provided information on the load accommodation in the matrix, while AE detected a strong signal from the interaction of dislocations with the δ-phase precipitates during deformation of the annealed samples. The results imply that in the annealed samples the matrix sheds the load to the precipitates, while in the as-built material the matrix bares a significant load. © 2020, The Author(s).
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12.
  • Chaithanya Kumar, K. N., et al. (author)
  • Effect of Prior Deformation on the Formation of the Martensite Phase in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
  • 2022
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Nature. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 74:11, s. 4081-4093
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The effect of prior deformation on the evolution of the martensite phase in Ti-6Al-4V alloy is reported by varying the hot-rolling temperature to have different stored energies. While the morphology of the martensite phase is greatly influenced by the prior deformation, the phase fraction is primarily dependent on the quenching temperature. The compositional deviation from the equilibrium condition, emerging from the differences in the diffusion of elements at different rolling temperatures, govern the nucleation and aspect ratio of the martensite laths. Higher stored energy in the deformed samples, calculated as the dislocation density, is found to derive the formation of a twinned plate martensite. Martensitic transformation, irrespective of the prior deformation condition, induces a strong variant selection based on the minimization of the transformation strain energy. However, a strong correlation between the morphology and the character of the intervariant boundaries of the martensite phase is established. The intervariant boundary distribution in martensite showed three major angle–axis pairs associated with the Burgers orientation relationship. The hardness of the martensite phase is determined by the solid solution strengthening, martensite morphology, and microstrain present in the sample. 
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13.
  • Churyumov, A. Yu., et al. (author)
  • Effect of Nb Addition on Microstructure and Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Fe-Co-Ni-Cu-Cr Multiprincipal-Element (High-Entropy) Alloys in As-Cast and Heat-Treated State
  • 2019
  • In: JOM. - : SPRINGER. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 71:10, s. 3481-3489
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The microstructure and thermal and mechanical properties of (FeCoNiCuCr)(100-x)-Nb-x multiprincipal-element alloys have been investigated in the as-cast and heat-treated state. The alloys were smelted by arc-melting in argon atmosphere. As-cast samples were produced by copper mold casting. The structure was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The calculated phase diagrams of the Fe-Co-Ni-Cu-Cr-Nb system were used to predict the phase composition. The predicted thermodynamic temperatures and phase areas were compared with those obtained using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the results of SEM observation, respectively. Addition of 10 at.% Nb caused phase separation of the alloy in the liquid state. Addition of Nb caused an increase in the yield strength by solid-solution hardening and by the formation of intermetallic compounds. Heat treatment also affected the mechanical properties of the studied alloys.
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14.
  • De Graef, M., et al. (author)
  • A modern 3-D view of an "Old" pearlite colony
  • 2006
  • In: JOM. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 58:12, s. 25-28
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This paper describes the three-dimensional (3-D) microstructure of a pearlite colony in a carburized electrolytic iron. The original data was obtained by serial sectioning methods around 1960, and is revisited with modern 3-D visualizations. After a brief historical introduction, the structure of the pearlite colony is discussed, using surface renderings and blue-red stereoscopic images.
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15.
  • Emmanuel, Max, et al. (author)
  • Fracture Energy Measurement of Prismatic Plane and Σ2 Boundary in Cemented Carbide
  • 2021
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 73:6, s. 1589-1596
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The grain boundary network of WC in WC-Co is important, as cracks often travel intergranularly. This motivates the present work, where we experimentally measure the fracture energy of Σ2 twist grain boundaries between WC crystals using a double cantilever beam opened with a wedge under displacement control in a WC-10wt%Co sample. The fracture energy of this boundary type was compared with cleaving {10 1 ¯ 0 } prismatic planes in a WC single crystal. Fracture energies of 7.04 ± 0.36 Jm−2 and 3.57 ± 0.28 Jm−2 were measured for {10 1 ¯ 0 } plane and Σ2 twist boundaries, respectively.
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16.
  • Head, Ashley R., et al. (author)
  • UHV and Ambient Pressure XPS : Potentials for Mg, MgO, and Mg(OH)2 Surface Analysis
  • 2016
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 68:12, s. 3070-3077
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The surface sensitivity of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has positioned the technique as a routine analysis tool for chemical and electronic structure information. Samples ranging from ideal model systems to industrial materials can be analyzed. Instrumentational developments in the past two decades have popularized ambient pressure XPS, with pressures in the tens of mbar now commonplace. Here, we briefly review the technique, including a discussion of developments that allow data collection at higher pressures. We illustrate the information XPS can provide by using examples from the literature, including MgO studies. We hope to illustrate the possibilities of ambient pressure XPS to Mg, MgO, and Mg(OH)2 systems, both in fundamental and applied studies.
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17.
  • Huang, Shuo, et al. (author)
  • Thermal Expansion, Elastic and Magnetic Properties of FeCoNiCu-Based High-Entropy Alloys Using First-Principle Theory
  • 2017
  • In: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 69:11, s. 2107-2112
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The effects of V, Cr, and Mn on the magnetic, elastic, and thermal properties of FeCoNiCu high-entropy alloy are studied by using the exact muffin-tin orbitals method in combination with the coherent potential approximation. The calculated lattice parameters and Curie temperatures in the face-centered-cubic structure are in line with the available experimental and theoretical data. A significant change in the magnetic behavior is revealed when adding equimolar V, Cr, and Mn to the host composition. The three independent single-crystal elastic constants are computed using a finite strain technique, and the polycrystalline elasticity parameters including shear modulus, Young's modulus, Pugh ratio, Poisson's ratio, and elastic anisotropy are derived and discussed. The effects of temperature on the structural parameters are determined by making use of the Debye-Gruneisen model. It is found that FeCoNiCuCr possesses a slightly larger thermal expansion coefficient than do the other alloys considered here.
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18.
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19.
  • Huczkowski, P., et al. (author)
  • Corrosion Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Oxidizing and Reducing Gases Relevant to Oxyfuel Power Plants
  • 2018
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1543-1851 .- 1047-4838. ; 70:8, s. 1502-1510
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The oxidation behavior of three austenitic stainless steels was studied at 650°C up to 1000 h. The selected materials (S304HCu, TP347HFG, and Sanicro 25) were exposed to an atmosphere simulating oxyfuel combustion, and the results compared with the behavior in a test gas with addition of CO, thus simulating locally occurring reducing operating conditions. For the 18% Cr steels (S304HCu and TP347HFG), lower corrosion rates were generally found in reducing than oxidizing gas. As might be expected based on its substantially higher Cr content, Sanicro 25 showed lower oxidation rates than the two 18% Cr steels in the oxyfuel gas. However, the opposite was the case in the reducing gas. The higher Ni content resulted in formation of a mixed sulfide/oxide outer layer, which adversely affected the formation of a protective chromia scale, resulting in a higher corrosion rate than for the 18% Cr steels.
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20.
  • Hyvärinen, Olli, et al. (author)
  • Recovering gold from copper concentrate via the HydroCopper™ process
  • 2004
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 56:8, s. 57-59
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • HydroCopperTM technology comprises a chloride-leaching method for copper sulfi de concentrates and copper production up to semi-products. As compared with the commonly used sulfate solutions, brine solutions offer aggressiveness and stability of the copper(I) ion and, consequently, a lower energy consumption in leaching. Copper(II) ions and oxygen are used as oxidants. Iron reports to the leaching residue as oxide and sulfur as elemental sulfur. Gold is dissolved and recovered in the third stage of the counter-current leaching when the redox potential reaches higher levels.
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21.
  • Jaradeh, Majed, et al. (author)
  • Solidification Studies of Automotive Heat Exchanger Materials
  • 2006
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 58:11, s. 56-61
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Modifications of the aluminum alloy AA 3003 have been studied to improve and tailor its properties for applications in automotive heat exchangers. Laboratory techniques have been applied to simulate industrial direct-chill casting, and some basic solidification studies have been conducted. The results are coupled to structures observed in industrial-size ingots and discussed in terms of structure-property relations.
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22.
  • Lindblom, Bo, et al. (author)
  • Fine-particle characterization an important recycling tool
  • 2002
  • In: JOM. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 54:12, s. 35-38
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This paper summarizes the results from different research projects on fine-particle characterization of metallurgical residues, such as hydroxide sludge, electric-arc, furnace dust, and copper-converter dust. These studies demonstrated that characterization is essential for developing new recycling strategies. The basic knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of the residues obtained by the characterizations also provides necessary information on potential problems that could be encountered during the processing of such materials.
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23.
  • Lindwall, Greta, et al. (author)
  • The Effect of Oxygen on Phase Equilibria in the Ti-V System : Impacts on the AM Processing of Ti Alloys
  • 2018
  • In: JOM. - : Minerals, Metals and Materials Society. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 70:9, s. 1692-1705
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Oxygen is always a constituent in “real” titanium alloys including titanium alloy powders used for powder-based additive manufacturing (AM). In addition, oxygen uptake during powder handling and printing is hard to control and, hence, it is important to understand and predict how oxygen is affecting the microstructure. Therefore, oxygen is included in the evaluation of the thermodynamic properties of the titanium-vanadium system employing the CALculation of PHAse Diagrams method and a complete model of the O-Ti-V system is presented. The β-transus temperature is calculated to increase with increasing oxygen content whereas the extension of the α-Ti phase field into the binary is calculated to decrease, which explains the low vanadium solubilities measured in some experimental works. In addition, the critical temperature of the metastable miscibility gap of the β-phase is calculated to increase to above room temperature when oxygen is added. The effects of oxygen additions on phase fractions, martensite and ω formation temperatures are discussed, along with the impacts these changes may have on AM of titanium alloys. 
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24.
  • Lindwall, Johan, et al. (author)
  • Efficiency and Accuracy in Thermal Simulation of Powder Bed Fusion of Bulk Metallic Glass
  • 2018
  • In: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 70:8, s. 1598-1603
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Additive manufacturing by powder bed fusion processes can be utilized to create bulk metallic glass as the process yields considerably high cooling rates. However, there is a risk that reheated material set in layers may become devitrified, i.e., crystallize. Therefore, it is advantageous to simulate the process to fully comprehend it and design it to avoid the aforementioned risk. However, a detailed simulation is computationally demanding. It is necessary to increase the computational speed while maintaining accuracy of the computed temperature field in critical regions. The current study evaluates a few approaches based on temporal reduction to achieve this. It is found that the evaluated approaches save a lot of time and accurately predict the temperature history.
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25.
  • Messe, O. M. D. M., et al. (author)
  • Characterization of Plastic Deformation Induced by Shot-Peening in a Ni-Base Superalloy
  • 2014
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 66:12, s. 2502-2515
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The shot-peening process is currently employed in most industries to improve the longevity of components by inhibiting crack initiation as well as crack growth at the surface. The protective effect of shot peening has been mainly attributed to compressive stresses within the deformed layer. Intensive research has been carried out to quantify the near-surface residual stresses on entry into service and evolution throughout life. In nickel-base superalloys, the focus of research on the effects of shot-peening has performed using x-rays from either laboratory or synchrotron-based sources. However, this approach cannot evaluate in detail the deformation mechanisms nor the role of the gamma precipitates in a nickel-base superalloy; the latter is responsible for its unique properties. Our study uses a complementary range of techniques to investigate in detail the microstructure and deformation mechanisms associated with shot-peening in a coarse-grained nickel-based superalloy strengthened with coherent gamma precipitates. These include scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, nanoindentation and micropillar compression. Accurate mapping of the dislocation structure produced throughout the deformed layers have been performed. Using an unconventional specimen preparation technique, it provides the basis for a more complete interpretation of how shot-peening inhibits fatigue cracking.
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26.
  • Morales, R., et al. (author)
  • The powder metallurgy processing of refractory metals and alloys
  • 2003
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 55:10, s. 20-23
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Molybdenum and tungsten are refractory metals in the elemental form with the largest production volume in the world. The fabrication of these refractory metals, as wall as their alloys and intermetallics, using high-temperature powder metallurgy (PM) is reviewed in this article. The primary focus is on the role of traditional high-temperature PM in producing alloys with tailor-made properties. An insight into the bulk production of molybdenum and tungsten alloys with nano-grains is highlighted.
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27.
  • Mu, Wangzhong, et al. (author)
  • High-Temperature Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Studies of Ferrite Formation in Inclusion-Engineered Steels : A Review
  • 2018
  • In: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 70:10, s. 2283-2295
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The concepts of oxide metallurgy and inclusion engineering can be utilized to improve the properties of low-alloy steels. These concepts aim at controlling the formation of intragranular ferrite (IGF), often a desirable microstructure providing good mechanical properties without the need for expensive alloying elements. IGF formation is stimulated to occur at non-metallic inclusions and form an arrangement of fine, interlocking ferrite grains. A method that has contributed significantly to investigations in this field lately is high-temperature confocal laser scanning microscopy (HT-CLSM). HT-CLSM is suited for in situ studies of inclusion behavior in liquid steel and phase transformations in solid-state steel, where in particular, displacive phase transformations can be studied, since they provide sufficient topographic contrast. The purpose of the present report is to provide a brief review of the state of the art of HT-CLSM and its application for in situ observations of ferrite formation in inclusion-engineered steels. The scientific literature in this field is surveyed and supplemented by new work to reveal the capability of HT-CLSM as well as to discuss the effect of factors such as cooling rate and parent grain size on IGF formation and growth kinetics. The report concludes with an outlook on the opportunities and challenges of HT-CLSM for applications in oxide metallurgy.
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28.
  • Niarchos, D., et al. (author)
  • Toward Rare-Earth-Free Permanent Magnets : A Combinatorial Approach Exploiting the Possibilities of Modeling, Shape Anisotropy in Elongated Nanoparticles, and Combinatorial Thin-Film Approach
  • 2015
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 67:6, s. 1318-1328
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The objective of the rare-earth free permanent magnets (REFREEPM) project is to develop a new generation of high-performance permanent magnets (PMs) without rare earths. Our approach is based on modeling using a combinatorial approach together with micromagnetic modeling and the realization of the modeled systems (I) by using a novel production of high-aspect-ratio (> 5) nanostructrures (nanowires, nanorods, and nanoflakes) by exploiting the magnetic shape anisotropy of the constituents that can be produced via chemical nanosynthesis polyol process or electrodeposition, which can be consolidated with novel processes for a new generation of rare-earth free PMs with energy product in the range of 60 kJ/m(3) < (BH)max < 160 kJ/m(3) at room temperature, and (II) by using a high-throughput thin-film synthesis and high-throughput characterization approach to identify promising candidate materials that can be stabilized in a tetragonal or hexagonal structure by epitaxial growth on selected substrates, under various conditions of pressure, stoichiometry, and temperature. In this article, we report the progress so far in selected phases.
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29.
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30.
  • Palmer-Fortune, J. E., et al. (author)
  • Thin Film NiCr-, TiCr- and CuNi-Based Cermets for Low-Temperature Ultra-Low Magnetoresistance Thermometers
  • 2024
  • In: JOM. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Many thermal measurements in high magnetic fields-including heat capacity, thermal conductivity, thermopower, magnetocaloric and thermal Hall effect measurements-require thermometers that are sensitive over a wide temperature range, are low mass, have a rapid thermal response and have a minimal, easily correctable magnetoresistance. We recently reported the development of a new granular-metal oxide ceramic composite (cermet) for this purpose formed by co-sputtering of the metallic alloy nichrome (Ni0.8\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{0.8}$$\end{document}Cr0.2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{0.2}$$\end{document}) and the insulator silicon dioxide (SiO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_2$$\end{document}). In this earlier work, we found that co-sputtering of NiCr alloy and SiO2\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_2$$\end{document} in a reactive oxygen and inert argon gas mixture can produce resistive thin-film thermometers sensitive enough to be used in calorimetry and related measurements from room temperature down to below 100 mK in magnetic fields up to at least 35 T. In this work, we present results for thin cermet films grown with Cu0.55\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{0.55}$$\end{document}Ni0.45\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{0.45}$$\end{document} and Ti0.05\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{0.05}$$\end{document}Cr0.95\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$_{0.95}$$\end{document}. Growth of CuNi-based thin-film cermets generally requires more oxygen in the working gas compared to NiCr and TiCr and yields thermometers that are much less sensitive than comparable NiCr-based thermometers. TiCr-based cermet thin-film thermometers have somewhat higher resistivity for similar sensitivities compared to NiCr-based cermet thin-film thermometers.
  •  
31.
  • Peng, Hong, et al. (author)
  • Advances in Process Metallurgy
  • 2021
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)
  •  
32.
  •  
33.
  •  
34.
  • Schmitz, G. J., et al. (author)
  • Software Solutions for ICME
  • 2016
  • In: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 68:1, s. 70-76
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Integrated Computational Materials Engineering expert group (ICMEg), a coordination activity of the European Commission, aims at developing a global and open standard for information exchange between the heterogeneous varieties of numerous simulation tools. The ICMEg consortium coordinates respective developments by a strategy of networking stakeholders in the first International Workshop on Software Solutions for ICME, compiling identified and relevant software tools into the Handbook of Software Solutions for ICME, discussing strategies for interoperability between different software tools during a second (planned) international workshop, and eventually proposing a scheme for standardized information exchange in a future book or document. The present article summarizes these respective actions to provide the ICME community with some additional insights and resources from which to help move this field forward.
  •  
35.
  • Seidel, André, et al. (author)
  • Intrinsic Heat Treatment Within Additive Manufacturing of Gamma Titanium Aluminide Space Hardware
  • 2019
  • In: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 71:4, s. 1513-1519
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A major part of laser additive manufacturing focuses on the fabrication of metallic parts for applications in the space and aerospace sectors. Especially, the processing of the very brittle titanium aluminides can be particularly challenging because of their distinct tendency to lamellar interface cracking. In the present paper, a gamma titanium aluminide (γ-TiAl) nozzle, manufactured via electron beam melting, is extended and adapted via hybrid laser metal deposition. The presented example considers a new field of application for this class of materials and approaches the process-specific manipulation of the composition and/or microstructure via the adjustment of processing temperatures, temperature gradients and solidification conditions. Furthermore, intrinsic heat treatment is investigated for electron beam melting and laser metal deposition with powder, and the resulting influence is releated to conventional processing.
  •  
36.
  • Sharma, Mukesh, et al. (author)
  • In Situ Observation of Dissolution of Oxide Inclusions in Steelmaking Slags
  • 2018
  • In: JOM. - : SPRINGER. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 70:7, s. 1220-1224
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Better understanding of removal of non-metallic inclusions is of importance in the steelmaking process to control the cleanliness of steel. In this study, the dissolution rate of Al2O3 and Al2TiO5 inclusions in a liquid CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slag was measured using high-temperature confocal scanning laser microscopy (HT-CSLM) at 1550A degrees C. The dissolution rate of inclusions is expressed as a function of the rate of decrease of the radius of solid particles with time. It is found that Al2O3 inclusions have a slower dissolution rate than that of Al2TiO5 inclusions at 1550A degrees C. The rate-limiting steps are investigated in terms of a shrinking core model. It is shown that the rate-limiting step for dissolution of both inclusion types is mass transfer in the slag at 1550A degrees C.
  •  
37.
  • Singer, H. M., et al. (author)
  • Measurements of experimentally grown 3-D xenon multiplets and comparative phase-field simulations
  • 2007
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 59:7, s. 77-80
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Experimentally observed growth morphologies (dendrites, doublons, and seaweed) of three-dimensional (3-D) xenon crystals during free growth into pure supercooled melt were investigated in this study. Measurements of the 3-D reconstruction of dendrites were compared to analytical predictions and scaling parameters were determined. For two different phase-field models morphology diagrams were derived and compared to analytical model calculations. By using special initial conditions it is possible to reproduce the growth morphologies found in these experiments.
  •  
38.
  • Sridhar, S., et al. (author)
  • Abating environmentally harmful waste gases
  • 2002
  • In: JOM. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 54:5, s. 30-33
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A gas-purification method, based on the condensation of nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon-containing environmentally hazardous gases produced from industrial processes, is proposed in this article. The method, which utilizes the cooling capacity of waste nitrogen in the oxygen plant to condense the hazardous gases, is capable of removing hazardous impurities up to 99.98%. Theoretical calculations underlying the condensation process are presented employing gases produced in a blast furnace and coke oven in an integrated steel plant. The cooling power required for, the condensation process is calculated using the waste nitrogen generated from an oxygen plant that generates captive oxygen for the steel plant. Design modifications that need to be made to the oxygen plant in order to utilize the cooling power of the waste nitrogen gas are also presented. As a case study, the advantages of the method are illustrated with purification of coke-oven gas. The economic impact and the investment aspects are also discussed.
  •  
39.
  • Strondl, Annika, et al. (author)
  • Characterization and Control of Powder Properties for Additive Manufacturing
  • 2015
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 67:3, s. 549-554
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Powder characterization and handling in powder metallurgy are important issues and the required powder properties will vary between different component manufacturing processes. By understanding and controlling these, the final material properties for different applications can be improved and become more reliable. In this study, the metal powders used in additive manufacturing (AM) in terms of electron beam melting and selective laser melting have been investigated regarding particle size and shape using dynamic image analysis. In parallel, powder flow characteristics have been evaluated with a powder rheometer. Correlations within the results have been found between particle shape and powder flow characteristics that could explain certain effects of the powder processing in the AM processes. The impact, however, in the processing performance as well as in ultimate material properties was found to be limited.
  •  
40.
  • Wang, Z. J., et al. (author)
  • Phase Selection in High-Entropy Alloys: From Nonequilibrium to Equilibrium
  • 2014
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1543-1851 .- 1047-4838. ; 66:10, s. 1966-1972
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been investigated considerably in the last decade. The phase selection in HEAs has attracted much attention recently, especially on forming of the solid solutions. Up to now, phase diagrams of most HEAs are still not well developed, and the empirical phase selection rules play an important role in HEAs area. In this brief review, the physical factors controlling the phase stability in HEAs are discussed, and the phase selection rules are identified. Different from previous results, the rules on equilibrium phase selection within a certain temperature range are carefully reviewed and presented in this article.
  •  
41.
  • Warnes, William H., et al. (author)
  • Improving participation of engineering students studying abroad: An international dual-degree program in materials science and mechanical engineering
  • 2013
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 65:7, s. 840-845
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • By addressing two critical barriers that are known to prevent U.S. undergraduate engineering students from considering study abroad, namely, fitting the experience into highly structured engineering degree curricula and defraying the cost, recruitment of students can be quite satisfactory. Based on the unequal exchange of E.U. students participating in the program, it appears that the time to Bachelor's degree completion can be an important aspect for E.U. participation. With regard to the cost, the differential cost of participation compared to the students staying at their home university can be quite low (a few thousand dollars per year), making this type of program potentially affordable to sustain by providing small scholarships r stipends to the students. Finally, by partnering with foreign universities, OSU and UdS have been able to leverage their resources and provide the opportunity for students to pursue a Bachelor'sdegree in materials science or mechanical engineering, respectively.
  •  
42.
  • Wei, Wenjing, et al. (author)
  • Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of High-Carbon Ferrochrome Production
  • 2023
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Nature. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 75:4, s. 1206-1220
  • Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
    • This work presents a process model developed based on mass and energy conservation to assess high carbon ferrochrome production from cradle to gate through four supply routes: (1) a conventional submerged arc furnace (SAF), (2) a closed submerged arc furnace with preheating (CSAF+PH), (3) a closed submerged arc furnace with 60% prereduction (CSAF+PR60%) and (4) a direct-current arc furnace (DCAF). The energy requirements are between 40 and 59 GJ/t FeCr (74–111 GJ/t Cr), and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions range between 1.8 and 5.5 tCO2-eq/t FeCr (3.3–10.3 tCO2-eq/t Cr). The upgrading of coal-powered SAF process to a closed furnace CSAF+PH and CSAF+PR60% contributes to an emission reduction of 23% and 18%, respectively. Moreover, the use of hydro-powered electricity leads to a further emission reduction of 68% and 47%, respectively. For CSAF+PR process, the GHG emissions can be reduced by 14% when increasing the pre-reduction ratio from 30% to 80% and decreased by 10% when charging hotter feed from 100 °C to 1000 °C. The proposed process model is feasible in generating site-specific inventory data and allowing for parameter studies as well as supporting companies to improve the transparency of the environmental performance in the FeCr value chain.
  •  
43.
  • Wu, Zhanwen, et al. (author)
  • Investigation on Milling Quality of Stone–Plastic Composite Using Response Surface Methodology
  • 2022
  • In: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 74:5, s. 2063-2070
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • To improve the cutting quality of stone–plastic composites, a series of milling experiments were performed using the response surface, binary, and microanalysis methodologies, paying special attention to the effects of milling parameters (rake angle from 6° to 14°, spindle speed from 5000 rpm to 7000 rpm, feed rate from 10 m/min to 20 m/min, and milling depth from 0.5 mm to 2 mm) on the quality of the machined surface. Surface damage was mainly concentrated on the crest and two axial sides of the milling wave, with cracking and pitting identified as the main damage patterns. These experiments determined that the optimal conditions for milling stone–plastic composite with minimal surface roughness are a rake angle of 10°, cutting speed of 37.9 m/s, feed per tooth of 0.32 mm, and milling depth of 0.5 mm. The mathematical model for surface roughness developed from these results is highly reliable and could be used for the prediction and optimization of surface roughness during industrial manufacturing of stone–plastic composites.
  •  
44.
  • Yadroitsev, I., et al. (author)
  • Qualification of Ti6Al4V ELI Alloy Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Biomedical Applications
  • 2018
  • In: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 70:3, s. 372-377
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Rectangular Ti6Al4V extralow interstitials (ELI) samples were manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) in vertical and horizontal orientations relative to the build platform and subjected to various heat treatments. Detailed analyses of porosity, microstructure, residual stress, tensile properties, fatigue, and fracture surfaces were performed based on x-ray micro-computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray diffraction methods. The types of fracture and the tensile fracture mechanisms of the LPBF Ti6Al4V ELI alloy were also studied. Detailed analysis of the microstructure and the corresponding mechanical properties were compared against standard specifications for conventional Ti6Al4V alloy for use in surgical implant applications. Conclusions regarding the mechanical properties and heat treatment of LPBF Ti6Al4V ELI for biomedical applications are made.
  •  
45.
  • Yadroitsev, Igov, et al. (author)
  • Titanium Alloys Manufactured by In Situ Alloying During Laser Powder Bed Fusion
  • 2017
  • In: JOM. - : Springer. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 69:12, s. 2725-2730
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This work is focused on the investigation and understanding of in situ processes in Ti-15%Mo and Ti6Al4V-1.38%Cu alloys by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF). In both materials, Mo and Cu were introduced as elemental powders into the precursor powder mixture. The effect of process parameters, i.e., energy input on surface morphology and homogeneity, was investigated. The importance of different thermophysical properties of blended powders is also discussed. The chemical composition of phases and phase distribution in sintered materials were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of in situ alloyed as-built LPBF specimens were determined. The results obtained developed knowledge that is important for understanding the in situ alloying process during LPBF, and they create a base for synthesizing new materials.
  •  
46.
  • Yang, J. G., et al. (author)
  • Gold Solubility in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3 Slags
  • 2021
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Nature. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 73:2, s. 688-693
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Gold solubility in the CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3 slag system was measured at 1723 K under an oxidizing atmosphere. Gold solubility in the present slag system increased with increasing slag basicity, which was quantified by the Vee ratio (= CaO/SiO2), theoretical optical basicity, and activity of CaO. However, the effect of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 on gold solubility was negligible. From the thermodynamic assessment, it was found that gold was stabilized as the AuO− (aurate) complex ion, and thus the dissolution reaction into the slag was proposed. The aurate capacity was originally defined from the dissolution reaction. The iso-Au solubility contours were plotted in the CaO-Fe2O3-(SiO2 + Al2O3) pseudo-ternary diagram, from which the lower content of CaO can be proposed to be useful for higher recovery of gold (i.e., lower solubility) based on the thermodynamic view during pyrometallurgical processing of gold-containing E-waste materials. However, because the viscosity of the slag increases by decreasing the content of CaO, the operating window for best practice should be carefully proposed by considering the physicochemical properties of molten slag. 
  •  
47.
  • Zaikovskii, Alexey V., et al. (author)
  • Effects of Tin on the Morphological and Electrochemical Properties of Arc-Discharge Nanomaterials
  • 2021
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Nature. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 73:3, s. 847-855
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Electric arc synthesis enables the fabrication of materials in the form of metal nanoparticles packed into a carbon matrix, which separates the nanoparticles, preventing them from contacting each other, merging, coagulating, or contacting possible reactive environments, thereby stabilizing the nanoparticles. This paper presents the results of studies of the effect of tin on the structure of a composite tin–carbon nanomaterial synthesized by the electric arc method. The concentration of tin affects both the formed carbon structure, changing it from amorphous to graphene-like, and the size of the formed tin nanoparticles. In turn, these structural features affect the electrochemical properties of the synthesized materials used as anodes in lithium-ion batteries. Increasing the tin content increased the specific capacity, but increasing the size of the tin nanoparticles and the rigidity of the carbon matrix decreased the anode material’s stability.
  •  
48.
  • Zhang, H., et al. (author)
  • Application Prospects and Microstructural Features in Laser-Induced Rapidly Solidified High-Entropy Alloys
  • 2014
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1543-1851 .- 1047-4838. ; 66:10, s. 2057-2066
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Recently, high-entropy alloys (HEAs) have attracted much interest in the materials community, as they offer massive opportunities to observe new phenomena, explore new structure, and develop new materials. Particularly, it is attractive to prepare high-performance HEA coatings by laser-induced rapid solidification, which can be formed on the surface of components and parts in a variety of sizes and shapes with a lower cost in comparison with those bulk material fabrication methods. From the technical point of view, laser-induced rapid solidification could hamper the compositional segregation, improve the solubility in solid-solution phases, and lead to the strengthening effect by the grain refinement. This article reviews the recent work on the typical microstructural features and the mechanical and chemical properties in laser-induced rapidly solidified HEAs, and these data are compared with conventional Co- and Ni-based alloy coatings. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and development in HEAs, from considerations of their characteristic properties.
  •  
49.
  • Zhang, H., et al. (author)
  • Effect of Heat Treatment on Borides Precipitation and Mechanical Properties of CoCrFeNiAl1.8Cu0.7B0.3Si0.1 High-Entropy Alloy Prepared by Arc-Melting and Laser-Cladding
  • 2017
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1543-1851 .- 1047-4838. ; 69:11, s. 2078-2083
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Effects of heat treatment on borides precipitation and mechanical properties of arc-melted and laser-cladded CoCrNiFeAl1.8Cu0.7B0.3Si0.1 high-entropy alloys were comparatively studied. The arc-melted alloy contains lots of long strip borides distributed in the body-centered cubic phase, with a hardness about 643 HV0.5. Laser-cladding can effectively inhibit the boride precipitation and the laser-cladded alloy is mainly composed of a simple bcc solid solution, with a high hardness about 769 HV0.5, indicating the strengthening effect by interstitial boron atoms is greater than the strengthening by borides precipitation. Heat treatments between 800 degrees C and 1200 degrees C can simultaneously improve the hardness and fracture toughness of arc-melted alloys, owing to the boride spheroidization, dissolution, re-precipitation, and hence the increased boron solubility and nano-precipitation in the bcc solid solution. By contrast, the hardness of laser-cladded alloys reduce after heat treatments in the same temperature range, due to the decreased boron solubility in the matrix.
  •  
50.
  • Zhang, Qing, et al. (author)
  • On the Role of Stirring on Microstructure and Ductility of Rheocast Al Alloys
  • 2021
  • In: JOM. - : Springer Nature. - 1047-4838 .- 1543-1851. ; 73:12, s. 3848-3857
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Two alloys containing different Mg contents have been used to study the combined effect of stirring and oxidation on microstructure and ductility. The results show that intensive stirring can sufficiently disperse the α-Al particles and enable better liquid feeding during solidification and consequently reduce the porosity. The morphology of the oxides is determined by the amount of both Mg and stirring. With lower Mg content, the oxides present as oxide films, which can be broken up during stirring. In alloy with higher Mg content, the oxides exist as particles with numerous cracks, and the particle size increases slightly after stirring. In the Magsimal 59 alloy, due to the presence of large clusters of pores in the fracture surface, the influence of the small oxide particles on the ductility is negligible. In contrast, in the 42000 alloy, large oxide films on the fracture surface are correlated with the ductility.
  •  
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