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1.	Amakawa, Hiroshi, et al. (author) Isotopic compositions of Ce, Nd and Sr in ferromanganese nodules from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Baltic and Barents Seas, and the Gulf of Bothnia 1991 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 105:4, s. 554-565 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Ferromanganese nodules from the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, the Barents and Baltic Seas, and the Gulf of Bothnia were analyzed for the isotopic compositions of Ce, Nd and Sr and the abundances of REE, Ba and Sr. REE patterns of Barents, Baltic and Bothnian samples show no Ce anomaly, or even a negative one, in contrast to the positive anomaly observed for the Pacific and Atlantic samples. Moreover, the Baltic and Bothnian samples have distinctly low εNd values; average εNd values of the four regions are as follows: Pacific -5, Barents -10, Atlantic -11 and Baltic inclusive of Gulf of Bothnia -19. The characteristic low εNd values of the Baltic samples are indicative of the influence of Precambrian rocks from the Baltic shield. Of particular interest is the feature of the Ce isotopic composition that εCe values of the samples from the Pacific are negative and those from the other three regions positive. This novel finding might suggest a difference in sources of Ce between the Pacific and other regions. These results demonstrate that Ce isotopic ratios can be a useful tracer in marine geochemistry, in combination with isotopic compositions of Nd and Sr.
2.	Andersson, Per S., et al. (author) 238U-234U and 232Th-230Th in the Baltic Sea and in river water 1995 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 130:1-4, s. 217-234 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The concentration (C) of dissolved238U,234U,232Th and230Th in fresh and brackish waters from the Baltic Sea were determined using TIMS. The brackish waters range in salinity from that of sea water (SW) to 2.5‰. C238U in oxygen-saturated, surface waters is well correlated with salinity and shows quasi-conservative behavior, as does Sr. Samples from the redox water interface show depletion in C238U, demonstrating that dissolved U is being removed by FeMn oxyhydroxides. From a simple mixing relationship for the brackish water,δ234U* = 1000‰ was calculated for the fresh water source in the northern Baltic. A study of the Kalixälven River over an annual cycle yields highδ234U during spring and summer discharge and lower values during fall and winter, showing that different sources contribute to the U load in the river during different seasons. C232Th and C230Th in river water are governed by the discharge, reflecting the importance of the increased abundance of small particles ( < 0.45 μm) for the232Th230Th load at high discharge.232Th/238U in river water is about 40 times less than in detrital material. In the brackish water, C232Th drops 2 orders of magnitude in the low salinity region ( < 5‰), reaching a value close to that of sea water at a salinity of 7.5‰. Almost all of the riverine232Th must be deposited in the low-salinity regions of the estuary.The230Th/232Th in river waters is about twice the equilibrium value for232Th/238U (3.8). In the brackish waters,230Th/232Th is greater by a factor of 10-100 than both river water and SW. The big increase in230Th/232Th in the Baltic Sea waters over the riverine input indicates that the Th isotopes enter the estuary as a mixture of two carrier phases. We infer that about 96% of232Th in river water is carried by detrital particles, whereas the other phase (solution, colloidal) has a much higher232Th/232Th. Entering the estuary, the detrital particles sediment out rapidly, whereas the non-detrital phase is removed more slowly, causing a marked increase in230Th/232Th in the brackish water. In SW,230Th/232Th is closer to river input and detrital material than in brackish water. We conclude that in the deep sea,232Th is almost exclusively dominated by windblown dust and can be used to monitor dust flux. The230Th excess in Baltic rivers is produced in U-rich,232Th-poor peatlands and trapped in authigenic particles and transported with the particles. Time scales for producing the230Th excess are ≈ 2000-8000 yr. This is younger than, but comparable to, the time of the latest deglaciation, which ended some 9000 yr ago when the mires were forming. These results have implications for the possible mobility of actinides stored in repositories.
3.	Andersson, Per S., et al. (author) Strontium, dissolved and particulate loads in fresh and brackish waters : the Baltic Sea and Mississippi delta 1994 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 124:1-4, s. 195-210 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A study was conducted of the isotopic composition and concentration of Sr and of major elements in dissolved and suspended loads of fresh and brackish waters. The purpose was to establish the contributions of different parent rocks and minerals to Sr during weathering and transport and to identify the role of Fe_Mn oxyhydroxides in the redistribution of Sr in the water column during the sedimentary cycle. Studies were conducted on a profile across an oxic-anoxic boundary in the Baltic and on rivers covering behavior over an annual cycle. In general, the 87Sr/86Sr ratios differ between particulate and dissolved loads, with more radiogenic Sr in the particulate loads. These differences are attributed to differential weathering of minerals, where high Rb/Sr minerals dominate the particulate load and low Rb/Sr the dissolved load. There is broad correlation of 87Sr/86Sr with K/Al in the suspended load. The differences in 87Sr/86Sr between suspended and dissolved load are highly variable and are related to the Fe or Mn concentration on the particulates. In samples with high Fe/Al, the difference becomes small. A good correlation was found between Sr/Al and Fe/Al or Mn/Al in the particulates both in brackish and fresh waters. Sr is removed from solution both in rivers and in the Baltic Sea whenever there is formation of Fe_Mn oxyhydroxide particulates. This precipitation greatly diminishes the difference in isotopic composition of the dissolved and suspended loads. As the particles containing Fe_Mn oxyhydroxides settle, they dissolve in anoxic zones and release Sr. This provides a mechanism for Sr redistribution in the water column. Sr is thus only quasi-conservative in environments where Fe_Mn oxyhydroxides form or dissolve. From consideration of the isotopic differences in Sr between dissolved and suspended loads, it follows that the net Sr input depends upon weathering characteristics of the contributing mineral phases. Changes in weathering mechanisms due to climate change may cause Sr isotopic shifts in the marine environment.
4.	Andersson, Per S., et al. (author) The sources and transport of Sr and Nd isotopes in the Baltic Sea 1992 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 113:4, s. 459-472 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We have determined the concentration and isotopic composition of Sr and Nd in waters from the Baltic Sea. The Baltic Sea is an intracontinental, stratified, brackish water, estuarine-like system, and the rivers emptying into it drain a suite of terranes ranging from Proterozoic-Archean in the north to Phanerozoic in the south. The sampled brackish waters range in salinity from seawater (SW) at 35.289‰ to a minimum of 2.460‰ at the surface in the innermost part of the Gulf of Bothnia. The Sr concentrations show generally conservative behavior, indicating a simple two-component mixing. However, small deviations (3-70 ‰) from a perfect mixing line reveal that the imprints from rivers with different Sr concentrations are preserved in the blending. Strontium concentrations from a depth profile across the redoxcline in the Baltic proper indicate that vertical particle transport alters the Sr concentration in the water. Our estimated concentration of Sr in the average freshwater input to the Baltic is 0.03 ppm, which is only about 0.4% of the SW concentration. The Sr isotopic data range from εSr(SW) = 0 in seawater to εSrBW(SW) = 7.8 in the least saline Baltic water (BW) sample in the Gulf of Bothnia. The isotopic composition of Sr versus 1/Sr in the Baltic Sea follows an almost perfect mixing line, which shows that seawater Sr is mixed with much more radiogenic components. Calculated end-member values of εSr(SW) for each sample show that the riverine input into the Gulf of Bothnia has εSr(SW) = 120-200and10-50 ε units in the Baltic proper. These values are in general agreement with direct measurements of river waters in each region. However, the calculated values in the Gulf of Bothnia are lower than the measured river water input in this region, which indicates the presence of less radiogenic Sr, presumably originating from the river waters draining the southern part of the basin which are partially transported northward and mixed with Sr from the Gulf of Bothnia rivers. The Nd concentration in the Baltic Sea is not conservative, varying between 5 and 45 ppt, with the highest concentrations in the bottom waters due to vertical particulate transport. A plot of εNd(O) in Baltic water yields a good correlation with the calculated freshwater end member εSr*(SW). The data show that it is possible to unravel the different freshwater sources into the Baltic and to identify the zones of particulate removal of both non-conservative species such as the REE and of quasi-conservative species such as Sr. The use of isotopic tracers in this estuarine environment may provide a much better insight into mixing and element transport. It should also be possible to trace lateral movements of freshwater inputs
5.	Hieronymus, C.F. 1967-, et al. (author) Non-hotspot formation of volcanic chains: control of tectonic and flexural stresses on magma transport 2000 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 181:4, s. 539-554 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The South Pacific, in the vicinity of both the superswell and the East Pacific Rise, is repleat with volcanic chains that, unlike the Emperor-Hawaiian Chain, defy the hypothesis of formation via the relative motion of plates and hotspots. We propose two nearly identical models for the origin of near-axis and superswell chains, assuming that both regions are underlain by significant quantities of more or less uniformly distributed partial melt. Given an initial volcanic load or a local anomaly in the melt source region, volcanic chains form by magmatic hydrofracture at local tensile maxima of flexural and membrane stresses. Fracture wall erosion by magma flow provides a feedback which results in discrete edifices within the chains. The model predicts island chains aligned with a deviatorically tensile tectonic stress. Near the ridge, the elastic lithosphere is thin, and observations and theoretical considerations indicate a strong deviatorically tensile stress field perpendicular to the ridge axis. Under such conditions, the model results in parallel lines of volcanoes perpendicular to the spreading ridge. Later, interstitial volcanism within the individual chains reduces the average spacing and results in nearly continuous ridges. On the thicker lithosphere of the superswell, membrane stresses are negligible and the model produces chains of much more widely spaced volcanoes. A more isotropic stress field may result in broader chain-like patterns of volcanoes. In both cases, the chains represent self-propagating disturbances; the resulting age progressions are thus independent of plate velocity, but depend only on the dynamics of volcano formation and evolution.
6.	Loberg, Bengt E.H. (author) A Proterozoic subduction zone in southern Sweden 1980 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 46:2, s. 287-294 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Optical microscopy and chemical analyses for major and trace elements have been performed on 27 Proterozoic metavolcanics from southern Sweden. The metavolcanics and associated metasediments are part of a large arced structure around a vast region with granitic batholiths. The compositional data show that the rocks are altered basalts and andesites and the Si, Ti, Zr and Cr relations demonstrate that almost half of the metabasalts are in accordance with present day arc volcanics and that another large fraction represents ocean floor tholeiites. These relations suggest that major plate tectonic processes occurred already during the Proterozoic in southern Sweden and that during these processes arc volcanics and ocean floor basalts were mixed at a subduction zone.
7.	Rehkämper, Mark, et al. (author) Thallium isotope variations in seawater and hydrogenetic, diagenetic, and hydrothermal ferromanganese deposits 2002 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 197:1-2 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Results are presented for the first in-depth investigation of Tl isotope variations in marine materials. The Tl isotopic measurements were conducted by multiple collector-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for a comprehensive suite of hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts, diagenetic Fe-Mn nodules, hydrothermal manganese deposits and seawater samples. The natural variability of Tl isotope compositions in these samples exceeds the analytical reproducibility (±0.05‰) by more than a factor of 40. Hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts have ε205Tl of +10 to +14, whereas seawater is characterized by values as low as -8 (ε205Tl represents the deviation of the 205Tl/203Tl ratio of a sample from the NIST SRM 997 Tl isotope standard in parts per 104). This 2‰ difference in isotope composition is thought to result from the isotope fractionation that accompanies the adsorption of Tl onto ferromanganese particles. An equilibrium fractionation factor of α1.0021 is calculated for this process. Ferromanganese nodules and hydrothermal manganese deposits have variable Tl isotope compositions that range between the values obtained for seawater and hydrogenetic Fe-Mn crusts. The variability in ε205Tl in diagenetic nodules appears to be caused by the adsorption of Tl from pore fluids, which act as a closed-system reservoir with a Tl isotope composition that is inferred to be similar to seawater. Nodules with ε205Tl values similar to seawater are found if the scavenging of Tl is nearly quantitative. Hydrothermal manganese deposits display a positive correlation between ε205Tl and Mn/Fe. This trend is thought to be due to the derivation of Tl from distinct hydrothermal sources. Deposits with low Mn/Fe ratios and low ε205Tl are produced by the adsorption of Tl from fluids that are sampled close to hydrothermal sources. Such fluids have low Mn/Fe ratios and relatively high temperatures, such that only minor isotope fractionation occurs during adsorption. Hydrothermal manganese deposits with high Mn/Fe and high ε205Tl are generated by scavenging of Tl from colder, more distal hydrothermal fluids. Under such conditions, adsorption is
8.	Aiuppa, A., et al. (author) Gas measurements from the Costa Rica-Nicaragua volcanic segment suggest possible along-arc variations in volcanic gas chemistry 2014 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-013X .- 0012-821X. ; 407, s. 134-147 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Obtaining accurate estimates of the CO2 output from arc volcanism requires a precise understanding of the potential along-arc variations in volcanic gas chemistry, and ultimately of the magmatic gas signature of each individual arc segment. In an attempt to more fully constrain the magmatic gas signature of the Central America Volcanic Arc (CAVA), we present here the results of a volcanic gas survey performed during March and April 2013 at five degassing volcanoes within the Costa Rica-Nicaragua volcanic segment (CNVS). Observations of the volcanic gas plume made with a multicomponent gas analyzer system (Multi-GAS) have allowed characterization of the CO2/SO2-ratio signature of the plumes at Pads (0.30 +/- 0.06, mean +/- SD), Rincon de la Vieja (27.0 +/- 15.3), and Turrialba (2.2 +/- 0.8) in Costa Rica, and at Telica (3.0 +/- 0.9) and San Cristobal (4.2 +/- 1.3) in Nicaragua (all ratios on molar basis). By scaling these plume compositions to simultaneously measured SO2 fluxes, we estimate that the CO2 outputs at CNVS volcanoes range from low (25.5 +/- 11.0 tons/day at Pods) to moderate (918 to 1270 tons/day at Turrialba). These results add a new information to the still fragmentary volcanic CO2 output data set, and allow estimating the total CO2 output from the CNVS at 2835 1364 tons/day. Our novel results, with previously available information about gas emissions in Central America, are suggestive of distinct volcanic gas CO2/S-T (= SO2 + H2S)-ratio signature for magmatic volatiles in Nicaragua (similar to 3) relative to Costa Rica (similar to 0.5-1.0). We also provide additional evidence for the earlier theory relating the CO2-richer signature of Nicaragua volcanism to increased contributions from slab-derived fluids, relative to more-MORB-like volcanism in Costa Rica. The sizeable along-arc variations in magmatic gas chemistry that the present study has suggested indicate that additional gas observations are urgently needed to more-precisely confine the volcanic CO2 from the CAVA, and from global arc volcanism.
9.	Almqvist, Bjarne, et al. (author) Ultrasonic velocity drops and anisotropy reduction in mica-schist analogues due to melting with implications for seismic imaging of continental crust 2015 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 425, s. 24-33 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
10.	Alwmark, Carl, et al. (author) Extraterrestrial chromite in the resurge deposits of the early Late Ordovician Lockne crater, central Sweden 2007 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-013X .- 0012-821X. ; 253, s. 291-303 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The distribution of extraterrestrial chromite grains (> 63 mu m) has been studied in the resurge deposit of the early Late Ordovician (458 Ma) Lockne impact structure in central Sweden. A 1-kg-sample of resurge sediment from the rim of the crater is extremely rich in extraterrestrial chromite. In total the sample contains > 125 chromium spinel grains kg(-1), most grains being chromite. Due to post-depositional alterations, the origin of several of the grains is dubious, although it is clear that the major part of the chromites is of extraterrestrial origin (> 75 grains kg(-1)), most likely derived from the impactor. The alterations are primarily due to the hydrothermal system induced by the impactor, with zinc enrichment in the chromites as the most common characteristic. The element chemistry of the least altered chromite grains indicates that the impactor was an ordinary L chondrite. This concurs with a suggested increase in the flux of L chondritic asteroids to Earth, following the disruption of the L chondrite parent body at ca. 470 Ma. More than 170 impact craters are known from around the Earth, but only few of the impactors have been identified, mainly due to the low survival rate of projectile material. Further studies of impact craters will reveal if survival of extraterrestrial chromite is unique for the Lockne structure. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
11.	Asker, Christian, 1979-, et al. (author) Equation of state and elastic properties of face-centered cubic FeMg alloy at ultrahigh pressures from first-principles 2010 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 293:1-2, s. 130-134 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We have ca1culated the equation of state and elastic properties of face-centered cubic Fe and Fe-rich FeMg alloy at ultrahigh pressures from first principles using the Exact Muffin-Tin Orbitals method. The results show that adding Mg into Fe influences strongly the equation of state, and cause a large degree of softening of the elastic constants, even at concentrations as small as 1-2 at. %. Moreover, the e1astic anisotropy increases, and the effect is higher at higher pressures.
12.	Battaglia, Jean, et al. (author) Autopsy of an eruptive phase of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) through coupling of seismo-acoustic and SO 2 recordings with ash characteristics 2019 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-013X .- 0012-821X. ; 511, s. 223-232 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Eruption style and dynamics are controlled by various parameters including magma supply rate, magma viscosity, volatile content, and the permeability of the conduit. Rapid changes of these parameters can significantly modify the hazards associated to the eruption processes and understanding their relationship with multiparametric geophysical monitoring data can greatly improve our forecasting capacities. From 2008 to 2016, volcanic activity at Tungurahua was characterized by eruptive phases separated by episodes of quiescence. These phases displayed great variability of eruptive patterns including Vulcanian and Strombolian explosions, low pyroclastic fountaining, continuous or sporadic ash emissions and passive degassing. We use the comparison between geophysical data (seismic, acoustic and SO 2 emission), recorded by permanent monitoring networks, and the characteristics of the emitted ash to track changes in eruption dynamics during an eruptive phase that lasted from late December 2009 to March 2010. We show that the correlation between the analyzed parameters allows imaging and interpretation of the conditions at the vent. At Tungurahua, these conditions can rapidly change at the time scale of a single eruptive phase, corresponding to various degrees of opening, plugging and permeability of the conduit. Two magma intrusions could be identified during a single eruptive phase showing transitions between violent Strombolian and Vulcanian activity. Changes in the componentry of the analyzed ash samples, together with the geophysical data, nicely highlight these evolutions. Studying these parameters simultaneously provides a unique insight into the physical processes controlling superficial volcanic activity and offers a potential tool for better understanding volcanoes and detecting changes in their activity. The joint interpretation of multiparametric data which we propose is potentially applicable to multiple andesitic volcanoes.
13.	Bellucci, Jeremy, et al. (author) A Pb isotopic resolution to the Martian meteorite age paradox 2016 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 433, s. 241-248 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
14.	Bellucci, Jeremy, et al. (author) Halogen and Cl isotopic systematics in Martian phosphates: Implications for the Cl cycle and surface halogen reservoirs on Mars 2017 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 458, s. 192-202 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Cl isotopic compositions and halogen (Cl, F, Br, and I) abundances in phosphates from eight Martian meteorites, spanning most rock types and ages currently available, have been measured in situ by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). Likewise, the distribution of halogens has been documented by x-ray mapping. Halogen concentrations range over several orders of magnitude up to some of the largest concentrations yet measured in Martian samples or on the Martian surface, and the inter-element ratios are highly variable. Similarly, Cl isotope compositions exhibit a larger range than all pristine terrestrial igneous rocks. Phosphates in ancient (>4 Ga) meteorites (orthopyroxenite ALH 84001 and breccia NWA 7533) have positive d37Cl anomalies (+1.1 to +2.5 ‰). These samples also exhibit explicit whole rock and grain scale evidence for hydrothermal or aqueous activity. In contrast, the phosphates in the younger basaltic Shergottite meteorites (<600 Ma) have negative d37Cl anomalies (-0.2 to -5.6 ‰). Phosphates with the largest negative d37Cl anomalies display zonation where the rims of the grains are enriched in all halogens and have significantly more negative d37Cl anomalies indicating interaction with the surface of Mars during the latest stages of basalt crystallization. The phosphates with no textural, major element, or halogen enrichment evidence for mixing with this surface reservoir have an average d37Cl of -0.6 ‰, which suggests a similar Cl isotope composition between Mars, the Earth, and the Moon. The only process known to fractionate Cl isotopes, both positively and negatively, is formation of perchlorate, which has been detected in weight percent concentrations on the Martian surface. The age range and obvious mixing history of the phosphates studied here suggest perchlorate formation and halogen cycling via brines, which have also been observed on the Martian surface, has been active throughout Martian history.
15.	Bellucci, J. J., et al. (author) A Pb isotopic resolution to the Martian meteorite age paradox 2016 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 433, s. 241-248 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Determining the chronology and quantifying various geochemical reservoirs on planetary bodies is fundamental to understanding planetary accretion, differentiation, and global mass transfer. The Pb isotope compositions of individual minerals in the Martian meteorite Chassigny have been measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). These measurements indicate that Chassigny has mixed with a Martian reservoir that evolved with a long-term U-238/Pb-204 (mu) value similar to two times higher than those inferred from studies of all other Martian meteorites except 4.428 Ga clasts in NWA7533. Any significant mixing between this and an unradiogenic reservoir produces ambiguous trends in Pb isotope variation diagrams. The trend defined by our new Chassigny data can be used to calculate a crystallization age for Chassigny of 4.526 +/- 0.027 Ga (2 sigma) that is clearly in error as it conflicts with all other isotope systems, which yield a widely accepted age of 1.39 Ga. Similar, trends have also been observed in the Shergottites and have been used to calculate a >4 Ga age or, alternatively, attributed to terrestrial contamination. Our new Chassigny data, however, argue that the radiogenic component is Martian, mixing occurred on the surface of Mars, and is therefore likely present in virtually every Martian meteorite. The presence of this radiogenic reservoir on Mars resolves the paradox between Pb isotope data and all other radiogenic isotope systems in Martian meteorites. Importantly, Chassigny and the Shergottites are likely derived from the northern hemisphere of Mars, while NWA 7533 originated from the Southern hemisphere, implying that the U-rich reservoir, which most likely represents some form of crust, must be widespread. The significant age difference between SNC meteorites and NWA 7533 is also consistent with an absence of tectonic recycling throughout Martian history.
16.	Bellucci, J. J., et al. (author) Tracing martian surface interactions with the triple O isotope compositions of meteoritic phosphates 2020 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 531 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The triple oxygen isotope compositions of phosphate grains in six martian meteorites have been measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and combined together with their chlorine isotope and halogen concentrations have been used to constrain hydrosphere-lithosphere interactions on Mars. These samples include three enriched shergottites (Zagami, Roberts Massif 04262 and Larkman Nunatak 12011), one depleted shergottite (Tissint), an orthopyroxenite (Allan Hills 84001), and a regolith breccia (Northwest Africa 7533). The phosphates measured here have a range in δ18O [(18O/16O)sample/(18O/16O)Standard-1] × 103] from +1.0 to +6.8‰ and could be a result of indigenous mantle values, mixing with martian water, or replacement reactions taking place on the surface of Mars. Three samples have a Δ17O [δ17O-1000(1 + δ18O /1000)0.528-1] in equilibrium with the martian mantle (ALH 84001, Tissint, and Zagami), while three samples (LAR 12011, RBT 04262, and NWA 7533) have an elevated positive Δ17O outside of analytical uncertainty of the martian fractionation line (MFL). The phosphates in the latter group also have positive and negative δ37Cl [(37Cl/35Cl)sample/(37Cl/35Cl)standard – 1] × 103] and enrichments in halogens not seen in the rest of the sample suite. Perchlorate formation on Earth fractionates Cl in both positive and negative directions and generates a correlated positive Δ17O. Further, perchlorate has been detected in wt% amounts on the martian surface. Thus, these results strongly suggest the presence of multiple Cl isotope reservoirs on the martian surface that have interacted with the samples studied here over the last ca. 2 Ga of geologic time. The weighted average of Δ17O measurements from phosphate grains (n = 13) in NWA 7533, which are the explicit result of exchange reactions on the martian surface, yields a statistically robust mean value of 1.39 ± 0.19‰ (2σ, MSWD = 1.5, p = 0.13). This value likely represents an accurate estimate for an oxidized surface reservoir on Mars.
17.	Bellucci, Jeremy, et al. (author) Pb evolution in the Martian mantle 2018 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 485, s. 79-87 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The initial Pb compositions of one enriched shergottite, one intermediate shergottite, two depleted shergottites, and Nakhla have been measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). These values, in addition to data from previous studies using an identical analytical method performed on three enriched shergottites, ALH 84001, and Chassigny, are used to construct a unified and internally consistent model for the differentiation history of the Martian mantle and crystallization ages for Martian meteorites. The differentiation history of the shergottites and Nakhla/Chassigny are fundamentally different, which is in agreement with short-lived radiogenic isotope systematics. The initial Pb compositions of Nakhla/Chassigny are best explained by the late addition of a Pb-enriched component with a primitive, non-radiogenic composition. In contrast, the Pb isotopic compositions of the shergottite group indicate a relatively simple evolutionary history of the Martian mantle that can be modeled based on recent results from the Sm–Nd system. The shergottites have been linked to a single mantle differentiation event at 4504 Ma. Thus, the shergottite Pb isotopic model here reflects a two-stage history 1) pre-silicate differentiation (4504 Ma) and 2) post-silicate differentiation to the age of eruption (as determined by concordant radiogenic isochron ages). The μ-values (238U/204Pb) obtained for these two different stages of Pb growth are μ1 of 1.8 and a range of μ2 from 1.4–4.7, respectively. The μ1-value of 1.8 is in broad agreement with enstatite and ordinary chondrites and that proposed for proto Earth, suggesting this is the initial μ-value for inner Solar System bodies. When plotted against other source radiogenic isotopic variables (Sri, γ187Os, ε143Nd, and ε176Hf), the second stage mantle evolution range in observed mantle μ-values display excellent linear correlations (r2 > 0.85) and represent a spectrum of Martian mantle mixing-end members (depleted, intermediate, enriched).
18.	Bellucci, Jeremy (author) Pb-isotopic evidence for an early, enriched crust on Mars 2015 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 410, s. 34-41 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Martian meteorite NWA 7533 is a regolith breccia that compositionally resembles the Martian surface measured by orbiters and landers. NWA 7533 contains monzonitic clasts that have zircon with U–Pb ages of 4.428 Ga. The Pb isotopic compositions of plagioclase and alkali feldspars, as well as U–Pb isotopic compositions of chlorapatitein the monzonitic clasts of NWA 7533 have been measured by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). The U–Pb isotopic compositions measured from the chlorapatitein NWA 7533 yield an age of 1.357 ±81Ga(2σ). The least radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions measured in plagioclase and K-feldspar lie within error of the 4.428 Ga Geochron. These data indicate that the monzonitic clasts in NWA 7533 are a product of a differentiation history that includes residence in areservoir that formed prior to 4.428 Ga with a μ-value (238U/204Pb) of at least 13.4 ±1.7 (2σ)and aκ-value (232Th/238U) of ∼4.3. This μ-value is more than three times higher than any other documented Martian reservoir. These results indicate either the Martian mantle is significantly more heterogeneous than previously thought (μ-value of 1–14 vs. 1–5) and/or the monzonitic clasts formed by the melting of Martian crust with a μ-value of at least 13.4. Therefore, NWA 7533 may contain the first isotopic evidence for an enriched, differentiated crust on Mars.
19.	Bellucci, Jeremy, et al. (author) Terrestrial-like zircon in an Apollo 14 breccia. 2019 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - Netherlands : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 510, s. 173-185 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
20.	Bohlin, Madeleine, et al. (author) The reactive transport of Li as a monitor of weathering processes in kinetically limited weathering regimes 2019 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 511, s. 233-243 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Analytical solutions to reactive-transport equations describing the evolution of Li concentrations and isotopic ratios are presented for one-dimensional flow paths where reaction stoichiometry is constant along the flow path. These solutions are considered appropriate for chemical weathering in rapidly eroding catchments. The solutions may be described by two dimensionless numbers; 1) a Damköhler number describing the product of reaction rate and fluid residence time, and 2) a net partition coefficient which describes the fraction of Li re-precipitated in secondary minerals as the product of a fluid-secondary mineral partition coefficient and the mass fraction of secondary mineral precipitates. In settings where water entering flow paths is dilute, Li concentrations will increase along the flow path until they reach a limiting value determined by the net partition coefficient. Simultaneously, 7Li/6Li isotopic ratios will increase to a limiting value of the source rock ratio minus the secondary mineral-fluid Li-isotopic fractionation factor. Waters with Li-isotopic ratios in excess of this limiting value must have evolved with a change of reaction stoichiometry and/or partition coefficient along the flow path such that at some point net removal of Li to secondary minerals exceeds that supplied by dissolution of primary minerals. The modelling shows that the multiple controls on chemical weathering rates (temperature, rainfall, erosion rate, hydrology) cannot be inferred from Li concentration and isotopic ratio data alone, which only provide two independent constraints. Caution should be exercised in interpretation of oceanic Li records in terms of potential climatic variables. The model is illustrated by a set of Li concentration and isotopic ratio measurements on river waters and bed sands in the Alaknanda river basin which forms the headwaters of the Ganges. This illustrates how values of the Damköhler number and net partition coefficient can be used to trace weathering processes. Water samples from catchments with similar lithologies and climates scatter along contours of approximately constant net partition coefficient, reflecting similar reaction stoichiometries, but with more variable Damköhler numbers reflecting variations in flow path length, fluid flux and/or reaction rate. Samples from the lower, warmer and less rapidly eroding catchments have high 7Li/6Li isotopic ratios with lower Li concentrations and must reflect at least a two-stage weathering process where reaction stoichiometry and/or Li fluid-mineral partition coefficients change along the flow path so that net Li is removed in the later stages.
21.	Bolhar, Robert, et al. (author) Atmospheric S and lithospheric Pb in sulphides from the 2.06 Ga Phalaborwa phoscorite-carbonatite Complex, South Africa 2020 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 530 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Lead and multiple sulphur isotope compositions were measured in-situ by SIMS on sulphide minerals from phoscorites and carbonatites of the ca. 2.06 Ga Phalaborwa Complex in South Africa. Additionally, sulphide mineral separates and bulk-rock samples were analyzed with IRMS methods to confirm SIMS data. Lead isotope ratios define a trend stretching from unradiogenic to highly radiogenic ratios corresponding to a Pb–Pb regression date of 2054 ± 99 Ma. This apparent date is consistent with the timing of emplacement and thus provides an age estimate for the sulphide mineralization. The least radiogenic Pb isotope compositions overlap, and the regression line intersects, a hypothetical mixing line between MORB mantle and an upper crustal reservoir at ca. 2.1 Ga, suggesting that either a significant quantity of crustal Pb contributed to sulphide mineralization, or that sulphidic xenomelts were derived from an isotopically enriched mantle source. Sulphur isotope ratios of individual sulphide minerals obtained by SIMS are highly variable (δ34S: −15 to +15‰ V-CDT) and, importantly, reveal the contribution of pre-Great Oxidation Event (GOE) atmospheric sulphur with mass-independent isotope fractionation (Δ33S = δ33S–[(1+δ34S)0.515-1]×1000 ≠0.0‰). Mass-independent sulphur isotope fractionation is also revealed by sulphur isotope ratios measured on sulphide mineral separates (Δ33S: 0.2 to 0.7‰) and bulk rock samples (Δ33S: 0.2 to 0.4‰). Generally, the range of sulphur isotope ratios obtained with SIMS is much larger than that observed in non-SIMS data, possibly reflecting isotopic variability at the μm scale, resolvable only with microbeam measurements. Various sources and mechanisms by which supracrustal material may have been incorporated into mantle-derived carbonatite-phoscorite magmas are assessed, taking into account that geological evidence for the presence of sedimentary material available for assimilation during shallow-level magma emplacement is lacking. Given the variability in S and Pb isotopic compositions, it is inferred that pre-GOE surficial Pb and S were not derived from asthenospheric mantle contaminated with supracrustal materials. Instead, whole rock trace element compositions, in concert with published geochemical and petrological evidence, are consistent with interaction of asthenospheric, plume-derived melt with compositionally heterogeneous lithospheric mantle that was metasomatically modified by fluids and melts released from a subducting slab. Despite geochemical and geochronological similarities with the 2055 Ma Busvheld Complex, lead and sulphur isotope data for both complexes are resolvably different, pointing to distinct lithospheric mantle sources involved in sulphide mineralization.
22.	Borradaile, Graham, et al. (author) Specimen size and improved precision with the Molspin spinner magnetometer 2006 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 241, s. 381-386 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
23.	Bralower, Timothy, et al. (author) Origin of a global carbonate layer deposited in the aftermath of the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary impact 2020 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 548 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Microcrystalline calcite (micrite) dominates the sedimentary record of the aftermath of the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) impact at 31 sites globally, with records ranging from the deep ocean to the Chicxulub impact crater, over intervals ranging from a few centimeters to more than seventeen meters. This micrite-rich layer provides important information about the chemistry and biology of the oceans after the impact. Detailed high-resolution scanning electron microscopy demonstrates that the layer contains abundant calcite crystals in the micron size range with a variety of forms. Crystals are often constructed of delicate, oriented agglomerates of sub-micrometer mesocrystals indicative of rapid precipitation. We compare the form of crystals with natural and experimental calcite to shed light on their origin. Close to the crater, a significant part of the micrite may derive from the initial backreaction of CaO vaporized during impact. In more distal sites, simple interlocking rhombohedral crystals resemble calcite precipitated from solution. Globally, we found unique calcite crystals associated with fossilized extracellular materials that strikingly resemble calcite precipitated by various types of bacteria in natural and laboratory settings. The micrite-rich layer contains abundant bacterial and eukaryotic algal biomarkers and most likely represents global microbial blooms initiated within millennia of the K–Pg mass extinction. Cyanobacteria and non-haptophyte microalgae likely proliferated as dominant primary producers in cold immediate post-impact environments. As surface-water saturation state rose over the following millennia due to the loss of eukaryotic carbonate producers and continuing river input of alkalinity, “whitings” induced by cyanobacteria replaced calcareous nannoplankton as major carbonate producers. We postulate that the blooms grew in supersaturated surface waters as evidenced by crystals that resemble calcite precipitates from solution. The microbial biomass may have served as a food source enabling survival of a portion of the marine biota, ultimately including life on the deep seafloor. Although the dominance of cyanobacterial and algal photosynthesis would have weakened the biological pump, it still would have removed sufficient nutrients from surface waters thus conditioning the ocean for the recovery of biota at highertrophic levels.
24.	Butcher, F. E. G., et al. (author) Morphometry of a glacier-linked esker in NW Tempe Terra, Mars, and implications for sediment-discharge dynamics of subglacial drainage 2020 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 542 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
25.	Byrne, Paul K., et al. (author) The geometry of volcano flank terraces on Mars 2009 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 281:1-2, s. 1-13 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Flank terraces are subtle, expansive structures on the slopes of many large Martian shield volcanoes. Several terrace formation hypotheses - including self-loading, lithospheric flexure, magma chamber tumescence, volcano spreading, and shallow gravitational slumping - have been suggested. Terraces are not readily visible on photogeological data; consequently, terrace geometry has not yet been comprehensively described. Terrace provenance, therefore, is poorly understood. We used three-dimensional Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data to characterise the geometry of these elusive structures, with a view to understanding better the role that flank terraces play in the tectonic evolution of volcanoes on Mars. Terraces have a broad, convex-upward profile in section, and a systematic "fish scale" imbricate stacking pattern in plan. They are visible at all elevations, on at least nine disparate Martian volcanoes. Terrace-like features also occur on three shield volcanoes on Earth, an observation not recorded before. Analysis of a suite of morphometric parameters for flank terraces showed that they are scale-invariant. with similar proportions to thrust faults on Earth. We compared predicted formation geometries to our terrace observations, and found that only lithospheric flexure can fully account for the morphology, distribution, and timing of terraces. As a volcano flexes into the lithosphere beneath it, its upper surface will experience a net reduction in area, resulting in the formation of outward verging thrusts. We conclude, therefore, that flank terraces are fundamental volcanotectonic structures, that they are the surface expressions of thrust faults, probably formed by lithospheric flexure. and that they are not restricted to Mars.
26.	Cai, Yiting, 1994, et al. (author) Loading-induced stress variation on active faults and seismicity modulation in the Kuril Islands-Japan region 2024 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 1385-013X .- 0012-821X. ; 643 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Earth's crust experiences continual stress variations due to the loads of the ocean, atmosphere, and continental water. We investigate if these stress variations can influence the seismicity of the Kuril megathrust, a part of the subduction zone positioned between the Pacific and Okhotsk plates, in the Kuril Islands-Japan region. Using established fault geometries and loading-induced stress variations, we calculate monthly Coulomb stress change resulting from hydrological, atmospheric, and non-tidal ocean loads, as well as their combined effects, from 2005 to 2016. We subsequently compare these stress variations with the observed monthly seismic rate along the Kuril megathrust during the same period. Our analysis reveals a weak but statistically significant positive correlation between the multi-loading-induced Coulomb stress changes and seismic activity, particularly in the shallow segment of the southern Kuril trench near Hokkaido island. This finding suggests that relatively small Coulomb stress changes, on the order of a few kPa, induced by surface loads, have the potential to locally trigger earthquakes within stressed fault systems. We also show that the summed contribution of atmospheric, non-tidal oceanic, and hydrological loads to this seismic triggering differs from the results obtained when taking each load separately. In addition, the relative contribution of each load to the Coulomb stress change varies as a function of time and space. Anticipating future studies, we emphasize the importance of extending the research throughout the entire study period and the interest in considering the cumulative impact of multiple loading sources when investigating their role in seismic activity.
27.	Callegaro, Sara, et al. (author) Upper and lower crust recycling in the source of CAMP basaltic dykes from southeastern North America 2013 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 376, s. 186-199 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The densest dykes swarm of the Central Atlantic magmatic province (CAMP) occur in southeastern North America (SENA) and were intruded between 202 and 195 Ma during Pangea break-up. New combined geochemical data (major and trace elements, Sr–Nd–Pb–Os isotopes) constrain the mantle source of these magmatic bodies and their evolution path. While Sr–Nd isotopic compositions for SENA rocks (87Sr/86Sr200Ma 0.70438–0.70880 and 143Nd/144Nd200Ma 0.51251–0.51204) fall within the low-Ti CAMP field, Pb–Pb isotopes (206Pb/204Pb200Ma 17.46–18.85, 207Pb/204Pb200Ma 15.54–15.65, 208Pb/204Pb200Ma 37.47–38.76) are peculiar to this area of the CAMP and cover a considerable span of compositions, especially in 206Pb/204Pb200Ma. Given the generally unradiogenic Os isotopic compositions (187Os/188Os200Ma 0.127–0.144) observed and the lack of correlation between these and other geochemical markers, crustal contamination during the evolution of SENA dykes must have been limited (less than 10%). Thus the isotopic variation is interpreted to reside primarily within the mantle source. These observations, coupled with typical continental signatures in trace elements (positive anomaly in Pb and negative anomalies in Ti and Nb), require another means of conveying a continental flavor to these magmas, which is here hypothesized to be the shallow recycling within the upper mantle of subducted lower and upper crustal materials. Pseudo-ternary mixing models show that a maximum of 10% recycled crust is enough to explain their trace element patterns as well as their isotopic heterogeneity. Looking at the larger picture of the origin of the CAMP, the thermal contribution of a mantle plume cannot be ruled out due to the relatively high mantle potential temperatures (1430–1480 °C) calculated for high-Fo SENA olivines. Nevertheless, our results suggest that the chemical involvement of a mantle plume is negligible (less than 5%) if either a C- or an EM-flavored plume is considered. Rather, the possibility of a PREMA-flavored mantle plume, enriched by 5–20% recycled crustal material, remains a possible, though less plausible, source for these tholeiites.
28.	Cao, Ning, 1987-, et al. (author) The role of internal feedbacks in sustaining multi-centennial variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation revealed by EC-Earth3-LR simulations 2023 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 621 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A significant multi-centennial climate variability with a distinct peak at approximately 200 years is observed in a pre-industrial (PI) control simulation using the EC-Earth3-LR climate model. This oscillation originates predominately from the North Atlantic and displays a strong association with the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Our study identifies the interplay between salinity advection feedback and vertical mixing in the subpolar North Atlantic as key roles in providing the continues internal energy source to maintain this multi-centennial oscillation. The perturbation flow of mean subtropical-subpolar salinity gradients serves as positive feedback to sustain the AMOC anomaly, while the mean advection of salinity anomalies and the vertical mixing or convection acts as negative feedback, constraining the AMOC anomaly. Notably, this low-frequency variability persists even in a warmer climate with weakened AMOC, emphasizing the robustness of the salinity advection feedback mechanism.
29.	Chambers, Frank, et al. (author) Globally synchronous climate change 2800 years ago: proxy data from peat in South America 2007 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 253:3-4, s. 439-444 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Initial findings from high-latitude ice-cores implied a relatively unvarying Holocene climate, in contrast to the major climate swings in the preceding late-Pleistocene. However, several climate archives from low latitudes imply a less than equable Holocene climate, as do recent studies on peat bogs in mainland north-west Europe, which indicate an abrupt climate cooling 2800 years ago, with parallels claimed in a range of climate archives elsewhere. A hypothesis that this claimed climate shift was global, and caused by reduced solar activity, has recently been disputed. Until now, no directly comparable data were available from the southern hemisphere to help resolve the dispute. Building on investigations of the vegetation history of an extensive mire in the Valle de Andorra, Tierra del Fuego, we took a further peat core from the bog to generate a high-resolution climate history through the use of determination of peat humification and quantitative leaf-count plant macrofossil analysis. Here, we present the new proxy-climate data from the bog in South America. The data are directly comparable with those in Europe, as they were produced using identical laboratory methods. They show that there was a major climate perturbation at the same time as in northwest European bogs. Its timing, nature and apparent global synchronicity lend support to the notion of solar forcing of past climate change, amplified by oceanic circulation. This finding of a similar response simultaneously in both hemispheres may help validate and improve global climate models. That reduced solar activity might cause a global climatic change suggests that attention be paid also to consideration of any global climate response to increases in solar activity. This has implications for interpreting the relative contribution of climate drivers of recent ‘global warming’.
30.	Chi Fru, Ernest, et al. (author) Arsenic-induced phosphate limitation under experimental Early Proterozoic oceanic conditions 2016 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 434, s. 52-63 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Comparison of phosphorus concentrations associated with modern hydrothermal Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides and ancient Fe(III) oxide-rich iron formations, is used to estimate bioavailable Precambrian marine phosphorus (P) concentrations. This led to the proposition of a low dissolved P budget of similar to 10-25% of present-day levels, before similar to 1.9 billion years ago. Estimates incorporating ancient marine Si levels >= 0.67 mM instead suggested global dissolved P levels greater than today. Here we unite current experimental models that have considered NaCl solutions containing elevated dissolved Fe(II), Si, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the incorporation of P in Precambrian marine Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides, in addition to arsenic as a hydrothermal proxy. We show that the coprecipitation of dissolved P and Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides from arsenic-rich marine waters produces an average P distribution coefficient of similar to 0.072 (+/- 0.01) mu M-1. This is comparable to the similar to 0.07 mu M-1 predicted for Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides in modern arsenic-rich, submarine hydrothermal settings, from which the lower Early Proterozoic dissolved marine P concentrations were predicted. As/P molar ratios below modern seawater ratios removed the negative feedback effect high Si impose on P scavenging by Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides. The binding of As(III) to Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides exhibits a lower competitive influence on P fixation. As(V) that likely became prominent in the surficially oxidized Early Proterozoic oceans induced dissolved P limitation because of preferential P sequestration at the expense of dissolved As(V) enrichment. The control of As on P scavenging by the precipitating Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides is strong regardless of common seawater cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+). The data suggest that the application of Si and Fe(III)(oxyhydr)oxides as an ancient seawater P proxy should consider chemical variability between depositional basins, taking into account the rather strong role hydrothermal arsenic has on the distribution of P in Fe(Ill)(oxyhydr)oxides. We propose that the generalized lower dissolved P budgets estimated from Early Proterozoic iron formations are consistent with oceans thought to be at least 3-4 times more hydrothermally active than at present.
31.	Clift, Peter D., et al. (author) Detrital U–Pb rutile and zircon data show Indus River sediment dominantly eroded from East Karakoram, not Nanga Parbat 2022 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 600, s. 117873-117873 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
32.	Coppola, D., et al. (author) Shallow system rejuvenation and magma discharge trends at Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion Island) 2017 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-013X .- 0012-821X. ; 463, s. 13-24 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Basaltic magma chambers are often characterized by emptying and refilling cycles that influence their evolution in space and time, and the associated eruptive activity. During April 2007, the largest historical eruption of Piton de la Fournaise (Île de La Réunion, France) drained the shallow plumbing system (>240×106 m3) and resulted in collapse of the 1-km-wide summit crater. Following these major events, Piton de la Fournaise entered a seven-year long period of near-continuous deflation interrupted, in June 2014, by a new phase of significant inflation. By integrating multiple datasets (lava discharge rates, deformation, seismicity, gas flux, gas composition, and lava chemistry), we here show that the progressive migration of magma from a deeper (below sea level) storage zone gradually rejuvenated and pressurized the above-sea-level portion of the magmatic system consisting of a vertically-zoned network of relatively small-volume magma pockets. Continuous inflation provoked four small (
33.	Cuzzone, Joshua K., et al. (author) Final deglaciation of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet and implications for the Holocene global sea-level budget 2016 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 448, s. 34-41 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The last deglaciation of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet (SIS) from similar to 21,000 to 13,000 yr ago is well constrained by several hundred Be-10 and C-14 ages. The subsequent retreat history, however, is established primarily from minimum-limiting C-14 ages and incomplete Baltic-Sea varve records, leaving a substantial fraction of final SIS retreat history poorly constrained. Here we develop a high-resolution chronology for the final deglaciation of the SIS based on 79 Be-10 cosmogenic exposure dates sampled along three transects spanning southern to northern Sweden and Finland. Combining this new chronology with existing Be-10 ages on deglaciation since the Last Glacial Maximum shows that rates of SIS margin retreat were strongly influenced by deglacial millennial-scale climate variability and its effect on surface mass balance, with regional modulation of retreat associated with dynamical controls. Ice-volume estimates constrained by our new chronology suggest that the SIS contributed 8 m sea-level equivalent to global sea-level rise between similar to 14.5 ka and 10 ka. Final deglaciation was largely complete by similar to 10.5 ka, with highest rates of sea-level rise occurring during the Bolling-Allerod, a 50% decrease during the Younger Dryas, and a rapid increase during the early Holocene. Combining our SIS volume estimates with estimated contributions from other remaining Northern Hemisphere ice sheets suggests that the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) contributed 14.4 +/- 5.9 m to global sea-level rise since 13 ka. This new constraint supports those studies that indicate that an ice volume of 15 m or more of equivalent sea-level rise was lost from the AIS during the last deglaciation.
34.	Cyprych, Daria, et al. (author) Seismic anisotropy from compositional banding in granulites from the deep magmatic arc of Fiordland, New Zealand 2017 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 477, s. 156-167 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We present calculated seismic velocities and anisotropies of mafic granulites and eclogites from the Cretaceous deep lower crust (similar to 40-65 km) of Fiordland, New Zealand. Both rock types show a distinct foliation defined by cm-scale compositional banding. Seismic properties are estimated using the Asymptotic Expansion Homogenisation - Finite Element (AEH-FE) method that, unlike the commonly used Voigt-Reuss-Hill homogenisation, incorporates the phase boundary network into calculations. The predicted mean P- and S-wave velocities are consistent with previously published data for similar lithologies from other locations (e.g., Kohistan Arc), although we find higher than expected anisotropies (AV(P) similar to 5.0-8.0%, AV(S) similar to 3.0-6.5%) and substantial S-wave splitting along foliation planes in granulites. This seismic signature of granulites results from a density and elasticity contrast between cm-scale pyroxene +/- garnet stringers and, plagioclase matrix rather than from crystallographic orientations alone. Banded eclogites do not show elevated anisotropies as the contrast in density and elastic constants of garnet and pyroxene is too small. The origin of compositional banding in Fiordland granulites is primarily magmatic and structures described here are expected to be typical for the base of present day magmatic arcs. Hence, we identify a new potential source of anisotropy within this geotectonic setting.
35.	Czymzik, Markus, et al. (author) Solar cycles and depositional processes in annual Be-10 from two varved lake sediment records 2015 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-013X .- 0012-821X. ; 428, s. 44-51 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Beryllium 10 concentrations (Be-10(con)) were measured at annual resolution from varved sediment cores of Lakes Tiefer See (TSK) and Czechowskie (JC) for the period 1983-2009 (similar to solar cycles 22 and 23). Calibrating the Be-10(con) time-series against complementing proxy records from the same archive as well as local precipitation and neutron monitor data, reflecting solar forced changes in atmospheric radionuclide production, allowed (i) identifying the main depositional processes and (ii) evaluating the potential for solar activity reconstruction. Be-10(con) in TSK and JC sediments are significantly correlated to varying neutron monitor counts (TSK: r = 0.5, p = 0.05, n = 16; JC: r = 0.46, p = 0.03, n = 22). However, the further correlations with changes in organic carbon contents in TSK as well as varying organic carbon and detrital matter contents in JC point to catchment specific biases in the 10Be(con) time-series. In an attempt to correct for these biases multiple regression analysis was applied to extract an atmospheric Be-10 production signal (Be-10(atmosphere)). To increase the signal to noise ratio a Be-10 composite record (Be-10(composite)) was calculated from the TSK time-series. Be-10(composite) and JC Be-10(atmosphere) is significantly correlated to variations in the neutron monitor record (r = 0.49, p = 0.01, n = 25) and matches the expected amplitude changes in 10Be production between solar cycle minima and maxima. This calibration study on 10Be from two sites indicates the large potential but also, partly site-specific, limitations of Be-10 in varved lake sediments for solar activity reconstruction. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
36.	D'Agrella-Filho, Manoel S., et al. (author) Direct dating of paleomagnetic results from Precambrian sediments in the Amazon craton : Evidence for Grenvillian emplacement of exotic crust in SE Appalachians of North America 2008 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 267:1-2, s. 188-199 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We apply a new diagenetic dating technique to determine the age of magnetization for Precambrian sedimentary rocks in the SW Amazon craton. Two new palcomagnetic poles are reported from the rocks of the Aguapei Gp.: red beds of the Fortuna Fm. (P-lat = 59.8 degrees N, P-lon = 155.9 degrees E, A(95)=9.5, K= 14, 18 sites, N/n 128/115, Q=5) and the reverse-polarity mudstones of the overlying Vale da Promissao Formation (P-lat=49.5 degrees N, P-lon = 89.3 degrees E, A(95) = 12.5, K=30, 6 sites, N/n=94/80, Q=4). The Fortuna Fm. magnetization is hosted by massive, interstitial hematite cement and constitutes a post-depositional remanence. The age of diagenesis of the red beds is well-constrained by the 1149 +/- 7 Ma U-Pb age of authigenic xenotime rims on detrital zircons determined by SHRIMP analysis. The magnetite-hosted remanence of the Vale da Promissao Fm. may be detrital in origin, but the age of deposition is poorly constrained. The reliable and precisely-dated Fortuna Fun. pateomagnetic pole fixes the paleogeographic position of the Amazon craton near the SE Appalachians portion of North America at 1.15 Ga. These data demonstrate a mobile Grenvillian link between these two cratons, and support the recent identification of Amazon crust in the Blue Ridge province region of North America
37.	Dahlqvist, Ralf, et al. (author) The concentration and isotopic composition of diffusible Nd in fresh and marine waters 2005 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 233:1-2, s. 9-16 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Variations in the Nd isotopic composition of ocean water through time, recorded in marine deposits, are suggested to document changes in erosional input and ocean circulation. Thus characterization of the dissolved Nd component in seawater is important. But few attempts have been made to directly measure truly dissolved Nd. Here we report Nd data, obtained using the technique of diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) designed to measure in situ, diffusible labile trace metals in aqueous solutions. The method samples free ions and possibly very small complexes. The concentration and isotopic composition of Nd in fresh, brackish and seawater have been determined with DGT, analyzed with thermal ionization mass-spectrometry, and compared with filtered and bulk water samples. Concentrations measured in water samples and with DGT show that the relative amount of diffusible Nd increases with salinity, from being about 10% in the fresh water to 42% in seawater. At each sampled site, the isotopic composition of Nd in the water shows a similar isotopic composition, within errors, with Nd sampled using the DGT method. These results indicate that there is a complete exchange between the particulate/colloidal fraction and the truly dissolved phase. Therefore our findings suggest that solute Nd reflects both the isotopic composition of the marine sediments and the bulk water.
38.	Danise, Silvia, et al. (author) Land-sea ecological connectivity during a Jurassic warming event 2022 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 578, s. 117290-117290 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Knowledge on how climate change affects land-sea ecological connectivity in deep time is scarce. To fill this knowledge gap we have assembled a unique dataset through a Jurassic (early Toarcian) warming event that includes quantitative abundance data from pollen and spores, organic-walled marine plankton and benthic macro-invertebrates, in association with geochemical data derived from the same sampled horizons, from the Cleveland Basin, UK. Using this dataset we: (i) reconstruct the timing of degradation and recovery of land-plants, marine primary producers and benthic fauna in response to this event, and (ii) test for connectivity between changes in land and marine ecosystems. We find a discrepancy between the timing of the response of land-plant and marine ecosystems to the event. Land-plants were the first to be affected by initial warming, but also recovered relatively quickly after the peak of warmth to return to pre-event levels of richness and diversity. Plankton and benthic fauna instead experienced a delayed response to initial warming, but as warming peaked, they suffered a rapid and extreme turnover. Recovery in the shelf sea was also delayed (particularly for the benthos) compared to the vegetation. Ecological connectivity analyses show a strong link between changes in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The loss of large trees on land contributed to changes in marine plankton, from dinoflagellate-to prasinophyte algal-dominated communities, by enhancing erosion, runoff and nutrient-supply into shallow seas. Eutrophication and changes in primary productivity contributed to the decrease of dissolved oxygen in the water column and in bottom waters, which in turn affected benthic communities. Such cause-effect mechanisms observed in the Cleveland Basin are likely to have occurred in other basins of the Boreal Realm, and in part also in basins of the Sub-Boreal and Tethyan realms. Although palaeolatitudinal and palaeoceanographic gradients may have controlled local and regional changes in land-plants and marine ecosystems during the Early Jurassic, the main climatic and environmental changes linked to rapid global warming, enhanced weathering and high primary productivity, are shared among all the examined realms.
39.	Davies, Siwan M., et al. (author) Tracing volcanic events in the NGRIP ice-core and synchronising North Atlantic marine records during the last glacial period 2010 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 294, s. 69-79 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Abstract Five basaltic tephra horizons have been identified in the NGRIP ice-core during the last glacial period. Geochemical analyses indicate that these tephras are of Icelandic origin with one horizon identified as the Faroe Marine Ash Zone III (FMAZ III) — an important marker horizon in several marine records within the Faroe Islands margin. The FMAZ III is a few millimetres thick and is constrained to 38,122 ± 723 yr b2k (before year AD 2000) according to the Greenland Ice Core Chronology (GICC05). This event falls directly at the thermal peak of Greenland Interstadial 8 (GI-8) and a marine-ice correlation, based on the position of this tephra, suggests a close coupling of the marine and atmospheric systems at this time. The remaining tephras originate from the Eastern Volcanic Zone with the Katla volcanic system pinpointed as the dominant source. These are thought to represent previously unknown volcanic events which add considerably to our knowledge of Icelandic volcanism during this period. Independent ages are assigned to these events and together with major element characterisation, form the backbone of the tephrochronology framework presented here. Despite the identification of these tephras, this study also demonstrates that the sulphate record may not always act as a suitable proxy for the identification of tephra horizons in ice-core records.
40.	Day, James M. D., et al. (author) Mantle source characteristics and magmatic processes during the 2021 La Palma eruption 2022 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 597 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The 2021 eruption of La Palma (September 19-December 13) was the first subaerial eruption in the Canary Islands in 50 years. Approximately 0.2 km3 of lava erupted from a newly formed, broadly basaltic composite volcanic edifice on the northwestern flank of the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge. Comprehensive sampling of the olivine-and clinopyroxene-phyric lavas over the eruption period reveals temporal changes in mineralogy and bulk rock geochemistry from tephrite to basanite. Initial tephrite lavas have low MgO (-6 wt.%) and elevated TiO2 (-4 wt.%) and contain amphibole crystals and gabbroic micro -xenoliths. In contrast, lavas with progressively more mafic compositions erupted to approximately day 20 of the eruption and thereafter remained as basanite (-8 wt.% MgO; 3.7 wt.% TiO2) until eruption termination. Temporal changes in lava chemistry reflect initial eruption of fractionated magmas that crystallized 5-10% olivine and clinopyroxene, as well as minor spinel, sulfide, and magnetite, followed by later eruption of deeper-sourced and more primitive magma. Vanadium-in-olivine oxybarometry indicates parental magmas were oxidized (fO2 = +1.5 to +2 FMQ) with 8.2 +/- 0.8 wt.% MgO and were generated from between 2.5-3% partial melting of a mantle source potentially containing a pyroxenite component (Xpx = 0.31 +/- 0.12). Day 1-20 tephrites have more radiogenic 187Os/188Os (0.143-0.148) and lower Pd, Pt, Ir and Os contents than post day 20 basanites (187Os/188Os = 0.141-0.145). Combined with available seismic data, the lavas provide a high-resolution record of eruptive evolution. Initial fractionated tephrite magma was stored in the upper lithosphere up to four years prior to eruption, consistent with pre-cursor seismicity and the presence of partially reacted amphibole and micro-xenoliths. The later lavas of the eruption were fed by more primitive basanitic parental magmas that were likely sourced from the deeper portion of the magma storage system that is underplating the island. Precursor events to the 2021 La Palma eruption involved seismicity and magma emplacement, storage and differentiation, which was followed by mobilisation, eruption, and eventual exhaustion of stored magma and partial melts. This magmatic progression is similar to that documented from the 1949 and 1971 Cumbre Vieja eruptions. Ocean islands with limited basaltic magma supply show similarities to the magmatic evolution observed in large silicic systems, where initial magma emplacement and differentiation is followed by later magma remobilisation that induces volcanic activity.
41.	De Vleeschouwer, David, et al. (author) The amplifying effect of Indonesian Throughflow heat transport on Late Pliocene Southern Hemisphere climate cooling 2018 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 500, s. 15-27 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract An unusually short glaciation interrupted the warm Pliocene around 3.3 Ma (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) M2). Different hypotheses exist to explain why this glaciation event was so pronounced, and why the global climate system returned to warm Pliocene conditions relatively quickly afterwards. One of these proposed mechanisms is a reduced equator-to-pole heat transfer, in response to a tectonically reduced Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). The ITF is a critical part of the global thermohaline ocean circulation, transporting heat from the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool to the Indian Ocean. When ITF connectivity is reduced, the water and heat supply for the Leeuwin Current, flowing poleward along Australia's west coast, is also diminished. To assess the possible relationship between mid-Pliocene glaciations and latitudinal heat transport through the Indonesian Throughflow, we constructed a multi-proxy orbital scale record for the 3.7-2.8 Ma interval from International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Site U1463, off northwest Australia. The comparison of the Site U1463 record with paleoclimate records from nearby Site 763 and West Pacific Warm Pool Site 806 allows for a detailed regional reconstruction of Pliocene paleoceanography and thus for testing the proposed hypothesis. An astronomically-paced decrease in potassium content characterizes the late Pliocene interval of U1463. This record documents the increasing aridity of northwest Australia, periodically alleviated by reinforced summer monsoon precipitation under summer insolation maxima. The 3180 record of the planktonic foraminifer Globigerinoides sacculifer correlates exceptionally well with the sea surface temperature (SST) record from Site 806 in the West Pacific Warm Pool, even during MIS M2. Hence, Site U1463 preserves an uninterrupted ITF signal even during Pliocene glaciations. However, the U1463 delta O-18(G.sacculifer) record exhibits a 0.5 parts per thousand offset with the nearby Site 763A record around MIS M2. This implies that Site 763A, about 500 km west of U1463, more closely tracks Indian Ocean SST records across MIS M2. The U1463 data reveal that heat-transport through the Indonesian Throughflow did not shut down completely during MIS M2, but rather its intensity decreased prior to and during MIS M2, causing Site 763A to temporarily reflect an Indian Ocean, rather than an ITF signal. We conclude that ITF variability significantly influenced latitudinal heat transport by means of the Leeuwin Current and hence contributed to the relative intensity of MIS M2. We propose the ITF valve between the Pacific and Indian Ocean as a positive feedback mechanism, in which an initial sea level lowering reduces ITF heat transport, in turn amplifying global cooling by advancing the thermal isolation of Antarctica.
42.	Deng, Kai, et al. (author) Small dynamic mountainous rivers in Taiwan exhibit large sedimentary geochemical and provenance heterogeneity over multi-spatial scales 2019 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 505, s. 96-109 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Taiwan rivers are characterized by extremely rapid mass wasting and sediment transfer due to active tectonics and frequent typhoons. Various methods have been applied to constrain processes affecting their sediment source-to-sink routing. In most cases, the sediment at the outlet is considered to be a representative average of the whole upstream basin due to the short sediment routes (<200 km). However, this assumption may be inappropriate because huge compositional heterogeneity can exist even within such small dynamic river systems. To reveal their intra-station and basin-wide geochemical heterogeneity, we collected sediment samples along the Zhuoshui and Liwu Rivers in Taiwan. Multiple samples deposited in different locations or with different grain-sizes were collected at each station, and the <63 μm fractions were measured for their elemental and Sr–Nd isotopic compositions. Elemental ratios and dimension-reducing technique were firstly applied to discriminate the sediment provenances. They show that the large elemental heterogeneity exists between samples at the same station and also between stations along each river, explainable by variable sediment mixing and local lithological heterogeneity. When combining our Sr–Nd isotopic data with literature data from Taiwan rivers, five discrete clusters of river sediments can be distinguished, reflecting the inter-catchment heterogeneity of sediment provenance in Taiwan Island. We also applied a Sr–Nd isotopic mixing model coupled with Monte-Carlo simulations to quantify the provenance heterogeneity in both rivers. The sediment contribution of the Western Foothills/Tailuko Belt to the Zhuoshui/Liwu downstream can vary by a factor of ∼2 between sediment samples that were considered as spatial or temporal replicates. Combined with field in-situ observations, we propose that fast-changing sediment transport modes cause the provenance heterogeneity in small dynamic mountainous rivers attacked by frequent heavy storms or typhoons. Sediments transported during different events and with different provenances can be preserved at each station, which leads to the intra-station and basin-wide geochemical heterogeneity. This study shows that “small” dynamic mountainous rivers can exhibit “large” geochemical and provenance heterogeneity over multi-spatial scales, and thus the common assumption that “let nature do the averaging” should be treated cautiously in this kind of river. Therefore, we propose several effective sediment sampling approaches on small mountainous rivers for reference. Future studies relying on detrital sediments, e.g. applying cosmogenic nuclides or Li isotopes, should also be aware of the heterogeneous nature in small mountainous rivers, because fast-changing provenances can simultaneously bias the weathering and erosion signals and lead to unrepresentative results.
43.	Dickens, Gerald R., et al. (author) A comment on "Pliocene climate change of the Southwest Pacific and the impact of ocean gateways" by C. Karas, D. Nurnberg, R. Tiedemann, D. Garbe Schonberg, EPSL 301, 117-124 (2011) 2012 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 331, s. 364-365 Journal article (other academic/artistic)
44.	Donadini, Fabio, et al. (author) Paleointensity determination on a 1.786 Ga old gabbro from Hoting, Central Sweden 2011 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 309:3-4, s. 234-248 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Paleointensities from Precambrian rocks are rare and might be biased by remagnetization processes. Here we present new analyses of samples from a 1.786 Ga gabbro near Hoting, Central Sweden. Rock magnetic and mineralogical analyses indicate that one of the sites (site 5) may be pristine, whereas the others exhibit evidence of alteration. Characteristic remanent magnetization was determined using principal component analysis for each sample and was compared with results obtained in a previous study of Elming et al. (2009). Intensity measurements from site 5 show higher values compared to those of the other sites, suggesting that alteration processes may lead to underestimation of the field intensity. After cooling rate and anisotropy correction, the field moment at 1.786 Ga was estimated to be 25.6 ± 3.3 ZAm2 and 15.2 ± 6.1 ZAm2 from site 5 only and from all sites respectively. We consider the result from site 5 to be more accurate owing to the lack of evidence for alteration; our estimates agree well with the Proterozoic VDM values suggested by Biggin et al. (2009).
45.	Drake, Henrik, 1979-, et al. (author) Isotopic evidence for microbial production and consumption of methane in the upper continental crust throughout the Phanerozoic eon 2017 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 470, s. 108-118 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Microorganisms produce and consume methane in terrestrial surface environments, sea sediments and, as indicated by recent discoveries, in fractured crystalline bedrock. These processes in the crystalline bedrock remain, however, unexplored both in terms of mechanisms and spatiotemporal distribution. Here we have studied these processes via a multi-method approach including microscale analysis of the stable isotope compositions of calcite and pyrite precipitated in bedrock fractures in the upper crust (down to 1.7 km) at three sites on the Baltic Shield. Microbial processes have caused an intriguing variability of the carbon isotopes in the calcites at all sites, with delta C-13 spanning as much as -93.1 parts per thousand (related to anaerobic oxidation of methane) to +36.5 parts per thousand (related to methanogenesis). Spatiotemporal coupling between the stable isotope measurements and radiometric age determinations (micro-scale dating using new high spatial methods: LA-ICP-MS U-Pb for calcite and Rb-Sr for calcite and co-genetic adularia) enabled unprecedented direct timing constraints of the microbial processes to several periods throughout the Phanerozoic eon, dating back to Devonian times. These events have featured variable fluid salinities and temperatures as shown by fluid inclusions in the calcite; dominantly 70-85 degrees C brines in the Paleozoic and lower temperatures (<50-62 degrees C) and salinities in the Mesozoic. Preserved organic compounds, including plant signatures, within the calcite crystals mark the influence of organic matter in descending surficial fluids on the microbial processes in the fracture system, thus linking processes in the deep and surficial biosphere. These findings substantially extend the recognized temporal and spatial range for production and consumption of methane within the upper continental crust. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
46.	Døssing, Arne, et al. (author) On the origin of the Amerasia Basin and the High Arctic Large Igneous Province-Results of new aeromagnetic data 2013 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 363, s. 219-230 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The history of the 2.5 million km2 Amerasia Basin (sensu lato) is in many ways the least known in the global tectonic system. Radically different hypotheses proposed to explain its origin are supported only by inconclusive and/or indirect observations and several outstanding issues on the origin of the Basin remain unaddressed. The difficulty lies in the geodynamic evolution and signature of the Basin being overprinted by excess volcanism of the Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge complex, part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP) and one of the largest (>1 million km2) and most intense magmatic and magnetic complexes on Earth. Here, we present the results of a 550,000km2 aerogeophysical survey over the poorly explored Lomonosov Ridge (near Greenland) and adjoining Amerasia and Eurasia Basins that provides the first direct evidence for consistent linear magnetic features between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges, enabling the tectonic origin of both the Amerasia Basin and the HALIP to be constrained. A landward Lower Cretaceous ( ~ 138 - 125(120) Ma) giant dyke swarm (minimum 350×800km2) and tentative oceanward Barremian (or alternatively lower Valanginian-Barremian) seafloor spreading anomalies are revealed. Prior to Cenozoic opening of the Eurasia Basin the giant dyke swarm stretched from Franz Josef Land to the southern Alpha Ridge and possibly further to Queen Elisabeth Islands, Canada. The swarm points towards a 250-km-wide donut-shaped anomaly on the southern Alpha Ridge, which we propose was the centre of the HALIP mantle plume, suggesting that pronounced intrusive activity, associated with an Alpha Ridge mantle plume, took place well before the Late Cretaceous Superchron and caused continental breakup in the northern Amerasia Basin. Our results imply that at least the southern Alpha Ridge as well as large parts of the area between the Lomonosov and southern Alpha Ridges are highly attenuated continental crust formed by poly-phase breakup with LIP volcanic addition. Significantly, our results are consistent with an early ( ~ pre-120 Ma) overall continental scale rotational opening of the Amerasia Basin in which the Eurasian continental margin is rifted from the Canadian-southern Alpha Ridge margin about one or more poles in the Mackenzie Delta (Alaska). The findings provide a key to resolving Arctic plate reconstructions and LIPs in the Mesozoic.
47.	Ekholm, Marcus, et al. (author) Configurational thermodynamics of Fe-Ni alloys at Earths core conditions 2011 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 308:1-2, s. 90-96 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract By means of ab-initio calculations, we perform an analysis of the configurational thermodynamics, effects of disorder, and structural energy differences in Fe-Ni alloys at the pressure and temperature conditions of the Earths core. We show from ab-initio calculations that the ordering energies of fcc and hcp-structured Fe-Ni solid solutions at these conditions depend sensitively on the alloy configuration, i.e., on the degree of chemical disorder, and are on a scale comparable with the structural energy differences. From configurational thermodynamic simulations we find that a distribution of Fe and Ni atoms in the solutions should be very close to completely disordered at these conditions. Using this model of the Fe-Ni system, we have calculated the fcc-hcp structural free energy difference in a wide pressure-temperature range of 120-360 GPa and 1000-6600K. Our calculations show that alloying of Fe with Ni below 3000 K favours stabilisation of the fcc phase over the hcp, in agreement with experiments. However, above 3000 K the effect is reversed, and at conditions corresponding to those of the Earths inner core, Ni acts as an agent to stabilise the hcp phase.
48.	Frings, Patrick J, 1986-, et al. (author) Silicate weathering in the Ganges alluvial plain 2015 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 1385-013X .- 0012-821X. ; 427, s. 136-148 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Ganges is one of the world's largest rivers and lies at the heart of a body of literature that investigates the interaction between mountain orogeny, weathering and global climate change. Three regions can be recognised in the Ganges basin, with the Himalayan orogeny to the north and the plateaus of peninsular India to the south together delimiting the Ganges alluvial plain. Despite constituting approximately 80% of the basin, weathering processes in the peninsula and alluvial plain have received little attention. Here we present an analysis of 51 water samples along a transect of the alluvial plain, including all major tributaries. We focus on the geochemistry of silicon and its isotopes. Area normalised dissolved Si yields are approximately twice as high in rivers of Himalaya origin than the plain and peninsular tributaries (82, 51 and 32 kmol SiO2 km(-2) yr(-1), respectively). Such dissolved Si fluxes are not widely used as weathering rate indicators because a large but variable fraction of the DSi mobilised during the initial weathering process is retained in secondary clay minerals. However, the silicon isotopic composition of dissolved Si (expressed as delta Si-30) varies from +0.8 parts per thousand in the Ganges mainstem at the Himalaya front to +3.0 parts per thousand in alluvial plain streams and appears to be controlled by weathering congruency, i.e. by the degree of incorporation of Si into secondary phases. The higher delta Si-30 values therefore reflect decreasing weathering congruency in the lowland river catchments. This is exploited to quantify the degree of removal using a Rayleigh isotope mass balance model, and consequently derive initial silica mobilisation rates of 200, 150 and 107 kmol SiO2 km(-2) yr(-1), for the Himalaya, peninsular India and the alluvial plain, respectively. Because the non-Himalayan regions dominate the catchment area, the majority of initial silica mobilisation from primary minerals occurs in the alluvial plain and peninsular catchment (41% and 34%, respectively). (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
49.	Gallagher, K, et al. (author) Inference of abrupt changes in noisy geochemical records using transdimensional changepoint models 2011 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 311:1-2, s. 182-194 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We present a method to quantify abrupt changes (or changepoints) in data series, represented as a function of depth or time. These changes are often the result of climatic or environmental variations and can be manifested in multiple datasets as different responses, but all datasets can have the same changepoint locations/timings. The method we present uses transdimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo to infer probability distributions on the number and locations (in depth or time) of changepoints, the mean values between changepoints and, if required, the noise variance associated with each dataset being considered. This latter point is important as we generally will have limited information on the noise, such as estimates only of measurement uncertainty, and in most cases it is not practical to make repeat sampling/measurement to assess other contributions to the variation in the data. We describe the main features of the approach (and describe the mathematical formulation in supplementary material), and demonstrate its validity using synthetic datasets, with known changepoint structure (number and locations of changepoints) and distribution of noise variance for each dataset. We show that when using multiple data, we expect to achieve better resolution of the changepoint structure than when we use each dataset individually. This is conditional on the validity of the assumption of common changepoints between different datasets. We then apply the method to two sets of real geochemical data, both from peat cores, taken from NE Australia and eastern Tibet. Under the assumption that changes occur at the same time for all datasets, we recover solutions consistent with those previously inferred qualitatively from independent data and interpretations. However, our approach provides a quantitative estimate of the relative probability of the inferred changepoints, allowing an objective assessment of the significance of each change.
50.	Ge, Rongfeng, et al. (author) Mechanisms and consequences of intra-crystalline enrichment of ancient radiogenic Pb in detrital Hadean zircons from the Jack Hills, Western Australia 2019 In: Earth and Planetary Science Letters. - Netherlands : Elsevier. - 0012-821X .- 1385-013X. ; 517, s. -49 Journal article (peer-reviewed)

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