| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Berglund, Mats, et al.
(author)
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The influence of alcohol drinking and alcohol use disorders on psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior
- 1998
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 22:Suppl 7, s. 333-345
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present review reports on the influence of alcohol drinking and alcohol use disorders on psychiatric disorders and suicidal behaviour. The base of the study was previous reviews of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism publication Alcohol and Health in 1993 and by Helgason in 1996. Using a defined search strategy in Medline, another 42 articles from 1994 to 1996 were included in the comorbidity part and 19 in the suicidal part. Epidemiological and clinical studies confirm high comorbidity of substance use disorders and other mental disorders. Alcohol abuse worsens the course of psychiatric disorders. Light to moderate alcohol consumption has no documented positive effect on the course. Levels of risk consumption of alcohol in psychiatric disorders have not been well defined. One-fifth to one-third of increased deaths rate among alcoholics is explained by suicide. In countries with high alcohol consumption, the suicide rate is also high and is increasing with total increased alcohol consumption. Comorbidity is common among suicide victims, and substance use disorders is most frequently combined with depressive disorders. Interpersonal loss within 6 weeks before suicide is more often present among alcoholics than nonalcoholic suicide victims.
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| 3. |
- Ding, Wei-Qun, et al.
(author)
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Ethanol exposure potentiates fosB and junB expression induced by muscarinic receptor stimulation in neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells
- 1998
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 22:1, s. 225-230
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Muscarinic receptor stimulation and activation of protein kinase C cause an increase in fosB and junB transcripts in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. In this study, the effect of long-term ethanol exposure on these events was investigated. Carbachol-stimulated fosB and junB expression was elevated in ethanol-exposed cells compared with control cells. The potentiation was time- and dose-dependent on ethanol. Preincubation with muscarinic antagonists or protein kinase C inhibitor demonstrated that the carbachol-stimulated increase in fosB and junB mRNA levels was primarily mediated via M1 receptors and dependent on the activity of protein kinase C in both control and ethanol-exposed cells. Long-term ethanol exposure did not influence the expression of fosB and junB induced by activation of protein kinase C with phorbol ester. These results demonstrate that the muscarinic receptor-stimulated fosB and junB expression is sensitive to ethanol exposure in SH-SY5Y cells, suggesting that these genes participate in the regulation of neuronal function in response to chronic ethanol treatment.
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| 4. |
- Hansson, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Two-year outcome of an intervention program for university students who have parents with alcohol problems: A randomized controlled trial
- 2007
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 31:11, s. 1927-1933
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Only a few intervention studies aiming to change high-risk drinking behavior have involved university students with heredity for alcohol problems. This study evaluated the effects after 2 years on drinking patterns and coping behavior of intervention programs for students with parents with alcohol problems. Method: In total, 82 university students (57 women and 25 men, average age 25 years) with at least 1 parent with alcohol problems were included in the study. The students were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 programs: (i) alcohol intervention program, (ii) coping intervention program, or (iii) combination program. All the 3 intervention programs were manual based and individually implemented during 2 2-hour sessions, 4 weeks apart. Before the participants were randomly assigned, all were subjected to an individual baseline assessment. This assessment contained both a face-to-face interview and 6 self-completion questionnaires: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, estimated Blood Alcohol Concentration, Short Index of Problems, the Symptom Checklist-90, Coping with Parents' Abuse Questionnaire, and The Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). Follow-up interviews were conducted after 1 and 2 years, respectively. The results after 1 year have previously been reported. Results: All participants finished the baseline assessment, accepted and completed the intervention. Ninety-five percent of the students completed the 24-month follow-up assessment. Only the group receiving the combination program continued to improve their drinking pattern significantly (p < 0.05) from the 12-month follow-up to the 24-month follow-up. The improvements in this group were significantly better than in the other 2 groups. The group receiving only alcohol intervention remained at the level of improvement achieved at the 12-month follow-up. The improvements in coping behavior achieved at the 12-month follow-up remained at the 24-month follow-up for all the 3 groups, i.e., regardless of intervention program. Conclusion: Positive effects of alcohol intervention between 1 and 2 years were found only in the combined intervention group, contrary to the 1-year results with effects of alcohol intervention with or without a combination with coping intervention.
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| 5. |
- Kip, Miriam Julia, et al.
(author)
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The usefulness of direct ethanol metabolites in assessing alcohol intake in nonintoxicated male patients in an emergency room setting
- 2008
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 32:7, s. 1284-1291
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: A major part of medical pathology in internal medicine is associated with chronic alcoholism. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether screening for Alcohol Use Disorders (AUD) can be improved through determination of direct ethanol metabolites compared to traditional biological state markers, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and additional self-reports beyond the detection time period of a positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Methods: A total of 74 blood alcohol negative male patients who presented at the emergency room with either thoracic or gastrointestinal complaints were included. Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) was determined in whole blood, and ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in serum and urine samples. Traditional biological state markers [carbohydrate deficient transferrin (%CDT), gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV)] were determined. The AUDIT was obtained and furthermore, all patients completed an additional self-report of alcohol consumption. Patients were divided into two (2) groups: AUDIT scores < 8 and AUDIT scores >= 8. Results: After assessment of the AUDIT, patients were allocated to one of the following groups: patients with AUDIT scores < 8 (n = 52) and with AUDIT scores >= 8 (n = 22). Twenty-five percent of the patients with AUDIT scores below the cut-off (n = 13/52) were tested positive for both PEth and UEtG. Of the patients who declared to be sober during the past 12 months, 38.5% were tested positive for PEth and UEtG. PEth discriminated similarly as %CDT for AUDIT scores >= 8 (AUC: 0.672; 95%CI 0.524 to 0.821). Self-reports of alcohol consumption were unreliable. Conclusion: Determination of direct ethanol metabolites such as PEth and UEtG provides additional evidence in screening for AUD in an ER setting. Determination of PEth might be considered complementary with or alternatively to %CDT.
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| 6. |
- Landgren, Sara, 1980, et al.
(author)
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Association of Pro-Ghrelin and GHS-R1A Gene Polymorphisms and Haplotypes With Heavy Alcohol Use and Body Mass.
- 2008
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In: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 1530-0277 .- 0145-6008. ; 32:12, s. 2054-2061
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide, acts on growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-R1A), expressed in the hypothalamus as well as in important reward nodes such as the ventral tegmental area. Interestingly, ghrelin has been found to activate an important part of the reward systems, i.e., the cholinergic-dopaminergic reward link. Additionally, the rewarding and neurochemical properties of alcohol are, at least in part, mediated via this reward link. There is comorbidity between alcohol dependence and eating disorders. Thus, plasma levels of ghrelin are altered in patients with addictive behaviors such as alcohol and nicotine dependence and in binge eating disorder. This overlap prompted as to investigate the pro-ghrelin and GHS-R1A genes in a haplotype analysis of heavy alcohol-using individuals. Methods: A total of 417 Spanish individuals (abstainers, moderate, and heavy alcohol drinkers) were investigated in a haplotype analysis of the pro-ghrelin and GHS-R1A genes. Tag SNPs were chosen using HapMap data and the Tagger and Haploview softwares. These SNPs were then genotyped using TaqMan Allelic Discrimination. Results: SNP rs2232165 of the GHS-R1A gene was associated with heavy alcohol consumption and SNP rs2948694 of the same gene as well as haplotypes of both the pro-ghrelin and the GHS-R1A genes were associated with body mass in heavy alcohol consuming individuals. Conclusions: The present findings are the first to disclose an association between the pro-ghrelin and GHS-R1A genes and heavy alcohol use, further strengthening the role of the ghrelin system in addictive behaviors and brain reward.
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| 7. |
- Larsson, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Carbachol-stimulated Ca2+ increase in single neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells: effects of ethanol
- 1998
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 22:3, s. 637-645
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The effect of ethanol on the characteristics of carbachol-stimulated release of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores was studied in single SH-SY5Y cells. Stimulation with carbachol, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, elicited a rapid Ca2+ increase in SH-SY5Y cells peaking within seconds after addition of maximal agonist concentration. The Ca2+ response pattern in single cells resembled the population response, and there was no evidence of oscillatory changes in cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i). However, cell-to-cell variability could be detected in the magnitude and the latency time of the response, and in the rate of [Ca2+]i increase. In a carbachol dose-response analysis, the EC50 for the number of responsive cells and for the peak [Ca2+]i response was lower than that for carbachol-induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate formation by a factor of 5 to 50. Ethanol (100 mM) caused a significant suppression of the number of responsive cells, but only when cells were stimulated with nonsaturating carbachol concentrations (1 and 10 microM). The suppression by ethanol was evident primarily in those cells that gave a Ca2+ response after several seconds of stimulation, whereas cells that responded within the initial seconds of receptor stimulation remained relatively unaffected. In responding cells stimulated with 10 microM carbachol, ethanol exposure also suppressed the maximal Ca2+ increase primarily in those cells that responded late. We suggest that ethanol suppression of muscarinic receptor-mediated signal transduction through the phospholipase C pathway may depend on the potentiation of feedback inhibition that requires receptor stimulation.
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| 8. |
- Ojehagen, Agneta, et al.
(author)
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A 6‐Year Follow‐Up of Alcoholics After Long‐Term Outpatient Treatment
- 1994
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 18:3, s. 720-725
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The predictors of the long‐term outcome in alcoholics (n= 50) who had been treated in a 2‐year outpatient treatment program were investigated. Previously, the sample had been followed up personally 2 years after the termination of treatment. This study is a repeated, independent follow‐up of the same sample over a 4‐year period, 3–6 years after termination of treatment. Outcome could be categorized in 38 subjects. Patients with a favorable outcome during at least 2 years of the 4‐year follow‐up period (n= 21), who were categorized as a positive outcome group, were compared with the other patients (n= 17). There was no significant correlation between initial patient characteristics and outcome 3–6 years after treatment. Drinking outcome during the 1st half‐year of treatment had no correlation to positive drinking outcome in years 3–6, whereas there was a positive correlation for later phases of treatment and outcome reaching a significant level during the 2nd and 4th half‐year of treatment. A favorable drinking outcome during years 1–2 after treatment had a positive significant correlation to outcome in years 3–6 after treatment [i.e., 80% of the patients with a favorable outcome during the 1st follow‐up period also had a positive outcome during the 2nd follow‐up period, and 72% of those who had an unfavorable outcome during the 1st follow‐up period had an unfavorable outcome also during the 2nd follow‐up period (x2 test = 10.4, p < 0.001). Psycho‐social adjustment at the 6‐year follow‐up did not differ significantly between subjects in the positive outcome group and subjects in the negative outcome group.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Ståhlbrandt, Henrietta, et al.
(author)
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Two-Year Outcome of Alcohol Interventions in Swedish University Halls of Residence: A Cluster Randomized Trial of a Brief Skills Training Program, Twelve-Step-Influenced Intervention, and Controls.
- 2007
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 31:3, s. 458-466
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: High-risk alcohol consumption among university students is well documented. Several types of intervention have proved to be effective in reducing alcohol consumption. This study examines the 2-year outcome of 2 different alcohol intervention programs at university halls of residence. Methods: Ninety-eight university halls of residence (with 556 students) were cluster randomized to 2 different intervention groups: a brief skills training program (BSTP) with interactive lectures and discussions, a twelve-step–influenced (TSI) program with didactic lectures by therapists trained in the 12-step approach, and a control group. All students completing the baseline assessment received personalized feedback by mail. Students responded to mailed follow-up questionnaires after 1, 2, and 3 years, including alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT; years 2 and 3), short index of problems (SIP), and estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC). Results: All groups significantly reduced their AUDIT scores from baseline to the second year follow-up, with no significant differences between the groups. Seventy-seven percent of the students belonged to a population with high-risk consumption, using the AUDIT cut-off scores of 8 and 4 for men and women, respectively. Students with high-risk alcohol consumption showed significant differences in AUDIT score reduction in favor of the BSTP compared with controls, and had a tendency to show better results than the TSI intervention (p=0.06). Similar trends could be seen using SIP and eBAC. The TSI did not differ significantly from the control group within the group of students with high-risk alcohol consumption. Conclusions: This study suggests that a BSTP is effective as an intervention in students with high-risk alcohol consumption.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Öjehagen, Agneta, et al.
(author)
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Psychiatric symptoms in alcoholics attending outpatient treatment
- 1991
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 15:4, s. 6-640
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The importance of psychiatric symptomatology for the treatment course of alcoholics was analyzed in a long-term outpatient treatment study. Seventy-two patients, 60 men and 12 women, were personally interviewed during treatment and after 3 years. Before treatment psychiatric symptoms were rated according to the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS). Women had significantly higher scores than men. Men with many symptoms and women had more psychological benefits from drinking and a more impaired personality structure than men with few symptoms. Men with many symptoms also had a lower level of social functioning. The severity of abuse did not differ between the three groups. Men with many symptoms had a less favorable outcome between 25 and 36 months after start of treatment than men with few symptoms and women. Among men who completed treatment, those with many symptoms showed a less successful course after 6 months and during the 3rd year after start of treatment, while differences after 3 months and during later stages of treatment were less pronounced. It is suggested that before start of treatment a psychiatric evaluation should be performed including psychiatric diagnosis, personality analysis, and an assessment of psychological benefits from drinking.
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| 13. |
- Chau, Pei Pei, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Glycine Receptors in the Nucleus Accumbens Involved in the Ethanol Intake-Reducing Effect of Acamprosate.
- 2009
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In: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 1530-0277 .- 0145-6008.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: We have previously demonstrated that strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors (GlyRs) in the nucleus accumbens (nAc) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the ventral tegmental area are involved in mediating ethanol (EtOH)-induced elevation of dopamine in the rat mesolimbic dopamine system. This neuronal circuitry was also demonstrated to mediate dopamine elevation in the nAc after both taurine, an endogenous agonist of GlyRs, and acamprosate, a synthetic derivate of homotaurine. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the EtOH intake-reducing effect of acamprosate involves accumbal GlyRs. Methods: For this purpose, we used a voluntary EtOH consumption model where EtOH medium- and high-preferring rats were implanted with guide cannulae in the nAc. The animals received daily injections of acamprosate or 0.9% NaCl before accessing a bottle of 6% EtOH and a bottle of water. After 2 days, a microinjection of strychnine or vehicle preceded the daily systemic injection and bottle-access period. Results: Acamprosate, but not saline, decreased EtOH intake. Pretreatment with Ringer in the nAc did not influence EtOH intake in saline or acamprosate-treated animals. Pretreatment with strychnine had no effect on EtOH intake in saline-treated animals, whereas it completely reversed the EtOH intake-reducing effect of acamprosate. Conclusions: Based on current and previous results, we suggest that acamprosate primarily interacts with accumbal GlyRs and secondarily with ventral tegmental nAChRs, in a similar manner to that previously observed with EtOH and taurine. The interaction between acamprosate and GlyRs does not only influence dopamine output in the nAc but also EtOH consumption, giving further support for our hypothesis that GlyRs are of importance in EtOH reinforcement.
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| 14. |
- Chau, Pei Pei, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Glycine Receptors Involved in Acamprosate's Modulation of Accumbal Dopamine Levels: An In Vivo Microdialysis Study.
- 2009
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In: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 1530-0277 .- 0145-6008.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Glycine receptors (GlyRs) in the nucleus accumbens (nAc) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have been suggested to be involved in the positive reinforcing and dopamine elevating effects of ethanol. Recent studies have also shown that ethanol high-preferring rats substantially decrease their ethanol intake when treated with a glycine transporter 1 inhibitor (ORG 25935). Acamprosate, a drug used for relapse prevention in treatment of alcohol dependence, has also been demonstrated to elevate extracellular dopamine levels in the nAc. However, the underlying mechanism of action of acamprosate is not fully understood. Here we investigated whether acamprosate interferes with a neuronal circuitry that previously has been demonstrated to be involved in the dopamine elevating effects of ethanol and taurine. Methods: In vivo microdialysis in freely moving rats was used to assess accumbal dopamine levels before and during local (nAc) or systemic administration of acamprosate. Results: Perfusion of 0.5 mM acamprosate in the nAc significantly increased dopamine levels. Pretreatment either with 10 muM strychnine in the nAc or 100 muM mecamylamine in the VTA, completely antagonized the acamprosate-induced elevation of accumbal dopamine levels. Also, systemic acamprosate administration elevated accumbal dopamine output, an effect that was abolished by local (nAc) pretreatment with 10 muM strychnine. Conclusions: These results suggest that both systemic and local application of acamprosate elevate extracellular dopamine levels in the nAc by activating accumbal GlyRs, and, secondarily, tegmental nAChRs.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Andersson, Claes
(author)
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Comparison of Automated Technologies to Deliver Brief Alcohol Interventions to University Students
- 2012
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In: Alcoholism. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 36:s1, s. 243A-243A
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- New technologies have previously been used to deliver alcohol interventions to university students. In this study automated interventions delivered by Interactive Voice Response (IVR) are compared to automated interventions delivered over the Internet (WEB). A total of 2 825 Swedish university students responded to a web-survey assessing risky alcohol consumption using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). A total of 1 423 (50%) had a risky alcohol consumption and were randomized to one out of four different intervention conditions: a single IVR or WEB intervention given one week after baseline, a repeated IVR or WEB intervention given one and two weeks after intervention, or to an untreated control group. Each intervention was really short including less than 500 words, giving a brief feedback on the baseline assessment and instructions on how obtain a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) below 0,06 percentage. Follow-up of intervention results were assessed six weeks after the baseline assessment. At follow- up all intervention groups had significantly reduced their AUDIT scores in comparison to the control group. The reduction in AUDIT scores did not differ between IVR and WEB interventions, and there was no difference between single and repeated interventions. This study indicates that IVR and WEB interventions are equally effective in delivering brief alcohol interventions to university students, and that there is no additional effect by repeating the intervention.
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| 20. |
- Atkins, Alison Lynn, 1976-, et al.
(author)
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Anxiety and sensitivity to ethanol and pentobarbital in alcohol withdrawal seizure-prone and withdrawal seizure-resistant mice.
- 2000
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In: Alcoholism. - New Jersey : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 24:12, s. 1743-1749
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Withdrawal Seizure-Prone (WSP) and Withdrawal Seizure-Resistant (WSR) mice were selectively bred for high and low handling-induced convulsions, respectively, after chronic ethanol treatment. Withdrawal severity is one factor that may contribute to the development of alcoholism and/or substance abuse, and anxiety is another. We sought to explore whether these factors are genetically related.METHODS: WSP and WSR mice of two replicate pairs of selected lines were tested for anxiety-related behaviors on the canopy stretched-attend-posture apparatus 20 min after intraperitoneal injection of ethanol (2 g/kg, 20% v/v), pentobarbital (20 mg/kg), or an equivalent volume of saline. Dependent measures of anxiety included number of stretched attend postures (SAP) and time spent in the exposed area of the apparatus. Number of line crossings, which measures overall activity, was also scored.RESULTS: WSP mice given saline exhibited more SAP than WSR mice given saline, which indicated greater baseline anxiety. Ethanol and pentobarbital both reduced SAP and increased time spent in the exposed area of the apparatus, which indicated that both drugs exerted an anxiolytic effect. Despite baseline differences in SAP between selected lines, both anxiolytic drugs reduced SAP to similar levels in WSP and WSR mice.CONCLUSIONS: These results support the hypothesis that WSP mice are more sensitive than WSR mice to the anxiety-reducing effects of ethanol and pentobarbital. Some genes that influence this difference are likely to be the same as those that influence ethanol withdrawal severity. Thus, higher basal anxiety and greater genetic sensitivity to anxiolytic drug effects may relate to a greater genetic predisposition to the development of severe alcohol withdrawal signs.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Comasco, Erika, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol Consumption Among Pregnant Women in a Swedish Sample and Its Effects on the Newborn Outcomes
- 2012
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In: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 36:10, s. 1779-1786
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Little is known about the effects of low levels of maternal alcohol intake on the neuropsychological development of the child. This study is part of an ongoing investigation on maternal drinking and presents data on demographic variables, maternal alcohol use, and birth outcomes from that study. Methods The sample comprised 2,264 women from a Swedish antenatal clinic. Retrospective self-report data were collected on alcohol consumption before and during pregnancy, using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), and on nicotine use. Specific alcohol biomarkers for excessive drinking, carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) in serum and phosphatidylethanol (PEth) in whole blood, were determined during mid-pregnancy in a subsample of the women. Data on labor and early characteristics of the child were also assessed. Results Before pregnancy, 89% of the women regularly consumed alcohol and 49% reported occasional or frequent binge drinking. Nicotine was used by 15% before and by 5% during pregnancy. During pregnancy, 12% continued using alcohol and 5% also admitted binge drinking. However, all alcohol biomarker values were below the reporting limits (CDT = 1.7% disialotransferrin; total PEth < 0.1 mu mol/L). Self-reported drinking during pregnancy was associated with a higher AUDIT score before pregnancy, nicotine use at the time of the first prenatal visit, older age, and previous legal abortions. Conclusions The AUDIT questionnaire and 2 specific alcohol biomarkers were used in routine maternity care to collect information about drinking during pregnancy and thereby to identify children at risk for alcohol-related complications. While the AUDIT results suggested that a significant number of women continued using alcohol during pregnancy, implying a risk for fetal disorders, the biomarkers showed negative test values thus indicating only modest drinking levels.
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| 25. |
- Daoura, Loudin, et al.
(author)
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Early Environmental Factors Differentially Affect Voluntary Ethanol Consumption in Adolescent and Adult Male Rats
- 2011
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In: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 35:3, s. 506-515
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Previous studies using the maternal separation (MS) model have shown that environmental factors early in life affect adult ethanol consumption. Prolonged MS is related to enhanced propensity for high adult ethanol intake when compared to short MS. Less is known about the environmental impact on adolescent ethanol intake. In this study, the aim was to compare establishment of voluntary ethanol consumption in adolescent and adult rats subjected to different rearing conditions. Methods: Wistar rat pups were separated from their mother 0 minutes (MS0), 15 minutes (MS15), or 360 minutes (MS360) daily during postnatal days (PNDs) 1 to 20. After weaning, the male rats were divided into two groups; rats were given free access to water, 5 and 20% ethanol at either PND 26 or 68. Ethanol was provided in 24-hour sessions three times per week for 5 weeks. Results: MS resulted in altered ethanol consumption patterns around the pubertal period but otherwise the rearing conditions had little impact on ethanol consumption in adolescents. In adults, the establishment of ethanol consumption was dependent on the rearing condition. The adult MS0 and MS15 rats had a stable ethanol intake, whereas the MS360 rats increased both their ethanol intake and preference over time. Conclusions: With the use of intermittent access to ethanol, new data were provided, which confirm the notion that MS360 represents a risk environment related to higher ethanol intake compared to MS15. The adolescent rats had higher ethanol intake than adult rats but the consumption was independent of rearing condition. Experiences during the first three postnatal weeks thus affect the establishment of voluntary ethanol consumption differently in adolescent and adult rats. Further studies are now warranted to examine the consequences of a combination of early environmental influence and high adolescent ethanol intake.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Fahlke, Claudia, 1964, et al.
(author)
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Neuroendocrine Assessment of Serotonergic, Dopaminergic, and Noradrenergic Functions in Alcohol-Dependent Individuals.
- 2012
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In: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 1530-0277 .- 0145-6008. ; 36:1, s. 97-103
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Alcohol dependence has been associated with reduced function of serotonin, dopamine as well as noradrenaline activities in several neuroendocrine studies. To our knowledge, there is, however, no study investigating all these 3 systems with the use of neuroendocrine methods in one and the same alcohol-dependent individual. Methods: Alcohol-dependent individuals (n=42) and controls (n=28) participated in the neuroendocrine test series. Central serotonergic neurotransmission was assessed by the prolactin (PRL) response to citalopram (CIT). The postsynaptic DRD2 function was measured by the growth hormone (GH) response to apomorphine (APO) and the postsynaptic α2-adrenoceptor function by GH response to clonidine (CLON). Results: In the alcohol-dependent individuals, the PRL concentrations were significantly lower at the time points 240minutes and 300minutes after CIT administration and mean delta PRL value was significantly reduced by 45% in comparison with controls. There were no significant differences in APO-GH and CLON-GH concentrations at any time points or in mean delta GH values between the groups. An impaired monoaminergic profile, including all 3 systems, was significantly more frequent in alcohol-dependent individuals than controls (43% vs. 6% respectively). Conclusions: The monoaminergic dysfunction was restricted to an impairment of the serotonergic system, suggesting that this system is especially vulnerable to long-term and excessive alcohol consumption. Moreover, impaired monoaminergic profiles, including low responses in 2 or 3 systems, were more frequently observed in alcohol-dependent individuals than in controls. Such impaired profiles may be of clinical importance, but further studies are needed.
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| 28. |
- Fahlke, Claudia, 1964, et al.
(author)
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Rearing experiences and stress-induced plasma cortisol as early risk factors for excessive alcohol consumption in nonhuman primates
- 2000
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 24, s. 644-650
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of early rearing and stress-induced rise of plasma cortisol collected during infancy as a biological predictors of adult alcohol consumption in nonhuman primates. Methods: Ninety-seven female and male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were investigated. They were reared for their first 6 months of life either without mothers or other adults but with constant access to same-aged peers (peer-reared), or as controls with their mothers (mother-reared). When subjects reached 6 months of age, they underwent a series of four sequential weeks of 4-day social separations. Blood was drawn 1 and 2 hr after initiation of the 4-day separation periods, and the plasma was assayed for plasma cortisol concentrations. When the subjects were young adults (approximately 50 months of age), they were tested for voluntary intake of alcohol for 1 hr per day, 4 days a week, during a period of 5 to 7 weeks under normal living conditions. Results: The social separation challenge increased infant plasma cortisol concentrations, with peerreared subjects exhibiting higher stress-induced cortisol concentrations than mother-reared animals. Subjects that responded to the social separation challenge with high cortisol levels consumed significantly more alcohol per kilogram of body weight as adults than subjects with a low cortisol response to the separation challenge, regardless of rearing condition. In addition, male and peer-reared subjects consumed significantly more alcohol than female and mother-reared subjects, respectively. Conclusions: These findings suggest that early rearing experiences, such as! adult absence, and high plasma cortisol concentrations early in life after a social separation stressor, are useful psychobiological predictors of future high alcohol consumption among nonhuman primates.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Gruenewald, P., et al.
(author)
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Alcohol prices, beverages quality, and the demand for alcohol : quality substitution and price elasticies
- 2006
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In: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 30:1, s. 96-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Although the published literature on alcohol beverage taxes, prices, sales, and related problems treats alcoholic beverages as a simple good, alcohol is a complex good composed of different beverage types (i.e., beer, wine, and spirits) and quality brands (e.g., high-, medium-, and low-quality beers). As a complex good, consumers may make substitutions between purchases of different beverage types and brands in response to price increases. For this reason, the availability of a broad range of beverage prices provides opportunities for consumers to mitigate the effects of average price increases through quality substitutions; a change in beverage choice in response to price increases to maintain consumption. Methods: Using Swedish price and sales data provided by Systembolaget for the years 1984 through 1994, this study assessed the relationships between alcohol beverage prices, beverage quality, and alcohol sales. The study examined price effects on alcohol consumption using seemingly unrelated regression equations to model the impacts of price increases within 9 empirically defined quality classes across beverage types. The models enabled statistical assessments of both own-price and cross-price effects between types and classes. Results: The results of these analyses showed that consumers respond to price increases by altering their total consumption and by varying their brand choices. Significant reductions in sales were observed in response to price increases, but these effects were mitigated by significant substitutions between quality classes. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the net impacts of purposeful price policy to reduce consumption will depend on how such policies affect the range of prices across beverage brands.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Gustafsson, Lisa, et al.
(author)
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Time-dependent alterations in ethanol intake in male wistar rats exposed to short and prolonged daily maternal separation in a 4-bottle free-choice paradigm
- 2006
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In: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 30:12, s. 2008-2016
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Previous studies have shown that maternal separation can be used in animal studies of early environmental influence on adult ethanol intake. These studies have shown that short daily separations result in low ethanol intake, whereas prolonged separations relate to an enhanced risk for a high ethanol intake. The aim of the present study was to further examine the long-term effects of early-life events on ethanol intake. Methods: Rat pups were exposed to 15 minutes (MS15) or 360 minutes (MS360) of daily maternal separation during postnatal days 1 to 21 or kept under normal animal facility rearing (AFR) conditions. In adulthood, male rats were given free access to 5, 10, and 20% ethanol, in addition to water, in a 4-bottle-choice paradigm. Results: No differences in total ethanol intake or preference between the 3 experimental groups were found. The 54-day drinking period was divided into acquisition, stabilization, and maintenance phases for analysis of time and group differences. The MS15 rats increased ethanol intake over time; they mostly consumed 5% ethanol and had a low intake of 20% ethanol throughout the experiment. MS360 rats increased ethanol intake, changed preference from 5% to 20% ethanol, and had a higher increase in intake of 20% ethanol over time. The ethanol intake and preference in the AFR rats were more similar to that of the MS360 rats. Conclusions: Time-dependent changes were observed in the preferred choice of low versus high ethanol concentrations in MS15 and MS360 rats. The results support previous findings suggesting that MS15 can be used as a model for environmental protective factors and that MS360 represents a risk environment for acquisition of a high adult ethanol intake.
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| 34. |
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| 39. |
- Kechagias, Stergios, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Influence of Age, Sex, and Helicobacter pylori Infection Before and After Eradication on Gastric Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity
- 2001
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In: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 25:4, s. 508-512
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase may contribute to the metabolism of orally ingested ethanol and decrease the bioavailability of the drug. The aims of this study were to assess the impact of Helicobacter pylori infection and its eradication on gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity and to relate the findings to gastric histology. Furthermore, the role of age- and sex-related differences in gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity were studied.Methods: A total of 76 subjects (39 women and 37 men) underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and biopsies were obtained from the corpus and antrum. The specimens were used for determining gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity, histological examination, and urease testing. Subjects with H. pylori infection (n= 36) received medication to eradicate the infection, and repeat biopsies were taken 2 and 12 months later.Results: No significant difference in gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity was found between men and women (p > 0.05). Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity did not differ significantly between the subjects older than 50 years (n= 39) and those 50 years or younger (n= 37). In subjects with H. pylori infection, gastric alcohol dehydrogenase activity was significantly reduced in the antrum (p < 0.05). After eradication of H. pylori, alcohol dehydrogenase activity in the antrum increased significantly within 2 months (p < 0.01). Antral biopsies with the most pronounced inflammation and histological changes had significantly decreased alcohol dehydrogenase activity (p < 0.05). In contrast, no significant differences were found in corpus.Conclusions: H. pylori infection is associated with decreased antral alcohol dehydrogenase activity, which seems to be related to the severity of the inflammatory changes in the mucosa. Eradication of H. pylori normalizes antral alcohol dehydrogenase activity within 2 months.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Landberg, Jonas
(author)
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Self-reported alcohol consumption and the risk of alcohol-related problems : A comparative risk-curve analysis of the three Baltic countries, Sweden and Italy
- 2012
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In: Alcoholism. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 36:1, s. 113-118
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Previous research has suggested a positive risk-relationship between volume of consumption and adverse behavioural and social consequences of drinking. However, because the risk-relationship may be modified by factors such as pattern of drinking, attributes of social drinking contexts and drunken comportment, the shape of the risk-function appear to be contingent upon the larger cultural context of drinking. Methods: In this paper I use graphical risk-curve analyses and model estimations to assess how the risk of experiencing alcohol-related problems is associated with self-reported volume of alcohol consumption in the three Baltic countries; Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania as well as Sweden and Italy. The rationale behind the choice of countries was to obtain a basis for comparing the risk curves for the Baltic countries with the risk-curves for two countries representing distinct types of the western European drinking cultures. The analyses utilised data from two general population surveys (including Sweden plus Italy and the Baltic countries, respectively) with approximately 1000 respondents from each country. Results: The slopes of the risk-curves for the Baltic countries were generally parallel to those of for Sweden, but significantly steeper than for Italy. This result suggests that (i) the risk for alcohol-related problems in the Baltic countries increases with volume of consumption in a way that is similar to northern Europe, and (ii) that increasing volume of consumption is associated with a considerably higher risk of experiencing alcohol-related problems in the Baltic countries (and Sweden) than in Italy. The result also suggests that increasing volume of consumption is associated with the risk of experiencing a larger number of different problems in the Baltic countries and Sweden than in Italy. Conclusions: The results were in line with the hypothesis of a European north to south gradient in the strength of the risk-relationship, but also add that the Baltic countries may be placed alongside the Nordic countries in this context. Since only volume of consumption is considered, the results cannot be used to specify which factors and mechanisms that actually modify the shape of the risk-function in each culture.
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| 42. |
- Landgren, Sara, 1980, et al.
(author)
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Genetic variation of the ghrelin signaling system in females with severe alcohol dependence
- 2010
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In: Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 34:9, s. 1519-1524
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Central ghrelin signaling is required for the rewarding effects of alcohol in mice. Because ghrelin is implied in other addictive behaviors such as eating disorders and smoking, and because there is co-morbidity between these disorders and alcohol dependence, the ghrelin signaling system could be involved in mediating reward in general. Furthermore, in humans, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and haplotypes of the pro-ghrelin gene (GHRL) and the ghrelin receptor gene (GHSR) have previously been associated with increased alcohol consumption and increased body weight. Known gender differences in plasma ghrelin levels prompted us to investigate genetic variation of the ghrelin signaling system in females with severe alcohol dependence (n = 113) and in a selected control sample of female low-consumers of alcohol from a large cohort study in southwest Sweden (n = 212). METHODS: Six tag SNPs in the GHRL (rs696217, rs3491141, rs4684677, rs35680, rs42451, and rs26802) and four tag SNPs in the GHSR (rs495225, rs2232165, rs572169, and rs2948694) were genotyped in all individuals. RESULTS: We found that one GHRL haplotype was associated with reports of paternal alcohol dependence as well as with reports of withdrawal symptoms in the female alcohol-dependent group. Associations with 2 GHSR haplotypes and smoking were also shown. One of these haplotypes was also negatively associated with BMI in controls, while another haplotype was associated with having the early-onset, more heredity-driven, type 2 form of alcohol dependence in the patient group. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the genes encoding the ghrelin signaling system cannot be regarded as major susceptibility genes for female alcohol dependence, but is, however, involved in paternal heritability and may affect other reward- and energy-related factors such as smoking and BMI.
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| 43. |
- Lidö Höifödt, Helga, 1976, et al.
(author)
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The glycine reuptake inhibitor org 25935 interacts with Basal and ethanol-induced dopamine release in rat nucleus accumbens.
- 2009
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In: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 1530-0277 .- 0145-6008. ; 33:7, s. 1151-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The mesolimbic dopamine (DA) projection from the ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens (nAc), a central part of the reward system, is activated by ethanol (EtOH) and other drugs of abuse. We have previously demonstrated that the glycine receptor in the nAc and its amino acid agonists may be implicated in the DA activation and reinforcing properties of EtOH. We have also reported that the glycine transporter 1 inhibitor, Org 25935, produces a robust and dose-dependent decrease in EtOH consumption in Wistar rats. The present study explores the interaction between EtOH and Org 25935 with respect to DA levels in the rat nAc. METHODS: The effects of Org 25935 (6 mg/kg, i.p.) and/or EtOH (2.5 g/kg, i.p.) on accumbal DA levels were examined by means of in vivo microdialysis (coupled to HPLC-ED) in freely moving male Wistar rats. The effect of Org 25935 on accumbal glycine output was also investigated. RESULTS: Systemic Org 25935 increased DA output in a subpopulation of rats (52% in Experiment 1 and 38% in Experiment 2). In Experiment 2, EtOH produced a significant increase in DA levels in vehicles (35%) and in Org 25935 nonresponders (19%), whereas EtOH did not further increase the DA level in rats responding to Org 25935 (2%). The same dose of Org 25935 increased glycine levels by 87% in nAc. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that Org 25935, probably via increased glycine levels, (i) counteracts EtOH-induced increases of accumbal DA levels and (ii) increases basal DA levels in a subpopulation of rats. The results are in line with previous findings and it is suggested that the effects observed involve interference with accumbal GlyRs and are related to the alcohol consumption modulating effect of Org 25935.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Martin, S, et al.
(author)
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Zero tolerance laws: effective public policy?
- 1996
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In: Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research. - : Wiley. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 20:88 Suppl, s. A147-A150
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Nicoll, Rachel, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol and the heart
- 2011
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In: Alcoholism. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0145-6008 .- 1530-0277. ; 35:10, s. 1737-1738
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Alcohol consumption and disease or mortality display a J-shaped curve, with moderate amounts of alcohol being more protective than abstention, binge drinking, or heavy drinking. Red wine appears to be particularly protective for cardiovascular disease and associated conditions such as type 2 diabetes. There are, however, controversies concerning the effect of red wine on hypertension, in which there may be significant gender and ethnic differences. Overall, it seems that both ethanol and the polyphenols in red wine may contribute to the protective effect.
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| 50. |
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