| 1. |
- Andersson, Claes, et al.
(author)
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Does the management of personal integrity information lead to differing participation rates and response patterns in mental health surveys with young adults? A three-armed methodological experiment
- 2021
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 30:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: This study evaluates whether initiation rates, completion rates, response patterns and prevalence of psychiatric conditions differ by level of personal integrity information given to prospective participants in an online mental health self-report survey.Methods: A three-arm, parallel-group, single-blind experiment was conducted among students from two Swedish universities. Consenting participants following e-mail invitation answered the World Health Organization (WHO) World Mental Health-International College Student (WMH-ICS) mental health self-report survey, screening for eight psychiatric conditions. Random allocation meant consenting to respond (1) anonymously; (2) confidentially, or (3) confidentially, where the respondent also gave consent for collection of register data.Results: No evidence was found for overall between-group differences with respect to (1) pressing a hyperlink to the survey in the invitation email; and (2) abandoning the questionnaire before completion. However, participation consent and self-reported depression were in the direction of higher levels for the anonymous group compared to the two confidential groups.Conclusions: Consent to participate is marginally affected by different levels of personal integrity information. Current standard participant information procedures may not engage participants to read the information thoroughly, and online self-report mental health surveys may reduce stigma and thus be less subject to social desirability bias.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Mapping length of inpatient treatment duration and year-wise relapse rates in eating disordered populations in a well-defined Western-European healthcare region across 1998–2020
- 2023
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 32:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: Updated international guideline recommendations for AN inpatient care rely on expert opinions/observational evidence and promote extended inpatient stays, warranting investigation using higher-level ecological evidence.Methods: The study was conducted according to Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER). Data encompassing 13,885 ED inpatients (5336 adolescents and 8549 adults) was retrieved from Swedish public health registries. Variables analyzed included (1) ED inpatient care opportunities, (2) unique number of ED inpatients and (3) mean length of ED-related inpatient stays in age groups 15–19 and 20–88+, across 1998–2020.Results: Mean length of inpatient stays was inversely correlated to relapse to ED-related inpatient care within the same year (p < 0.001, R-squaredadj = 0.5216 and p < 0.00001, R-squaredadj = 0.5090, in the 15–19 and 20–88+ age groups, respectively), independent of number of ED inpatients treated within a year in both age groups. Extending mean adolescent inpatient duration from 35 to 45 days was associated with a ∼30% reduction in the year-wise relapse rate.Conclusions: Mean length of ED-related inpatient treatment stays was associated with reduced relapses to inpatient care within the same year, which could be interpreted as support for recommendations to include a stabilization phase in inpatient ED treatment.
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| 3. |
- Antretter, E, et al.
(author)
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The factorial structure of the Suicide Intent Scale : a comparative study in clinical samples from 11 European regions.
- 2008
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 17:2, s. 63-79
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Although the Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) is a widely used instrument in research on suicidal behavior, comparative research on the latent structure of the SIS has been neglected. To determine whether a general factor model of the SIS is supported, alternative factor models of the SIS were evaluated comparatively in 11 clinical samples. The SIS was applied as part of a structured clinical interview to patients after an episode of non-fatal suicidal behavior. The samples were drawn from 11 study centers within the frame of the WHO/EURO multicenter study on suicidal behavior. Three different two-factor and two three-factor models of the SIS were examined in each sample using principal component analysis with orthogonal Procrustes rotation. The factorial structure of the 'subjective part' of the SIS (items 9-14) was strongly supported, whereas an acceptable model fit for the 'objective part' was not found. Possible future revisions of 'objective' SIS items may be worth consideration. As a limitation, the results of the study might not generalize to other samples that use different definitions of non-fatal suicidal behavior.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Carlander, Anders, 1979, et al.
(author)
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Validation and normative data on the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale RCADS-25 in a Swedish national probability sample of children and adolescents aged 4–17 years
- 2024
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : WILEY. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 33:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Mental health problems among children and adolescents are a growing public health concern. Self-report questionnaires are pivotal for screening and early detection of mental health issues. We evaluate the psychometric properties and provide norm data of the 25-item child and 25-item parent-report versions of the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS). Methods A random probability sample of 29,000 children and adolescents (ages 4–17) from the Swedish population registry was invited. Data collection occurred from September 2021 to January 2022, accompanied by one postal and four SMS reminders. Results Participants (N = 7045, 48.98% girls) demonstrate that the RCADS-25 possesses relatively sound psychometric properties, albeit that the child-report version assessed with children and adolescents aged 8 to 17 years rendered relatively better psychometric properties (e.g., ω = 0.87–0.92, CFI = 0.89) compared with the parent-report version and the children 4 to 7 years old (e.g., ω = 0.72–0.82, CFI = 0.84). Conclusion The RCADS-25 instruments may be used as an effective instrument for the initial assessment of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents in Sweden.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Emmelkamp, Paul M.G., et al.
(author)
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Advancing psychotherapy and evidence-based psychological interventions
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 23:S1, s. 58-91
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Psychological models of mental disorders guide research into psychological and environmental factors that elicit and maintain mental disorders as well as interventions to reduce them. This paper addresses four areas. (1) Psychological models of mental disorders have become increasingly transdiagnostic, focusing on core cognitive endophenotypes of psychopathology from an integrative cognitive psychology perspective rather than offering explanations for unitary mental disorders. It is argued that psychological interventions for mental disorders will increasingly target specific cognitive dysfunctions rather than symptom-based mental disorders as a result. (2) Psychotherapy research still lacks a comprehensive conceptual framework that brings together the wide variety of findings, models and perspectives. Analysing the state-of-the-art in psychotherapy treatment research, “component analyses” aiming at an optimal identification of core ingredients and the mechanisms of change is highlighted as the core need towards improved efficacy and effectiveness of psychotherapy, and improved translation to routine care. (3) In order to provide more effective psychological interventions to children and adolescents, there is a need to develop new and/or improved psychotherapeutic interventions on the basis of developmental psychopathology research taking into account knowledge of mediators and moderators. Developmental neuroscience research might be instrumental to uncover associated aberrant brain processes in children and adolescents with mental health problems and to better examine mechanisms of their correction by means of psychotherapy and psychological interventions. (4) Psychotherapy research needs to broaden in terms of adoption of large-scale public health strategies and treatments that can be applied to more patients in a simpler and cost-effective way. Increased research on efficacy and moderators of Internet-based treatments and e-mental health tools (e.g. to support “real time” clinical decision-making to prevent treatment failure or relapse) might be one promising way forward.
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| 9. |
- Garcia-Argibay, Miguel, 1988-, et al.
(author)
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Cardiovascular risk factors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder : A family design study of Swedish conscripts
- 2022
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 31:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: (1) investigate the associations of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, pulse pressure (PP), physical fitness, and BMI; (2) explore whether cardiovascular risk factors and ADHD share genetic and environmental influences; (3) assess if pharmacological treatment for ADHD influences these associations.Methods: We identified 395,978 individuals born between 1973 and 1991 who had military conscription examinations at a mean age of 18.3 years (SD = 0.57) and their full-siblings within the same cohort (N = 208,060) by linking population-based registers in Sweden. Results Significantly increased risk of ADHD was observed in individuals with low systolic blood pressure (SBP) and PP, low physical fitness, and in those who had overweight or obesity after adjustments (adjusted Odds Ratio [OR] ranging from 1.10 to 1.45). Full siblings of individuals with low SBP, low physical fitness, and obesity were more likely to receive an ADHD diagnosis compared to full siblings without those risk factors (OR ranging from 1.17 to 1.31). Additionally, analyses showed robust associations between ADHD and low SBP, low physical fitness, and obesity, even in ADHD medication-naïve individuals.Conclusions: Individuals with several cardiovascular risk factors are more often diagnosed with ADHD, regardless of psychiatric comorbidity. These association are not explained by ADHD pharmacotherapy, rather, they are in part due to shared familial risk factors.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Hubel, Christopher, et al.
(author)
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Latent anxiety and depression dimensions differ amongst patients with eating disorders : A Swedish nationwide investigation
- 2023
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 32:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectiveAnxiety and depression symptoms are common in individuals with eating disorders. To study these co-occurrences, we need high-quality self-report questionnaires. The 19-item self-rated Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale for Affective Syndromes (CPRS-S-A) is not validated in patients with eating disorders. We tested its factor structure, invariance, and differences in its latent dimensions.MethodPatients were registered by 45 treatment units in the Swedish nationwide Stepwise quality assurance database for specialised eating disorder care (n = 9509). Patients self-reported their anxiety and depression symptoms on the CPRS-S-A. Analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) in split samples, and testing of invariance and differences in subscales across eating disorder types.ResultsResults suggested a four-factor solution: Depression, Somatic and fear symptoms, Disinterest, and Worry. Multigroup CFA indicated an invariant factor structure. We detected the following differences: Patients with anorexia nervosa binge-eating/purging subtype scored the highest and patients with unspecified feeding and eating disorders the lowest on all subscales. Patients with anorexia nervosa or purging disorder show more somatic and fear symptoms than individuals with either bulimia nervosa or binge-eating disorder.ConclusionOur four-factor solution of the CPRS-S-A is suitable for patients with eating disorders and may help to identify differences in anxiety and depression dimensions amongst patients with eating disorders.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Legleye, Stephane, et al.
(author)
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A validation of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) using a latent class analysis of the DSM-IV among adolescents
- 2013
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 22:1, s. 16-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper explored the latent class structure of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) (assessed with the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview). Secondly, the screening properties of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) in adolescents were assessed with classical test theory using the latent class structure as empirical gold standard. The sample comprised 3266 French cannabis users aged 17 to 19 from the general population. Three latent classes of cannabis users were identified reflecting a continuum of problem severity: non-symptomatic, moderate and severe. Gender-specific analyses showed the best model fit, although results were almost identical in the total sample. The latent classes were good predictors of daily cannabis use, number of joints per day and age of first experimentation. The CAST showed good screening properties for the moderate/severe class (area under receiver operating characteristic curve>0.85) and very good for the severe class (0.90). It was more sensitive for boys, more specific for girls. Although structural equivalence across gender was rejected, results suggest small gender differences in the latent structure of the DSM-IV. The performance of the CAST in screening for the latent class structure was good and superior to those obtained with the classical DSM-IV diagnoses.
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| 15. |
- Legleye, Stéphane, et al.
(author)
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Properties of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) in the general population
- 2015
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 24:2, s. 170-183
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper explores the DSM-IV latent structure of cannabis users (especially its invariance towards gender and age) and assesses the psychometric properties of the Cannabis Abuse Screening Test (CAST) by confrontation with the theoretical diagnoses [dependence and cannabis use disorders (CUD)] and the latent class structure of the DSM-IV. The random sample comprised 550 French cannabis smokers aged 15-62 years interviewed by telephone. DSM-IV diagnoses were assessed with the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Internal structures of both instruments were assessed using factor analysis and latent class analysis. Optimal CAST cutoffs were determined by sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC). CAST and DSM-IV were unidimensional (Cronbach's =0.742 and 0.752, respectively), although a two-factor solution showed a better fit for the CAST. CAST cutoffs for screening CUD and dependence were three (AUC=0.851) and five (AUC=0.868), respectively. DSM-IV latent class structure varied only marginally in age and gender. Three classes of cannabis smokers were determined, ordered along a continuum of symptoms: non-symptomatic (61.1%), moderate (32.9%) and severe (6.0%). CAST cutoff scores for screening moderate/severe and severe were, respectively, three (AUC=0.869) and eight (AUC=0.952). Results are compared to those obtained in previous CAST studies and discussed in line with the DSM-5.
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| 16. |
- Lenhard, Fabian, et al.
(author)
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Prediction of outcome in internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy for paediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder : A machine learning approach
- 2018
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 27:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: There are no consistent predictors of treatment outcome in paediatric obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). One reason for this might be the use of suboptimal statistical methodology. Machine learning is an approach to efficiently analyse complex data. Machine learning has been widely used within other fields, but has rarely been tested in the prediction of paediatric mental health treatment outcomes.Objective: To test four different machine learning methods in the prediction of treatment response in a sample of paediatric OCD patients who had received Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy (ICBT).Methods: Participants were 61 adolescents (12–17 years) who enrolled in a randomized controlled trial and received ICBT. All clinical baseline variables were used to predict strictly defined treatment response status three months after ICBT. Four machine learning algorithms were implemented. For comparison, we also employed a traditional logistic regression approach.Results: Multivariate logistic regression could not detect any significant predictors. In contrast, all four machine learning algorithms performed well in the prediction of treatment response, with 75 to 83% accuracy.Conclusions: The results suggest that machine learning algorithms can successfully be applied to predict paediatric OCD treatment outcome. Validation studies and studies in other disorders are warranted.
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| 17. |
- Levis, Brooke, et al.
(author)
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Comparison of major depression diagnostic classification probability using the SCID, CIDI, and MINI diagnostic interviews among women in pregnancy or postpartum : An individual participant data meta-analysis
- 2019
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : WILEY. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 28:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: A previous individual participant data meta-analysis (IPDMA) identified differences in major depression classification rates between different diagnostic interviews, controlling for depressive symptoms on the basis of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. We aimed to determine whether similar results would be seen in a different population, using studies that administered the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in pregnancy or postpartum.Methods: Data accrued for an EPDS diagnostic accuracy IPDMA were analysed. Binomial generalised linear mixed models were fit to compare depression classification odds for the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM (SCID), controlling for EPDS scores and participant characteristics.Results Among fully structured interviews, the MINI (15 studies, 2,532 participants, 342 major depression cases) classified depression more often than the CIDI (3 studies, 2,948 participants, 194 major depression cases; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.21, 11.43]). Compared with the semistructured SCID (28 studies, 7,403 participants, 1,027 major depression cases), odds with the CIDI (interaction aOR = 0.88, 95% CI [0.85, 0.92]) and MINI (interaction aOR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.92, 0.99]) increased less as EPDS scores increased.Conclusion Different interviews may not classify major depression equivalently.
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| 18. |
- Li, Baojing, et al.
(author)
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Educational level and the risk of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self-harm in different age-groups : A cohort study covering 1,6 million subjects in the Stockholm region
- 2023
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 32:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To investigate the associations between low education and risk of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self-harm in different age-groups.Methods: All subjects in Stockholm born between 1931 and 1990 were linked to their own or their parent's highest education in 2000 and followed-up for these disorders in health care registers 2001–2016. Subjects were stratified into four age-groups: 10–18, 19–27, 28–50, and 51–70 years. Hazard Ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) were estimated with Cox proportional hazard models.Results: Low education increased the risk of substance use disorders and self-harm in all age-groups. Males aged 10–18 with low education had increased risks of ADHD and conduct disorders, and females a decreased risk of anorexia, bulimia and autism. Those aged 19–27 years had increased risks of anxiety and depression, and those aged 28–50 had increased risks of all mental disorders except anorexia and bulimia in males with Hazard Ratios ranging from 1.2 (95% CIs 1.0–1.3) for bipolar disorder to 5.4 (95% CIs 5.1–5.7) for drug use disorder. Females aged 51–70 years had increased risks of schizophrenia and autism.Conclusion: Low education is associated with risk of most mental disorders, substance use disorders and self-harm in all age-groups, but especially among those aged 28–50 years.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Mellner, Christin
(author)
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Symptom development and timing of menarche : A longitudinal study
- 2004
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 13:1, s. 40-53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Self-reported somatic complaints among females were studied cross sectionally at age 15 and 43, and longitudinally between these two ages. Specifically, the relationship between symptom development and timing of menarche was considered. The sample consisted of 477 females representing the general Swedish population. All the included symptoms were significantly related to each other at both ages. There was also longitudinal correlational stability for all the studied symptoms. Moreover, symptoms at age 15 were associated with early menarcheal timing. Pattern analyses of the studied symptoms were conducted with roots in person-oriented methodology. These results revealed structural as well as individual stability in patterns of symptom reporting for nearly 30 years. That is, similar configurations of symptoms were found at both ages, and it was the same females who reported being either symptom free or reporting a high symptom load at both ages. At age 15 fewer early maturing females than expected by chance reported being symptom free, whereas more of the late maturing females than expected reported being symptom free. However, there were no effects of menarcheal timing on symptom reporting at age 43.
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| 23. |
- Molander, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Assessing gambling disorder using frequency- and time-based response options : A Rasch analysis of the gambling disorder identification test
- 2024
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 33:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The Gambling Disorder Identification Test (GDIT) is a recently developed self-report measure. The GDIT includes items with multiple response options that are either based on frequency or time, and item response theory evaluations of these could yield vital knowledge on its measurement performance.Methods: The GDIT was evaluated using Rasch analysis in a study involving 597 Swedish gamblers.Results: In a three-dimensional Rasch model, the item response difficulty range extended from -1.88 to 4.06 and increased with higher time- and frequency-based responses. Differential item functioning showed that some GDIT items displayed age and gender-related differences. Additionally, person-separation reliability indicated the GDIT could reliably be divided into three to four diagnostic levels.Conclusions: The frequency- and time-based item response options of the GDIT offer excellent measurement, allowing for elaborate assessment across both lower and higher gambling severity. The GDIT can be used to detect DSM-5 Gambling Disorder, thereby holding significance from both epidemiological and clinical standpoints. Notably, the 3-item GDIT Gambling Behavior subscale also shows potential as a brief screening tool for identifying at-risk gambling behavior.
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| 24. |
- Molander, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Development of the Gambling Disorder Identification Test : Results from an international Delphi and consensus process
- 2021
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 30:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: Diverse instruments are used to measure problem gambling and Gambling Disorder intervention outcomes. The 2004 Banff consensus agreement proposed necessary features for reporting gambling treatment efficacy. To address the challenge of including these features in a single instrument, a process was initiated to develop the Gambling Disorder Identification Test (GDIT), as an instrument analogous to the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. Methods: Gambling experts from 10 countries participated in an international two-round Delphi (n = 61; n = 30), rating 30 items proposed for inclusion in the GDIT. Gambling researchers and clinicians from several countries participated in three consensus meetings (n = 10; n = 4; n = 3). User feedback was obtained from individuals with experience of problem gambling (n = 12) and from treatment-seekers with Gambling Disorder (n = 8).Results: Ten items fulfilled Delphi consensus criteria for inclusion in the GDIT (M >= 7 on a scale of 1-9 in the second round). Item-related issues were addressed, and four more items were added to conform to the Banff agreement recommendations, yielding a final draft version of the GDIT with 14 items in three domains: gambling behavior, gambling symptoms and negative consequences.Conclusions: This study established preliminary construct and face validity for the GDIT.
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| 25. |
- Sarovic, Darko, et al.
(author)
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Autism classified by magnetic resonance imaging: A pilot study of a potential diagnostic tool
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 29:4, s. 1-18
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives Individual anatomical biomarkers have limited power for the classification of autism. The present study introduces a multivariate classification approach using structural magnetic resonance imaging data from individuals with and without autism. Methods The classifier utilizesz-normalization, parameter weighting, and interindividual comparison on brain segmentation data, for estimation of an individual summed total index (TI). The TI indicates whether the gross morphological pattern of each individual's brain is in the direction of cases or controls. Results Morphometric analysis found significant differences within subcortical gray matter structures and limbic areas. There was no significant difference in total brain volume. A case-control pilot-study of TIs in normally intelligent individuals with autism (24) and without (21) yielded a maximal accuracy of 78.9% following cross-validation. It showed a high accuracy compared with machine learning methods when tested on the same dataset. The TI correlated well with the autism quotient (R= 0.51) across groups. Conclusion These results are on par with studies on autism using machine learning. The main contributions are its transparency and simplicity. The possibility of including additional neuroimaging data further increases the potential of the classifier as a diagnostic aid for neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as a research tool for neuroscientific investigations.
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| 26. |
- Sassen, Monika, et al.
(author)
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Differences in pathological gambling prevalence estimates : facts or artefacts?
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 20:4, s. e83-E99
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The paper aims at investigating whether survey methodology has recently converged to justify the common practice of comparing prevalence estimates and interpreting differences within and between countries. To this end, prevalence studies of problem (PrG) and pathological gambling (PG) published in peer-reviewed journals between 2000 and 2010 were critically reviewed. A systematic computer-based literature search was conducted within various databases and major gambling journals. In a two-step search process, a total of 39 studies reporting current prevalence data of non-clinical national samples from different countries were identified. Analyses revealed wide ranges in estimated PrG/PG rates for adults, adolescents, and college students, whereas similar estimates were reported in two studies on PrG/PG in seniors. Despite the discussion on methodological consistency in the field of gambling research, comparability of the reported estimates was found to be still highly limited by major variation between studies with regard to survey description, administration format, exclusion criteria, assessment instrument, cut-off scores, sample frame, and reference period. The interpretation of differences in PrG and PG prevalence estimates within and between countries may be improved by using valid and reliable instruments and by applying comparable survey methodology in well-defined populations.
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| 27. |
- Singh, Laura, et al.
(author)
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Using a daily diary for monitoring intrusive memories of trauma : A translational data synthesis study exploring convergent validity
- 2023
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 32:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ObjectiveIntrusive memories are a core feature of posttraumatic stress disorder and have transdiagnostic relevance across mental disorders. Establishing flexible methods to monitor intrusions, including patterns and characteristics, is a key challenge. A daily diary has been developed in experimental settings to provide symptom count data, without the need for retrospective self-report over extended time periods (e.g., 1 week, 1 month). We conducted an exploratory, pre-registered data synthesis investigating convergence between the diary and questionnaire measures of intrusive symptoms long used in clinical practice (Impact of Event Scale, IES, and revised version, IES-R, Intrusion subscale).ResultsUtilising datasets using the daily diary from 11 studies (4 real-world trauma studies, seven analogue trauma studies; total N = 578), we found significant positive associations between the diary and IES/IES-R Intrusion subscale. Exploratory analyses indicated that the magnitude of this association was stronger for the IES (vs. the IES-R), and in individuals with real-world (vs. analogue) trauma.ConclusionThis study provides first evidence of convergent validity of a daily diary for monitoring intrusions with a widely used questionnaire. A diary may be a more flexible methodology to obtain information about intrusions (frequency, characteristics, triggers, content), relative to questionnaires which rely on retrospective reporting of symptoms over extended timeframes. We discuss potential benefits of daily monitoring of intrusions in clinical and research contexts.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Thorell, Lars-Håkan, 1943-, et al.
(author)
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Improper study design precludes valid effect estimates in important suicide prevention research
- 2019
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 28:3
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The observational study design for estimating accuracy of diagnostic tests for suicide risk in clinical work is not ideal, due to the effects of directed suicide prevention to the high-risk group. This is an example of the confounding by indication and protopathic bias, which lead to misinterpretation of the accuracy terms sensitivity and specificity. The simple arithmetic mechanism presented here, forces the conclusion that the accuracy estimates sensitivity and specificity, applied in open prospective trials of surmised diagnostic tests for suicide risk, cannot be normally interpreted as accuracy estimators. Further, the related concept "prediction of suicide" is shown to be fundamentally illogical and should not be used in the present context. All these statements reveal a far-reaching problem within the suicide prevention research: Conclusions regarding the usefulness of diagnostic tests of suicide risk in the vast previous research since decades deserve reinterpretation. Diagnostic tests per se, can possess highly qualitative properties in estimating important suicidological aspects regarding a patient, but, when studied in an open design study, it cannot be demonstrated. This problem concerns rating scales and any biological and psychological tests in medicine, when confounding factors, for example, suicide prevention, influence the outcome because of the test result per se.
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| 30. |
- Tsutsumi, A, et al.
(author)
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Application of item response theory to achieve cross-cultural comparability of occupational stress measurement
- 2009
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 18:1, s. 58-67
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Our objective was to examine cross-cultural comparability of standard scales of the Effort-Reward Imbalance occupational stress scales by item response theory (IRT) analyses. Data were from 20,256 Japanese employees, 1464 Dutch nurses and nurses' aides, 2128 representative employees from post-communist countries, 963 Swedish representative employees, 421 Chinese female employees, 10,175 employees of the French national gas and electric company and 734 Spanish railroad employees, sanitary personnel and telephone operators. The IRT likelihood ratio model was used for differential item functioning (DIF) and differential test functioning (DTF) analyses. Despite the existence of DIF, most comparisons did not show discernible differences in the relations between Effort-Reward total score and level of the underlying trait across cultural groups. In the case that DTF was suspected, excluding an item with significant DIF improved the comparability. The full cross-cultural comparability of Effort-Reward Imbalance scores can be achieved with the help of IRT analysis.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
- Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, et al.
(author)
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The need for a behavioural science focus in research on mental health and mental disorders
- 2014
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In: International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1049-8931 .- 1557-0657. ; 23, s. 28-40
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Psychology as a science offers an enormous diversity of theories, principles, and methodological approaches to understand mental health, abnormal functions and behaviours and mental disorders. A selected overview of the scope, current topics as well as strength and gaps in Psychological Science may help to depict the advances needed to inform future research agendas specifically on mental health and mental disorders. From an integrative psychological perspective, most maladaptive health behaviours and mental disorders can be conceptualized as the result of developmental dysfunctions of psychological functions and processes as well as neurobiological and genetic processes that interact with the environment. The paper presents and discusses an integrative translational model, linking basic and experimental research with clinical research as well as population-based prospective-longitudinal studies. This model provides a conceptual framework to identify how individual vulnerabilities interact with environment over time, and promote critical behaviours that might act as proximal risk factors for ill-health and mental disorders. Within the models framework, such improved knowledge is also expected to better delineate targeted preventive and therapeutic interventions that prevent further escalation in early stages before the full disorder and further complications thereof develop. In contrast to conventional personalized medicine that typically targets individual (genetic) variation of patients who already have developed a disease to improve medical treatment, the proposed framework model, linked to a concerted funding programme of the Science of Behaviour Change, carries the promise of improved diagnosis, treatment and prevention of health-risk behaviour constellations as well as mental disorders.
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