| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Alligier, M, et al.
(author)
-
OBEDIS Core Variables Project: European Expert Guidelines on a Minimal Core Set of Variables to Include in Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trials of Obesity Interventions
- 2020
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 13:1, s. 1-28
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Heterogeneity of interindividual and intraindividual responses to interventions is often observed in randomized, controlled trials for obesity. To address the global epidemic of obesity and move toward more personalized treatment regimens, the global research community must come together to identify factors that may drive these heterogeneous responses to interventions. This project, called OBEDIS (OBEsity Diverse Interventions Sharing – focusing on dietary and other interventions), provides a set of European guidelines for a minimal set of variables to include in future clinical trials on obesity, regardless of the specific endpoints. Broad adoption of these guidelines will enable researchers to harmonize and merge data from multiple intervention studies, allowing stratification of patients according to precise phenotyping criteria which are measured using standardized methods. In this way, studies across Europe may be pooled for better prediction of individuals’ responses to an intervention for obesity – ultimately leading to better patient care and improved obesity outcomes.
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
- Arner, P, et al.
(author)
-
Fatty Acids, Obesity and Insulin Resistance
- 2015
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 8:2, s. 147-155
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- <b><i>Objective: </i></b>Although elevated free fatty acid (FFA) levels in obesity have been considered to be of importance for insulin resistance, a recent meta-analysis suggested normal FFA levels in obese subjects. We investigated fasting circulating FFA and glycerol levels in a large cohort of non-obese and obese subjects. <b><i>Methods: </i></b>Subjects recruited for a study on obesity genetics were investigated in the morning after an overnight fast (n = 3,888). Serum FFA (n = 3,306), plasma glycerol (n = 3,776), and insulin sensitivity index (HOMA-IR,n = 3,469) were determined. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> and insulin resistance as HOMA-IR ≥ 2.21. <b><i>Results:</i></b> In obese subjects, circulating FFA and glycerol levels were higher than in non-obese individuals (by 26% and 47%, respectively; both p < 0.0001). Similar results were obtained if only men, women or medication-free subjects were investigated. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes were associated with a further minor increase in FFA/glycerol among obese subjects. When comparing insulin-sensitive non-obese with insulin-sensitive or -resistant obese individuals, FFA and glycerol were 21-29% and 43-49% higher in obese individuals, respectively. <b><i>Conclusion: </i></b>Circulating FFA and glycerol levels are markedly elevated in obesity but only marginally influenced by insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Whether these differences persist during diurnal variations in circulating FFA/glycerol, remains to be established.
|
|
| 5. |
- Baker, Jennifer L., et al.
(author)
-
Evaluation of the Overweight/Obese Child - Practical Tips for the Primary Health Care Provider: Recommendations from the Childhood Obesity Task Force of the European Association for the Study of Obesity
- 2010
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 3:2, s. 131-137
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents is on the rise. The majority of overweight or obese children are treated by primary health care providers including paediatricians, family practitioners, dieticians, nurses, and school health services - and not by specialists. The majority of obese children have no underlying medical disorder causing their obesity yet a significant proportion might suffer from obesity-related co-morbidities. This text is aimed at providing simple and practical tools for the identification and management of children with or at risk of overweight and obesity in the primary care setting. The tips and tools provided are based on data from the recent body of work that has been published in this field, official statements of several scientific societies along with expert opinion provided by the members of the Childhood Obesity Task Force (COTF) of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO). We have attempted to use an evidence-based approach while allowing flexibility for the practicing clinician in domains where evidence is currently lacking and ensuring that treating the obese child involves the entire family as well.
|
|
| 6. |
- Bakkman, Linda, et al.
(author)
-
Reduced respiratory capacity in muscle mitochondria of obese subjects.
- 2010
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; 3:6, s. 371-5
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND/AIMS: The extent of weight gain varies among individuals despite equal calorie overconsumption. Furthermore, weight gain is often less than expected from energy excess. This suggests differences in metabolic efficiency and basal metabolism. Since mitochondrial uncoupling accounts for a substantial portion of the basal metabolic rate, we compared skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in obese subjects to normal-weight reference groups with various degrees of physical activity.METHODS: Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis muscle of 9 healthy obese subjects (BMI 40 ± 3). Mitochondria were isolated and analyzed for coupled (state 3) and uncoupled (state 4) respirations as well as mitochondrial efficiency (P/O ratio) using pyruvate as a substrate. Respiratory data were compared to reference groups A, normal-weight untrained (BMI 24 ± 0.7), and B, normal-weight trained (BMI 24 ± 0.6).RESULTS: Obese subjects had a decreased respiratory capacity per mitochondrial volume compared to the reference groups: this was evident in state 4 (65% and 35% of reference group A and B, respectively) and state 3 (53% and 29% of A and B, respectively) (p < 0.05).CONCLUSION: Obese subjects had a low capacity for fuel oxidation, which may play a role in the predisposition of obesity. However, whether lower mitochondrial capacity is a cause or a consequence of obesity requires further research.
|
|
| 7. |
- Barazzoni, Rocco, et al.
(author)
-
Sarcopenic Obesity : Time to Meet the Challenge
- 2018
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; 11:4, s. 294-305
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The prevalence of overweight and obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide due to increasingly pervasive obesogenic lifestyle changes. Obesity poses unprecedented individual, social, and multidisciplinary medical challenges by increasing the risk for metabolic diseases, chronic organ failures, and cancer as well as complication rates in the presence of acute disease conditions. Whereas reducing excess adiposity remains the fundamental pathogenic treatment for obese individuals, complex metabolic and lifestyle abnormalities as well as weight reduction therapies per se may also compromise the ability to preserve muscle function and mass, especially when chronic disease co-exists with obesity. Emerging evidence indicates that low muscle mass and quality have a strong negative prognostic impact in obese individuals and may lead to frailty, disability, and increased morbidity and mortality. Awareness of the importance of skeletal muscle maintenance in obesity is however low among clinicians and scientists. The term 'sarcopenic obesity' has been proposed to identify obesity with low skeletal muscle function and mass, but its utilization is largely limited to the aging patient population, and consensus on its definition and diagnostic criteria remains insufficient. Knowledge on prevalence of sarcopenic obesity in various clinical conditions and patient subgroups, on its clinical impacts in patient risk stratification, and on effective prevention and treatment strategies remain therefore dramatically inadequate. In particular, optimal dietary options and medical nutritional support strategies to preserve muscle mass in obese individuals remain largely undefined. The European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) and the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) recognize and indicate obesity with altered body composition due to low skeletal muscle function and mass (sarcopenic obesity) as a scientific and clinical priority for researchers and clinicians. ESPEN and EASO therefore call for coordinated action aimed at reaching consensus on its definition, diagnostic criteria, and optimal treatment with particular regard to nutritional therapy. We are convinced that achievement of these goals has a strong potential to reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality in the rapidly increasing obese patient population.
|
|
| 8. |
- Blundell, John E, et al.
(author)
-
Variations in the Prevalence of Obesity Among European Countries, and a Consideration of Possible Causes.
- 2017
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 10:1, s. 25-37
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Over the last 10 years the prevalence of obesity across the European continent has in general been rising. With the exception of a few countries where a levelling-off can be perceived, albeit at a high level, this upward trend seems likely to continue. However, considerable country to country variation is noticeable, with the proportion of people with obesity varying by 10% or more. This variation is intriguing and suggests the existence of different profiles of risk or protection factors operating in different countries. The identification of such protection factors could indicate suitable targets for interventions to help manage the obesity epidemic in Europe. This report is the output of a 2-day workshop on the 'Diversity of Obesity in Europe'. The workshop included 14 delegates from 12 different European countries. This report contains the contributions and discussions of the materials and viewpoints provided by these 14 experts; it is not the output of a single mind. However, such is the nature of scientific analysis regarding obesity that it is possible that a different set of 14 experts may have come to a different set of conclusions. Therefore the report should not be seen as a definitive statement of a stable situation. Rather it is a focus for discussion and comment, and a vehicle to drive forward further understanding and management of obesity in Europe.
|
|
| 9. |
- Boraxbekk, Carl-Johan, 1980-, et al.
(author)
-
Diet-Induced Weight Loss Alters Functional Brain Responses during an Episodic Memory Task
- 2015
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; 8:4, s. 261-272
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: It has been suggested that overweight is negatively associated with cognitive functions. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a reduction in body weight by dietary interventions could improve episodic memory performance and alter associated functional brain responses in overweight and obese women. Methods: 20 overweight postmenopausal women were randomized to either a modified paleolithic diet or a standard diet adhering to the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations for 6 months. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine brain function during an episodic memory task as well as anthropometric and biochemical data before and after the interventions. Results: Episodic memory performance improved significantly (p = 0.010) after the dietary interventions. Concomitantly, brain activity increased in the anterior part of the right hippocampus during memory encoding, without differences between diets. This was associated with decreased levels of plasma free fatty acids (FFA). Brain activity increased in pre-frontal cortex and superior/middle temporal gyri. The magnitude of increase correlated with waist circumference reduction. During episodic retrieval, brain activity decreased in inferior and middle frontal gyri, and increased in middle/superior temporal gyri. Conclusions: Diet induced weight loss, associated with decreased levels of plasma FFA, improves episodic memory linked to increased hippocampal activity. (C) 2015 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
|
|
| 10. |
- Braet, Caroline, et al.
(author)
-
The Assessment of Eating Behaviour in Children Who Are Obese: A Psychological Approach. A Position Paper from the European Childhood Obesity Group
- 2014
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; 7, s. 153-164
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: This paper introduces health professionals to the different psychological models thought to influence eating behaviour in the absence of hunger in children who are obese and to propose a method of assessing these behaviours in practice. Methods: Clinical researchers from the European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) adopted an evidence-based approach to examine the literature concerning the assessment of eating behaviour in children who are obese. Studies published in English were filtered out of the medical and psychological literature from 1960 to the present, and the resulting bibliography was searched for relevant articles. Key themes from the current evidence were compiled and classified according to the underpinning psychological models. Based on the current evidence and the authors’ combined clinical experience, a three-staged approach to assessment was agreed by consensus. Results: Valid and reliable tools for assessing and monitoring each of the three identified models (Dietary Restraint Theory, Emotional Eating and the Diathesis-Stress Model) are suggested for use in clinical practice, and the ECOG three staged approach to assessing eating behaviours in the absence of hunger is described. Conclusions: This paper presents practical guidance on how to assess eating behaviour in the absence of hunger in children who are clinically obese and suggests a focus for future research.
|
|
| 11. |
- Bramsved, Rebecka, 1982-, et al.
(author)
-
Children's BMI is strongly effected by family income at birth – but parental education is of major importance for the growing social gap up to 8 years of age
- 2015
-
In: Obesity Facts. - Basel : S. Karger. - 1662-4033.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The development of BMI in early childhood is dependent on socioeconomic factors. Our aim was to explore the impact of parental education level and family income for development of BMI from birth to 8 years age.Methods: 3018 children born in 1998–2006 from the IDEFICS study and register controls were included. Weight and height measurements from birth up to 8 years of age were obtained from the Child Health Services. Parental education and family disposable income, obtained from Statistics Sweden and the Medical Birth Register, were defined as high/low. Obesity was defined by WHO references. Confounders were sex and age of the child, parental origin, maternal smoking and maternal BMI.Results: At birth, the children’s mean BMI (SD) was lower in families of low vs. high income (13,74 (1,35) vs. 13,94 (1,36), p<0.0001). Results remained significant after adjusting for confounders. No differences in birth BMI were detected between children of low and high-educated parents (13,87 (1,37) vs. 13,83 (1,35), p=0.48). From 6 months onwards, children of low-educated parents showed higher mean BMI than children of high-educated. At 8 years, mean BMI in the low/high educated groups were 17.12 (2.44) and 16.38 (1.94), p<0.0001. Results remained significant after adjusting for confounders. Prevalence of obesity in the low and high-educated groups were 11% and 4,1%, p<0,0001. The difference in BMI at 8 years seen in the low/high income group disappeared after adjusting for confounders (17.5 vs. 17.6, p=0,63).Conclusion: Impact of family socioeconomic factors on children’s BMI differs by income and education. The effect of parental education becomes more evident by age up to 8 years of age. Interventions for healthy weight development must start very early in life.
|
|
| 12. |
- da Silva, M, et al.
(author)
-
Factors Associated with High Weight Gain and Obesity Duration: The Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Study
- 2018
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 11:5, s. 381-392
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- <b><i>Aim:</i></b> To identify factors associated with high weight gain and obesity duration in a representative sample of Norwegian women. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> 66,618 Norwegian women aged 34-70 years at baseline were included in the analysis. Baseline and follow-up questionnaires completed in 1991-2011 provided information on height, weight as well as sociodemographic, lifestyle and reproductive factors. We assessed the association with multivariable logistic regression. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Women gained on average 0.5 kg/year (95% CI 0.5-0.5 kg/year) during 6 years of follow-up, and 3.5% maintained in obesity during 13 years of follow-up. The factors with strongest association with high weight gain (≥10 kg) were smoking cessation (cessation vs. no change, OR = 4.39, 95% CI 3.91-4.94) and decreased physical activity level (decrease vs. no change, OR = 2.40, 95% CI 2.21-2.61). Low physical activity level (high vs. low, OR = 0.17, 95% CI 0.14-0.20), higher than median age at menarche (over median vs. median or under median, OR = 0.36, 95% CI 0.31-0.41), and less than 10 years of education (>12 years vs. <10 years, OR = 0.44, 95% CI 0.37-0.51) were strongly associated with obesity duration. <b><i>Conclusion: </i></b>The modifiable factor with the strongest association with adverse weight development and potential for prevention was low or decreased physical activity level.
|
|
| 13. |
- Danielsson, Pernilla, et al.
(author)
-
Importance of age for 3-year continuous behavioral obesity treatment success and dropout rate.
- 2012
-
In: Obesity Facts. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; 5:1, s. 34-44
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AbstractObjective: To assess whether first year weight loss, age, and socioeconomic background correlate with the success rate of continuous long-term behavioral obesity treatment. Methods: In a 3-year longitudinal study, obese children (n = 684) were divided into three groups based on age at the start of treatment, age 6-9 years, 10-13 years, and 14-16 years. Results: The mean BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) decline was age-dependent (p = 0.001), independently of adjustment for missing data: -1.8 BMI-SDS units in the youngest, -1.3 in the middle age group, and -0.5 in the oldest age group. SES and parental BMI status did not affect the results. 30% of the adolescents remained in treatment at year 3. There was only a weak correlation between BMI-SDS change after 1 and 3 years: r = 0.51 (p < 0.001). Among children with no BMI-SDS reduction during year 1 (n = 46), 40% had a clinically significantly reduced BMI-SDS after year 3. Conclusion: Behavioral treatment should be initiated at an early age to increase the chance for good results. Childhood obesity treatment should be continued for at least 3 years, regardless of the initial change in BMI-SDS. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.
|
|
| 14. |
- Danielsson, P, et al.
(author)
-
Importance of age for 3-year continuous behavioral obesity treatment success and dropout rate
- 2012
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 5:1, s. 34-44
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- <i>Objective:</i> To assess whether first year weight loss, age, and socioeconomic background correlate with the success rate of continuous long-term behavioral obesity treatment. <i>Methods: </i>In a 3-year longitudinal study, obese children (n = 684) were divided into three groups based on age at the start of treatment, age 6–9 years, 10–13 years, and 14–16 years. <i>Results:</i> The mean BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) decline was age-dependent (p = 0.001), independently of adjustment for missing data: –1.8 BMI-SDS units in the youngest, –1.3 in the middle age group, and –0.5 in the oldest age group. SES and parental BMI status did not affect the results. 30% of the adolescents remained in treatment at year 3. There was only a weak correlation between BMI-SDS change after 1 and 3 years: r = 0.51 (p < 0.001). Among children with no BMI-SDS reduction during year 1 (n = 46), 40% had a clinically significantly reduced BMI-SDS after year 3. <i>Conclusion:</i> Behavioral treatment should be initiated at an early age to increase the chance for good results. Childhood obesity treatment should be continued for at least 3 years, regardless of the initial change in BMI-SDS.
|
|
| 15. |
- Derwig, Mariette, et al.
(author)
-
Child-centred health dialogue for primary prevention of obesity in child health services – a feasibility study
- 2019
-
In: - : S. Karger AG. ; , s. 02-092
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: The aim of this study was to test a Child-Centred Health Dialogue model for primary prevention of obesity for 4-year-old children in Child Health Services, for its feasibility and the responsiveness of its outcomes.Methods: A feasibility study was set up with a non-randomised quasi-experimental cluster design comparing usual care with a structured multicomponent child-centred health dialogue consisting of two parts: 1) a universal part directed to all children and 2) a targeted part for families where the child is identified with overweight. Results: 203 children participated in child-centred health dialogue while 582 children received usual care. Nurses trained in the model were able to execute both the universal health dialogue and the targeted part of the intervention. Tutorship enabled the nurses to reflect on and discuss their experiences, which strengthened their confidence and security. One year after the intervention fewer normal-weight 4-year-olds in the intervention group had developed overweight at the age of 5 compared to the control group and none had developed obesity. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a child-centred, multicomponent, interactive intervention for the promotion of healthy lifestyles and primary prevention of obesity for all 4-year-old children participating in Child Health Services is feasible on a small scale. As almost all parents make use of Child Health Services in Sweden, the findings should be confirmed in a randomised controlled trial before the intervention can be implemented on a larger scale.
|
|
| 16. |
- Farpour-Lambert, Nathalie J., et al.
(author)
-
Childhood Obesity Is a Chronic Disease Demanding Specific Health Care - a Position Statement from the Childhood Obesity Task Force (COTF) of the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO)
- 2015
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; 8, s. 342-349
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Childhood obesity is one of the greatest health challenges of the 21st century. The EASO COTF is convinced that classifying obesity as a chronic disease in children and adolescents is a crucial step for increasing individual and societal awareness, and for improving early diagnosis and intervention. Such a classification will enhance the development of novel preventive and treatment approaches, health care policies and systems, and the education of healthcare workers. The management of obesity prior to the appearance of co-morbidities may prevent their escalation into significant medical and psychosocial problems, and reduce their economic and societal impact. Childhood is a unique window of opportunity to influence lifetime effects on health, quality of life, prevention of non-communicable chronic diseases and disabilities. The Convention on the Rights of the Child by UNICEF states that parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to health care services. The EASO COTF is aiming to address these issues via educational activities for health care workers, identification of research agendas, and the promotion of collaborations among clinicians, researchers, health institutions, organizations and states across Europe.
|
|
| 17. |
- Fischer-Posovszky, Pamela, et al.
(author)
-
Human SGBS Cells - a Unique Tool for Studies of Human Fat Cell Biology
- 2008
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 1:4, s. 184-189
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) preadipocyte cell strain provides a unique and useful tool for studies of human adipocyte biology. The cells originate from an adipose tissue specimen of a patient with SGBS. They are neither transformed nor immortalized, and provide an almost unlimited source due to their ability to proliferate for up to 50 generations with retained capacity for adipogenic differentiation. So far, the cells have been used for a number of studies on adipose differentiation, adipocyte glucose uptake, lipolysis, apoptosis, regulation of expression of adipokines, and protein translocation. The cells are efficiently differentiated in the presence of PPAR gamma agonists and in the absence of serum and albumin. SGBS adipocytes respond to insulin stimulation by increasing glucose uptake several-fold (EC50 approximately 100 pmol/l), and by very effectively inhibiting (IC50 approximately 10 pmol/l) catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Guzmán, Viveka, et al.
(author)
-
Associations of Sleep Duration and Screen Time with Incidence of Overweight in European Children : The IDEFICS/I.Family Cohort
- 2022
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; 15:1, s. 55-61
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- INTRODUCTION: Over the past decades, children have been increasingly using screen devices, while at the same time their sleep duration has decreased. Both behaviors have been associated with excess weight, and it is possible they act as mutually reinforcing behaviors for weight gain. The aim of the study was to explore independent, prospective associations of screen time and sleep duration with incident overweight in a sample of European children.METHODS: Data from 4,285 children of the IDEFICS/I.Family cohort who were followed up from 2009/2010 to 2013/2014 were analyzed. Hours per day of screen time and of sleep duration were reported by parents at baseline. Logistic regression analyses were carried out in separate and mutually adjusted models controlled for sex, age, European country region, parental level of education, and baseline BMI z-scores.RESULTS: Among normal weight children at baseline (N = 3,734), separate models suggest that every hour increase in screen time and every hour decrease in sleep duration were associated with higher odds of the child becoming overweight or obese at follow-up (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.02-1.32 and OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 1.05-1.43, respectively). In the mutually adjusted model, both associations were attenuated slightly ( screen time OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.99-1.28; sleep duration OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.03-1.40), being consistently somewhat stronger for sleep duration.DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Both screen time and sleep duration increased the incidence of overweight or obesity by 13-20%. Interventions that include an emphasis on adequate sleep and minimal screen time are needed to establish their causal role in the prevention of overweight and obesity among European children.
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Hamano, Tsuyoshi, et al.
(author)
-
Association between Childhood Obesity and Neighbourhood Accessibility to Fast-Food Outlets : A Nationwide 6-Year Follow-Up Study of 944,487 Children
- 2017
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; , s. 559-568
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The aim of this 6-year follow-up study was to examine whether neighbourhood accessibility to fast-food outlets was associated with diagnosed childhood obesity, after adjustment for neighbourhood- and individual-level socio-demographic factors. Methods: This 6-year follow-up study comprised 484,677 boys and 459,810 girls aged 0-14 years in Sweden. The follow-up period ran from January 1, 2005, until hospitalisation/out-patient treatment for obesity, death, emigration or the end of the study period on December 31, 2010. Multilevel logistic regression models (individual-level factors at the first level and neighbourhood-level factors at the second level) were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Results: We identified 6,968 obesity cases (3,878 boys and 3,090 girls) during the follow-up period. Higher odds of childhood obesity for those living in neighbourhoods with accessibility to fast-food outlets was observed (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.07-1.22) that remained significant after adjustments (OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 1.00-1.13). Conclusions: This prospective nationwide study showed that the neighbourhood accessibility to fast-food outlets was independently associated with increased odds of diagnosed childhood obesity. This finding implicates that residential environments should be considered when developing health promotion programmes.
|
|
| 24. |
- Hansson, LM, et al.
(author)
-
Association between perceived health care stigmatization and BMI change
- 2014
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 7:3, s. 211-220
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- <b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> This study examined the association between experiences of health care stigmatization and BMI changes in men and women with normal weight and obesity in Sweden. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The participants were drawn from a population-based survey in Sweden (1996-2006), and data on their perceived health care stigmatization were measured in 2008. They were categorized in individuals with normal weight (n = 1,064), moderate obesity (n = 1,273), and severe obesity (n = 291). The main outcome measure was change in BMI. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Individuals with severe obesity experiencing any health care stigmatization showed a BMI increase by 1.5 kg/m<sup>2</sup> more than individuals with severe obesity with no such experience. For individuals with moderate obesity, insulting treatment by a physician and avoidance of health care were associated with a relative BMI increase of 0.40 and 0.75 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, respectively, compared with their counterparts who did not experience stigmatization in these areas. No difference in experience of any form of health care stigmatizing associated BMI change was observed for men and women with normal weight. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In this large, population-based study, perceived health care stigmatization was associated with an increased relative BMI in individuals with severe obesity. For moderate obesity, the evidence of an association was inconclusive.
|
|
| 25. |
- Hebebrand, J., et al.
(author)
-
A Proposal of the European Association for the Study of Obesity to Improve the ICD-11 Diagnostic Criteria for Obesity Based on the Three Dimensions Etiology, Degree of Adiposity and Health Risk
- 2017
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; 10:4, s. 284-307
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Diagnostic criteria for complex medical conditions caused by a multitude of both genetic and environmental factors should be descriptive and avoid any attribution of causality. Furthermore, the wording used to describe a disorder should be evidence-based and avoid stigmatization of the affected individuals. Both terminology and categorizations should be readily comprehensible for healthcare professionals and guide clinical decision making. Uncertainties with respect to diagnostic issues and their implications may be addressed to direct future clinical research. In this context, the European Association of the Study of Obesity (EASO) considers it an important endeavor to review the current ICD-11 Beta Draft for the definition of overweight and obesity and to propose a substantial revision. We aim to provide an overview of the key issues that we deem relevant for the discussion of the diagnostic criteria. We first discuss the current ICD-10 criteria and those proposed in the ICD 11 Beta Draft. We conclude with our own proposal for diagnostic criteria, which we believe will improve the assessment of patients with obesity in a clinically meaningful way. (C) 2017 The Author(s) Published by S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
|
|
| 26. |
|
|
| 27. |
- Holmberg, Christopher, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
Adolescents' communication of high calorie low nutrient food items in image-based social media
- 2016
-
In: European Obesity Summit 2016 Abstract Book, a supplement of Obesity Facts. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. - 9783318058956 ; 9:9(suppl 1) VIII + 368
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Rationale: Adolescents today use social media applications extensively and research demonstrates that peers in social media settings can influence adolescents regarding their food intake. These newly emerged channels also offer unique possibilities to observe adolescents’ dietary communication. Objective: This study aimed to explore how adolescents communicate food images in a widely used social media image-sharing application, Instagram. Methods: To find adolescent Instagram users we searched for images appended with the hashtag #14år (Swedish for “14 years”). The hashtag had been applied to 3479 images as of March 2014. However, as users change their privacy settings, delete their accounts, or change their user names, 1358 images were not retrievable. Users sometimes also applied the hashtag to several images, and we excluded accounts that we judged did not belong to adolescents (based on written and visual profile information); 1001 unique Instagram users’ photo streams were thus eligible for analysis. Content analysis was used to identify food items and categorize these based on types of food and how the food items were presented. Results: Most of the adolescent users (85 %) shared images containing food items. A majority of the images (67.7%) depicted foods high in calories but low in nutrients. Almost half of these images were arranged as a still life with food brand names clearly exposed. Many of these images were influenced by major food marketing campaigns. Fruits and vegetables only occurred in 21.8% of all images. This food group was frequently portrayed zoomed in with focus solely on the food, with a hashtag or caption expressing palatability. These images were often presented in the style of a cook book. Conclusions: Food was presented in varied ways. Adolescents themselves produced images copying food advertisements. This has clear health promotion implications since it becomes more challenging to monitor and tackle exposure to marketing of unhealthy foods to young people in these popular online networks because images are part of a lifestyle that the young people want to promote. Shared images contain personal recommendations, which mean that they may have a more powerful effect than commercial food advertising. Acknowledgements: This study was supported by grants from Formas - The Swedish Research Council for Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Spatial Planning (grant number 259-2012-38). We would also like to affirm our respect for Instagram users and their publically shared images which made it possible for us to conduct this research.
|
|
| 28. |
- Holmberg, Christopher, 1984, et al.
(author)
-
How adolescent patients enrolled in an outpatient pediatric obesity clinic experience online weight-, food-, and health information
- 2017
-
In: Obesity Facts, Vol. 10, Suppl. 1. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Introduction: This study aimed to explore digital media and information health literacy competencies among pediatric patients undergoing treatment for obesity. How the patients search for and select online information regarding food, body weight, and health, and how they experience this information was also explored. Methods: Twenty adolescent patients with obesity were interviewed. The participants were between 13-16 years old and enrolled at Swedish university hospital clinic. Participants used a computer with Internet access to demonstrate search procedures and online information sources they used. The interviews were audio recorded and search activities on the computer were recorded via screen capture software. Qualitative content analysis was used to categorize the transcribed interview material. Results: The participants described that they foremost searched for fun and easy ways to lose weight. Participants expressed that they encountered a wealth of food content in their online social networks which could be inspiring but it could also be tempting and as negative for weight management. Adolescents’ described variation in search- and evaluation skills. Some participants assessed the trustworthiness of information by comparing different sources while others selected sources based on convenience and visual appeal. The participants described experiences such as gaining social support with others with obesity that had lost weight, but described being discouraged by unattainably successful fitness models. They also expressed disengagement in weight management due to deceptive commercial information. Conclusion: Digital media resources proved to be a source for inspiration, information and social support but required critical literacy skills. The conventional division between media- and information literacy is increasingly distorted as more complex social media communication is taking place. Commercial content was often experienced as tailored (e.g. persuasive marketing), and personal information as mediatized (e.g. food marketing transmitted by peers in online social networks). To guide pediatric patients in how to autonomously manage their diet and weight management, it is essential to focus on adolescents’ ability to assess online health information and to foster their critical media literacy skills.
|
|
| 29. |
|
|
| 30. |
- Holmgren, Anton, et al.
(author)
-
Higher childhood BMI is associated with less pubertal gain
- 2015
-
In: Obesity Facts (The European Journal of Obesity). - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Objective: Our objective was to investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI) in childhood on the pattern of growth during puberty. Methods: The longitudinally followed Grow up 1990 Gothenburg birth cohort, with growth data from birth until adult height was analyzed, using the QEPS growth model (describing total height as a combination of four mathematical functions; Quadratic -Q, Exponential -E, Pubertal -P and Stop –S, Fig 1.), for calculation of estimates for pubertal growth (1). Individual BMI-SDS values, from 3.5–8 years of age (n = 1908) were calculated for linear and subgroup analyses (low/normal- nw, overweight – ow, obese– ob), based on the IOTF 2012 reference. Results: Ow/ob children already at birth were heavier and grew faster in height in the pre pubertal period compared to nw, due to an increased Q function. Ow/ob children of both genders had 3.4–4.3 months earlier puberty, reduced growth during puberty, boys and girls had 3 cm and 2 cm, respectively, less pubertal gain from the specific pubertal growth function (P) compared to their nw peers. We saw a negative dose-response effect of childhood BMI on pubertal gain, across the whole BMI spectrum (Fig 2–3.). The adult height was not related to BMI in childhood. Conclusion: For the first time, the result of the present study has shown that; the higher the BMI is in childhood, the less is the pubertal gain. Higher childhood BMI was also associated with increased pre pubertal growth due to an increased Q-function and the resulting adult height was similar for ow/ob and nw children. Reference 1.Holmgren A et al.: Horm. res. in paed. 2013;80(suppl. 1):177.
|
|
| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
- Jakobsen, Marianne U., et al.
(author)
-
Plasma Phospholipid Long-Chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Body Weight Change
- 2011
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 4:4, s. 312-318
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: We investigated the association between the proportion of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in plasma phospholipids from blood samples drawn at enrollment and subsequent change in body weight. Sex, age, and BMI were considered as potential effect modifiers. Method: A total of 1,998 women and men participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) were followed for a median of 4.9 years. The associations between the proportion of plasma phospholipid long-chain n-3 PUFA and change in weight were investigated using mixed-effect linear regression. Results: The proportion of long-chain n-3 PUFA was not associated with change in weight. Among all participants, the 1-year weight change was -0.7 g per 1% point higher long-chain n-3 PUFA level (95% confidence interval: -20.7 to 19.3). The results when stratified by sex, age, or BMI groups were not systematically different. Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that the proportion of long-chain n-3 PUFA in plasma phospholipids is not associated with subsequent change in body weight within the range of exposure in the general population.
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
|
|
| 35. |
|
|
| 36. |
- le Roux, C, et al.
(author)
-
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Individuals with BMI above and below 35 kg/m²: A Post-hoc Analysis
- 2017
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 10:6, s. 531-544
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- <b><i>Objective: </i></b>To investigate whether the efficacy and safety of liraglutide 3.0 mg differed between two subgroups, BMI 27 to <35 and BMI ≥ 35 kg/m², in individuals without and with type 2 diabetes (T2D). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A post-hoc analysis of two 56-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (SCALE Obesity and Prediabetes; SCALE Diabetes). Subgroup differences in treatment effects of liraglutide 3.0 mg were evaluated by testing the interaction between treatment group and baseline BMI subgroup. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Significantly greater weight loss (0-56 weeks) was observed with liraglutide 3.0 mg versus placebo in all patient groups while on treatment. There was no evidence that the weight-lowering effect of liraglutide 3.0 mg differed between BMI subgroups (interaction p > 0.05). Similarly, for most secondary endpoints significantly greater improvements were observed with liraglutide 3.0 mg versus placebo, with no indication treatment effects differing between subgroups. The safety profile of liraglutide 3.0 mg was broadly similar across BMI subgroups. <b><i>Conclusion: </i></b>This post-hoc analysis did not indicate any differences in the treatment effects, or safety profile, of liraglutide 3.0 mg for individuals with BMI 27 to <35 or ≥35 kg/m². Liraglutide 3.0 mg can therefore be considered for individuals with a BMI of ≥35 as well as for those with a BMI of 27 to <35 kg/m².
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
|
|
| 39. |
|
|
| 40. |
- Lissner, Lauren, 1956, et al.
(author)
-
Monitoring the Obesity Epidemic into the 21st Century - Weighing the Evidence.
- 2013
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 6:6, s. 561-565
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- According to recent literature the obesity epidemic in adults and particularly in children seems to have stabilized or receded since the end of the 20th century [1,2]. Many of the encouraging trends toward stabilization have occurred simultaneously in different parts of the world. However, there may be some biases in the data being reported that could explain these trends, to which we will draw attention in the sections below. Besides statistical biases and distortions in the data itself, there may be interpretation biases of a less statistical nature. This paper is not intended to systematically review all publications on the course of the epidemic or discuss study-specific biases in detail, but rather intends to highlight the most relevant sources of bias while offering selected examples of such biases from the literature. We will first review several classic sources of bias in survey data describing secular trends in obesity, which have been frequently discussed in terms of how they might affect conclusions regarding the course of the obesity epidemic. In addition, we will describe sources of bias in what we are looking at and how we are looking at it, which may distort conclusions regarding the obesity epidemic.
|
|
| 41. |
|
|
| 42. |
- Mehlig, Kirsten, 1964, et al.
(author)
-
Weight status and BMI-related traits in adolescent friendship groups and role of sociodemographic factors: The european IDEFICS/I.family cohort
- 2021
-
In: Obesity Facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4025 .- 1662-4033. ; 14:1, s. 121-130
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2020 Background: During adolescence, health behaviors and weight status are increasingly influenced by friendship and peer networks. This paper examines resemblances in weight-related characteristics and how they differ by sociodemographic factors. Methods: Over 3,000 friendships were reported by 1,603 adolescents, aged 11-16 years, who participated in the school-based I.Family study in 6 European countries. Each "source child"named 1-10 friends for whom standardized weight-related traits were available in the same survey. The mean value of the friends' traits weighted by time spent together was calculated, and related to the source child's trait. Country, age and sex of the source child, parental education, and immigrant background were considered for confounding and moderation. Results: Source children's z-scores of body fat percent and BMI were positively associated with their friends' characteristics, in particular if they had highly educated parents. Positive associations were also found regarding the frequency of fast-food consumption, impulsivity, screen time, preference for sugar-sweetened foods, and hours spent in sports clubs, in increasing order of effect size. Additionally, correlations were observed between friends' cognitive and school functioning and being bullied. No associations were seen for a preference for high-fat foods, weight concerns, and health-related quality of life. Finally, parental education and immigrant background were associated between friends in all countries except Sweden, where no associations were observed. Conclusion: Adolescent friends shared a number of weight-related characteristics. For weight measures per se, positive associations with friends' characteristics were only observed in adolescents with high parental education. Associations regarding energy-balance behaviors and indicators of school-related well-being did not differ by parental education. Parental education and immigrant background correlated positively in friends in most countries showing that social aggregation is already occurring in adolescence. The wide spectrum of friendship associations in weight-related traits and behaviors suggests that health promotion initiatives in adolescents should be directed towards peer groups in both school-related and leisure-time environments.
|
|
| 43. |
- Menzies, John R W, et al.
(author)
-
Neural Substrates Underlying Interactions between Appetite Stress and Reward.
- 2012
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 5:2, s. 208-220
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Neurobiological mechanisms that normally control food intake and energy expenditure can be overcome by environmental cues and by stress. Of particular importance is the influence of the mesolimbic reward pathway. In genetically susceptible individuals, problematic over-eating likely reflects a changing balance in the control exerted by homeostatic versus reward circuits that are strongly influenced by environmental factors such as stress. Both stress and activation of the reward pathway have been shown to increase food intake and promote a preference for palatable, high-energy foods. Recent research has focused on the important role of circulating and central neuropeptides that powerfully regulate the brain response to food cues. For example, ghrelin has a potent positive effect on the motivational aspects of food intake, and central oxytocin may be involved in satiety. Thus, the decision to eat, or indeed to over-eat, involves a complex integrated neurobiology that includes brain centres involved in energy balance, reward and stress and their regulation by metabolic and endocrine factors. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg.
|
|
| 44. |
|
|
| 45. |
|
|
| 46. |
|
|
| 47. |
|
|
| 48. |
- Mårild, Staffan, 1945, et al.
(author)
-
Features of childhood growth, lifestyle and environment associated with a cardiometabolic risk score in young adults.
- 2022
-
In: Obesity facts. - : S. Karger AG. - 1662-4033 .- 1662-4025. ; 15, s. 170-179
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In young adults, the metabolic syndrome is rare. To better assess the risks for future cardiovascular disease, a cardiometabolic score can be used, ranking the disease risk in each subject. The score is a continuous variable summarising the individual z-scores for waist circumference, blood pressure, blood levels of glucose, triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol. Our main aim was to assess the association between early childhood growth and the cardiometabolic score in young adults.Study participants were recruited among subjects in the longitudinal population-based GrowUp 1990 Gothenburg study. Those with information on weight and length at birth, as well as weight, height, waist circumference, and parental BMI at ten years of age were invited to participate in a health survey at 18-20 years of age. 513 young adults (female 51%) were included. Multivariable linear stepwise regression analysis was applied.The mean (SD) BMI was 22.2 (3.26) in males and 21.3 (2.69) kg/m² in females; the cardiometabolic score was 0.24 (3.12) and -0.22 (3.18), respectively. A statistically significantly higher score (p<0.001) was seen in individuals with metabolic syndrome, as defined by IDF. After controlling for adult lifestyle features, BMI z-score at ten years of age was significant risk factor in both sexes for an elevated cardiometabolic score in early adulthood, mean(SE) beta 0.47(0.19), p=0.014 in males, 0.82(017) p<0.0001 in females. In males, high maternal BMI and low age at adiposity rebound and in females high birth weight were also associated with a statistically significant risk. Additionally, contraceptive use in females was a risk factor for elevated cardiometabolic score and, in males a high lifestyle related index score showed a protective association with the cardiometabolic score.A high BMI z-score at ten years of age is a risk factor for the cardiometabolic state in young adults, an outcome points to the preventive potential of monitoring BMI in ten-year-old schoolchildren. This finding must however be validated in a new large cohort. Moreover, in young adults in whom metabolic syndrome is rare, a cardiometabolic score seems to be a promising approach and potentially a more powerful tool to detect risks for cardiovascular disease later in life, than using metabolic syndrome categorisation.
|
|
| 49. |
|
|
| 50. |
|
|
