| 1. |
- Abrahamsson, Lillemor, et al.
(author)
-
Principles of nutritional assessment
- 2006
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 50:4, s. 177-177
-
Review (pop. science, debate, etc.)
|
|
| 2. |
- Andersson, Agneta, et al.
(author)
-
Towards a healhty diet: from nutrition recommendations to dietary advice
- 2007
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 51:1, s. 31-40
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The scientific knowledge regarding dietary fat, carbohydrate and protein, and food for the youngest and oldest people, was presented by key scientists in the field at a symposium arranged in Uppsala on 14 December 2006. The quality of fat and carbohydrates, rather than the total amount, was emphasized. It was more difficult, however, to reach conclusions about the preferred type of dietary protein. Recent dietary recommendations, main activities and key messages to the public in the Nordic countries, and a 5 year programme to decrease salt intake in Sweden were also presented. Some practical aspects on how to implement the recommendations in the population were highlighted. In many aspects the Nordic countries join together in similar simplified advice to the population. The symposium is summarized in this report.
|
|
| 3. |
- Aro, Antti, et al.
(author)
-
Trans fatty acids in the Nordic countries
- 2006
-
In: Scandinavian journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 50:4, s. 151-154
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Trans fatty acids (TFA) comprise a variety of positional isomers, mainly with 18 carbon atoms and one double bond (C18:1). They are found in foods of ruminant animal origin and in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The isomeric composition of TFA in animal and vegetable foods differs, but no definite differences have been documented between the metabolic and health effects of the different isomers. In the Nordic countries the intake of TFA has declined during the past 1015 years, mainly through reduced use of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. TFA are mainly found in foods that contain far higher amounts of saturated fatty acids (SFA). The proportion of SFA plus TFA should be kept to one-third of total dietary fatty acids. The problem of excessive consumption of these unfavourable fatty acids should be managed with food-based dietary guidelines in agreement with the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations.
|
|
| 4. |
- Basu, Samar
(author)
-
The enigma of in vivo oxidative stress assessment: isoprostanes as an emerging target
- 2007
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2984 .- 1748-2976. ; 51:2, s. 48-61
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Oxidative stress is believed to be one of the major factors behind several acute and chronic diseases, and may also be associated with ageing. Excess formation of free radicals in miscellaneous body environment may originate from endogenous response to cell injury, but also from exposure to a number of exogenous toxins. When the antioxidant defence system is overwhelmed, this leads to cell damage. However, the measurement of free radicals or their endproducts is tricky, since these compounds are reactive and short lived, and have diverse characteristics. Specific evidence for the involvement of free radicals in pathological situations has been difficult to obtain, partly owing to shortcomings in earlier described methods for the measurement of oxidative stress. Isoprostanes, which are prostaglandin-like bioactive compounds synthesized in vivo from oxidation of arachidonic acid, independently of cyclooxygenases, are involved in many human diseases, and their measurement therefore offers a way to assess oxidative stress. Elevated levels of F2-isoprostanes have also been seen in the normal human pregnancy, but their physiological role has not yet been defined. Large amounts of bioactive F2-isoprostanes are excreted in the urine in normal basal situations, with a wide interindividual variation. Their exact role in the regulation of normal physiological functions, however, needs to be explored further. Current understanding suggests that measurement of F2-isoprostanes in body fluids provides a reliable analytical tool to study oxidative stress-related diseases and experimental inflammatory conditions, and also in the evaluation of various dietary antioxidants, as well as drugs with radical-scavenging properties. However, assessment of isoprostanes in plasma or urine does not necessarily reflect any specific tissue damage, nor does it provide information on the oxidation of lipids other than arachidonic acid.
|
|
| 5. |
- Daryani, Achraf, et al.
(author)
-
Reported macronutrient intake and metabolic risk factors : immigrant women from Iran and Turkey compared with native Swedish women
- 2006
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 50:4
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Immigrants in general seem to be more vulnerable than the host populations to developing nutrition-related chronic conditions. This may be in part related to diverging dietary habits. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the nutrient intake and its relationship to metabolic variables among immigrant versus native Swedish women. Design: A cross-sectional health survey of 157 randomly selected foreign-born and native Swedish women. This included 24 h dietary recall repeated four times and administered in the native language. Results: Underreporting was significant, especially among immigrant women. There were no major differences in terms of energy distribution of the macronutrients between very low energy reporters and acceptable energy reporters, indicating that the dietary data reflected the qualitative composition in spite of the underreporting of energy intake. Immigrant women consumed less alcohol and obtained a lower proportion of their energy from saturated fatty acids, but a higher proportion from polyunsaturated fatty acids, sucrose and total carbohydrates. Associations between dietary variables and metabolic risk factors were relatively weak. Conclusions: Underreporting might have attenuated possible associations between diet and risk factors. The study illustrates specific problems in the dietary assessment and the need to develop valid techniques when studying groups of people of diverging ethnic backgrounds.
|
|
| 6. |
- Duan, Rui-Dong
(author)
-
Phospholipid signals and intestinal carcinogenesis
- 2006
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 50:S2, s. 45-53
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Phospholipids are an important constituent of the cell plasma membrane and are also present in most common dietary products, being particularly abundant in milk, egg, meat and beans. Phospholipids are hydrolysed by different phospholipases to generate multiple breakdown products that affect the fate of the cells. Most phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and platelet activating factor are important for cell survival and thus may promote tumorigenesis and inflammation. Sphingomyelin is unique in the sense that its hydrolysis by sphingomyelinase and ceramidase generates several lipid messengers such as ceramide and sphingosine that inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis. In the intestinal tract there is a specific type of sphingomyelinase called alkaline sphingomyelinase, which can hydrolyse sphingomyelin in both the cell membrane and the diet. The enzyme may play important roles in preventing colon cancer development and inflammation by hydrolysing sphingomyelin to generate anticancer molecules, and by counteracting the cancer-promoting effects of other phospholipids such as lysophosphatidylcholine and platelet activating factor. This mini-review highlights the signal transduction pathways activated by different phospholipids, with special attention being paid to potential implications in the development of colon cancer.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Nilsson, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Carboxylic acids in the hindgut of rats fed higly soluble inulin and Bifidobacterium lactis (Bb-123), Lactobacillus salivarius (UCC 500) or Lactobacillus rhamnous (GG)
- 2007
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 51:13-21, s. 13-21
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Propionic and butyric acids are important nutrients for the mucosal cells and may therefore increase the nutritional status and reduce the permeability of the colonic mucosa. These acids have also been suggested to counteract diseases in the colon, e.g. ulcerative colitis and colon cancer. Different substrates lead to different amounts and patterns of carboxylic acids (CAs). Objective: To study the effect of probiotics on CA formation in the hindgut of rats given inulin. Design: The rats were given inulin, marketed as highly soluble by the producer, together with the probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium lactis (Bb-12), Lactobacillus salivarius (UCC500) or Lactobacillus rhamnosus (GG), or a mixture of all three. Results: Rats fed inulin only had comparatively high proportions of propionic and butyric acids throughout the hindgut. When diets were supplemented with Bb-12 and UCC500, the caecal pool of CAs increased compared with inulin only. In the caecum the proportion of butyric acid generally decreased when the rats were fed probiotics. In the distal colon the proportion of propionic and butyric acid was lower, while that of lactic acid was generally higher. The caecal pH in rats fed GG and Bb-12 was lower than expected from the concentration of CAs. Further, rats fed GG had the lowest weight gain and highest caecal tissue weight. Conclusions: It is possible to modify the formation of CAs by combining inulin with probiotics. Different probiotics had different effects.
|
|
| 9. |
- Nowicka, Paulina, 1974-, et al.
(author)
-
Sugars or sweeteners: Towards guidelines for their use in practice report from an expert consultation
- 2006
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 50:2, s. 89-96
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With the aim of suggesting recommendations regarding the practical implementation of sweeteners from a nutritional point of view for different groups of consumers, based on present scientific knowledge, the Swedish Nutrition Foundation (SNF) arranged a workshop focusing on the use of sugars and sweeteners in relation to obesity, diabetes, dental health, appetite, reward and addiction. The discussions and conclusions are summarized in this article. It was concluded that restrictions to keep the intake of refined sugars within the recommendations (10E%) should be achieved by limited intake of foods high in sugars, e.g. sweet drinks and candies, rather than other foods that provide less significant amounts of sugars. From a practical point of view it may be useful to restrict the intake of foods high in sugars, especially drinks, to a small amount and to a limited number of occasions, e.g. once or twice a week. Regarding sweeteners, the present intake is considered to be safe from a toxicological point of view. Non-caloric intense sweeteners may be useful for lowering the energy content of liquid and semi-solid foods. Sweeteners may also provide tooth-friendly alternatives within certain food categories, but do not reduce the erosive potential of acidic foods.
|
|
| 10. |
- Nälsén, Cecilia, et al.
(author)
-
The importance of dietary antioxidants on plasma antioxidant capacity and lipid peroxidation in vivo in middle-aged men
- 2006
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 50:2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: High intake of foods rich in antioxidants is associated with a reduced risk of several diseases, including coronary heart disease and some cancers. Objective: To study associations between dietary antioxidants and antioxidant-rich food items and antioxidant capacity (AOC), as well as lipid peroxidation in vivo. Design: A total of 86 men, with a mean age of 60 years, who were part of a larger population-based study in Sweden, participated. Fourteen 24 h recalls were collected by telephone, evenly distributed during 1 year. AOC was measured in plasma using an enhanced chemiluminescence assay and biomarkers of non-enzymic in vivo lipid peroxidation were determined by measuring F2-isoprostanes (8-iso-prostaglandin F2a) in plasma. Results: Higher intakes of ascorbic acid, tocopherols and b-carotene, and of the combined intake of different antioxidant-rich foods, were related to a higher plasma AOC. The levels of F2-isoprostanes were related neither to dieta ry intake of antioxidants nor to antioxidant-rich foods. Conclusions: Individuals with a higher intake of several different antioxidant-rich foods and of dietary antioxidants had a higher plasma AOC than those with the lowest intake, supporting the importance of a balanced diet rich in various antioxidants. Moreover, the results indicate that non-enzymic lipid peroxidation in vivo, measured as F2-isoprostanes in plasma, is not easily affected by the diet.
|
|
| 11. |
- Rothenberg, Elisabet, et al.
(author)
-
Texture-modified meat and carrot products for elderly people with dysphagia : preference in relation to health and oral status
- 2007
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 51:4, s. 141-147
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Reduced taste and smell, chewing problems and swallowing dysfunction are common among elderly people and affect perception, food choice and the ability to eat. Objective: To study the preference for texture-modified carrot and meat products in elderly people aiming to meet the needs of people with impaired chewing and/or swallowing. Design: Data were collected using questionnaires focusing on health, oral status and preference for the products. Altogether, 108 elderly people in ordinary housing (OH) and 50 living in special housing (SH) in Malmö (SH-M) and Göteborg (SH-G) participated. Results: 19% had a body mass index 522, predominantly in SH (24%). Stroke was reported by 20% of the subjects in SH. Among those with subjectively experienced difficulties in swallowing (12%), 58% reported coughing, 21% a gurgly voice in association with food intake and 50% obstruction during swallowing. Only 20% with subjective swallowing difficulties had been specifically examined regarding this problem. All the tested products were easy to masticate and swallow. Compared with OH, people in SH-M found the meatproducts easier to masticate and swallow. Compared with OH, subjects in SH found the carrot products easier to masticate. Conclusions: There is a need to develop tasty texture-modified nutritious food products for people with mastication and/or swallowing problems. Possible factors for differences in preference between groups, in this study OH and SH, may be related to health status in general and specifically mastication and swallowing functions.
|
|
| 12. |
- Rothenberg, E., et al.
(author)
-
Texture-modified meat and carrot products for elderly people with dysphagia : Preference in relation to health and oral status
- 2007
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 51:4, s. 141-147
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Reduced taste and smell, chewing problems and swallowing dysfunction are common among elderly people and affect perception, food choice and the ability to eat. Objective: To study the preference for texture-modified carrot and meat products in elderly people aiming to meet the needs of people with impaired chewing and/or swallowing. Design: Data were collected using questionnaires focusing on health, oral status and preference for the products. Altogether, 108 elderly people in ordinary housing (OH) and 50 living in special housing (SH) in Malmö (SH-M) and Göteborg (SH-G) participated. Results: 19% had a body mass index ?22, predominantly in SH (24%). Stroke was reported by 20% of the subjects in SH. Among those with subjectively experienced difficulties in swallowing (12%), 58% reported coughing, 21% a gurgly voice in association with food intake and 50% obstruction during swallowing. Only 20% with subjective swallowing difficulties had been specifically examined regarding this problem. All the tested products were easy to masticate and swallow. Compared with OH, people in SH-M found the meat products easier to masticate and swallow. Compared with OH, subjects in SH found the carrot products easier to masticate Conclusions: There is a need to develop tasty texture-modified nutritious food products for people with mastication and/or swallowing problems. Possible factors for differences in preference between groups, in this study OH and SH, may be related to health status in general and specifically mastication and swallowing functions. © 2007 Taylor & Francis.
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
|
|
| 15. |
|
|
| 16. |
- Sepp, Hanna, 1968-, et al.
(author)
-
Preschool children’s meal patterns analysed using the Food-Based Classification of Eating Episodes model
- 2006
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 50:3, s. 131-138
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background : Because of changing food habits that may influence nutritional status it is important, especiallyin children, reproducibly to describe and analyse the timing and frequency of eating and the composition of different types of eating episodes.Objective : To describe eating patterns of 3 -5-year-old Swedish preschool children by analysing 7 day food records using the Food-Based Classification of Eating Episodes (FBCE) model.Design : Food intakes were categorized into four types of ‘‘meals’’ and four types of ‘‘snacks’’, according to their food profile. Complete 7 day weighed and estimated food records for 109 children were processed and analysed.Results : On weekdays the children ate significantly more frequently than on weekend days, having 5.6 and 5.2 eating episodes per day, respectively. More eating episodes were classified as ‘‘meals’’ on weekdays than on weekend days: 72% and 60%, respectively. On average for the whole week, 43% of the daily energy intake was derived from ‘‘complete meals’’ (CM) and 34% from ‘‘incomplete meals’’ (IM). CM contributed significantly more energy and more nutrients, except for calcium, than did IM. In low-quality snacks (LS), sucrose contributed with about one-third of the energy content and the nutrient density was low.Conclusions : The qualitative FBCE model verified nutritional characteristics of the children’s diet previously found in the same cohort by the traditional dietary assessment methods. Processing of the dietary data by the model to show the prevalence and temporal distribution of eating episodes appears to be an applicable toolfor nutritional screening of children’s eating patterns.
|
|
| 17. |
- Sepp, Hanna, et al.
(author)
-
Preschool children's meal patterns analysed using the Food-Based Classification of Eating Episodes model
- 2006
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 50:3, s. 131-138
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Because of changing food habits that may influence nutritional status it is important, especially in children, reproducibly to describe and analyse the timing and frequency of eating and the composition of different types of eating episodes. Objective: To describe eating patterns of 3-5-year-old Swedish preschool children by analysing 7 day food records using the Food-Based Classification of Eating Episodes (FBCE) model. Design: Food intakes were categorized into four types of "meals" and four types of "snacks", according to their food profile. Complete 7 day weighed and estimated food records for 109 children were processed and analysed. Results: On weekdays the children ate significantly more frequently than on weekend days, having 5.6 and 5.2 eating episodes per day, respectively. More eating episodes were classified as "meals" on weekdays than on weekend days: 72% and 60%, respectively. On average for the whole week, 43% of the daily energy intake was derived from "complete meals" (CM) and 34% from "incomplete meals" (IM). CM contributed significantly more energy and more nutrients, except for calcium, than did IM. In low-quality snacks (LS), sucrose contributed with about one-third of the energy content and the nutrient density was low. Conclusions: The qualitative FBCE model verified nutritional characteristics of the children's diet previously found in the same cohort by the traditional dietary assessment methods. Processing of the dietary data by the model to show the prevalence and temporal distribution of eating episodes appears to be an applicable tool for nutritional screening of children's eating patterns
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Tommy, Cederholm
(author)
-
Psychological effects of generalised nutritional deprivation in the elderly
- 2003
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 47:3, s. 143-146
-
Research review (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The Minnesota starvation study from the mid 1940s provides convincing evidence that imposed nutritional deprivation and weight loss induce depression, irritability and asociability. Similar findings are recently reported in elderly institutionalized and home-living malnourished populations, although confounding effects of concurring disease cannot be excluded. Several key nutrients influence mood, e.g. carbohydrates, tryptophane, vitamin B12, folate, thiamine and iron, and it is reasonable to believe that the detrimental psychological effects of generalized malnutrition are a combined effect of such key nutrient deficiencies. The few nutrition intervention studies in malnourished elderly, using a balanced nutrient supply, report conflicting data on psychological effects. Keywords: depression; elderly; protein-energy malnutrition; quality of life
|
|
| 20. |
- Wold, Agnes E, 1955
(author)
-
Why is there still confusion about the impact of breast-feeding on the risk of allergy development?
- 2006
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 50:1, s. 35-41
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The incidence of allergies has tripled in Sweden and other highly developed countries in the past 20 years. Allergies are now the most common chronic disease in childhood, affecting approximately one-third of Swedish schoolchildren. In response to this development, Swedish authorities formulated advice to parents on how to reduce the risk of their children becoming allergic. One such recommendation was to breast-feed exclusively for 4 (or 6) months and postpone the introduction of solid foods. Since the early 1970s, breast-feeding has tripled in Sweden, but simultaneously, allergies have also tripled in Sweden and other wealthy Western countries. There is reason to examine the foundations for the advice to breast-feed to hinder allergy development.
|
|
| 21. |
- Åsgård, Rikard, et al.
(author)
-
High intake of fruit and vegetables is related to low oxidative stress and inflammation in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes
- 2007
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976 .- 1748-2984. ; 51:4, s. 149-158
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background : Patients with type 2 diabetes have increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation. A high fruit and vegetable intake may be beneficial. Objective : To study whether fruit and vegetable intake and levels of plasma antioxidants relate to markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes. Further, to investigate whether plasma antioxidants are good biomarkers for intake of fruit and vegetables. Design : Patients with type 2 diabetes were studied. Their dietary intake and levels of plasma antioxidants, and markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were analysed. Results : Fruit and vegetable intake was inversely related to oxidative stress. Plasma carotenoids were negatively correlated with inflammation. The plasma levels of -carotene and β-carotene showed strongly positive associations with fruit and vegetable intake. Conclusions : The results suggest that fruit and vegetable intake may decrease oxidative stress and inflammation in this group of patients. An increased intake of fruit and vegetables can therefore be beneficial for patients with type 2 diabetes, since these patients are documented to have raised oxidative stress and inflammation. The study support the usefulness of plasma -carotene and β-carotene as biomarkers for fruit and vegetable intake.
|
|
| 22. |
- Arvidsson-Lenner, R, et al.
(author)
-
Glycaemic index
- 2004
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976. ; 48:2, s. 84-94
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The glycaemic index (GI) concept is based on the difference in blood glucose response after ingestion of the same amount of carbohydrates from different foods, and possible implications of these differences for health, performance and well-being. GI is defined as the incremental blood glucose area (0-2 h) following ingestion of 50 g of available carbohydrates in the test product as a percentage of the corresponding area following an equivalent amount of carbohydrate from a reference product. A high GI is generally accompanied by a high insulin response. The glycaemic load (GL) is the GI×the amount (g) of carbohydrate in the food/100. Many factors affect the GI of foods, and GI values in published tables are indicative only, and cannot be applied directly to individual foods. Properly determined GI values for individual foods have been used successfully to predict the glycaemic response of a meal, while table values have not. An internationally recognised method for GI determination is available, and work is in progress to improve inter- and intra-laboratory performance. Some epidemiological studies and intervention studies indicate that low GI diets may favourably influence the risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and coronary heart disease, although further well-controlled studies are needed for more definite conclusions. Low GI diets have been demonstrated to improve the blood glucose control, LDL-cholesterol and a risk factor for thrombosis in intervention studies with diabetes patients, but the effect in free-living conditions remains to be shown. The impact of GI in weight reduction and maintenance as well as exercise performance also needs further investigation. The GI concept should be applied only to foods providing at least 15 g and preferably 20 g of available carbohydrates per normal serving, and comparisons should be kept within the same food group. For healthy people, the significance of GI is still unclear and general labelling is therefore not recommended. If introduced, labelling should be product-specific and considered on a case-by-case basis.
|
|
| 23. |
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
- Lingnert, H, et al.
(author)
-
Acrylamide in food: mechanism of formation and influencing factors during heating of foods
- 2002
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Food and Nutrition. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2976. ; 46:4, s. 159-172
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: In April 2002, the Swedish National Food Administration and a scientific group at the University of Stockholm jointly announced that they had shown acrylamide to be formed during the preparation of food and found it to occur in many foodstuffs. These new findings were clearly of concern to many types of industrial food processing as well as to home cooking. The Swedish Food Federation (Li) initiated and financed the formation of an expert committee to look into the chemical mechanisms. The present review is the final report of that expert committee. Design: The study identified, examined and put together facts and present knowledge on reaction routes for acrylamide formation in food and causal connections to cooking and food processing conditions. The results are based on literature surveys, examination of the analytical data published by the Swedish National Food Administration and other follow-up studies, contacts with international scientific networks, and observations from food companies. Results: The exact chemical mechanism(s) for acrylamide formation in heated foods is unknown. Several plausible mechanistic routes may be suggested, involving reactions of carbohydrates, proteins/amino acids, lipids and probably also other food components as precursors. With the data and knowledge available today it is not possible to point out any specific routes, or to exclude any possibilities. It is likely that a multitude of reaction mechanisms is involved. Acrolein is one strong precursor candidate, the origin of which could be lipids, carbohydrates or proteins/amino acids. Acrylamide is a reactive molecule and it can readily react with various other components in the food. The actual acrylamide level in a specific food product, therefore, probably reflects the balance between ease of formation and potential for further reactions in that food matrix. There are indications in support of that the Maillard reaction being an important reaction route for acrylamide formation, but lipid degradation pathways to the formation of acrolein should also be considered. Conclusions: Reliable analytical methods to measure acrylamide in foods are available. Model studies are needed to identify precursors and reaction route(s) based on current hypotheses and to elucidate possible further reactions between acrylamide and other food components. Studies are needed to optimize formulation and processing conditions to minimize acrylamide levels, taking other product quality properties into consideration.
|
|
| 27. |
- Olsson, Erika, et al.
(author)
-
Body composition, dietary intake and estimated energy expenditure in female patients on geriatric rehabilitation wards
- 2003
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition/Næringsforskning. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1102-6480 .- 1651-2359 .- 1748-2976. ; 47:4, s. 179-187
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BackgroundAn adequate nutritional status is a prerequisite for successful rehabilitation.Objective: To examine body composition, to investigate nutritional intake, to calculate energy expenditure inelderly females at a geriatric rehabilitation clinic, to classify whether they were considered as undernourishedor at risk of becoming undernourished, and to investigate the subjects’ opinions on diet-related issues.Design20 patients aged 829/6 (mean9/SD) years participated. Percentage body fat was calculated fromskinfold thickness measurements, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and a combination of the two in amulticompartment model. Dietary intake was assessed through a 7 day food record. Energy expenditure wascalculated with three established formulae and physical activity level (PAL) factors of 1.2 and 1.4. Questionswere asked on diet-related issues.ResultsAverage BMI was 23.79/4.5 kg m2 and four subjects had BMIB/20. Relative body fat mass asassessed by skinfold was 29.89/6.9%, by BIA 38.99/7.7% and by a multicompartment model 35.59/7.1%.Mean energy intake was 13409/170 kcal (5.69/0.7 MJ), around 79% of the recommended daily intake. In 18of 19 subjects the observed dietary energy intake was lower than estimated energy expenditure when using twoof the formulae and a PAL factor of 1.4. All subjects considered that they received a sufficient amount offood.ConclusionsOnly one of the subjects had a satisfactory energy intake relative to calculated energyexpenditure, although all believed that they received sufficient food. Four subjects were considered asundernourished (BMIB/20) and all others as at risk of undernutrition.
|
|
