| 1. |
- Arndt, Anton, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Editorial
- 2021
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In: Footwear Science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 13:SUP1, s. S1-S3
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 2. |
- Arndt, Anton, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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The effect of a midfoot cut in the outer sole of a shoe on intrinsic foot kinematics during walking.
- 2013
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In: Footwear Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 5:1, s. 63-69
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Modifications in shoe outer soles are frequently made with the intention of altering biomechanics of the foot inside the shoe. These modifications are however, generally based upon intuition with little or no scientific data for support. The purpose of this study was to quantify changes in intrinsic foot segmental kinematics between walking in a neutral shoe and a shoe modified with a clear cut forming a break underneath the midfoot, approximating the Lisfrancs joint.Five healthy male subjects participated in the study. Intracortical pins were inserted under sterile conditions and local anaesthetic in nine different bones of the foot and shank. The subjects performed 10 walking trials in both a neutral, standard, flatsoled, flexible walking shoe and in the same shoe with an approximately 1 cm deep cut aligned with the subjects’ Lisfrancs joint. Material tests showed that the cut reduced midfoot shoe bending stiffness by 23% to 38% and torsional stiffness by 23% to 28%. A helical axis approach was applied for calculating the 3D rotations about relevant joints.Kinematic trajectories in the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes were normalised to the stance phase for seven selected joints to compare rotation patterns when wearing the two shoe conditions. Although one out of 21 ranges of motion (ROM) showed a significant difference, there is strong reason to regard this as the result of a type 1 error. Apart from this no differences in ROM occurred between the shoe conditions.The low subject number reduced the statistical power of the results. However, the study indicated that outer sole modifications that may be assumed to have clear effects upon foot kinematics, do not necessarily do so.
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| 5. |
- Bagehorn, T., et al.
(author)
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Effect of increased shoe longitudinal bending stiffness on ankle and foot biomechanics in jump-cut movements of low and high degrees
- 2024
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In: Footwear Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 16:2, s. 135-146
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lateral ankle sprains are the most common injuries in indoor and court sports, with ankle inversion being a primary injury driver. Stabilising the ankle during multidirectional changes is crucial for injury prevention. Conversely, increased shoe stiffness has been hypothesised to influence the magnitude of ankle inversion and may raise the risk for ankle injuries. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of shoe longitudinal bending stiffness on ankle biomechanics during indoor and court sport-specific cutting movements. Biomechanical data from 19 participants were collected using a motion capture system and force plate. A jump-cut protocol with two different cutting directions after landing was performed in indoor shoes with and without carbon plate inserts of varying stiffness. Ankle kinematics and kinetics were analysed with statistical parametric mapping and repeated measures analysis of variance. A significant increase in ankle inversion during the 180° cut and a reduction in forefoot inversion (foot torsion) for stiffer footwear conditions during both the 45° and 180° cut were observed. While dorsiflexion moments differed during the last 10% of ground contact, ankle inversion moments did not significantly diverge between shoe conditions. Furthermore, a noteworthy correlation between footwear longitudinal bending stiffness and torsional stiffness was identified. In conclusion, increased bending stiffness significantly affected ankle and foot kinematics. The ankle compensated for restricted mobility and higher demands during high-degree jump-cuts, while foot torsion played a more prominent role in low-degree cuts. The heightened ankle inversion during high-degree cuts may induce an elevated risk for lateral ankle sprains. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to comprehensively understand injury incidence and the role of shoe stiffness in injury prevention.
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| 6. |
- Barisch-Fritz, B., et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of the rule-of-thumb: calculation of the toe allowance for developing feet
- 2016
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In: Footwear Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 8:3, s. 119-127
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The amount of toe allowance (TA, the space in front of the toes) in children's shoes is physiologically important and often estimated by the rule-of-the-parent's-thumb. Besides this, other rules-of-thumb exist mainly based on experiences or footprint analysis. The aim of this study is to scientifically evaluate these rules-of-thumb. TA was calculated as a function of growth rate, foot extension, and walking advance based on three-dimensional (3D) foot scans of 2554 children (6-16 years) during standing and walking. Foot extension was determined as the difference in foot length between static and dynamic weight-bearing, walking advance as movement of the most anterior point of toes, and growth rate as semi-annual foot growth. TA was smaller than all rules-of-thumb and was influenced by gender and foot length. These findings primarily present TA based on 3D foot scans which is important for shoe construction. It is recommended to use 90th percentiles instead of mean values for the construction of TA.
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| 7. |
- Fischer, Katina Mira, et al.
(author)
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Calcaneal adduction in slow running : three case studies using intracortical pins.
- 2017
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In: Footwear Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 9:2, s. 87-93
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to use bone-anchored markers to determine the bone movement of calcaneal adduction, eversion and tibial rotation in a global coordinate system and to describe the relationship of calcaneal adduction to tibial rotation. Furthermore, the amount of overall intra-foot motion in the transverse plane (metatarsal I relative to calcaneus) and its relationship to calcaneal adduction were quantified. Three male participants were assessed during slow running. A 10-camera motion analysis system was used for kinematic data capture of global bone orientations in 3D space for all bones of the foot and ankle complex. For the description of intrinsic articulations within the foot, the skeletal motion relative to the adjacent proximal segment in the transverse plane was calculated. Furthermore, the time of occurrence of maximum values was determined. The findings showed that calcaneal adduction of all participants amounted to 7.8 ± 4.8°, which exceeded the magnitude of calcaneal eversion (4.7 ± 3.1°). Although the inter-participant variability was high, considerable overall intra-foot motion in the transverse plane of the metatarsal I relative to the calcaneus was found to be 4.7 ± 4.6° and could be qualitatively related to calcaneal adduction. The present data provide evidence that next to calcaneal eversion, calcaneal adduction seems related to tibial rotation. Furthermore, overall intra-foot motion in the transverse plane seems related to calcaneal adduction. Controlling calcaneal adduction and overall intra-foot motion in the transverse plane may be a mechanism to control excessive tibial rotation in runners who suffer from overuse knee injuries. These findings could be used to provide an additional approach for future motion-control footwear design to control rearfoot adduction or overall within-foot motion.
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| 11. |
- Grau, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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Improvement of safety shoe fit - evaluation of dynamic foot structure
- 2018
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In: Footwear Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 10:3, s. 179-187
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Safety shoe development is based on static foot measures, which are transferred to last design. However, workplaces are not just static (‘standing workplaces only’). The aim of the present study is to examine static and dynamic foot loading of workers to determine whether foot morphology changes between different loading situations. The results could be used to improve last and shoe design to improve the fit of safety shoes. 1024 workers at different industrial locations in Germany took part in the study. The DynaScan4D dynamic scanner system was used to measure static and dynamic foot morphology during different phases of ground contact. All scan variables were selected based on measures required in the last development process. Cohen’s d (effect size) was calculated to identify individual differences between maximum values during the stance phase of walking and static values in standing. Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed to identify possible influencing variables with regard to differences between static and dynamic values. Several foot measures showed relevant differences between dynamic and static loading. Interestingly, most length, width, height, and angular measures increased during dynamic loading (compared to static loading), whereas all circumference measures decreased. None of the tested variables (age, BMI, gender) predicted the differences between the two loading situations. Most dynamic changes are practical relevant changes between static and dynamic loading. Regarding the fit of safety shoes, it seems appropriate to adapt these changes to the last or shoe design.
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| 12. |
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| 14. |
- Maiwald, Christian, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Alterations of plantar pressure patterns and foot shape after long distance military marching
- 2018
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In: Footwear Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 10:3, s. 203-213
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Long-distance road marching including load carriage results in substantial biomechanical loading of the lower extremity of soldiers and is considered a risk factor for the development of lower extremity injury in military personnel. The aim of our study was to quantify changes in biomechanical loading and foot shape occuring after a typical marching task, to compare these data to similar effects already known from endurance running tasks, and to derive recommendations for the design of military footwear. Gait and foot shape of 59 soldiers were assessed using plantar pressure distribution and 3D foot scan measurements pre and post a 25 km road march carrying an 18 kg backpack. Plantar pressure variables indicated a load shift from toes to metatarsal heads II-V after the march, however, none of the foot measures showed any relevant changes. Results are partially consistent with existing findings and point to the need for military footwear design to address the load increase in the area of the lateral metatarsal heads to contribute to injury prevention.
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| 16. |
- Spiegl, Ondrej, et al.
(author)
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The effects of new Edea and Graf figure skating boots and used Graf boots on the kinetics and kinematics of landing after simulated on-ice jumps
- 2019
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In: Footwear Science. - : Routledge. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 11:2, s. 121-129
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An increase in training intensity and the number of active participants and competitors in figure skating has been accompanied by an increasing frequency of injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate whether different brands of skates as well as the usage of the skates modify the kinetics and kinematics of the landing impact from a jump. New Graf Edmonton (NG), old used Graf Edmonton (OG) and new Edea Concerto (NE) skates were compared. Twelve participants completed six jump trials from 30 cm and 50 cm high boxes, respectively in all three skates and landed on a section of artificial ice placed on a laboratory floor. Landing kinematics (Oqus4 system, Qualisys, Sweden) and kinetics (force plate: Kistler, Switzerland; insoles: Pedar, Novel, Germany) were examined. Each participant acted as their own control for statistical comparison between the skates. The results confirmed that the kinetics and kinematics of the landing are affected by wearing different skates. During landing impacts in NG, participants had significantly greater dorsiflexion at initial contact (IC) and peak dorsiflexion of the ankle, peak flexion of the knee and also greater in-skate plantar forces (PF) than in NE, which may increase the risk of injury. In OG, participants had significantly greater peak flexion of knee and longer time from IC to first peak dorsiflexion (TP) of the ankle than in NG. The differences observed may be due to the different construction designs, such as height of the heel, used materials, and stiffness of the skates, which may affect injury occurrence.
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| 17. |
- Stöggl, Thomas, et al.
(author)
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Magnitude and variation in muscle activity and kinematics during walking before and after a 10-week adaptation period using unstable (MBT) shoes
- 2012
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In: Footwear Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 4:2, s. 131-143
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the magnitude and variability of electromyographic (EMG) and kinematic variables during treadmill walking using unstable (Masai Barefoot Technology, MBT) shoes and conventional shoes, before and after a 10-week training period.Methods: Twelve Sport Science students were analysed while walking on a treadmill with both conventional and unstable shoes, before and after a 10-week training intervention consisting of more than 4 h of use of unstable shoes during daily activity. Cycle characteristics, plantar pressure distribution, whole-body three-dimensional (3D) kinematics and EMG signals of selected leg muscles during the entire gait cycle and its subphases were recorded. The coefficient of variation of 20 consecutive cycles in each variable analysed was taken as the measure of variability.Results: A trend towards higher variability but equal magnitude was observed with MBT shoes compared with conventional shoes at the pre-intervention test (pre-test) regarding kinematic and EMG variables. The training period led to interaction effects (p < 0.05 to 0.01) demonstrating a global attenuation in the variability of kinematic and EMG variables in both shoe conditions, with greater reduction in the MBT situation, or an increase in variability with conventional shoes to higher post-test variability compared with MBT. Both situations revealed equal cycle times ( 1.05 s) but a shortened duration of loading response (136 vs. 146 ms) and terminal stance (211 vs. 223 ms) and an increased duration of midstance (293 vs. 282 ms) and swing time (408 vs. 386 ms) when comparing MBT with conventional shoes (all p<0.05 to 0.001). Training led to a global reduction in cycle time (p<0.05) and ground contact time (p<0.01) in both shoe conditions.Conclusions: The results support the idea that the unstable shoe serves as a motor constraint applicable during everyday activity, inducing changes in the gait pattern with both MBT and conventional shoes. In selected EMG and kinematic variables, an interaction effect towards a greater decrease in movement variability in MBT compared with conventional shoes or an increase in variability with conventional shoes towards a higher post-test variability compared with MBT was observed. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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| 19. |
- Wolthon, Alexander, et al.
(author)
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Running shoes, pronation, and injuries : do beliefs of injury risk factors among running shoe salespersons and physiotherapy students align with current aetiology frameworks?
- 2020
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In: Footwear Science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1942-4280 .- 1942-4299. ; 12:2, s. 101-111
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Current frameworks on running-related injury (RRI) aetiology emphasise the relation between exposure to training load, internal tissue loads, and tissue capacity; with tissue load exceeding its capacity being the key biological mechanism in the development of RRI. Despite this, runners and clinicians commonly attribute improper prescription of running shoes as a primary causative factor for RRI. A likely contributor to this belief may be the marketing produced by the footwear industry, which often is not supported by scientific evidence. The purpose of this study was to examine the beliefs of running shoe salespersons and physiotherapy students regarding the influence of running shoes and foot pronation on RRI. A questionnaire was distributed to 275 physiotherapy students at three different Swedish universities and to 219 running shoe salespersons of 35 different running shoe stores. A total of 270 students and 89 salespersons responded to the questionnaire. Salespersons rated their knowledge of running shoes (r = ?0.56), foot pronation (r = ?0.55) and RRI (r = ?0.34) higher than students did (p < .001). A minority of students (32.4%) and salespersons (14.1%) reported training errors to be the main contributing cause of RRI. A majority of salespersons (52.5%), but not students (15.3%), reported more expensive shoes to be better at preventing RRI than cheaper shoes. Most salespersons (51.9%), but not students (39.0%), would recommend uninjured runners to change their current running shoe type despite runners being satisfied with their current shoes. Despite salespersons being more confident in their knowledge of running shoes and foot pronation with relation to RRI development than students, both populations hold beliefs that do not align well with current frameworks on RRI aetiology.
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