| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(author)
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Famines and mortality crises in 18th to 19th century southern Sweden
- 2011
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In: Genus: Journal of Population Sciences. - Rome : Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza. - 2035-5556. ; 67:2, s. 119-139
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Causality is an important but complicated issue, not only within social sciences in general but also within economic and historical demography. Here we are dealing with two different, but related, problems of causality. The first is to what extent the impact of food prices on mortality is biased when selecting on years with mortality crises. The second concerns the problem of mixing factors that directly and indirectly have an impact on mortality. Dealing with the first problem, we compare the effects of food prices on child and adult mortality when selecting on mortality crises with a standard approach without selection. When dealing with the second problem we use the additive hazards model, in combination with dynamic path analysis, which allows for investigating the mediating effect of intermediate covariates in a causal framework. We use individual level data from the Scanian Economic Demographic Database for five rural parishes for the period 1766 to 1865. Data on food prices refers to the local area of these parishes. The statistical analyses are performed in the R statistical computing environment, especially with the aid of the package eha. The main findings are that selecting on mortality crises created a large bias in the direction of overestimating the impact of food prices and that that the direct effects of food prices are dominating.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Drefahl, Sven, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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How does the age of the youngest child affect parental survival?
- 2023
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In: Genus. - 2035-5556. ; 79
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous research has investigated several different aspects of the relationship between having a child and parental mortality. One aspect of research that has been neglected until now is the age of the child. If children have an effect on parental mortality, this is likely to change as they grow up. We apply hazard regression models to longitudinal Swedish register data of the total population for men and women separately. Adjusting for a variety of control variables, we find that parents with younger children experience a substantive mortality advantage compared to parents—of the same age—who have older children. The mortality advantage decreases gradually as the age of the youngest child increases. Robustness checks confirm that this result cannot be explained by differences in the parent’s age and parental age at first birth. Childless women and men of the same age experience the highest mortality. Additional models for different causes of death suggest that selection, behavioral changes, and unobserved protective effects contribute to this pattern.
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| 5. |
- Duvander, Ann-Zofie, 1968-, et al.
(author)
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Access to parenting leaves for recent immigrants : a cross-national view of policy architecture in Europe
- 2023
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In: Genus. - 2035-5556. ; 79:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Parenting leaves play a crucial part in supporting women’s labour force participation as well as men’s participation in infant care. A major question is who has access to such leave policies and earlier research has pointed out large variations in eligibility. This article focuses on the leaves that are available to recently arrived immigrants, parents who are in a specific situation of being in transition between systems. Using information from the database of leave policies, the International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2021 (leavenetwork.org), we map eligibility and entitlements in Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden and the UK, all countries with tiered systems of parenting leave entitlement as well as relatively large recent immigrant populations. Our findings indicate that the leave policies available to recent immigrants can be patchwork in nature and of a very different generosity to the benefits available to many other parents. In addition, the benefits available to this group are often (even) more gendered and perhaps suggest a fall back to a policy logic of maternalism. We discuss how parenting leave may facilitate (or not) an exit from the early vulnerable stage that many immigrant parents face during the first few years in a new country.
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| 6. |
- Duvander, Ann-Zofie, et al.
(author)
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Decisions on marriage? Couples’ decisions on union transition in Sweden
- 2020
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In: Genus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2035-5556. ; 76:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Marriage is an institution that has become optional for many. This study investigates how decisions are taken regarding marriage among Swedish cohabiting couples in the twenty-first century, specifically focusing on whose intentions to marry are most decisive. We use the Young Adult Panel Study conducted in 2009 with augmented register data for 2009–2014 in order to observe both partners’ intentions and to then follow up on which couples ultimately married. The study finds that women’s and men’s intentions to marry seem to be equally important, but that there are gendered differences by educational level: women’s intentions carry more weight among highly educated couples, while men’s intentions carry more weight among lower educated couples.
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| 7. |
- Haandrikman, Karen, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Regional variation in short distance homogamy
- 2011
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In: Genus - Journal of Population Sciences. - Rome : University of Rome “La Sapienza”. - 2035-5556. ; 67:1, s. 45-59
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A third of all Dutch cohabiters choose a partner from the same municipality, so-called short distance homogamy. This article analyses the regional variation in this phenomenon, and it explains this variation in terms of geographical, socioeconomic, demographic and cultural determinants. Population register data on all new cohabiters in 2004 were used. Regression methods were employed to explain spatial patterns. Regional variation in short distance homogamy is largely explained by geographical and socioeconomic indicators, namely the size of an area, the degree of urbanisation, and the level of education and income of inhabitants. Moreover, cultural differences between regions contribute to spatial differences in short distance homogamy. Culture, geography and socio-economic class determine the predominant spatial patterns of social contact, including the choice of a life partner.
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| 8. |
- Helgertz, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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The validity of astrological predictions on marriage and divorce : a longitudinal analysis of Swedish register data
- 2020
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In: Genus: Journal of Population Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2035-5556. ; 76:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper examines astrology, a concept that is considered unscientific by broad segments of the population in the western world. Despite this, astrology remains for some an important source for advice regarding choices in a range of different matters, including career and relationships. The continuing popularity of astrology may at least partly be linked to an insufficient body of empirical research that has been able to test hypotheses formulated by astrological theory, both due to a lack of data beyond very small study populations as well as astrological predictions frequently being vague and thereby difficult to test. This article examines how differences in astrological favorability influence partner choice in marriage as well as the divorce risk among married couples using longitudinal individual-level data from Sweden over the period 1968-2001. The results fail to provide any consistent evidence to support the notion that astrologically more compatible couples are either overrepresented among observed marital unions or associated with a lower risk of divorce.
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| 9. |
- Kan, Maxim, 1986-
(author)
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Are gender attitudes and gender division of housework and childcare related to fertility intentions in Kazakhstan?
- 2023
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In: Genus. - 2035-5556. ; 79
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Previous research has found evidence of positive associations between gender-egalitarian attitudes or more equal division of housework/childcare and short-term fertility intentions in developed countries of Europe and East Asia. This study extends the literature to the context of a developing country in the post-communist region—Kazakhstan, which has progressed well in public gender equality but may not have developed private gender equality to the same extent as more developed countries. The study explores how (1) gender attitudes, (2) gender behaviour (housework and childcare division), and (3) consistency between gender attitudes and gender behaviour are associated with fertility intentions in this country. Kazakhstan’s Generations and Gender Survey of 2020 was used for the analyses. The dependent variable was treated as an interval measure, where intentions move along a continuum of certainty. Linear regressions were employed to test the hypotheses. The results show that gender-egalitarian attitudes were negatively associated with short-term fertility intentions for women with two and more children. Likewise, a more equal division of housework was negatively associated with short-term fertility intentions for both women and men, whereas more equal sharing of childcare was negatively associated with men’s fertility intentions. Also, in contrast to studies in more developed contexts, an egalitarian match of gender attitudes and behaviour (either housework or childcare) was negatively associated with short-term childbearing intentions for both women and men. Overall, greater gender equality in the family has a negative relationship with short-term fertility intentions in Kazakhstan. The study provides new and compelling evidence about the relationship between gender equality and fertility in a context that has not previously been studied.
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| 10. |
- Kazenin, Konstantin, 1971-
(author)
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Gender composition of children and desires for the next child in "son preference" countries
- 2024
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In: Genus. - 2035-5556. ; 80:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies the role of gender preferences for children in formation of desires for the next child in nine countries of the Middle East and North Africa, South and Central Asia, the Caucasus and Balkans. For all countries selected for the study, effects of son preference have been detected in actual fertility during recent decades, but gender preferences in desires for the next child have been studied much less systematically. Using Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in these countries in 2010–2021, desires to stop fertility and to have a child within 2 years are considered separately for women with one and two living children. For women with one living child, the gender of that child has a significant effect on these desires only in South-Asian countries, where women who only have a daughter are more likely to want to have another child within 2 years and less likely to want to stop childbearing compared to women who only have a son. For women with two living children, in most of the considered countries, the desire to have another child within 2 years only shows a preference for having at least one son, whereas the desire to stop fertility shows effects of balanced gender preference in six out of the nine countries. The preference for a balanced gender composition of children observed for the desire to stop fertility actualizes the question of whether a son preference will remain unchallenged in actual fertility in these countries in the near future. In the final section, possible social correlates of son preference and balanced gender preference are discussed on the example of two countries, Bangladesh and Nepal.
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| 11. |
- Khaef, Samaneh
(author)
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Registration of immigrants' educational attainment in Sweden : an analysis of sources and time to registration
- 2022
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In: Genus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2035-5556. ; 78:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Swedish register data include a number of variables related to individuals' educational level. In contrast to many other countries, the registers even include information on the education obtained by immigrants outside Sweden. For studies on immigrants' labour market integration, this is an important asset. However, the quality of data in terms of the source and extent of data coverage for different migrant groups is less well-known. This explorative paper investigates the sources of information for immigrants' educational levels, and examines the time taken until their education is registered for different migrant groups. Employing register data on immigrants who arrived in Sweden in the period 2000-2016, the methods include a descriptive analysis of the main sources of educational attainment, and event history analysis to estimate survival rates for not being in the educational registers. The results indicate that the 'survey of foreign-born' and the Swedish Public Employment Service are the two major sources of information regarding immigrants' educational attainment in their year of arrival. However, the survey's non-response rate is high. Results from the event history analysis show that as the length of stay in the country increases, the share of immigrants with missing educational information decreases substantially, especially after 2 years, with rather large differences for groups of immigrants. For the majority of refugees and family migrants, 2 years after arrival their educational levels are registered, while the educational levels of many Nordic migrants remained unregistered even after 10 years. In addition, attained education of women and younger immigrants is more often registered. Measuring the educational level of refugees and family migrants from 2 years after arrival can provide a reasonable representation of their educational characteristics at the time of migration, while it is questionable to use Nordic migrants' educational level at any time.
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| 12. |
- Lappegård, Trude, et al.
(author)
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Three dimensions of the relationship between gender role attitudes and fertility intentions
- 2021
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In: Genus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0016-6987 .- 2035-5556. ; 77
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The relationship between gender role attitudes and fertility intentions is highly debated among social scientists. We emphasize the need for a multidimensional theoretical and empirical approach to extend the two-step behavioral gender revolution approach to a three-step attitudinal gender revolution approach distinguishing between gender roles in the public sphere, mothers’ role in the family, and fathers’ role in the family. Using the Generations and Gender Survey of eight European countries, we demonstrate the usefulness of such an approach. Gender equal attitudes related to the public sphere are more widespread than those concerning mothers’ or fathers’ roles in the family. Our results show that the association between gender role attitudes and fertility intentions varies—in terms of significance and magnitude—according to the dimension considered (gender roles in the public sphere, mothers’ and fathers’ role in the family), gender, parity, and country. We conclude that without a clear concept of and empirical distinction between the various elements of the gender role attitudes/fertility nexus, scientific investigations will continue to send conflicting messages.
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| 13. |
- Mussino, Eleonora, et al.
(author)
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Changes in sex ratio at birth among immigrant groups in Sweden
- 2018
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In: Genus. - : Springer. - 2035-5556. ; 74:13, s. 1-15
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- What happens when citizens from societies with strong son preference culture migrateto countries in which preference for having a child of each sex prevails? Using datafrom Swedish population registers, we investigate the sex ratio at birth by parity andthe sex composition of previous children in Sweden. Our results showed that womenwith Chinese, Korean, and Indian background had a substantially elevated sex ratio atthe third parity if previous children were both girls. Strikingly, this skewed ratio becameless pronounced after 2000, suggesting a shift for a more neutral sex preference forchildren among these groups in the new century.
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| 14. |
- Mussino, Eleonora, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Childcare in Italy among migrants and natives : who uses which type and why?
- 2023
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In: Genus. - 2035-5556. ; 79
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Italian welfare state is characterised by a preference for income transfers over transfers in kind and the marginal role of policies aimed directly at supporting the family. Despite the growing participation of women in the labour market, the Italian welfare system still assumes the family, with its unbalanced gender division of housework and its intergenerational solidarity, to be the primary provider of protection and support. As a result, in Italy in 2019 only 26.9% of children under 3 years of age were enrolled in formal childcare, which is below the European average. In this context, births from at least one foreign parent had increased over time, and foreign national children accounted for 14.0% of all children aged 0–3 in 2019. Despite this, migrants are still seen as ‘suppliers’ rather than citizens who, as parents, are potential consumers of childcare services. Aspects related to the use of childcare by migrants and differences compared to natives in Italy are currently understudied. We use the 2012 Birth Sample Survey by the Italian National Institute of Statistics to fill this gap. Mothers were interviewed about 18–21 months after having given birth: information on sociodemographic characteristics of both parents was collected, including their use of childcare services, their reasons for not using them, their unmet need for childcare services, and the lack of access to the job market due to care work. Our study aims to understand childcare patterns among migrants and the differences between them and those of the native-born population. We found that Italian mothers use informal care more than migrants. Unlike the evidence from other international studies, our results show that migrant mothers use daycare for children aged 0–3 more than native-born mothers. However, we found that the migrants who had arrived as children show patterns more similar to natives. This finding might be associated with a better knowledge of the system and a more extensive network (including grandparents) in Italy. Similarly, we found that migrant mothers who co-parent with an Italian father use more informal care and experience lower logistical barriers to accessing daycare. In addition, we observed that obstacles to children’s enrolment resulting in an unmet need for daycare are also related to migrant background.
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| 15. |
- Mussino, Eleonora, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Introduction to the Thematic Series : Use and consequences of family policies among migrants and their descendants in Europe
- 2023
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In: Genus. - 2035-5556. ; 79:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article is the introduction to the Thematic Series Use and consequences of family policies among migrants and their descendants in Europe. The study contexts are countries in different Western European regions: Belgium, France, Germany, and Italy. Despite their differences with respect to welfare-state types in general and family policies in particular, these countries also vary when it comes to their immigration histories and current migrant populations. Yet, the fast-growing field of research on the effects of family polices on family and fertility behavior as well as work-family reconciliation has virtually overlooked migrants. To address this void in the existing literature, this Thematic Series raises two research questions: To what degree do family policies include, and are used by, migrants and their descendants? And, to what extent do such polices promote migrants’ integration into European societies? The collection contains six empirical articles investigating either eligibility or use and consequences of two specific family policy measures: parental leave and external childcare. Collectively, the studies show significant disadvantages among migrant groups in eligibility for family policy measures, and consequently in their use and impacts on further life-course patterns, compared to majority populations. They also demonstrate diverging patterns within migrant populations.
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| 16. |
- Peters, Steffen
(author)
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The prospective power of personality for childbearing : a longitudinal study based on data from Germany
- 2023
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In: Genus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2035-5556. ; 79:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The link between personality and fertility is relatively underexplored. Moreover, there are only a few studies focusing on the prospective association between personality and childbearing. However, none of these studies considered the Five-Factor Model (FFM), which is the most widely accepted measurement of personality. The present study fills this gap by examining the prospective association between the FFM and the hazard ratio of the first and the second childbirth in Germany. Analyses are based on recent data (2005–2017) from the Socio-economic Panel Study. Cox proportional hazard models are applied. Findings demonstrate that personality traits are associated with fertility. Extraversion is positively linked with the first childbirth, but is negatively associated with the second childbirth. These findings are mainly driven by males. Agreeableness is positively linked with the first childbirth across the total sample. Again, this correlation is mainly based on the findings for men, among whom a positive association between agreeableness and the second childbirth is also found. Among women, personality does not seem to be linked with the first childbirth. However, the risk of having a second child is found to be negatively associated with conscientiousness. My study adds to the current understanding of the personality–fertility association by exploring the impact of personality trait scores from the FFM on subsequent fertility behavior. However, further research is needed on the association between personality and childbearing; on the mechanisms through which personality affects fertility; and on how these links differ across cultures, among higher parities, and for births after re-partnering.
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| 17. |
- Sandström, Glenn, 1971-, et al.
(author)
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Convergence and persistent contrasts in the determinants of working-age women in Sweden and Japan living alone since the 1990s
- 2023
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In: Genus - Journal of Population Sciences. - : Springer. - 2035-5556. ; 79:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The increase in one-person households (OPHs) in the developed world is often seen as the result of a trend in which individualistic values and behaviors are replacing family solidarity. Nordic countries have been identified as frontrunners in this development. In Asia, equally developed countries like Japan retain elements of a strong-family system and an asymmetrical gender regime, simultaneously as they are experiencing rapid increases in OPHs. This article aims to uncover how the demographic and socioeconomic composition of OPHs have developed since the 1990s among working-age women in Sweden and Japan. Our results show that, in particular, civil status and income play different roles for OPH-living in Sweden and Japan. In contrast to Japan, the level of OPHs remained stable over time in Sweden, and even declined among women with high incomes. This suggests that the negative association between family formation and women’s economic activity is temporary and only prevails as long as society has not adapted to the convergence of men’s and women’s socioeconomic roles. The findings are discussed in light of the "second demographic transition" and "dual equilibrium theory".
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| 18. |
- Sinyavskaya, Oxana, et al.
(author)
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The importance of job characteristics to women’s fertility intentions and behavior in Russia
- 2015
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In: Genus. - 2035-5556. ; 71:1, s. 23-59
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We assess whether a relationship between employment conditions and fertility exists in the low-fertility context of Russia. Using multiple data sources, we study both intentions and transitions to the first and second birth. Occupational characteristics appear more related to the timing of entering parenthood than to having a second birth. Differences by occupational branch were few, but we find evidence that family-friendly job characteristics influence first and second intentions and conceptions. Attitudes toward work and family roles do not mediate this relationship. Women who change occupational branches after entering parenthood are less likely to continue childbearing.
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