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1.
  • Abbasi, R., et al. (author)
  • Citizen science for IceCube: Name that Neutrino
  • 2024
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - 2190-5444. ; 139:6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Name that Neutrino is a citizen science project where volunteers aid in classification of events for the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, an immense particle detector at the geographic South Pole. From March 2023 to September 2023, volunteers did classifications of videos produced from simulated data of both neutrino signal and background interactions. Name that Neutrino obtained more than 128,000 classifications by over 1800 registered volunteers that were compared to results obtained by a deep neural network machine-learning algorithm. Possible improvements for both Name that Neutrino and the deep neural network are discussed.
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2.
  • Adam, J., et al. (author)
  • Particle identification in ALICE: a Bayesian approach
  • 2016
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 131:5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present a Bayesian approach to particle identification (PID) within the ALICE experiment. The aim is to more effectively combine the particle identification capabilities of its various detectors. After a brief explanation of the adopted methodology and formalism, the performance of the Bayesian PID approach for charged pions, kaons and protons in the central barrel of ALICE is studied. PID is performed via measurements of specific energy loss (dE/dx) and time of flight. PID efficiencies and misidentification probabilities are extracted and compared with Monte Carlo simulations using high-purity samples of identified particles in the decay channels K0 S→ π-π+}, ɸ → K-K+, and Λ → p π- in p-Pb collisions at √sNN=5.02 TeV. In order to thoroughly assess the validity of the Bayesian approach, this methodology was used to obtain corrected pT spectra of pions, kaons, protons, and D0 mesons in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV. In all cases, the results using Bayesian PID were found to be consistent with previous measurements performed by ALICE using a standard PID approach. For the measurement of D0 → K-π+, it was found that a Bayesian PID approach gave a higher signal-to-background ratio and a similar or larger statistical significance when compared with standard PID selections, despite a reduced identification efficiency. Finally, we present an exploratory study of the measurement of Λc + → p K-π+ in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV, using the Bayesian approach for the identification of its decay products. © 2016, CERN for the benefit of the ALICE Collaboration.
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3.
  • Anderson, Johan, 1973, et al. (author)
  • Derivation and quantitative analysis of the differential self-interrogation Feynman-alpha method
  • 2012
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 127:2, s. 1-6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A stochastic theory for a branching process in a neutron population with two energy levels is used to assess the applicability of the differential self-interrogation Feynman-alpha method by numerically estimated reaction intensities from Monte Carlo simulations. More specifically, the variance to mean or Feynman-alpha formula is applied to investigate the appearing exponentials using the numerically obtained reaction intensities.
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4.
  • Anderson, Johan, 1973, et al. (author)
  • Two-point theory for the differential self-interrogation Feynman-alpha method
  • 2012
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 127:8, s. 1-9
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A Feynman-alpha formula has been derived in a two region domain pertaining the stochastic differential self-interrogation (DDSI) method and the differential die-away method (DDAA). Monte Carlo simulations have been used to assess the applicability of the variance to mean through determination of the physical reaction intensities of the physical processes in the two domains. More specifically, the branching processes of the neutrons in the two regions are described by the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation, including all reaction intensities for the various processes, that is used to derive a variance to mean relation for the process. The applicability of the Feynman-alpha or variance to mean formulae are assessed in DDSI and DDAA of spent fuel configurations.
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5.
  • Ballan, M., et al. (author)
  • Nuclear physics midterm plan at Legnaro National Laboratories (LNL)
  • 2023
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - 2190-5444. ; 138:8, s. 3-26
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The next years will see the completion of the radioactive ion beam facility SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) and the upgrade of the accelerators complex at Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Legnaro National Laboratories (LNL) opening up new possibilities in the fields of nuclear structure, nuclear dynamics, nuclear astrophysics, and applications. The nuclear physics community has organised a workshop to discuss the new physics opportunities that will be possible in the near future by employing state-of-the-art detection systems. A detailed discussion of the outcome from the workshop is presented in this report.
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6.
  • Brenner, Richard, et al. (author)
  • Online computing challenges : detector and read-out requirements
  • 2021
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-5444. ; 136:12
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The operation at the Z-pole of the FCC-ee machine will deliver the highest possible instantaneous luminosities with the goal of collecting the largest Z boson datasets (Tera-Z), and enable a programme of standard model physics studies with unprecedented precision. The data acquisition and trigger systems of the FCC-ee experiments must be designed to be as unbiased and robust as possible, with the goal of containing the systematic uncertainties associated with these datasets at the smallest possible level, in order to not compromise the extremely small statistical uncertainties. In designing these experiments, we are confronted by questions on detector read-out speeds with an extremely tight material and power budget, trigger systems with a first hardware level or implemented exclusively on software, impact of background sources on event sizes, ultimate precision luminosity monitoring (to the 10(-5)-10(-4) level) and sensitivity to a broad range of non-conventional exotic signatures, such as long-lived non-relativistic particles. We will review the various challenges on online selection for the most demanding Tera-Z running scenario and the constraints they pose on the design of FCC-ee detectors.
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7.
  • Callegari, Agnese, et al. (author)
  • Optical trapping and critical Casimir forces
  • 2021
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 136:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Critical Casimir forces emerge between objects, such as colloidal particles, whenever their surfaces spatially confine the fluctuations of the order parameter of a critical liquid used as a solvent. These forces act at short but microscopically large distances between these objects, reaching often hundreds of nanometers. Keeping colloids at such distances is a major experimental challenge, which can be addressed by the means of optical tweezers. Here, we review how optical tweezers have been successfully used to quantitatively study critical Casimir forces acting on particles in suspensions. As we will see, the use of optical tweezers to experimentally study critical Casimir forces can play a crucial role in developing nano-technologies, representing an innovative way to realize self-assembled devices at the nano- and microscale.
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8.
  • Carenza, Pierluca, 1995- (author)
  • Axion emission from supernovae : a cheatsheet
  • 2023
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - 2190-5444. ; 138:9
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Supernovae provide fascinating opportunities to study various particles and their interactions. Among these there are neutrinos, axions, and other light weakly interacting particles, which play a significant role in our understanding of fundamental physics. In this study, the focus lies on the recent advancements made in characterizing axion emission from nuclear matter within the context of supernovae. The main production mechanisms for axions coupled with nucleons, bremsstrahlung and pion-axion conversion, are extensively discussed. These findings shed light on the behavior of axions in dense and hot nuclear matter, encountered in these extreme astrophysical environments. 
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9.
  • Chafai, A., et al. (author)
  • First-principles insights into the optical and electronic characteristics of barium intercalated AB-stacked bilayer graphene
  • 2023
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-5444. ; 138:8
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The present study describes the electronic and optical characteristics of barium atoms (an alkaline earth metal) intercalated within AB-stacked bilayer graphene (AB-2LG). Using state-of-the-art first-principles computations and taking into account the dispersion forces between the diverse nanosheets, we determined that the intercalation of barium atoms (Ba) into AB-2LG increases the interlayer distance from 3.357 to 5.584 degrees A, and no C-Ba bond formation has been observed. In addition, our findings reveal that the presence of Ba atoms inside the AB-2LG induces a change in the Space group number from 164 (pure AB-2LG) to 156 (Ba-intercalated AB-2LG). Concurrently, we observed that the AB-2LG band structure exhibits a Dirac cone at the K-point, which is a characteristic signature of a semi-metallic character. By contrast, the electronic behavior of the barium-intercaled AB-2LG is found to be metallic. Also, we noticed that the confinement of Ba atoms into the AB-2LG shifts the Dirac point under the Fermi level. Additionally, upon examining the optical properties under the 001 and 100-polarization of the incident light, we found that all optical parameters of both under-investigated bidimensional materials exhibit an anisotropic character. Interestingly, under the 001-polarization, we observed that the intercalation of AB-2LG with Ba atoms reduces the optical absorption to zero in the visible region, and blueshifts are the absorption peak observed in the infrared region. Furthermore, in the case of 001-polarization, the presence of Ba atoms enhances the optical absorption in the 7-9 eV spectral range. However, the obtained data exhibit a remarkable decrease in the refractive index after the Ba intercalation process, for both considered polarization directions.
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10.
  • Chafai, A., et al. (author)
  • Nonlinear optical characteristics of an exciton in a GaSb-capped InSb heterodot : role of size control
  • 2020
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 2190-5444. ; 135:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The optical characteristics of a bound electron-hole quasiparticle inside a GaSb-capped InSb nanodot were investigated using a combination between a density-matrix approach and variational calculations. Our theoretical model considers the electric permittivity mismatch between the core and shell materials via the self-energy term obtained by the means of an image charge approach. Furthermore, the core-to-shell conduction and valence band offsets were modeled by finite-depth confinement potentials. To elucidate the impact of the nanoheterodot spatial parameters on the confined exciton optical properties, we have investigated the change of the refractive index, the optical absorption coefficient, and the 1p-1s exciton transition energy with respect to the nanodot shape. Our numerical results exhibit the great potential for the improvement of the exciton optical properties by tailoring the nanodot size. It was also obtained that, for a fixed core radius, the resonance peak position of the optical absorption coefficient was still constant after a certain shell thickness value. Otherwise, decreasing the shell thickness leads to blue-shifting the 1p-1s transition energy.
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11.
  • Chernikova, Dina, 1982, et al. (author)
  • A general analytical solution for the variance-to-mean Feynman-alpha formulas for a two-group two-point, a two-group one-point and a one-group two-point cases
  • 2014
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 129:11, s. Art. no. 259-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This paper presents a full derivation of the variance-to-mean or Feynman-alpha formula in a two-energy-group and two-spatial-region treatment. The derivation is based on the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation with the inclusion of all possible neutron reactions and passage intensities between the two regions. In addition, the two-group one-region and the two-region one-group Feynman-alpha formulas, treated earlier in the literature for special cases, are extended for further types and positions of detectors. We focus on the possibility of using these theories for accelerator-driven systems and applications in the safeguards domain, such as the differential self-interrogation method and the differential die-away method. This is due to the fact that the predictions from the models which are currently used do not fully describe all the effects in the heavily reflected fast or thermal systems. Therefore, in conclusion, a comparative study of the two-group two-region, the two-group one-region, the one-group two-region and the one-group one-region Feynman-alpha models is discussed.
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12.
  • Chrzaszcz, Marcin, et al. (author)
  • Hunt for rare processes and long-lived particles at FCC-ee
  • 2021
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-5444. ; 136:10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this essay, we discuss the possibilities and associated challenges concerning beyond the Standard Model searches at FCC-ee, such as rare decays of heavy-flavoured particles and long-lived particles. The Standard Model contains several suppression mechanisms, which cause a given group of processes to happen rarely, resulting in rare decays. The interest in these decays lies in the fact that the physics beyond the Standard Model does not need to be affected by the same suppression mechanism and therefore can naturally manifest in these decays. Their interest is reinforced by the recent report of several measurements of b-flavoured rare decays, showing deviations with respect to the Standard Model predictions. We will show how the FCC-ee project has unique capabilities to address these scientific questions and will consider the related detector design challenges to meet. Another group of processes discussed are those that produce new particles with relatively long lifetimes that travel substantial distances inside the detectors before decaying. Models containing long-lived particles can give answers to many open questions of the Standard Model, such as the nature of dark matter, or the neutrino masses, among others, while providing an interesting experimental complement to mainstream searches. Long-lived particles often display unique experimental signatures, such as displaced tracks and vertices, “disappearing” tracks, or anomalously charged jets. Due to this, they are affected by very low background levels but in exchange, they often require dedicated reconstruction algorithms and triggers. The discovery of any of the discussed cases would have a critical impact in High Energy Physics, and FCC-ee could provide a unique experimental opportunity to explore them. Moreover, the searches proposed here could motivate an out-of-the-box optimization of the experimental conditions that could bring in innovative solutions, such as new, possibly very large tracking detectors; or cutting-edge reconstruction algorithms that would boost the FCC-ee reach for unusual final states.
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13.
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14.
  • Croci, Gabriele, et al. (author)
  • I-BAND-GEM : a new way for improving BAND-GEM efficiency to thermal and cold neutrons
  • 2019
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 134:4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • .The BAND-GEM detector represents one of the novel thermal neutron detection devices that have been developed in order to fulfil the needs of high intensity neutron sources that, like ESS (the European Spallation Source), will start operation in the next few years. The first version of this detector featured a detection efficiency of about 40% for neutrons with a wavelength of 4 angstrom, a spatial resolution of about 6mm and a rate capability in the order of some MHz/cm(2). The novelty of this device is represented by an improved 3D converter cathode (10 cm thick) based on (B4C)-B-10-coated aluminum grids positioned in a controlled gas mixture volume put on top of a Triple GEM amplifying stage. The position where the neutron interacts in the converter depends on their energy and it was observed that the first version of the detector would suffer from an efficiency decrease for long (>5 angstrom) neutron wavelength. This paper describes how the new 3D cathode allowed improving the detection efficiency at long neutron wavelengths while keeping all the benefits of the first BAND-GEM version.
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15.
  • Di Vecchia, Paolo, et al. (author)
  • The physics of the θ-angle for composite extensions of the standard model
  • 2014
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 129:12
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We analyse the θ-angle physics associated to extensions of the standard model of particle interactions featuring new strongly coupled sectors. We start by providing a pedagogical review of the θ-angle physics for Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) including also the axion properties. We then move to analyse composite extensions of the standard model elucidating the interplay between the new θ-angle with the QCD one. We consider first QCD-like dynamics and then generalise it to consider several kinds of new strongly coupled gauge theories with fermions transforming according to different matter representations. Our analysis is of immediate use for different models of composite Higgs dynamics, composite dark matter and inflation.
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16.
  • Enrichi, Francesco, et al. (author)
  • Structural and optical properties of Eu3+-doped sol-gel silica-soda glasses
  • 2024
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-5444. ; 139:4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Rare earths (REs) incorporated in glasses, mostly in the form of RE3+ ions, have several applications such as lasers and optical amplifiers, spectral conversion layers for solar cells, light emitters and sensors. In this context, both the composition and the structural properties of the glass, as well as the dopant concentration play an important role in determining the optical properties and the efficiency of the system. Usually, the concentration of REs is small, below 1 at%, to avoid clustering and optical quenching. In this paper, we report the case of sol-gel Eu-doped silica-soda glass films. The addition of soda to silica can reduce RE clustering and precipitation, according to molecular dynamic simulations, but brings structural instabilities to the network. Here, sodium was varied from 10 to 30 at% and Eu from 0 to 8 at%. It was shown that Eu plays a significant role in the stabilization of the matrix, improving the transparency, the refractive index and the thickness of the films. The increase of Eu concentration provides a decrease of site symmetry and an increase of quantum efficiency (QY), reaching 71% for the highest 8 at% Eu doping, with remarkable absence of concentration quenching.
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17.
  • Enrichi, Francesco, et al. (author)
  • Structural and optical properties of Eu3+-doped sol–gel silica–soda glasses
  • 2024
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-5444. ; 139:4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Rare earths (REs) incorporated in glasses, mostly in the form of RE3+ ions, have several applications such as lasers and optical amplifiers, spectral conversion layers for solar cells, light emitters and sensors. In this context, both the composition and the structural properties of the glass, as well as the dopant concentration play an important role in determining the optical properties and the efficiency of the system. Usually, the concentration of REs is small, below 1 at%, to avoid clustering and optical quenching. In this paper, we report the case of sol–gel Eu-doped silica–soda glass films. The addition of soda to silica can reduce RE clustering and precipitation, according to molecular dynamic simulations, but brings structural instabilities to the network. Here, sodium was varied from 10 to 30 at% and Eu from 0 to 8 at%. It was shown that Eu plays a significant role in the stabilization of the matrix, improving the transparency, the refractive index and the thickness of the films. The increase of Eu concentration provides a decrease of site symmetry and an increase of quantum efficiency (QY), reaching 71% for the highest 8 at% Eu doping, with remarkable absence of concentration quenching.
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19.
  • Faucci Giannelli, Michele, 1981, et al. (author)
  • CaloShowerGAN, a generative adversarial network model for fast calorimeter shower simulation
  • 2024
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - 2190-5444. ; 139:7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In particle physics, the demand for rapid and precise simulations is rising. The shift from traditional methods to machine learning-based approaches has led to significant advancements in simulating complex detector responses. CaloShowerGAN is a new approach for fast calorimeter simulation based on generative adversarial network (GAN). We use Dataset 1 of the Fast Calorimeter Simulation Challenge 2022 to demonstrate the efficacy of the model to simulate calorimeter showers produced by photons and pions. The dataset is originated from the ATLAS experiment, and we anticipate that this approach can be seamlessly integrated into the ATLAS system. This development brings a significant improvement compared to the deployed GANs by ATLAS and could offer great enhancement to the current ATLAS fast simulations.
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20.
  • G., Zinovjev, et al. (author)
  • Determination of the event collision time with the ALICE detector at the LHC
  • 2017
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 132:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Particle identification is an important feature of the ALICE detector at the LHC. In particular, for particle identification via the time-of-flight technique, the precise determination of the event collision time represents an important ingredient of the quality of the measurement. In this paper, the different methods used for such a measurement in ALICE by means of the T0 and the TOF detectors are reviewed. Efficiencies, resolution and the improvement of the particle identification separation power of the methods used are presented for the different LHC colliding systems (pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb) during the first period of data taking of LHC (RUN 1).
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21.
  • Ghobadi, Nader, et al. (author)
  • Optical transitions and photocatalytic activity of NiSe films prepared by the chemical solution deposition method
  • 2022
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 2190-5444. ; 137:6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this work, nanostructured NiSe thin films were prepared by the chemical solution deposition method at different pH fixing the deposition time. The surface morphology, structural and semiconductor properties of such films were investigated utilizing different methodologies. It was found that slight changes in pH can influence the optical bandgap and structure of NiSe films. The results of Tauc's plot and the derivation of the ineffective thickness method were compared to estimate the optical bandgap energy and the transition index. Additionally, the Urbach energy was also assessed. The potential of the NiSe nanostructured samples as photocatalysts was evaluated by analyzing the decomposition of azoic Congo red dye under visible light radiation.
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22.
  • Gregoris, Daniele, et al. (author)
  • Observational backreaction in discrete black holes lattice cosmological models
  • 2021
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 136:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Applying the Sachs formalism, the optical properties encoded in the distance modulus are studied along curves exhibiting local rotational symmetry for some closed inhomogeneous cosmological models whose mass content is discretized by Schwarzschild-like sources. These models may challenge the concordance model in its use of the distance modulus data of type Ia supernovae, because they do not violate any energy condition. This result relies only on the symmetry properties considered, and not on the way in which the mass is discretized. The models with different number of sources are then compared among themselves and with a Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker model with the same total mass content by introducing a compactness parameter. The analysis shows that observational backreaction occurs because increasing the number of sources the features of a universe with a continuous matter distribution are not recovered. Our models are shown to exhibit a non-trivial relationship between kinematical, dynamical and observational backreactions, the kinematical one being asymptotically decreasing while the latter two are present. Furthermore, the electric part of the Weyl tensor contributes to the luminosity distance by affecting the evolution of the scale factor, while the magnetic part has an indirect role by affecting only the evolution of the former.
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23.
  • Götz, Andy, et al. (author)
  • LEAPS data strategy
  • 2023
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - 2190-5444. ; 138:7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The continuous evolution of photon sources and their instrumentation enables more and new scientific endeavors at ever increasing pace. This technological evolution is accompanied by an exponential growth of data volumes of increasing complexity, which must be addressed by maximizing efficiency of scientific experiments and automation of workflows covering the entire data lifecycle, aiming to reduce data volumes while producing FAIR and open data of highest reliability. This papers briefly outlines the strategy of the league of European accelerator-based photon sources user facilities to achieve these goals collaboratively in an efficient and sustainable way which will ultimately lead to an increase in the number of publications.
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24.
  • Hammer-Rotzler, Bernadette, et al. (author)
  • Distribution and surface enrichment of radionuclides in lead-bismuth eutectic from spallation targets
  • 2016
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 131:7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • With the development of new high-power neutron spallation sources --both for scientific application and as neutron production tool for accelerator-driven systems-- the demand for experimentally obtained nuclear data on the residue nuclei production in the target is constantly increasing. In the present work, we examined two lead-bismuth-eutectic targets, irradiated with high-energy protons, concerning their radionuclide content and the spatial distribution of selected isotopes. The first one was the so-called ISOLDE target, being irradiated with 1-1.4GeV protons at CERN-ISOLDE, the second one was the MEGAPIE target, irradiated at PSI with 590MeV protons. In particular, we investigated the phenomenon of radionuclide enrichment on free surfaces in both targets. It turned out that considerable accumulation can be found especially in the case of lanthanides. The depletion process is enhanced at increased temperatures. The results are compared with theoretical predictions; some possible consequences of the findings are illustrated.
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25.
  • Hornborg, Alf (author)
  • The magic of money and the illusion of biofuels : Toward an interdisciplinary understanding of technology
  • 2017
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 132:82
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • For several centuries, the dominant worldview in industrial societies has held that various problems --such as those recently identified as relating to sustainability-- can be solved through technological progress. Technological progress has been conceived as the fruits of engineering science, new knowledge, and innovation. While knowledge of the principles of physics is certainly a necessary condition for technological development, it is not a sufficient condition. Technology is not only a product of engineering, but, ultimately, also of asymmetric transfers of biophysical resources. In other words, the feasibility of technological progress is contingent on world market prices. The history of technology has been written from the perspective of advancing ingenuity, rather than that of unequal global exchange. The implicit world view underlying dominant historiography and economic science ignores the deepening global inequalities which are prerequisite to what some sectors of world society can celebrate as technological progress, including visions of replacing fossil fuels with biofuels and other renewable energy sources. This observation should prompt us to conceptualize technological progress as an inherently unequal capacity to locally save time and space at the expense of human time and natural space lost elsewhere. It implies that the physical agency of technology ultimately rests on prices, i.e. subjective human conceptions about the value of market commodities, and thus finally on the magical artifact we know as money. The purpose of this article is to show how current deliberations on biofuels illustrate the insufficiencies of mainstream understandings of the phenomenon of technology, and to indicate why an adequate understanding of technology must be interdisciplinary, combining insights on both Nature and Society.
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26.
  • Johansson, Sheshti, et al. (author)
  • Is an increased use of biofuels the road to sustainability?
  • 2017
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 132
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The global area of planted biofuel crops has been increasing rapidly, but the environmental and social consequences of widespread adoption of biofuel production remain largely unexplored. How do we measure efficiency and net energy of a complex system, such as the interaction between agriculture, human society and technology? This paper provides background and identifies assumptions in its overview of competing and overlapping methods. We emphasize that biofuels, as well as all other resources with their associated processes, should be analyzed as embedded in complex systems. The reason why society looks at biofuels favorably is because the methodological approaches used in the present scientific literature are narrow and far from holistic. What is excluded from the analysis has crucial implications on what is regarded as sustainable.
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27.
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28.
  • Jonson, Björn, 1941 (author)
  • What's next in nuclear physics with RIB's
  • 2016
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 131:1, s. 1-23
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The physics with energetic radioactive beams has had a tremendous development over the 30 years that have passed since Isao Tanihata's famous experiments at Berkeley. The experiments and the subsequent understanding that halo structure occur for some very exotic nuclei have attracted so much interest and given so many novel ideas that one may speak about a paradigm shift. I shall here give some, personal, ideas about "What's next". This is an interesting task and I shall not say that it is difficult but rather challenging. I shall, however, start by giving a few milestones, preceding the 1985 break-through, that were of key importance for creating our sub-field of modern nuclear physics.
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29.
  • Jüling, André, et al. (author)
  • Multidecadal variability in the climate system : phenomena and mechanisms
  • 2020
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 135:6
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • An open and fundamental issue in climate dynamics is the origin of multidecadal variability in the climate system. Resolving this issue is essential for adequate attribution of human-induced climate change. The purpose of this paper is to provide a perspective on multidecadal variability from the analysis of observations and results from model simulations. Data from the instrumental record indicate the existence of large-scale coherent patterns of multidecadal variability in sea surface temperature. Combined with long time series of proxy data, these results provide ample evidence for the existence of multidecadal sea surface temperature variations. Results of a hierarchy of climate models have provided several mechanisms of this variability, ranging from pure atmospheric forcing, via internal ocean processes to coupled ocean-atmosphere interactions. An important problem is that current state-of-the-art climate models underestimate multidecadal variability. We argue that these models miss important processes in their representation of ocean eddies and focus on a robust mechanism of multidecadal variability which is found in multi-century simulations with climate models having a strongly eddying ocean component.
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30.
  • Kundu, Soumi, et al. (author)
  • The involvement of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in stem cell differentiation and in malignant glioma
  • 2016
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 131:4
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans (HSPG) are major components of the extracellular matrix. They interact with a plethora of macromolecules that are of physiological importance. The pattern of sulfation of the HS chain determines the specificity of these interactions. The enzymes that synthesize and degrade HS are thus key regulators of processes ranging from embryonic development to tissue homeostasis and tumor development. Formation of the nervous system is also critically dependent on appropriate HSPGs as shown by several studies on the role of HS in neural induction from embryonic stem cells. High-grade glioma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor among adults, and the prognosis is poor. Neural and glioma stem cells share several traits, including sustained proliferation and highly efficient migration in the brain. There are also similarities between the neurogenic niche where adult neural stem cells reside and the tumorigenic niche, including their interactions with components of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The levels of many of these components, for example HSPGs and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and modification of HS are attenuated in gliomas. In this paper, HS regulation of pathways involved in neural differentiation and how these may be of importance for brain development are discussed. The literature suggesting that modifications of HS could regulate glioma growth and invasion is reviewed. Targeting the invasiveness of glioma cells by modulating HS may improve upon present therapeutic options, which only marginally enhance the survival of glioma patients.
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31.
  • Logan, Derek, et al. (author)
  • Status of the crystallography beamlines at the MAX IV Laboratory
  • 2015
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 130:3
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The MAX IV Laboratory in Lund is currently operating two storage rings, the 1.5 GeV MAX II and the 700MeV MAX III, as well as constructing the new facility MAX IV, which will house a 1.5 GeV and a 3 GeV ring. At the MAX II synchrotron there are three hard X-ray beamlines at which crystallography can be performed: I711, I811 and I911. Beamline I711 is mainly used for powder diffraction. I811 is an EXAFS station at which surface XRD can also be carried out. I911 is a beamline with five experimental stations on a single superconducting wiggler source, of which two are currently used for macromolecular crystallography, namely the monochromatic station I911-2 and the tuneable station I911-3, which is equipped with a state-of-the-art goniometer and robotic sample changer. We will give an overview of the capabilities of these beamlines, focusing particularly on the macromolecular crystallography beamline I911 and some recent scientific highlights produced there. We will also give a brief overview of new beamlines for crystallography that are under construction or planned for the MAX IV facility.
  •  
32.
  • Mitra, Dhrubaditya, et al. (author)
  • Turbophoresis in forced inhomogeneous turbulence
  • 2018
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 2190-5444. ; 133:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We show, by direct numerical simulations, that heavy inertial particles (characterized by Stokes number St) in inhomogeneously forced statistically stationary isothermal turbulent flows cluster at the minima of mean-square turbulent velocity. Two turbulent transport processes, turbophoresis and turbulent diffusion together determine the spatial distribution of the particles. If the turbulent diffusivity is assumed to scale with turbulent root-mean-square velocity, as is the case for homogeneous turbulence, the turbophoretic coefficient can be calculated. Indeed, for the above assumption, the non-dimensional product of the turbophoretic coefficient and the rms velocity is shown to increase with St for small St, reach a maxima for St approximate to 10 and decrease as similar to St(-0.33) for large St.
  •  
33.
  • Muraro, A., et al. (author)
  • MBGEM : a stack of borated GEM detector for high efficiency thermal neutron detection
  • 2021
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 2190-5444. ; 136:7
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A new position-sensitive thermal neutron detector based on boron-coated converters has been developed as an alternative to todays standard -based technology for application to thermal neutron scattering. The key elements of the development are the boron-coated GEM foils (Sauli in Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res Sect A Accel Spectrom Detect Assoc Equip 386:531, 1997) that are used as a multi-layer neutron converter via the reaction together with an efficient collection of the produced secondary electrons. This paper reports the test performed on a 3 layers converter prototype coupled to a GEMPix detector (Murtas in Radiat Meas 138:106421, 2020), carried out in order to study the possibility to produce a large-scale multi-layer neutron detector capable to reach high detection efficiency with high spatial resolution and able to sustain the high neutron flux expected in the new neutron spallation source under development like the ESS.
  •  
34.
  • Noguere, G., et al. (author)
  • Doppler broadening of neutron-induced resonances using ab initio phonon spectrum
  • 2018
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 2190-5444. ; 133:5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Neutron resonances observed in neutron cross section data can only be compared with their theoretical analogues after a correct broadening of the resonance widths. This broadening is usually carried out by two different theoretical models, namely the Free Gas Model and the Crystal Lattice Model, which, however, are only applicable under certain assumptions. Here, we use neutron transmission experiments on UO2 samples at T = 23.7 K and T = 293.7 K, to investigate the limitations of these models when an ab initio phonon spectrum is introduced in the calculations. Comparisons of the experimental and theoretical transmissions highlight the underestimation of the energy transferred at low temperature and its impact on the accurate determination of the radiation widths Gamma(gamma lambda) of the U-238 resonances lambda. The observed deficiency of the model represents an experimental evidence that the Debye-Waller factor is not correctly calculated at low temperature near the Neel temperature (T-N = 30.8 K).
  •  
35.
  • Pal, L., et al. (author)
  • A special branching process with two particle types
  • 2011
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 126:2, s. 1-26
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Traditional theories of neutron fluctuations in subcritical stationary multiplying systems with analytical solutions disregard the energy dependence of the neutrons, i.e. they treat only one type of neutrons in the branching process. In several recent applications, such as certain coincidence measurements in nuclear safeguards and Accelerator-Driven reflected fast-reactor Systems (ADS), energy dependence of the neutrons must be included into the description. The simplest of such models, still allowing analytical solutions, is to distinguish between two types of neutrons, fast and thermal, corresponding to the two-group theory of traditional reactor physics. The purpose of the present paper is to extend the traditional theory of neutron fluctuations to two neutron types, fast and thermal. We will consider the special case when branching is only induced by one of the two types, giving rise to the progeny of the other type only (thermal fission generating fast neutrons). Stationary injection of neutrons by an extraneous source, as well as the detection process, are taken into account. The results obtained have applications in current problems of nuclear safeguards and reactivity measurements in ADS.
  •  
36.
  • Pesce, G., et al. (author)
  • Optical tweezers: theory and practice
  • 2020
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 135:12
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The possibility for the manipulation of many different samples using only the light from a laser beam opened the way to a variety of experiments. The technique, known as Optical Tweezers, is nowadays employed in a multitude of applications demonstrating its relevance. Since the pioneering work of Arthur Ashkin, where he used a single strongly focused laser beam, ever more complex experimental set-ups are required in order to perform novel and challenging experiments. Here we provide a comprehensive review of the theoretical background and experimental techniques. We start by giving an overview of the theory of optical forces: first, we consider optical forces in approximated regimes when the particles are much larger (ray optics) or much smaller (dipole approximation) than the light wavelength; then, we discuss the full electromagnetic theory of optical forces with a focus on T-matrix methods. Then, we describe the important aspect of Brownian motion in optical traps and its implementation in optical tweezers simulations. Finally, we provide a general description of typical experimental setups of optical tweezers and calibration techniques with particular emphasis on holographic optical tweezers.
  •  
37.
  • Piscitelli, Francesco (author)
  • Novel boron-10-based detectors for neutron scattering science
  • 2015
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 130:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Nowadays neutron scattering science is increasing its instrumental power. Most of the neutron sources in the world are pushing the development of their technologies to be more performing. The neutron scattering development is also pushed by the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Sweden, a neutron facility which has just started construction. Concerning small-area detectors (similar to 1 m(2)), the He-3 technology, which is today cutting edge, is reaching fundamental limits in its development. Counting rate capability, spatial resolution and cost effectiveness, are only a few examples of the features that must be improved to fulfill the new requirements. On the other hand, He-3 technology could still satisfy the detector requirements for large-area applications (similar to 50 m(2)), however, because of the present He-3 shortage that the world is experiencing, this is not practical anymore. The recent detector advances (the Multi-Grid and the Multi-Blade prototypes) developed in the framework of the collaboration between the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) and ESS are presented in this paper. In particular two novel 10 B-based detectors are described; one for large-area applications (the Multi-Grid prototype) and one for application in neutron reflectometry (small-area applications, the Multi-Blade prototype).
  •  
38.
  • Rachlew, Elisabeth, 1944- (author)
  • Study on a hypothetical replacement of nuclear electricity by wind power in Sweden
  • 2016
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer. - 2190-5444. ; 131, s. 16173-16178
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Swedish electricity supply system benefits strongly from the natural conditions which allow a high share of hydroelectricity. A complete supply is, however, not possible. Up to now nuclear power is the other workshop horse to serve the country with electricity. Thus, electricity production in Sweden is basically CO2-free and Sweden has reached an environmental status which others in Europe plan to reach in 2050. Furthermore, there is an efficient exchange within the Nordic countries, Nordpol, which can ease possible capacity problems during dry cold years. In this study we investigate to what extent and with what consequences the base load supply of nuclear power can be replaced by intermittent wind power. Such a scenario leads unavoidably to high wind power installations. It is shown that hydroelectricity can not completely smooth out the fluctuations of wind power and an additional back-up system using fossil fuel is necessary. From the  operational dynamics, this system has to be based on gas. The back-up system cannot be replaced by a storage using surplus electricity from wind power. The surplus is too little. To overcome this, further strong extension of wind power is necessary which leads, however, to a reduction of the use of hydroelectricity if the annual consumption is kept constant. In this case a fossil-free energy form is replaced by another, however, more complex one. A mix of wind power at 22.3 GW plus a gas based back-up system with 8.6 GW producing together 64.8 TWh would replace the present infrastructure with 9 GW nuclear power producing 63.8 TWh electricty. The specific CO2-emission increases to the double in this case. Pumped storage for the exclusive supply of Sweden does not seen to be a meaningful investment.
  •  
39.
  • Raikwal, Deepak, et al. (author)
  • Determining neutrino mass ordering with ICAL, JUNO and T2HK
  • 2023
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Nature. - 2190-5444. ; 138:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this paper, we study the synergy among the future accelerator (T2HK), future atmospheric (ICAL) and future reactor (JUNO) neutrino experiments to determine the neutrino mass ordering. T2HK can measure the mass ordering only for favorable values of δCP, whereas the mass ordering sensitivity of JUNO is dependent on the energy resolution. Our results show that with a combination of T2HK, ICAL and JUNO one can have a mass ordering sensitivity of 7.2 σ even for the unfavorable value of δCP= 0 ∘ for T2HK and most conservative value of JUNO energy resolution of 5%/E(MeV). The synergy mainly comes because different oscillation channels prefer different values of |Δm312| in the fit when the mass-ordering χ2 is minimized. In this context, we also study: (i) effect of varying energy resolution of JUNO, (ii) the effect of longer run-time of ICAL, (iii) effect of different true values of θ23 and (iv) effect of octant degeneracy in the determination of neutrino mass ordering.
  •  
40.
  • Robert, Aymeric, et al. (author)
  • MAX IV Laboratory
  • 2023
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - 2190-5444. ; 138:6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • MAX IV Laboratory is a Swedish national synchrotron radiation facility that comprises three accelerators with varying characteristics. One of the accelerators, the 3 GeV storage ring, is the world’s first fourth-generation ring and pioneered the use of the multibend achromat lattice to provide access to ultrahigh brightness X-rays. MAX IV aims to stay at the forefront of the current and future research needs of its multidisciplinary user community, principally located in the Nordic and Baltic regions. Our 16 beamlines currently offer and continue to develop modern X-ray spectroscopy, scattering, diffraction, and imaging techniques to address scientific problems of importance to society.
  •  
41.
  • Rochman, D., et al. (author)
  • Correlation (nu)over-bar(p) - sigma for U-Pu in the thermal and resonance neutron range via integral information
  • 2019
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 2190-5444. ; 134
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This paper presents an application of the Backward-Forward Monte Carlo (BFMC) method using measured critical boron concentrations for a specific PWR cycle. The considered prior nuclear data are the fission cross sections, nu for U-235 and Pu-239 and the capture cross section of U-238. The posterior nuclear data exhibit cross-isotope correlations, moderate changes for the average quantities and reduced uncertainties. This work is the first one considering the BFMC method and an integral system mostly sensitive to thermal neutrons. It contributes to show the impact of integral experimental data for the evaluation of nuclear data and their covariance matrices, leading to cross-isotope correlations and a nuclear data uncertainty reduction.
  •  
42.
  • Sacchetti, F., et al. (author)
  • He-3-free neutron detectors and their applications
  • 2015
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 130:3
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The shortage of He-3 isotope to be used as optimum neutron absorber in various neutron detection applications is considered. Here we present some general requirements in different applications to introduce more specialized papers which describe recent progresses. Considering that the neutron detection is important in a very wide range of applications we cannot be exhaustive but we describe the most relevant applications which are expected to be important in the next decades.
  •  
43.
  • Singh, Nishant K., et al. (author)
  • Plane shearing waves of arbitrary form : Exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations
  • 2017
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 132:9
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present exact solutions of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations in a background linear shear flow. The method of construction is based on Kelvin's investigations into linearized disturbances in an unbounded Couette flow. We obtain explicit formulae for all three components of a Kelvin mode in terms of elementary functions. We then prove that Kelvin modes with parallel (though time-dependent) wave vectors can be superposed to construct the most general plane transverse shearing wave. An explicit solution is given, with any specified initial orientation, profile and polarization structure, with either unbounded or shear-periodic boundary conditions.
  •  
44.
  • Srihari, N. V., et al. (author)
  • Variation in the electronic, mechanical, and structural properties among the polymorphs of bismuth ferrite: a first-principles approach
  • 2023
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : SPRINGER HEIDELBERG. - 2190-5444. ; 138:5
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bismuth ferrite has been under intense research for many years as it can exhibit first- and second-order transitions where all the phases have distinct properties encapsulating various exciting phenomena. This work reports a computational study of bismuth ferrite and its varied phases using density functional theory with the implementation of Hubbard correction for increased accuracy. The proposed method is validated through Linear Response Theory using Quantum ESPRESSO. The phase transition and the mechanical properties are explored by calculating elastic tensors for different polymorphs. A negative Poissons ratio for the tetragonal phase supporting its growth in compressive environments is predicted. The electronic properties of different phases of bismuth ferrite are explored, which helps in understanding properties such as charge transfer excitation, metal-insulator transition, ferroelectric nature based on lone pair charges and orbital hybridization. The phonon modes of different phases are also investigated.
  •  
45.
  • Sublet, J. -Ch., et al. (author)
  • Neutron-induced damage simulations : Beyond defect production cross-section, displacement per atom and iron-based metrics
  • 2019
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 2190-5444. ; 134:7
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Nuclear interactions can be the source of atomic displacement and post-short-term cascade annealing defects in irradiated structural materials. Such quantities are derived from, or can be correlated to, nuclear kinematic simulations of primary atomic energy distributions spectra and the quantification of the numbers of secondary defects produced per primary as a function of the available recoils, residual and emitted, energies. Recoils kinematics of neutral, residual, charged and multi-particle emissions are now more rigorously treated based on modern, complete and enhanced nuclear data parsed in state of the art processing tools. Defect production metrics are the starting point in this complex problem of correlating and simulating the behaviour of materials under irradiation, as direct measurements are extremely improbable. The multi-scale dimensions (nuclear-atomic-molecular-material) of the simulation process is tackled from the Fermi gradation to provide the atomic- and meso-scale dimensions with better metrics relying upon a deeper understanding and modelling capabilities of the nuclear level. Detailed, segregated primary knock-on-atom metrics are now available as the starting point of further simulation processes of isolated and clustered defects in material lattices. This allows more materials, incident energy ranges and particles, and irradiations conditions to be explored, with sufficient data to adequately cover both standard applications and novel ones, such as advanced-fission, accelerators, nuclear medicine, space and fusion. This paper reviews the theory, describes the latest methodologies and metrics, and provides recommendations for standard and novel approaches.
  •  
46.
  • Tennfors, Einar (author)
  • On the idea of low-energy nuclear reactions in metallic lattices by producing neutrons from protons capturing "heavy" electrons
  • 2013
  • In: The European Physical Journal Plus. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2190-5444. ; 128:2, s. 15-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The present article is a critical comment on Widom and Larsens speculations concerning low-energy nuclear reactions (LENR) based on spontaneous collective motion of protons in a room temperature metallic hydride lattice producing oscillating electric fields that renormalize the electron self-energy, adding significantly to the effective electron mass and enabling production of low-energy neutrons. The frequency and mean proton displacement estimated on the basis of neutron scattering from protons in palladium and applied to the Widom and Larsens model of the proton oscillations yield an electron mass enhancement less than one percent, far below the threshold for the proposed neutron production and even farther below the mass enhancement obtained by Widom and Larsen assuming a high charge density. Neutrons are not stopped by the Coulomb barrier, but the energy required for the neutron production is not low.
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