| 1. |
- Desarnaulds, Victor, et al.
(author)
-
Swiss pendulous hammer for decoupling measurement of service equipment in wooden multi-storey building
- 2012
-
In: EURONOISE 2012 - 9th European Conference on Noise Control. - 2226-5147. - 9788001050132 ; , s. 224-229
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The latest Swiss standard SIA181 (6-2006 edition [1]) introduces a new methodology regarding the tests to be performed in new constructions for assessing noise induced by the manipulation of service equipment in bathrooms and kitchens. However, this method has been developed especially for massive constructions. In this study, we are investigating the relevance of such method for timber frame building, with typical structures including boxes, frames, massive floors, retrofitting solutions. Decoupling performances are particularly important in lightweight constructions, and the pendulous hammer method is actually aiming at evaluating the decoupling of service equipments. The goals for this work are to determine the advantages and the limitations of this method for theses specific cases. For example, airborne contribution can become critical and deserves a specific control. This project should also identify the main propagation paths for equipment noise. A series of in-situ measurements has been performed for various building constructions and service equipments. Some additional laboratories investigations have been conducted to optimize the decoupling of service equipments to fulfill the Swiss SIA standard requirements.
|
|
| 2. |
- Hoever, Carsten, 1979, et al.
(author)
-
A Simulation-Based Parameter Study of Car Tyre Rolling Losses and Sound Generation
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings - 9th European Conference on Noise Control, EURONOISE 2012, Prague, 10-13 June 2012. - 2226-5147. - 9788001050132 ; , s. 926-931
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Due to legislative changes within the EU there is an increased demand for improvements in car tyre rolling resistance and noise generation. Apart from measurement data, however, information about the relationship between rolling resistance and rolling noise generation is scarce. It is the goal of this study to investigate the fundamental physical processes connecting both areas. Additionally, it is evaluated whether a simultaneous reduction of both rolling resistance and rolling noise is possible or if this is contradicting requirement. A previously presented model for simulating the structural dynamics and rolling resistance of a rolling car tyre is extended to allow rolling noise calculation. The approach is based on a waveguide finite element model of the tyre. Tyre/road contact forces are obtained using a non-linear 3D contact model. The velocity field on the tyre surface is used to determine the radiated sound pressure based on a boundary element method. In a parameter study it is evaluated how much dissipation and sound radiation are affected by material properties, tyre construction and road surfaces. Due to the characteristics of the modelling approach, detailed information about dissipation and sound generation in different frequency regions, wave orders or parts of the tyre is available. The results show that rolling resistance and radiation are mainly low wave order, low frequency phenomena which are, at least partly, controlled by the same set of modes. This suggests that by modifying specific tyre properties reductions in both sound radiation and rolling resistance can be achieved.
|
|
| 3. |
- Hornikx, Maarten, 1980, et al.
(author)
-
The potential of vegetation for reducing road traffic noise at urban quiet sides
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings - 9th European Conference on Noise Control, EURONOISE 2012, Prague, 10-13 June 2012. - 2226-5147. - 9788001050132 ; , s. 949-954
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Reduction of noise from road traffic is one of the multiple benefits of employing vegetation in urban areas. In particular, application of vegetation to façades and roofs of residential buildings might be effective for increasing the quietness at the traffic-free side of these buildings, the quiet sides. The potential of reducing road traffic noise at the quiet side of buildings by a variety of vegetation-related measures is here studied by 2D and 3D full-wave numerical methodologies. The considered vegetation measures include wall vegetation systems, green roofs, vegetated low noise barriers at roof edges and combinations of such treatments. Green roofs appear to have the highest potential to enhance quietness at the traffic-free side of the buildings. For newly built roof systems, favourable combinations of roof shape and vegetation have been identified. Vegetated façades are efficient mostly when applied to narrow geometries with otherwise acoustically hard façade materials.
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- van der Aa, Bart, 1985, et al.
(author)
-
Artificial refraction of sound propagating outdoors by a sonic crystal noise barrier with increasing cylinder diameter over height
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings - 9th European Conference on Noise Control, EURONOISE 2012, Prague, 10-13 June 2012. - 2226-5147. - 9788001050132 ; , s. 938-943
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Upward refraction of sound propagating outdoors by a finite set of two-dimensional cylinders has been studied in the homogenization region. All cylinders in the field are located above a ground plane and have their longitudinal axes orientated parallel to the ground. By increasing the cylinder radius with height, a medium is created which effective sound speed decreases over height. With a decreasing sound speed profile a cylindrical wave propagating inside such a structure can be refracted upwards, consequently creating a shadow zone behind the object. Acoustic phenomena for continuous graded index media (GRIN CM), predicted using the Finite Element Method (FEM), are demonstrated. Using modified homogenization formulas the results are then matched with a qualitatively equivalent graded index sonic crystal (GRIN SC), predicted with Multiple Scattering Theory (MST). In order to gain a reasonable insertion loss the barrier thickness must be chosen in accordance with the wavelength of the incoming field and should be in the order of a few wavelengths. Furthermore, it has been shown that the performance of these refractive structures is determined by the shape of the effective sound speed profile in relation to the point of excitation.
|
|
| 6. |
- Van Renterghem, T., et al.
(author)
-
Road traffic noise reduction by vegetated low noise barriers in urban streets
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings - 9th European Conference on Noise Control, EURONOISE 2012, Prague, 10-13 June 2012. - 2226-5147. - 9788001050132 ; , s. 944-948
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Low-height noise barriers were shown to significantly reduce road traffic noise since these can be placed very close to either source or receiver. In this study, it is investigated to what extent such devices can be used in a street canyon setup. Full-wave numerical calculations have been carried out with the FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) method, the PSTD (pseudo-spectral time-domain) method and BEM (boundary element method). In addition, a combined ray model and radiosity (CRR) model has been used. Numerical results of the different wave-based methods have been cross-validated with satisfying agreement. The limitations of an energy-based method like CRR have been pointed out. 4-lane road traffic in a 19.2-m wide street canyon with a realistic façade profile has been considered. In the predictions, low screens are considered, covered by vegetated wall substrate. Different arrangements of such screens have been assessed, for receivers on walkways and distributed over the building facades. Road traffic noise could be reduced on walkways at low vehicle speeds, even when both sources and receivers are located in the same reverberant space. Some shielding for higher elevated receivers along facades is predicted as well. Absorption on the low-height noise barriers was shown to be essential to obtain positive effects.
|
|
| 7. |
- Wei, W., et al.
(author)
-
An efficient model for background noise mapping
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings - 9th European Conference on Noise Control, EURONOISE 2012, Prague, 10-13 June 2012. - 2226-5147. - 9788001050132 ; , s. 376-379
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It has been shown that inhabitants of dwellings exposed to high noise levels benefit from having access to a quiet side. Therefore the European Environmental Noise Directive allows member states to include the presence of a quiet side in their reports. However, current practice applications of noise mapping methods usually underestimate the noise level at the shielded façade when the most important contribution is sound propagation over the rooftop. Multiple reflections from opposite façades in street canyons are not sufficiently taken into account. In addition, sources at distance much larger than normally taken into account in noise maps might in some cases still contribute significantly. Since one of the main reasons for this poor approximation is computational burden, an efficient engineering model is proposed, which considers multiple reflections and turbulence scattering. The model uses an analytical function of a complexity comparable to ISO 9613 formula for noise barriers that is fitted to an extensive set of FDTD (finite difference time domain) simulations of canyon-to-canyon sound propagation. This model allows calculating the background noise in the shielded areas of a city, which could then be used to refine noise mapping calculations.
|
|
| 8. |
- Beckenbauer, Thomas, et al.
(author)
-
Tyre/road noise prediction: A comparison between the SPERoN and HyRoNE models, Part 1
- 2008
-
In: 7th European Conference on Noise Control 2008, EURONOISE 2008; Paris; France; 29 June 2008 through 4 July 2008. - 2226-5147. ; , s. 2933-2938
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The SPERoN and HyRoNE models predict the pass-by tyre/road noise of a passenger car from intrinsic characteristics of the road surface. Both models are hybrid: they combine statistical laws with physical models. With a computing time of a few minutes (very quick compared to full physical models), they provide operational tools for tyre/road noise prediction. Particular fields of interest are road surface optimisation with respect to noise at the laboratory scale, conformity of production of a new surface and acoustic monitoring of roads. They are now implemented as user-friendly stand-alone applications. The presentation will address the principles of the models, their performances and their respective main fields of application. Part 1 will address the philosophy and the principles of the models.
|
|
| 9. |
- Bergman, Penny, 1982, et al.
(author)
-
Emotion and meaning in interpretation of sound sources
- 2008
-
In: 7th European Conference on Noise Control 2008, EURONOISE 2008, Paris, France, 29 June - 4 July 2008. - 2226-5147. ; , s. 3925-3929
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research regarding the perception of sound focuses in large on the acoustical properties of the sound. We argue that, for a more complete picture of sound perception, one must take the non-physical properties into account. By changing the emotional descriptor of a sound the perception in terms of level of annoyance will change. The present study investigates how a priming picture placing the origin of the sound to either a positive or negative environment affects the level of annoyance to same sound. 3 different sounds were used in the experiment, all based on pink noise. The participants were in the beginning of each sound exposed to a picture telling where the sound originated. The picture was either a positive environment (a picture of a waterfall) or a negative environment (a picture of a larger factory). While listening to the sounds the participants completed different performance tasks. In the end of each sound the participants rated level of annoyance to the sound. Results show that the annoyance ratings are significantly lower when primed with a positive picture. Results also indicate that for more attention demanding tasks this correlation is stronger. The findings are discussed in relation to theories of sound perception.
|
|
| 10. |
- Bolmsvik, Åsa, 1975-, et al.
(author)
-
FE modeling of a lightweight structure with different junctions
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings of EURONOISE 2012. - : European Acoustics Association. - 9788001050132 ; , s. 162-167
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In lightweight structures it is common to use damping material in junctions to decrease sound transmission. In field measurements, the damping properties of the structure are easily overestimated due to the omnipresent energy losses to the surroundings. Thus, reliable estimates of structural properties cannot be guaranteed. Vibrational tests were done on a full scale wooden construction, consisting of a floor and supporting beams, representing walls, to investigate the effect of different junctions. Totally seven different setups were made using the same building components. In one setup the floor and the walls were screwed together, in five setups different elastomers was positioned between the floor and the walls and in the last setup the floor was resting free on top of the walls. A shaker, with pseudorandom excitation, was used for the excitation of the structure and accelerometers were used for response measurements. The effect of the junction was investigated by studying the acceleration levels in the edge part of the floor-wall junction in different directions. Modal data, extracted from test data using experimental modal analysis, form input and validation data for the following finite element (FE) analysis. Two FE models; modeling one elastomer and the screwed setup, are used for the studies. The aim was to study if the eigenmodes rendering the acceleration levels are similar in test and in analysis, using common material properties. The results from correlation between test and analytical results show that the material properties of the wood need to be known better; more sophisticated models are needed to fully simulate the dynamic behavior of the structure. Anyhow, with the used properties the mode shapes are captured fairly well in the lower frequencies. Furthermore, the experiment shows that the damping properties of the junction material have a major influence on the behavior of the structure.
|
|
| 11. |
- Colomo González, Miguel, et al.
(author)
-
Influence of bolted items on modal analysis performed on a car body
- 2008
-
In: 7th European Conference on Noise Control 2008, EURONOISE 2008; Paris; France; 29 June 2008 through 4 July 2008. - 2226-5147. ; , s. 5475-5480
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When performing Modal Analysis testing on a BIP (Body-in-Prime), some bolted items are included to better take into account their inuence on body stiffness. However, their contribution to the stiffness is not relevant in the frequency range accessible for modal analysis (usually up to 70 Hz on a BIP). On the other hand, these bolted items increase the dispersion between results obtained for nominally identical test objects. The question which arises is whether the items should be included in the BIP definition to perform modal analysis and, in this case, which is their inuence on the results? MIMO (Multi-Input-Multi-Output) measurements were carried out over three, nominally identical, BIPs. Several configurations were measured for each BIP, starting from the complete body the bolted items were progressively removed. A version of LMS PolyMAX method was programmed by Matlab to analyze the measured data. Conclusions about bolted items inuence are drawn based on the study of stabilization diagrams and modal parameters. The poles selection by the stabilization diagrams is one of PolyMAX method keys. The method understanding obtained from programming allows studying the ins and outs of poles selection. Polynomial order plays an important role in physical poles identification, especially for closely spaced modes. Results are shown to highlight its relevance.
|
|
| 12. |
- Dazel, O., et al.
(author)
-
An efficient solver for finite-element poroelastic problems
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings - European Conference on Noise Control. - 9788001050132 ; , s. 851-853
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Structural-acoustic finite element models including 3D modelling of poroelastic media modelled with the Biot theory are generally computationally costly. While being the most commonly used predictive tool in the context of noise reduction applications, efficient solution strategies are required. In this work, an original modal reduction technique, involving real-valued decoupled modes computed from a classical eigenvalue solver is proposed to reduce the size of the problem associated to the porous media. The idea of this technique is to enhance the modal basis with static correction calculated analytically which account for the response of non-preserved modes.
|
|
| 13. |
- Diapoulis, Georgios, 1981, et al.
(author)
-
Person identification from walking sound on wooden floor
- 2018
-
In: Euronoise 2018. - 2226-5147. ; , s. 1727-1732
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Human activities in building structures may vary to a great extend and daily mobility may be the cause of noise and vibrations. We focused on walking sound to identify different individuals based on airborne sound recordings. Our aim was to provide a description of high-level acoustical features that corresponds to walking sound and person identification. We present two levels of abstraction. The first level builds upon principal component analysis and provides the main sound characteristics of walking activity. For the second level of abstraction we provide higher-level acoustical features that better describe person identification.
|
|
| 14. |
- Hoffmann, Alice, 1983, et al.
(author)
-
There’s a car coming? - Psychometric function for car pass-by in background noise based on simulated data
- 2015
-
In: Euronoise 2015, 10th European Congress on Noise Control Engineering. - 2226-5147. ; , s. 2417-2421
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- To detect an approaching car in background noise is an important aspect of traffic safety. Therefore itis essential to understand the determinants that makes people recognize an approaching car especiallywhen the cars become very quiet at low speeds as it is the case for electrical cars for instance. Moststudies on the detection of passenger cars in background noise are based on recorded signals. Thisrequires that suitable recordings are available both for the background sound as well as the test sound(i.e. the sound of the approaching vehicle). Due to the limited control of such situations the degreesof freedom to be varied in such experiments is limited as well. In the presented study a differentapproach has been employed. The utilized sounds are based on an auralization method that allowsfor simulating vehicle sounds including both tyre/road noise and propulsion noise. Single car eventscan thus be superposed to background sound with full control of all relevant parameters. The usedauralization method has in earlier studies been validated for giving good perceptual ratings comparedto recorded sounds. The method allows for evaluating the psychometric functions for single parametersand hopefully give a deeper understanding of the perceptual space for a car in background noise. Inthe present study the reaction time is measured for the detection of a car (test vehicle) passing byin the presence of background noise from a road with high traffic flow. The distance between the thepath of the test vehicle and the highly trafficked road is varied. All other parameters (i.e. car-type,road surface, speed, etc.) are kept constant. The study shows that there is a logarithmic relationbetween the response times and the distance between the the track of the test car and the road withhigh traffic volume. At the same time there is a linear relation between reaction time and signal tonoise ratio (i.e. the equivalent sound pressure level in relation to the background level).
|
|
| 15. |
- Jarnerö, Kirsi, et al.
(author)
-
Effect of flexible supports on vibration performance of timber floors
- 2012
-
In: Euronoise, Prague 2012, 10-13 June, 2012. - : European Acoustics Association (EAA). - 9788001050132 ; , s. 214-219
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In residential multi-storey buildings of timber it is of great impor-tance to reduce the flanking transmission of noise. Some buildingsystemsdothisbyinstallingavibration-dampingelasticinterlayer,Sylomerror Sylodynr, in the junction between the support andthefloorstructure.Thisinterlayeralsoimprovesthefloorvibrationperformance by adding damping to the structure. In the presentwork the vibration performance of a floor with such interlayershas been investigated both in laboratory and field tests. A pre-fabricated timber floor element was tested in laboratory on rigidsupports and on supports with four different types of interlayers.Theresultsarecomparedwithin situtests on a copy of the samefloorelement.Theeffectonvibrationperformancei.e.frequencies,damping ratio and mode shapes is studied. A comparison of theinsitutestandthetestwithelasticinterlayerinlaboratoryshowsthatthe dampingin situis approximately three times higher than on asingle floor element in the lab. This indicates that the dampinginsituisaffectedbethesurroundingbuildingstructure.Theachieveddamping ratio ishighly dependent onthe mode shapes. Mode sha-pes that have high mode shape coefficients along the edges wherethe interlayer material is located, result in higher modal dampingratios. The impulse velocity response, that is used to evaluatethe vibration performance and rate experienced annoyance in thedesign of wooden joist floors, seems to be reduced when adding elastic layers at the supports.
|
|
| 16. |
- Klein, Philippe, et al.
(author)
-
Tyre/road noise prediction: A comparison between the SPERoN and HyRoNE models, Part 2
- 2008
-
In: 7th European Conference on Noise Control 2008, EURONOISE 2008; Paris; France; 29 June 2008 through 4 July 2008. - 2226-5147. ; , s. 2939-2944
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The SPERoN and HyRoNE models predict the pass-by tyre/road noise of a passenger car from intrinsic characteristics of the road surface. Both models are hybrid: they combine statistical laws with physical models. With a computing time of a few minutes (very quick compared to full physical models), they provide operational tools for tyre/road noise prediction. Particular fields of interest are road surface optimisation with respect to noise at the laboratory scale, conformity of production of a new surface and acoustic monitoring of roads. They are now implemented as user-friendly stand-alone applications. The presentation will address the principles of the models, their performances and their respective main fields of application. Part 2 will address the performances of the models and their area of applications.
|
|
| 17. |
- Larsson, Conny, 1952-, et al.
(author)
-
Long-term measurements of sound from wind turbines during different weather conditions
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings of Euronoise 2012. - Prague : European Acoustics Association (EAA). - 9788001050132
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In an extensive measurement program, with economical support from the Swedish Energy Agency, long-time measurements of meteorological effects on sound propagation from wind turbines are performed at three sites in Sweden. The measurements are performed continuously during 1-2 years. Sound propagation is studied in a 1) forest area, 2) over a water bay and 3) over heterogeneous terrain. The first two sites are located in the southern part of Sweden and the third is located in the northern part of Sweden. The meteorological conditions change over the day and the year and vary a lot depending of the terrain conditions. Mean variations of the expected sound level of 6 - 14 dBA at the imission point for different weather conditions have been found. The aim of the project is to improve the knowledge about sound propagation from wind turbines and especially over varying terrain and different weather conditions. The hub height of the studied wind turbines varies from 80-138 m. The result shall be improved sound propagation models,updated measuring requirements and methods for deriving meteorological input data for a sound propagation model.
|
|
| 18. |
- Olsson, Jörgen, et al.
(author)
-
Low frequency measurements of impact sound performance in light weight timber frame office buildings
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings of EURONOISE 2012. - : European Acoustics Association. - 9788001050132 ; , s. 191-196
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is little data available of low frequency impact sound response of light weight wooden buildings. The ISO 140-7, 717-2 standards normally used of impact sound is limited down to 50 Hz. The response in low frequency area is of interest for human comfort. In the present work low-frequency impact sound measurements were carried out in two modern office buildings with lightweight timber frame. The purpose was to assess the levels of impact sound transmission below 50 Hz in these construction types. The low frequency impact sound levels are compared to the higher. Both the tapping machine and the impact ball are used for excitation. It is seen that the present constructions have their highest levels below or close to 50 Hz when excited by the impact ball. From the office rooms sharing joist floor with corridor there is seen increased levels of low frequency impact sound. Up to 10-15 dB higher impact sound was detected compared to room with joist floor separated from corridor.
|
|
| 19. |
- Pieringer, Astrid, 1979, et al.
(author)
-
A fast time-domain model for wheel/rail interaction demonstrated for the case of impact forces caused by wheel flats
- 2008
-
In: 7th European Conference on Noise Control 2008, EURONOISE 2008; Paris; France; 29 June 2008 through 4 July 2008. - 2226-5147. ; , s. 2643-2648
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The prediction of impact forces caused by wheel flats requires the application of time-domain models that are generally more computationally demanding than are frequency-domain models. In this paper, a fast time-domain model is presented to simulate the dynamic interaction between wheel and rail, taking into account the non-linear processes in the contact zone. Track and wheel are described as linear systems using impulse-response functions that can be precalculated. The contact zone is modelled by non-linear contact springs, allowing for loss of contact. This general model enables the calculation of the vertical contact forces generated by the small-scale roughness of rail and wheel, by parametric excitation on a discretely supported rail and by discrete irregularities of rail and wheel. Here, the model is applied to study the excitation caused by wheel flats by introducing a flat on a rotating wheel whose profile in the contact zone is updated in every time step. To demonstrate the functioning of the model, simulation results are compared to field measurements of impact forces and a brief parameter study is presented.
|
|
| 20. |
- Smith, Michael, et al.
(author)
-
The effects on sleep of ground borne noise from trains in tunnels
- 2018
-
In: Euronoise 2018. May 27-31, Hersonissos, Crete.. - 2226-5147.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In residential areas around railway tunnels, there is no direct airborne noise from the railways, but residents may be exposed to ground borne noise. Nocturnal airborne railway noise has been shown to be potentially disruptive to sleep, but there is only limited previous research on the effects of ground borne railway noise. Here we present laboratory studies investigating how ground borne railway noise at levels occurring in the field impacts on sleep. Data on sound pressure level, duration and frequency content of ground borne noise from railways were collected from the scientific literature, from measurement reports and by renewed measurements at a few locations in Stockholm, Sweden. Using these data as input, the exposures for the sleep studies were synthesised to represent the variation seen in the gathered data. An initial pilot study (n=5) investigated possible differential effects of frequency content and duration (passenger vs. freight trains). Data from the pilot study implicated very low frequency train passages as potentially disruptive for sleep. The following main study (n=23) therefore further examined frequency content, and additionally examined the effect of noise level. Across both studies, young and healthy individuals spent five nights in a laboratory furnished to resemble an apartment. The first night was for adaptation to the study setting. The following four nights included a single quiet night to obtain baseline sleep, and three exposure nights involving synthesised ground borne noise from passenger and freight trains. Effects on sleep physiology and self-reported sleep outcomes were obtained using polysomnography and questionnaires respectively, although physiologic outcomes from the pilot only are herein reported.
|
|
| 21. |
- Tajadura, Ana, 1979, et al.
(author)
-
Emotional bias for the perception of rising tones
- 2008
-
In: 7th European Conference on Noise Control 2008, EURONOISE 2008; Paris; France; 29 June 2008 through 4 July 2008. - 2226-5147. ; , s. 1597-1602
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sounds with rising or falling intensity are often perceived as approaching or receding sound sources, respectively. Research has shown the existence of biases, both at perceptual and neural levels, in detecting and responding to approaching versus receding sounds. It has been suggested that these effects might account for a greater biological salience of approaching sounds. In the present study we investigated whether this asymmetry could be also explained by emotional theories. Participants were exposed to pairs of stimuli formed by an approaching or a receding sound, followed by a neutral, negative or positive photograph. They were required to make a speeded three-alternative forced choice (3AFC) task regarding how they felt when looking at the photographs. Reaction times (RTs) to this task and self-reported emotional ratings for the sounds were collected. In addition, participants' electrodermal activity and facial electromyography were measured as they listened to the sounds. Participants performed faster in the 3AFC task when photographs were preceded by approaching sounds, especially for photographs with negative content. Both the intensity range and slope of the sounds had a significant effect on RTs. Taken together, these results suggest that approaching sounds have a greater emotional power than receding ones.
|
|
