| 1. |
- Aebersold, Ruedi, et al.
(author)
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How many human proteoforms are there?
- 2018
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In: Nature Chemical Biology. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 1552-4450 .- 1552-4469. ; 14:3, s. 206-214
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite decades of accumulated knowledge about proteins and their post-translational modifications (PTMs), numerous questions remain regarding their molecular composition and biological function. One of the most fundamental queries is the extent to which the combinations of DNA-, RNA-and PTM-level variations explode the complexity of the human proteome. Here, we outline what we know from current databases and measurement strategies including mass spectrometry-based proteomics. In doing so, we examine prevailing notions about the number of modifications displayed on human proteins and how they combine to generate the protein diversity underlying health and disease. We frame central issues regarding determination of protein-level variation and PTMs, including some paradoxes present in the field today. We use this framework to assess existing data and to ask the question, "How many distinct primary structures of proteins (proteoforms) are created from the 20,300 human genes?" We also explore prospects for improving measurements to better regularize protein-level biology and efficiently associate PTMs to function and phenotype.
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| 2. |
- Agar, David, et al.
(author)
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A systematic study of ring-die pellet production from forest and agricultural biomass
- 2018
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In: Fuel Processing Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 180, s. 47-55
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Continuous global growth in the pellet production industry and renewable energy policy targets have driven interest in under-utilised lignocellulosic biomass. In this comprehensive study, pelleting trials were systematically carried out using a pilot-scale ring-die pellet press with eight different biomass feedstock; logging residues, pine bark, wheat straw, reed canary grass, coppiced willow, poplar and beech. A standard spruce/pine sawdust blend was pelleted as a reference material.Pellets were produced from feedstock at four different moisture content levels, through two press channel lengths and three replicate steady-state sampling periods. A total of 192 batches of 8 mm diameter pellets were produced within a press channel length and moisture content range of 30-60 mm and 9-17% respectively. Pellet production had a range of 141-206 kg h(-1) and relatively good pellet quality was achieved for a majority of the studied feedstock. The best pellet batches had a mechanical durability and bulk density range of 91-99% and 532-714 kg m(-3) respectively, corresponding to an energy density range of 8.3-12.5 GJ m(-3) (as received). The extruded pellet temperature ranged between 99 and 131 degrees C and was correlated to pellet bulk density for hardwoods, pine bark and forest residues. The normalised energy (reference value of 1) used in pelleting all materials varied between 0.76 and 1.3 being highest for the hardwoods and lowest for straw and forest residues.
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| 3. |
- Agar, David, et al.
(author)
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Combining behavioural TOPSIS and six multi-criteria weighting methods to rank biomass fuel pellets for energy use in Sweden
- 2023
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In: Energy Reports. - 2352-4847. ; 10, s. 706-718
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- EU energy and climate policies continue to drive interest in biomass fuel pellets which can be produced from a wide variety of feedstock. The use of multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) to support feedstock selection has the potential for more transparent and better decision-making. This study applies the behavioural TOPSIS, a prominent MCDA technique, to rank pellets for energy use in Sweden produced from under-utilised forest and agricultural biomass. Seven criteria were used to assess and rank the biomass pellets. The alternatives include 88 types of pellets from 11 biomass materials. Possible attitudes of an expert towards the risk of losses (risk averse, risk neutral and risk-seeking) were combined with six sets of criteria weights obtained using six weighting methods – a total of 18 input settings (scenarios). Despite having different input settings, almost identical results were obtained in all scenarios, meaning that the rankings were stable and consistent. Across all 18 scenarios, pellets produced from a reference spruce/pine sawdust blend are ranked ahead of other pellet types. Pellets produced from Scots pine bark exhibited stable and consistent rankings across all scenarios; and thus this biomass is the second-best overall. The next best materials overall are poplar, reed canary grass and wheat straw, whereas torrefied pellets (torrefied beech, poplar and wheat straw) were ranked last in all scenarios. Combining behavioural TOPSIS and a variety of criteria-weighting methods is a meaningful way of improving decision-making with respect to producing a more valid and reliable ranking of biomass fuel pellets for energy use in Sweden.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Agar, David
(author)
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Distribution of ash forming elements during pyrolysis of municipal wastewater sludge and sludge from milk processing factories
- 2018
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the long term, there is a need for alternative methods to recover energy and nutrients from increasing volumes of sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants. Pyrolysis can be an interesting option, which can reduce health and environmental risks, while providing an avenue for the recovery of energy and nutrients. One of the main concerns related to thermal conversion technologies is the release and fate of heavy metals and contaminants existing in the feedstock. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the transformation pathways of problematic compounds is necessary to assess the suitability of pyrolysis. In this study pyrolysis of dried dairy sludge and sewage sludge was carried out using a simple laboratory fixed bed reactor. Characterisation of the feedstock and pyrolysis products was performed through proximate and ultimate analysis and the content of major and minor ash forming elements were determined. The mass balance information obtained from the experimental tests was used for an indicative distribution of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, Si, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Ti, V and Zn between solid and liquid pyrolysis products. Results indicate that distribution of major elements between pyrolysis products was similar for dairy sludge and sewage sludge, with Ca, Mg, Fe, P, Si, Al, Na and K predominantly retained in pyrolysis chars (pyrogenic solids). However, substantial quantities of Al, K, Na and Si were detected in pyrolysis oil and in the aqueous fraction. The heavy metals and trace elements were mainly retained in the pyrolysis chars (pyrogenic solids) with the exception of As, Ba, Cd, Se, Sb and Pb, which were also detected in the liquid products.
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| 6. |
- Agar, David
(author)
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Energy recovery through co-pyrolysis of wastewater sludge and forest residues -The transition from laboratory to pilot scale
- 2021
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In: Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-2370 .- 1873-250X. ; 158
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Anaerobically digested sewage sludge mixed with forest residues was pyrolysed at 800 °C, at laboratory and pilot scale. The study quantified differences in char and gas yields for tests carried out in a simple fixed bed laboratory reactor and rotating retort pyrolyser at pilot scale, when the residence time of feedstock was 10 min in both cases. The yield of char from pilot scale was 4 % lower than from laboratory scale while the yield of gas was 15.7 % higher. During the pilot scale pyrolysis of anaerobically digested sewage sludge blended with forest residues the gas quality for energy recovery applications was assessed and the fate of impurities (tar, NH3 and H2S) was investigated. The raw pyrolysis gas contained 14.6 g/Nm3 of tar, 36.9 g/Nm3 of NH3 and 793 ppm of H2S. Sixteen N-containing tar species were identified of which pyridine, propenenitrile, 2-methyl-, benzonitrile, and indole are found to be the most abundant. The yield of N-containing tar compounds accounted for approx. 12 % of total tar content. Conditioned pyrolysis gas contained 7.1 g/Nm3 of tar, 0.036 g/Nm3 of NH3 and 119 ppm of H2S. Benzene was by far the most abundant tar compound followed by toluene and styrene. The specifications of the used internal combustion engine were exceeded due to the sum of tar compounds such as fluorantrene and pyrene with 4+ aromatic rings (at 0.0015 g/Nm3) and NH3 content The effectiveness and sustainability of energy recovery in wastewater treatment can be improved using forest industry by-products.
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| 7. |
- Agar, David, et al.
(author)
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Pelleting torrefied biomass at pilot-scale – Quality and implications for co-firing
- 2021
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In: Renewable Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481. ; 178, s. 766-774
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The co-firing of solid biofuels in coal plants is an attractive and fast-track means of cutting emissions but its potential is linked to biomass densification. For torrefied materials this topic is under-represented in literature. This pilot-scale (121–203 kg h−1) pelleting study generated detailed knowledge on the densification of torrefied biomass compared to untreated biomass. Four feedstock with high supply availability (beech, poplar, wheat straw and corn cob) were studied in their untreated and torrefied forms. Systematic methods were used to produce 180 batches of 8 mm dia. pellets using press channel length (PCL) and moisture content (MC) ranges of 30–60 mm and 7.3–16.6% (wet basis) respectively. Analysis showed that moderate degrees of torrefaction (250–280 °C, 20–75 min) strongly affected pelleting behaviour. The highest quality black pellets had a mechanical durability and bulk density range of 87.5–98.7% and 662–697 kg m−3 respectively. Pelleting energy using torrefied feedstock varied from −15 to +53 kWh t−1 from untreated with increases in production fines. Optimal pelleting MC and PCL were reduced significantly for torrefied feedstock and pellet quality was characterised by a decrease in mechanical durability and an increase in bulk density. Energy densities of 11.9–13.2 GJ m−3 (as received) were obtained.
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| 8. |
- Agar, David
(author)
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Pyrolysis of wastewater sludge and composted organic fines from municipal solid waste: laboratory reactor characterisation and product distribution
- 2018
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In: Environmental Science and Pollution Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0944-1344 .- 1614-7499. ; 25, s. 35874-35882
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants and organic fines from mechanical sorting of municipal solid waste (MSW) are two common widespread waste streams that are becoming increasingly difficult to utilise. Changing perceptions of risk in food production has limited the appeal of sludge use on agricultural land, and outlets via landfilling are diminishing rapidly. These factors have led to interest in thermal conversion technologies whose aim is to recover energy and nutrients from waste while reducing health and environmental risks associated with material re-use. Pyrolysis yields three output products: solid char, liquid oils and gas. Their relative distribution depends on process parameters which can be somewhat optimised depending on the end use of product. The potential of pyrolysis for the conversion of wastewater sludge (SS) and organic fines of MSW (OF) to a combustion gas and a carbon-rich char has been investigated. Pyrolysis of SS and OF was done using a laboratory fixed-bed reactor. Herein, the physical characterisation of the reactor is described, and results on pyrolysis yields are presented. Feedstock and chars have been characterised using standard laboratory methods, and the composition of pyrolysis gases was analysed using micro gas chromatography. Product distribution (char/liquid/gas) from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge and composted MSW fines at 700 degrees C for 10min were 45/26/29 and 53/14/33%, respectively. The combustible fractions of pyrolysis gases range from 36 to 54% for SS feedstock and 62 to 72% from OF. The corresponding lower heating value range of sampled gases were 11.8-19.1 and 18.2-21.0MJm(-3), respectively.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Agar, David, et al.
(author)
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Surplus forest biomass - The cost of utilisation through optimised logistics and fuel upgrading in northern Sweden
- 2020
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In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 275
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to achieve a net zero emission economy by 2045, Sweden’s inland biomass resources are under examination. Large amounts of forest biomass in the north of the country are not utilised. In this study, resource mapping of surplus forest biomass, (logging residues, tree stumps and mill by-products) is carried out according to ecological harvesting restrictions to determine the annual potential of this resource. Using a network of terminals, optimised supply chains are used to determine the cost of feedstock supply and upgrading of biomass to value-added torrefied pellets. The results indicate that the total biomass surplus is 5.75 Mt (dry mass), representing a forested procurement area half the size of Sweden (224 500 km2). The surplus represents two per cent of Sweden’s annual energy consumption and 60 % of its coal and coke use. Aggregation of the existing terminal network results in 274 to 1611 kt of biomass (dry mass) supplied to ten terminals. Supply and upgrading costs at the terminals reflect a trade-off between the size of procurement area and the scale of upgrading; a large plant capacity corresponds to a low upgrading cost but a large supply cost and vice versa. The lowest supply cost is 79 € t−1 (dry mass) of feedstock and the upgrading capacity ranges from 86 to 1310 kt (dry mass). Utilisation of the surplus would require an effective energy cost range of 27–37 € MWh−1 exclusive of delivery cost to the end user and operational profits – corresponding to a minimum torrefied pellet price of 131 € t−1. Though much higher than other solid fuels, the energy price is comparable to that of natural gas. The results of this study have importance for legislation supporting EU and Swedish energy policy objectives.
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| 12. |
- Agar, David, et al.
(author)
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The CO2 cutting cost of biogas from humanure and livestock manure
- 2022
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In: Sustainable energy technologies and assessments. - : Elsevier BV. - 2213-1388 .- 2213-1396. ; 53
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The European Union is accelerating its rollout of sustainable energy production and promotion of a circular economy. Electricity from biogas has synergy with energy-policy and rural-development goals yet its economic value is often convoluted. This study assessed the economic potential of biogas electricity using a representative rural case and quantified the cost and level of state support required for viability. The cost of CO2-equivalent emission reductions was determined using the recast Renewable Energy Directive (RED II). The results showed that a feed-in tariff of 0.33 € kWh−1 for green electricity was required for economic feasibility. This yielded a CO2 cutting cost of 251 € t−1. The methane energy potential was 78 467 kWh a−1 from 31 498 kg (dry mass) of substrates, 80% livestock manure and humanure and 20% plant-based. Circular use of the digestate from anaerobic digestion, enabled a nitrogen recovery potential of 1 575 kg a−1. The conclusions reached are that the economic value of the avoided emissions, through the RED II framework, is significant but it does not substantially improve the cost-effectiveness of biogas as an emission-mitigation technology. For biogas plant capacities less than 500 kW, current EU feed-in tariffs do not support economic viability.
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| 13. |
- Currow, David, et al.
(author)
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A pragmatic, phase III, multisite, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-Arm, dose increment randomised trial of regular, low-dose extended-release morphine for chronic breathlessness : Breathlessness, Exertion and Morphine Sulfate (BEAMS) study protocol
- 2017
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In: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 7:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction Chronic breathlessness is highly prevalent and distressing to patients and families. No medication is registered for its symptomatic reduction. The strongest evidence is for regular, low-dose, extended-release (ER) oral morphine. A recent large phase III study suggests the subgroup most likely to benefit have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and modified Medical Research Council breathlessness scores of 3 or 4. This protocol is for an adequately powered, parallel-Arm, placebo-controlled, multisite, factorial, block-randomised study evaluating regular ER morphine for chronic breathlessness in people with COPD. Methods and analysis The primary question is what effect regular ER morphine has on worst breathlessness, measured daily on a 0-10 numerical rating scale. Uniquely, the coprimary outcome will use a FitBit to measure habitual physical activity. Secondary questions include safety and, whether upward titration after initial benefit delivers greater net symptom reduction. Substudies include longitudinal driving simulation, sleep, caregiver, health economic and pharmacogenetic studies. Seventeen centres will recruit 171 participants from respiratory and palliative care. The study has five phases including three randomisation phases to increasing doses of ER morphine. All participants will receive placebo or active laxatives as appropriate. Appropriate statistical analysis of primary and secondary outcomes will be used. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval has been obtained. Results of the study will be submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals, findings presented at relevant conferences and potentially used to inform registration of ER morphine for chronic breathlessness. Trial registration number NCT02720822; Pre-results.
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| 14. |
- Currow, David C., et al.
(author)
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Sertraline in symptomatic chronic breathlessness : a double blind, randomised trial
- 2019
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In: The European respiratory journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 1399-3003 .- 0903-1936. ; 53:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Does sertraline provide symptomatic relief for chronic breathlessness in people with advanced disease whose underlying cause(s) are optimally treated?223 participants with chronic breathlessness (modified Medical Research Council breathlessness scale ≥2) who had optimal treatment of underlying cause(s) were randomised 1:1 to sertraline 25-100 mg (titrated upwards over 9 days) or placebo for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the proportion who had an improvement in intensity of current breathlessness >15% from baseline on a 100-mm visual analogue scale.The proportion of people responding to sertraline was similar to placebo for current breathlessness on days 26-28 (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.71-1.40) and for other measures of breathlessness. Quality of life in the sertraline arm had a higher likelihood of improving than in the placebo arm over the 4 weeks (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.01-0.41; p=0.044). No differences in performance status, anxiety and depression, or survival were observed. Adverse event rates were similar between arms.Sertraline does not appear to provide any benefit over placebo in the symptomatic relief of chronic breathlessness in this patient population.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Currow, David, et al.
(author)
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Regular, sustained-release morphine for chronic breathlessness : A multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial
- 2020
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In: Thorax. - : BMJ. - 0040-6376 .- 1468-3296. ; 75:1, s. 50-56
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction Morphine may decrease the intensity of chronic breathlessness but data from a large randomised controlled trial (RCT) are lacking. This first, large, parallel-group trial aimed to test the efficacy and safety of regular, low-dose, sustained-release (SR) morphine compared with placebo for chronic breathlessness. Methods Multisite (14 inpatient and outpatient cardiorespiratory and palliative care services in Australia), parallel-arm, double-blind RCT. Adults with chronic breathlessness (modified Medical Research Council≥2) were randomised to 20 mg daily oral SR morphine and laxative (intervention) or placebo and placebo laxative (control) for 7 days. Both groups could take ≤6 doses of 2.5 mg, â € as needed', immediate-release morphine (≤15 mg/24 hours) as required by the ethics review board. The primary endpoint was change from baseline in intensity of breathlessness now (0-100 mm visual analogue scale; two times per day diary) between groups. Secondary endpoints included: worst, best and average breathlessness; unpleasantness of breathlessness now, fatigue; quality of life; function; and harms. Results Analysed by intention-to-treat, 284 participants were randomised to morphine (n=145) or placebo (n=139). There was no difference between arms for the primary endpoint (mean difference -0.15 mm (95% CI -4.59 to 4.29; p=0.95)), nor secondary endpoints. The placebo group used more doses of oral morphine solution during the treatment period (mean 8.7 vs 5.8 doses; p=0.001). The morphine group had more constipation and nausea/vomiting. There were no cases of respiratory depression nor obtundation. Conclusion No differences were observed between arms for breathlessness, but the intervention arm used less rescue immediate-release morphine. Trial registration number ACTRN12609000806268.
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| 17. |
- Das, Atanu Kumar, et al.
(author)
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A review on wood powders in 3D printing : processes, properties and potential applications
- 2021
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In: Journal of Materials Research and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2238-7854 .- 2214-0697. ; 15, s. 241-255
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a technology that, for a multitude of raw materials, can be used in the production of complex structures. Many of the materials that currently dominate 3D printing (e.g. titanium, steel, plastics, and concrete) have issues with high costs and environmental sustainability. Wood powder is a widely available and renewable lignocellulosic material that, when used as a fibre component, can reduce the cost of 3D printed products. Wood powder in combination with synthetic or natural binders has potential for producing a wide variety of products and for prototyping. The use of natural binders along with wood powder can then enable more sustainable 3D printed products. However, 3D printing is an emerging technology in many applications and more research is needed. This review aims to provide insight into wood powder as a component in 3D printing, properties of resulting products, and the potential for future applications.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Das, Atanu Kumar, et al.
(author)
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Green Milling of Biomass and Implications for Conversion Processes
- 2021
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In: 2021 PEERS Conference (21PEE04).
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The quality of biomass powders depends on the size reduction technology used to produce them. Attritional mills (e.g. hammer mills) require biomass that is chipped and pre-dried. These processes degrade the green chemical profile of biomass and complicate handling and storage. A multi-blade shaft mill (MBSM) produces fine powders in a single step from green biomass. This enhances utilisation in downstream biorefining processes. Investigations have evaluated the powder quality and the energy requirements of MBSM milling using pinewood at a range of moisture contents. The shape and size properties of powders were analysed using two-dimensional image analysis and surface features investigated by scanning electron microscopy. A higher fraction (55 to 80 %) of finer powders (< 0.5 mm) was observed through multi-blade milling in comparison to hammer milling (41 %). There were also significant differences in particle (MBSM powders produced from green logs) aspect ratios (0.54 to 0.58 vs. 0.36 to 0.43) and specific surface (33 to 56 mm-1 vs. 29 to 38 mm-1). The MBSM specific milling energy ranged from 99 to 232 kWh t−1 (dry mass (DM)). These results are promising for the conversion of biomass powders into value added products (e.g. bio-based chemicals and nanocellulose) and indicate that MBSM technology may have a niche application in biorefining.
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| 21. |
- Das, Atanu Kumar, et al.
(author)
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Investigating the influence of work piece geometry on the specific energy use in size reduction with a multi-blade shaft mill
- 2021
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In: Biosystems Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1537-5110 .- 1537-5129. ; 209, s. 210-215
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated the specific milling energy of rectangular pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) boards using a new size reduction technology, which can produce fine wood powders in a single-step operation. Multilinear regression (MLR) analysis was used to model the milling energy of a multi-blade shaft mill through a designed series of experiments having three input parameters: the moisture content of the board, milling blade speed and board feeding speed. The observed specific milling energy ranged from 60 to 172 kWh t−1 [DM] and the MLR model showed it was proportional to the blade speed and the moisture content. The results suggest that multi-blade shaft milling is a two-dimension extension of singular circular blade milling with regard to work piece shape and sawblade teeth engagement effects. The findings were compared with the specific milling energy of pine logs obtained in a previous study.
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| 22. |
- Das, Atanu Kumar, et al.
(author)
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Multi-blade milling from log to powder in one step : Experimental design and results
- 2021
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In: Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0032-5910 .- 1873-328X. ; 378:A, s. 593-601
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated a new technique for obtaining wood powders from whole logs (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a single-step operation. The performance of a prototype multi-blade shaft mill (MBSM) was evaluated using a designed series of experiments including three input parameters, i.e., the moisture content of the log, milling blade speed and log feeding speed, combined with multilinear regression (MLR) analysis. The milling performance was characterised by specific milling energy, particle size distribution and bulk density of powder. For MBSM powders (80 to 95% particles<1.0 mm), the specific milling energy ranged from 99 to 232 kWh t(-1) DM. The mass per cent of particles <0.5 mm in MBSM powders ranged from 55 to 80% compared to 41% from hammer-milled powders. Powder bulk density varied from 138 to 264 kg m(-3) DM and the moisture content of the milled log was the only significant (p < 0.05) factor affecting the bulk density of resulting powders (dried). MLR models show that the milling energy is inversely proportional to the moisture content, which indicates that moisture influences MBSM milling in a similar way as in the sawing of wood and opposite to that of impact-based mills (i.e. hammer mills).
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| 23. |
- Das, Atanu Kumar, et al.
(author)
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Raw natural rubber latex-based bio-adhesive for the production of particleboard: formulation and optimization of process parameters
- 2021
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In: RSC Advances. - 2046-2069. ; 11, s. 28542 –28549-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, bio-adhesives from natural rubber latex (NRL) were combined with starch and formic acid to fabricate jute stick-based particleboards (JSPs). Different blends of NRL, starch, and formic acid, i.e., 6 : 1 : 1, 2 : 1 : 1, and 2 : 3 : 3, were used to produce particleboards using a pressing temperature of 180 °C and applied pressure of 5 MPa using a 5 min pressing time. The particleboards were tested for physical, mechanical, and thermal properties according to ANSI standards. Based on initial screening, the best formula (NRL/starch/formic acid of 2 : 3 : 3) was used to optimize the temperature and pressing time for the highest board performance. The highest density, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture were 830 g cm−3, 10.51, 2380, and 20.05 N mm−2, respectively. Thermo-gravimetric analysis indicated that thermal decomposition of samples primarily occurred in a temperature range of 265 to 399 °C, indicating good thermal performance. The measured physical and mechanical properties of the produced JSPs fulfilled the production standards. However, fulfilling the water absorption and thickness swelling criteria was a challenge. The results indicate that NRL is a promising alternative binder when blended with starch and formic acid.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Das, Atanu Kumar, et al.
(author)
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Wood powder characteristics of green milling with the multi-blade shaft mill
- 2022
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In: Powder Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0032-5910 .- 1873-328X. ; 407
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The quality of wood powders depends on the size reduction technology used to produce them. The pre-drying, chipping, and conventional (impact and attritional) size reduction steps, commonly employed in industry, act to degrade wood and diminish its full potential as a renewable feedstock. In this study, the effect of using a new green (i.e. freshly harvested) milling technology, the multi-blade shaft mill (MBSM), on wood powder properties was investigated. Particle size distribution (PSD) and shape properties were measured by two-dimensional image analysis and surface area analysis was performed. The results showed that the MBSM can produce much finer powders compared to hammer milling, with particles demonstrating unique morphology and high specific surface area. Green wood milling yielded particles with the highest sphericity (0.64), aspect ratio (0.58), and micropore diameter (4.5 nm). Finer particles with spherical shapes enhanced the bulk density. Moreover, mill settings permit tailor-made powders according to the desired PSD.
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| 26. |
- Ekström, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Effect of Regular, Low-Dose, Extended-release Morphine on Chronic Breathlessness in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease : The BEAMS Randomized Clinical Trial
- 2022
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In: JAMA. - : American Medical Association (AMA). - 0098-7484. ; 328:20, s. 2022-2032
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- IMPORTANCE: Chronic breathlessness is common in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Regular, low-dose, extended-release morphine may relieve breathlessness, but evidence about its efficacy and dosing is needed.OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of different doses of extended-release morphine on worst breathlessness in people with COPD after 1 week of treatment.DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial including people with COPD and chronic breathlessness (defined as a modified Medical Research Council score of 3 to 4) conducted at 20 centers in Australia. People were enrolled between September 1, 2016, and November 20, 2019, and followed up through December 26, 2019.INTERVENTIONS: People were randomized 1:1:1 to 8 mg/d or 16 mg/d of oral extended-release morphine or placebo during week 1. At the start of weeks 2 and 3, people were randomized 1:1 to 8 mg/d of extended-release morphine, which was added to the prior week's dose, or placebo.MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was change in the intensity of worst breathlessness on a numerical rating scale (score range, 0 [none] to 10 [being worst or most intense]) using the mean score at baseline (from days -3 to -1) to the mean score after week 1 of treatment (from days 5 to 7) in the 8 mg/d and 16 mg/d of extended-release morphine groups vs the placebo group. Secondary outcomes included change in daily step count measured using an actigraphy device from baseline (day -1) to the mean step count from week 3 (from days 19 to 21).RESULTS: Among the 160 people randomized, 156 were included in the primary analyses (median age, 72 years [IQR, 67 to 78 years]; 48% were women) and 138 (88%) completed treatment at week 1 (48 in the 8 mg/d of morphine group, 43 in the 16 mg/d of morphine group, and 47 in the placebo group). The change in the intensity of worst breathlessness at week 1 was not significantly different between the 8 mg/d of morphine group and the placebo group (mean difference, -0.3 [95% CI, -0.9 to 0.4]) or between the 16 mg/d of morphine group and the placebo group (mean difference, -0.3 [95%, CI, -1.0 to 0.4]). At week 3, the secondary outcome of change in mean daily step count was not significantly different between the 8 mg/d of morphine group and the placebo group (mean difference, -1453 [95% CI, -3310 to 405]), between the 16 mg/d of morphine group and the placebo group (mean difference, -1312 [95% CI, -3220 to 596]), between the 24 mg/d of morphine group and the placebo group (mean difference, -692 [95% CI, -2553 to 1170]), or between the 32 mg/d of morphine group and the placebo group (mean difference, -1924 [95% CI, -47 699 to 921]).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Among people with COPD and severe chronic breathlessness, daily low-dose, extended-release morphine did not significantly reduce the intensity of worst breathlessness after 1 week of treatment. These findings do not support the use of these doses of extended-release morphine to relieve breathlessness.TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02720822.
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| 27. |
- Ferreira, Diana H., et al.
(author)
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Controlled-Release Oxycodone vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Chronic Breathlessness—A Multisite Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial
- 2020
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In: Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0885-3924. ; 59:3, s. 581-589
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Context: Chronic breathlessness is a clinical syndrome that results in significant distress and disability. Morphine can reduce chronic breathlessness when the contributing etiologies are optimally treated. Objectives: Does oxycodone reduce chronic breathlessness compared with placebo? Methods: A multisite, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-arm, fixed-dose trial of oral controlled-release oxycodone 15 mg (5 mg, eight hourly) or placebo (ACTRN12609000806268 at www.anzctr.org.au). As-needed immediate-release morphine (2.5 mg per dose; six and less doses/day) was available for both arms as required by one ethics committee overseeing the trial. Recruitment occurred from 2010 to 2014 in 14 inpatient and outpatient respiratory, cardiology, and palliative care services across Australia. Participants were adults, with chronic breathlessness (modified Medical Research Council Scale 3 or 4), who were opioid naive. The primary end point was the proportion of people with greater than 15% reduction from baseline in the intensity of breathlessness now (0–100 mm visual analogue scale) comparing arms Days 5–7. Secondary end points were average and worst breathlessness, quality of life, function, and harms. Results: Of 157 participants randomized, 155 were included (74 oxycodone and 81 placebo), but the study did not reach target recruitment. There was difference in neither between groups for the primary outcome (P = 0.489) nor any of the prespecified secondary outcomes. Placebo participants used more as-needed morphine (mean 7.0 vs. 4.2 doses; P ≤ 0.001). Oxycodone participants reported more nausea (P < 0.001). Conclusion: There was no signal of benefit from oxycodone over placebo. Future research should focus on investigating the existence of an opioid class effect on the reduction of chronic breathlessness.
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| 28. |
- Hawkes, Jeffrey A., et al.
(author)
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An international laboratory comparison of dissolved organic matter composition by high resolution mass spectrometry : Are we getting the same answer?
- 2020
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In: Limnology and Oceanography. - : Wiley. - 1541-5856. ; 18:6, s. 235-258
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has become a vital tool for dissolved organic matter (DOM) characterization. The upward trend in HRMS analysis of DOM presents challenges in data comparison and interpretation among laboratories operating instruments with differing performance and user operating conditions. It is therefore essential that the community establishes metric ranges and compositional trends for data comparison with reference samples so that data can be robustly compared among research groups. To this end, four identically prepared DOM samples were each measured by 16 laboratories, using 17 commercially purchased instruments, using positive-ion and negative-ion mode electrospray ionization (ESI) HRMS analyses. The instruments identified similar to 1000 common ions in both negative- and positive-ion modes over a wide range of m/z values and chemical space, as determined by van Krevelen diagrams. Calculated metrics of abundance-weighted average indices (H/C, O/C, aromaticity and m/z) of the commonly detected ions showed that hydrogen saturation and aromaticity were consistent for each reference sample across the instruments, while average mass and oxygenation were more affected by differences in instrument type and settings. In this paper we present 32 metric values for future benchmarking. The metric values were obtained for the four different parameters from four samples in two ionization modes and can be used in future work to evaluate the performance of HRMS instruments.
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| 29. |
- Islam, Md. Nazrul, et al.
(author)
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Multifaceted Laser Applications for Wood : A Review from Properties Analysis to Advanced Products Manufacturing
- 2023
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In: Lasers in Manufacturing and Materials Processing. - : Springer Nature. - 2196-7229 .- 2196-7237. ; 10:2, s. 225-250
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wood is one of the most valuable and abundant renewable materials. Development of wood-based advanced products comprises an important and exciting area of research. In recent times, replacement of traditional technology for the improvement of wood preservation and drying has drawn substantial scientific interest. These technologies are important for improving the functional properties of wood. More accurate and rapid determination of wood properties adds value to the appropriate utilization of wood and its aesthetic value, which plays a significant role in the market. In this regard, lasers are a promising technology in wood science for architectural essence and furniture making to toys and fine crafts. Utilizing this technology ranges from simple incision to development of advanced wood-based products and ensured environmental sustainability. Better elucidation of the working principle and optimisation of lasers in wood science promotes opportunities for the development of industrial wood-based products. This review, critically presents various laser applications that improve wood functionality and have the potential to enhance sustainability of wood-based products and industries.
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| 30. |
- Islam, Md Nazrul, et al.
(author)
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Raw natural rubber latex-based bio-adhesive for the production of particleboard : formulation and optimization of process parameters
- 2021
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In: RSC Advances. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2046-2069. ; 11:46, s. 28542-28549
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, bio-adhesives from natural rubber latex (NRL) were combined with starch and formic acid to fabricate jute stick-based particleboards (JSPs). Different blends of NRL, starch, and formic acid, i.e., 6 : 1 : 1, 2 : 1 : 1, and 2 : 3 : 3, were used to produce particleboards using a pressing temperature of 180 °C and applied pressure of 5 MPa using a 5 min pressing time. The particleboards were tested for physical, mechanical, and thermal properties according to ANSI standards. Based on initial screening, the best formula (NRL/starch/formic acid of 2 : 3 : 3) was used to optimize the temperature and pressing time for the highest board performance. The highest density, tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, and modulus of rupture were 830 g cm−3, 10.51, 2380, and 20.05 N mm−2, respectively. Thermo-gravimetric analysis indicated that thermal decomposition of samples primarily occurred in a temperature range of 265 to 399 °C, indicating good thermal performance. The measured physical and mechanical properties of the produced JSPs fulfilled the production standards. However, fulfilling the water absorption and thickness swelling criteria was a challenge. The results indicate that NRL is a promising alternative binder when blended with starch and formic acid.
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| 31. |
- Johnson, Miriam J., et al.
(author)
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No excess harms from sustained-release morphine : A randomised placebo-controlled trial in chronic breathlessness
- 2020
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In: BMJ Supportive and Palliative Care. - : BMJ. - 2045-435X .- 2045-4368. ; 10:4, s. 421-428
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: We aimed to identify and evaluate: (1) treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE (worse or new since baseline)) and the subgroup of severe TEAEs in a placebo-controlled 7-day randomised trial of regular, low-dose, sustained-release oral morphine for chronic breathlessness and (2) clinical characteristics associated with TEAE. Methods: Safety analysis of trial data. Adults with chronic breathlessness (modified Medical Research Council breathlessness score ≥2) due to heart or lung disease, or cancer, not on regular opioids were eligible. Symptoms associated with opioids (TEAE of special interest) were systematically sought using Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) grading. Other harms could be reported at any time. The relationship between characteristics and presence of ≥1 TEAE of special interest was explored using univariable logistic regression analyses. Results: 1449/5624 (26%) Adverse Events from 279 participants were TEAE of which 150/1449 (10%) were severe (CTCAE grades 3-5). 1086/5624 (75%) were events of special interest of which 41/1086 (4%) were severe. Compared with placebo, morphine was not associated with more TEAE or severe TEAE of special interest (TEAE: OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.21 to 1.38, p=0.20; severe TEAE: OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.27 to 3.41, p=0.95) nor with CTCAE severity grade (χ2=4.39, p=0.50). Among the 26/150 (17%) with severe TEAEs, study withdrawal was more common in the morphine arm (18/26 (69%) morphine arm; 8/26 (30%) placebo arm). None of the severe TEAEs was a respiratory harm. Conclusions: Severe morphine-associated toxicity was uncommon and not associated with study arm. Clinical consequences were minor and self-limiting.
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| 32. |
- Kons, Kalvis, et al.
(author)
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Forecasting Future Procurement Potential of Swedish Forest Biomass Using Forest Inventory Data
- 2023
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In: Croatian Journal Of Forest Engineering. - 1845-5719. ; 44, s. 327-336
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the last 20 years the use of forest biomass for energy production and sawlog and pulpwood production has increased by 68%, 11% and 31% in Sweden. As Sweden is trying to achieve net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2045, the high demand for biomass can also be expected in future. Therefore, a method to project the amount of spatially available biomass assortments for industries was developed. Available amounts of different forest assortments were estimated and visualised in a web-based tool using forest inventory data and nationwide projection analyses of available biomass for 2035–2039. In this interval, the greatest amount of available biomass and roundwood will be in Northern Sweden. Results also indicate that already existing harvesting intensity is very high compared to the available biomass in the future. The industry can expect noticeably more available biomass in the coming 100 year period. With increased competition between large pulp mills and biorefineries, the supply areas can exceed 200 km to satisfy raw material demand. The long distance and high volume supply chain requirements will demand further improvement in transportation solution nationally and cross-border in the Baltic Sea Region.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Larsson, Sylvia, et al.
(author)
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Using the macromolecular composition to predict process settings that give high pellet durability in ring-die biomass pellet production
- 2021
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In: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 283
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study was performed to investigate if the process settings that give high pellet durability can be modelled from the biomass’ macromolecular composition. Process and chemical analysis data was obtained from a previous pilot-scale study of six biomass assortments that by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was confirmed as representative for their biomass types: hardwood, softwood bark, short rotation coppice (SRC), and straw and energy crops. Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Projections to Latent Structures (OPLS) models were created with the content of macromolecules as factors and the die compression ratio and the feedstock moisture content at which the highest pellet durability was obtained as responses. The models for die compression ratio (R2X = 0.90 and Q2 = 0.58) and feedstock moisture content (R2X = 0.87 and Q2 = 0.60), rendered a prediction error for obtained mechanical durability of approximately ±1%-unit, each. Important factors for modelling of the die compression ratio were: soluble lignin (negative), acetyl groups (negative), acetone extractives (positive), and arabinan (positive). For modelling of the feedstock moisture content, Klason lignin (negative), xylan (positive), water-soluble extractives (negative), and mannan (negative), were the most influential. Results obtained in this study indicate that it is possible to predict optimal process conditions in pelletizing based on the macromolecular composition of the raw material. In practice, this would mean a higher raw material flexibility in the pellet factories through drastically reduced risk when introducing new raw materials.
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| 35. |
- Rudolfsson, Magnus, et al.
(author)
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Energy savings through late-steam injection - A new technique for improving wood pellet production
- 2020
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In: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526 .- 1879-1786. ; 254
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wood pellet production has developed into an important global industry. Improving pre-processing operations is vital in keeping the industry competitive as energy and material inputs are reflected in the cost and sustainability of wood pellets as a product. In this study, a new method of steam conditioning in pelleting was evaluated based on semi-industrial experiments and thermodynamics principles. Late-steam injection was compared to conventional steam conditioning in an industrial production scenario of 100,000 tonnes per year using a rotating ring-die pellet mill, the most common mill type used in the industry. The differences in energy use and production cost were determined and the environmental footprint of produced pellets was assessed using the renewable energy directive (RED) framework for biofuels. The results showed that late-steam injection dramatically reduced steam consumption and feedstock drying needs in pelleting and, to a lesser extent, the mill-specific energy use. The economic benefit, based on the industrial production scenario, equated to an annual operational savings of 0.25 MV (3.9 %) which, over a ten-year plant lifetime, had a present value of 1.3 MV. The CO2-equivalent emissions of produced pellets, for co-firing applications, was significantly improved. These findings were specific to rotating ring-die pellet mills so that the potential for retrofitting late-steam injection solutions in existing industrial sites is large. The technology is seen as a means of increasing the competitiveness of global wood pellet production. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 36. |
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