| 1. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
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Influence of noradrenaline denervation on MPTP-induced deficits in mice
- 2006
-
In: Journal of neural transmission. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0300-9564 .- 1435-1463. ; 113:9, s. 1119-1129
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- C57/BL6 mice were administered either DSP4 (50 mg/kg, s.c., 30 min after injection of zimeldine, 20 Cemg/kg, s.c.) or vehicle (saline) at 63 days of age. Three weeks later, one group (n = 10) of DSP4-treated and one group of vehicle-treated mice were administered MPTP (2 x 40 mg/kg, s.c., 24 hours between injections; the High dose groups), one group (n = 10) of DSP4-treated and one group of vehicle-treated mice were administered MPTP (2 x 20 mg/kg, s.c., 24 hours between injections; the Low dose groups), and one group (n = 10) of DSP4-treated and one group of vehicle-treated mice were administered vehicle. Three weeks later, all six groups were tested in motor activity test chambers, followed by injections of L-Dopa (20 mg/kg, s.c.), and then tested over a further 360 min in the activity test chambers. It was found that pretreatment with the selective NA neurotoxin, DSP4, deteriorated markedly the dose-dependent motor activity deficits observed in the vehicle pretreated MPTP treated mice. These 'ultra-deficits' in the spontaneous motor behaviour of MPTP-treated mice were observed over all three parameters: locomotion, rearing and total activity, and were restricted to the 1(st) and 2(nd) 20-min periods. Administration of L-Dopa (20 mg/kg) following the 60-min testing of spontaneous behaviour restored the motor activity of Vehicle + MPTP treated mice (neither the Vehicle + MPTP-Low nor the Vehicle + MPTP-High groups differed from the Vehicle-Vehicle group, here) but failed to do so in the DSP4 pretreated mice. Here, a dose-dependent deficit of L-Dopa-induced motor activity (over all three parameters) was obtained thereby offering further evidence of an 'ultra-deficit' of function due to previous denervation of the NA terminals. The present findings support the notion that severe damage to the locus coeruleus noradrenergic system, through systemic DSP4, disrupts the facilitatory influence on the nigrostriatal DA system, and interferes with the ability of the nigrostriatal pathway to compensate for or recover from marked injury, MPTP treatment.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Adrianson, Lillemor, et al.
(author)
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Cultural influences upon health, affect, self-esteem and impulsiveness : An Indonesian-Swedish comparison
- 2013
-
In: International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology. - : Consortia Academia Publishing. - 2243-7681 .- 2243-769X. ; 2:3, s. 25-44
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study examines several personal attributes that distinguish the personal profiles of individuals, from Indonesian and Swedish cultures, according to self-reports of positive and negative effect, stress and energy, self-esteem, hospital anxiety and depression, dispositional optimism and health. Indonesian participants expressed both more PA and more NA than Swedish participants but less stress and a higher energy-stress quotient than the Swedish participants. Additionally, the former expressed a higher level of optimism and self-esteem, but also more depression, and less impulsiveness than the latter. Younger participants expressed less positive affect and more negative affect and impulsiveness than older participants who expressed both more stress and a higher energy stress quotient. Regression analyses indicated that PA was predicted by optimism and health whereas NA was predicted by anxiety and depression and impulsiveness and counter predicted by health. The present findings are discussed according to the notion of emotional regulation according to which individuals differ in their use of emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal and suppression, and these individual differences have implications for affect, well-being, and social relationships.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Andersson Arntén, Ann-Christine, 1954, et al.
(author)
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The Affective Profile Model in Swedish Police Personnel: Work Climate and Motivation
- 2014
-
In: 26th Association for Psychological Science Annual Convention. San Francisco, California, USA.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- ABSTRACT The study showed that police personnel perceive the work environment depending on their affective profile, these perceptions in turn influence motivation differently for each profile. A positive view on the work environment and intrinsic motivation being related to an affective profile depicted as high positive affect and low negative affect. SUPPORTING SUMMARY Background: The work climate (i.e., employees’ perceptions of how they are treated and managed in their organization) is important when the organizations try to motivate employees to allocate and enhance their efforts into their work. The affective profile model offers something unique over and above the single dimensional framework of affectivity by taking into account how positive (PA) and negative affectivity (NA) interact; these interaction can be used to investigate individual differences in perceptions about the working climate and its influences on motivation. Method: We used the Positive Affect, Negative Affect Schedule to categorize police personnel (N = 595) in four affective profiles: Self-fulfilling (high PA and low NA), low affective (low PA and low NA), high affective (high PA and high NA), and self-destructive (low PA and high NA). Individuals’ perceptions of the work climate were assessed using the Learning Climate Questionnaire which measures seven dimensions: management relations and style, time, autonomy and responsibility, team style, opportunities to develop, guidelines on how to do the job, and contentedness. Finally, we used the Situational Motivation Scale to measure four motivation dimensions: intrinsic motivation, external regulation, identified regulation, and amotivation. Results: Results show that self-fulfilling individuals scored higher on all work climate compared to the other three groups. Regarding motivation, profiles with high PA (self-fulfilling and high affective) scored higher in internal motivation and identified regulation than the profiles with low PA. Self-destructive individuals scored higher in amotivation compared to the other three profiles. Different aspects of the work climate were related to each motivation dimension among affective profiles. Conclusions: These results suggest that individuals may react to the work environment depending on their affective profile. Moreover, how the work environment influences police personnel’s motivation is also a function of the individuals’ distinct affective profile.
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| 7. |
- Andersson Arntén, Ann-Christine, 1954, et al.
(author)
-
The impact of work-related stress on the sexual relation quality of the couple
- 2008
-
In: Sexologies. - 1158-1360. ; 17, Supplement 1:0
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study is part of a research project including stress, coping-strategies, mood, partnership relation quality, and illhealth. Earlier findings tentatively suggest the health-promoting advantages of positive partnership relations in counteracting the illhealth accruing from various types of general stress and the particular stresses of work occupation. In this study two hundred and twelve participants derived from several different occupations, responded to questionnaires based upon self-report instruments including the Subjective Stress Experience Questionnaire, the Stress and Energy Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Job Stress Survey, Partnership Relations Quality Test, and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Gender differences were found in levels of sexual desire and intercourse satisfaction, together with sexual pleasure and more orgasms. The results also indicated that illhealth induced less frequency of caressing, fewer orgasms during intercourse, lower level of intercourse satisfaction and sexual pleasure). Negative affect induced lower levels of intercourse satisfaction and sexual desire. Work related stress induced a lower level of intercourse satisfaction and sexual desire. On the other hand good coping-strategies were related to higher frequency of caressing, intimate communication, intercourse frequency, sexual pleasure, and intercourse satisfaction. Positive affect induced higher level of intercourse satisfaction, sexual pleasure, sexual desire, more orgasms, and greater satisfaction with the sexual life. These results indicate that stress, illhealth, and negative affect impairs a flourishing love life and that coping-strategies and positive affect on the other hand are positive factors for obtaining such a love life.
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| 8. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
affect, motivation, motor, addiction, impulsiveness, distress, exercise
- 2009
-
In: Beyond Neuropsychiatric Diagnotics: Symptoms not Disorders. - Mountain Home, USA. : F.P. Graham Publishing: Mountain Home, USA. ; , s. 477-512
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Cognitive symptoms, considered in conjunction both with their regional brain and biomarkers as well as affective, attributional and neurodevelopmental components, demonstate ever-increasing complexity to facilate conceptualization yet, unavoidably, bedevil diagnosis in neuropsychiatry even before considerations of the enigmatic processes in memory, such as executive function and working memory, are draw into the myriads of equations that await remedial interpretations. Prefrontal and limbic regions of the brain are involved in a diversity of expressions of cognition, normal or dysfunctional, at synaptic, intracellular and molecular levels that mobilise a concatenation of signaling entities. Serotoninergic neurotransission at prefrontal regions directs cogntive-affective entities that mediate decision-making and goal-directed behaviour. Clinical, non-clinical and basic studies challenge attempts to consolidate the multitude of evidence in order to obtain therapeutic notions to alleviate the disordered status of the diagnosed and yet-to-be diagnosed individuals. Locus of control, a concept of some utility in health-seeking procedures, is examined in three self-reort studies from the perspective of a cognitive-emotional situation through observations of ordinary, ‘healthy’ young and middle-aged individuals, to assess the predictors of internal and external locus of control. A notion based on high level executive functioning in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in individuals characterised by internal locus of control is contrasted with a hypofunctional executive DLPFC, characterising individuals that express an external locus of control, is discussed.
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| 9. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Affective personality as cognitive-emotional presymptom profiles regulatory for self-reported health predispositions.
- 2008
-
In: Neurotoxicity research. - 1029-8428. ; 14:1, s. 21-44
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three studies that examined the links between affective personality, as constructed from responses to the Positive Affect (PA) and Negative Affect (NA) Scale (PANAS), and individuals' self-report of self-esteem, intrinsic motivation and Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) depression in high school students and persons in working occupations are described. Self-report estimations of several other neuropsychiatric and psychosocial variables including, the Uppsala Sleep Inventory (USI), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) test, Dispositional optimism, Locus of control, the Subjective Stress Experience test (SSE) and the Stress-Energy (SE) test, were also derived. Marked effects due to affective personality type upon somatic and psychological stress, anxiety and depression, self-esteem, internal and external locus of control, optimism, stress and energy, intrinsic motivation, external regulation, identified regulation, major sleep problems, problems falling asleep, and psychophysiological problems were observed; levels of self-esteem, self-motivation and BDI-depression all produced substantial effects on health and well-being. Regression analyses indicated PA was predicted by dispositional optimism (thrice), energy (thrice), and intrinsic motivation, and counter predicted by depression (twice) and stress (twice); and NA by anxiety (twice), stress (twice), psychological stress, identified regulation, BDI depression and psychophysiological problems, and counter predicted by internal locus of control and self-esteem. BDI-depression was predicted by negative affect, major sleep problems and psychophysiological problems (Study III), self-esteem by dispositional optimism and energy, and counter predicted by anxiety, depression and stress (Study I), and intrinsic motivation by dispositional optimism, energy, PA and self-esteem (Study II). These convergent findings are interpreted from a perspective of the cognitive-emotional expressions underlying behavioural or presymptomatic profiles presenting predispositions for health or ill health.
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| 10. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Affective Profiling to Determine Propensity for Empowerment or Disempowerment: Protective Attributes or Afflictive Proclivities in Depressive States and Well-Being
- 2015
-
In: Clinical and Experimental Psychology. - : OMICS Publishing Group. - 2471-2701. ; 1:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A plethora of studies focusing on a ective personality attributes, positive a ect (PA) and negative a ect (NA), have measured ubiquitously self-reports of the Positive A ect and Negative A ect Schedule (PANAS), forming the basis of prevailing notions regarding health and well-being over di erent ethnical populations, gender and clinical and healthy volunteer populations [1-27]. Invariably, these studies have measured participants’ self-reported feelings of enthusiasm, activity, feelings of duty, control, strong, proud (i.e., PA) linking them to well- being, proneness to frequent exercise and agentic, cooperative, and spiritual behaviors (e.g., self-acceptance, goal-orientations, empathy, helpfulness, seeking support in faith, meaningfulness). In contrast, feelings such as anger, guilt, shame contempt, and distress (i.e., NA) are associated with anxiety, depressiveness, ill-being, rumination, inaction (e.g., low exercise frequency and passive leisure activities such as watching TV) and health problems. ese studies show that PA and NA ought to be viewed as separate entities, despite the temptation to view them as opposite poles on a continuum
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| 11. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Focus upon Aberrant N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Systems
- 2016
-
In: R. M. Kostrzewa & T. Archert (Eds.), Neurotoxin Modeling of Brain Disorders – Life-long Outcomes in Behavioral Teratology, Volume 29 of the series Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences.. - Amsterdam : Springer. - 9783319341347 ; , s. 295-311
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pathophysiology persists in an obscure manner with complex interactions between symptoms, staging, interventions, genes, and environments. Only on the basis of increasing incidence of the disorder, the need for understanding is greater than ever. The notion of an imbalance between central inhibitory/excitatory neurotransmitters is considered to exert an essential role. In this chapter, we first review how the default mode network functions and dysfunction in individuals diagnosed with ADHD. We also present and briefly review some of the animal models used to examine the neurobiological aspects of ADHD. There is much evidence indicating that compounds/interventions that antagonize/block glutamic acid receptors and/or block the glutamate signal during the "brain growth spurt" or in the adult animal may induce functional and biomarker deficits. Additionally, we present evidence suggesting that animals treated with glutamate blockers at the period of the "brain growth spurt" fail to perform the exploratory activity, observed invariably with control mice, that is associated with introduction to a novel environment (the test cages). Later, when the control animals show less locomotor and rearing activity, i.e., interest in the test cages, the MK-801, ketamine and ethanol treated mice showed successively greater levels of locomotion and rearing (interest), i.e., they fail to "habituate" effectively, implying a cognitive dysfunction. These disturbances of glutamate signaling during a critical period of brain development may contribute to the ADHD pathophysiology. As a final addition, we have briefly identified new research venues in the interaction between ADHD, molecular studies, and personality research.
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| 12. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Behavioural supersensitivity following neonatal 6-hydroxydopamine : Attenuation by MK-801
- 2007
-
In: Neurotoxicity research. - 1029-8428 .- 1476-3524. ; 12:2, s. 113-124
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Male rat pups were administered 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA, 75 μg, intracisternally, 30 min after desipramine, 25 mg/kg, s.c.) on Days 1 or 2 after birth, or were sham-operated (receiving vehicle). In four experiments, the acute effects of apomorphine, with or without pretreatment with MK-801 (0.03 mg/kg), upon motor activity in test chambers was measured. Acute treatment with apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) increased locomotor, rearing and total activity markedly compared to both the acute saline administered 6-OHDA rats and the sham-operated rats administered saline. Acute MK-801 (0.03 mg/kg) co-administered shortly before (5 min) apomorphine (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) reduced markedly locomotion and total activity in 6-OHDA-treated and sham-operated rats. Rearing behaviour was increased in both the 6-OHDA groups of rats. Acute MK-801 increased activity in the 6-OHDA-treated rats, which was not observed in sham-operated rats. At the 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg doses of apomorphine, neonatal 6-OHDA treament increased all three parameters of motor activity. Acute treatment with apomorphine (0.1 mg/kg) induced different effects on the motor activity of 6-OHDA-treated and sham-operated mice. In sham-operated rats apomorphine reduced motor activity during the 1st 30-min period but increased locomotion and total activity, but not rearing, during the 2nd and 3rd periods, whereas in 6-OHDA-treated rats, apomorphine increased locomotor, rearing and total activity markedly. Dopamine loss and serotonin elevation in the striatum and olfactory tubercle were confirmed. The present findings confirm the influence of non-competitive glutamate antagonists in attenuating the behavioural supersensitivity to dopamine antagonists.
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| 13. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Clinical staging in the pathophysiology of psychotic and affective disorders: facilitation of prognosis and treatment.
- 2010
-
In: Neurotoxicity research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-3524 .- 1029-8428. ; 18:3-4, s. 211-28
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The prevailing utility, and indeed necessity, of clinical staging models applied in considerations of neuropsychiatric disease progressions is discussed from the perspectives of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and affective disorders, cannabis in schizopsychotic disorder, incidences of affect and psychosis, staging disorders in aging and the indices and prevalence of apathy. There would appear to be a strong current consensus that the pursuit of clinical staging of these and other brain disease states has contributed a systematic conceptual instrument to facilitate the better understanding, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment as derived from a multitude of genetic predispositions, symptoms and syndromes, early-onset and prodromal phases, recurrences and relapses, that have complicated the situation of the patient. Through a staging determination of the disorder, elements of diagnosis will describe the progression of symptoms/syndromes through pre-onset, prodromal, first-episode, recurrences and relapses, and treatment resistance thereby facilitating the eventual prognosis, intervention alternatives and treatment. This approach varies from observations of individuals at early stages of development (infancy, childhood, adolescece) to early middle age, in the case of diseases expressed through the aging processes. Essentially, the major contribution of the staging model may lie in the early identification, diagnosis, and treatments of disorders that afflict the brain and central nervous system.
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| 14. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Cognitive benefits of exercise intervention
- 2016
-
In: Clinica Terapeutica. - 0009-9074 .- 1972-6007. ; 167:6, s. 180-185
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © Società Editrice Universo (SEU).Exercise, as a potent epigenetic regulator, implies the potential to counteract pathophysiological processes and alterations in most cardiovascular/respiratory cells and tissues not withstanding a paucity of understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and doseresponse relationships. In the present account, the assets accruing from physical exercise and its influence upon executive functioning are examined. Under conditions of neuropsychiatric and neurologic ill-health, age-related deterioration of functional and biomarker indicators during healthy and disordered trajectories, neuroimmune and affective unbalance, and epigenetic pressures, exercise offers a large harvest of augmentations in health and well-being. Both animal models and human studies support the premise of manifest gains from regular exercise within several domains, besides cognitive function and mood, notably as the agency of a noninvasive, readily available therapeutic intervention.
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| 15. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Cognitive Symptoms Facilitatory for Diagnoses in Neuropsychiatric Disorders: Executive Functions and Locus of Control
- 2008
-
In: Neurotoxicity Research. ; 14:2,3, s. 205-225
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cognitive symptoms, considered in conjunction both with their regional brain and biomarkers as well as affective, attributional and neurodevelopmental components, demonstate everincreasing complexity to facilate conceptualization yet, unavoidably, bedevil diagnosis in neuropsychiatry even before considerations of the enigmatic processes in memory, such as executive function and working memory, are draw into the myriads of equations that await remedial interpretations. Prefrontal and limbic regions of the brain are involved in a diversity of expressions of cognition, normal or dysfunctional, at synaptic, intracellular and molecular levels that mobilize a concatenation of signaling entities. Serotoninergic neurotransission at prefrontal regions directs cogntive-affective entities that mediate decision-making and goal-directed behaviour. Clinical, non-clinical and basic studies challenge attempts to consolidate the multitude of evidence in order to obtain therapeutic notions to alleviate the disordered status of the diagnosed and yet-to-be diagnosed individuals. Locus of control, a concept of some utility in health-seeking procedures, is examined in three self-report studies from the perspective of a cognitive- emotional situation through observations of ordinary, 'healthy' young and middle-aged individuals, to assess the predictors of internal and external locus of control. A notion based on high level executive functioning in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in individuals characterised by internal locus of control is contrasted with a hypofunctional executive DLPFC, characterising individuals that express an external locus of control, is discussed.
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| 16. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Delayed Exercise-Induced Functional and Neurochemical Partial Restoration Following MPTP
- 2012
-
In: Neurotoxicity research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1029-8428 .- 1476-3524. ; 21:2, s. 210-221
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In two experiments, MPTP was administered to C57/BL6 mice according to a single-dose weekly regime (MPTP: 1 x 30 mg/kg on the fifth day of the week, Friday, over 4 weeks) with vehicle group (Vehicle: 1 x 5 ml/kg) treated concurrently. Exercise schedules (delayed) were introduced either at the beginning of the week after the second MPTP injection (MPTP + Exercise(2) group), or at the beginning of the week after the fourth MPTP injection (MPTP + Exercise(4) group). Wheel-running was provided on the first 4 days of each week (Monday-Thursday) more than 30-min periods. In Experiment I, wheel-running exercise was introduced either after 2 or 4 weeks after MPTP/Vehicle. MPTP and Vehicle groups not provided access to the running wheels were placed in single cages within the wheel-running room over 30-min concomitantly with the wheel-running groups. In Experiment II, wheel-running exercise was introduced 2 weeks after MPTP/Vehicle but a no-exercise control group with non-revolving wheel included (MPTP-Wheel). In both experiments, spontaneous motor activity tests during 60-min intervals were performed at the end (Fridays) of weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10, where the week on which the first injection of MPTP was the first week; in the case of weeks 1-4, this was immediately before MPTP/Vehicle injections. It was observed that the introduction of the exercise schedule after the second MPTP injection, but not after the fourth injection, restored motor activity that had been markedly elevated by the end of the tenth week. Subthreshold administration of l-dopa tests was performed after the spontaneous motor activity tests 6, 8 and 10; these indicated significant effects of exercise, MPTP + Exercise(2) group, on Tests 6 and 8, but not Test 10. The physical exercise schedule in that group also showed markedly attenuated loss of dopamine (DA). Restoration of MPTP-induced motor activity deficits and DA loss was a function of the point at which exercise was introduced, in the present case after two administrations of the neurotoxin. In Experiment II, physical exercise markedly attenuated the hypokinesic effect of MPTP in the exercise condition, MPTP-exercise, but not in the non-exercise conditions, MPTP-Cage and MPTP-Wheel, for both spontaneous motor activity and l-dopa-induced activity. MPTP-induced loss of DA was also attenuated by exercise.
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| 17. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Drug abuse neurotoxicity: alcohol and nicotine as developmental stressors
- 2013
-
In: Handbook of Neurotoxicity. - : Springer. - 9781461458357 ; , s. 2003-2023
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Drugs of abuse have the property of inducing adverse health complications, not least neurotoxicity under conditions where both the environmental conditions and activity states associated with their intake may strongly enhance drug toxicity, thereby causing life-threatening health complications and tragedy for relations and caregivers. While both chronic alcohol and/or nicotine abuse induce a variety of neuropathological effects, including damage to the brain, the extent of damage and disruption observed in the developing brain and CNS is a considerable affliction for the affected individuals. On the basis of laboratory and clinical studies, the potential of chemicals, including therapeutic and abused agents, to induce neurotoxic effects has been assessed, with considerations of abuse drugs neurotoxicity encompassing several factors that may accelerate and complicate prevailing conditions; the type and influence of environmental conditions, the presence of daily habits such as coffee breaks/smoking breaks, nutritional status, and neuroimmune system mobilization. Abuse neurotoxicity at several stages of early development, alcohol neurotoxicity, nicotine neurotoxicity, and combinations of alcohol-nicotine neurotoxicity present a threatening scenario of two compounds, benefitting from legality and availability that nevertheless have such potential for destruction over multiple domains, particularly in the undeveloped brain.
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| 18. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Effect of age upon leadership attributes from recruitment instrument: a selective development trajectory
- 2015
-
In: Clinical and Experimental Psychology. - 2471-2701. ; 1:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This exploratory report presents the contents of a large data-base consisting of psychometric measurement of personality-related attributes of individuals who underwent the recruitment process by completing the JobMatchTalent instrument that was developed from principles of occupational psychology. On the basis of individuals’, who applied for corporate or governmental leadership positions, responses, the correlations between applicants’ age and personal attributes was obtained. Correlational and regression analyses were used to explore differences between younger and older potential executive participants. These indicated that younger leadership applicants enjoyed an advantage with regard to: ”Focus-on-details”, ”Focus-on-order”, ”Own motivation”, ”Concentration”, ”Will-power”, ”Winner-instinct”, ”Visions-for-the-future”, whereas older leadership applicants enjoyed an advantage with regard to: ”Sphere-of-influence”, ”Tolerant attitude” and ”Trust-in-others”. The levels of stress-sensitivity, strategic focus, energy and communication, as expressed by younger and older recruitment applicants seeking executive positions, were comparable. At higher age levels, the leadership candidates expressed less focus on the tasks and less orientation towards their own ambitions but were rather more concerned with developing their staff, building relations and ‘team-spirit’
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| 19. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
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Effects of Exogenous Agents on Brain Development: Stress, Abuse and Therapeutic Compounds.
- 2010
-
In: CNS neuroscience & therapeutics. - : Wiley. - 1755-5949 .- 1755-5930.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- SUMMARY The range of exogenous agents likely to affect, generally detrimentally, the normal development of the brain and central nervous system defies estimation although the amount of accumulated evidence is enormous. The present review is limited to certain types of chemotherapeutic and "use-and-abuse" compounds and environmental agents, exemplified by anesthetic, antiepileptic, sleep-inducing and anxiolytic compounds, nicotine and alcohol, and stress as well as agents of infection; each of these agents have been investigated quite extensively and have been shown to contribute to the etiopathogenesis of serious neuropsychiatric disorders. To greater or lesser extent, all of the exogenous agents discussed in the present treatise have been investigated for their influence upon neurodevelopmental processes during the period of the brain growth spurt and during other phases uptill adulthood, thereby maintaining the notion of critical phases for the outcome of treatment whether prenatal, postnatal, or adolescent. Several of these agents have contributed to the developmental disruptions underlying structural and functional brain abnormalities that are observed in the symptom and biomarker profiles of the schizophrenia spectrum disorders and the fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. In each case, the effects of the exogenous agents upon the status of the affected brain, within defined parameters and conditions, is generally permanent and irreversible.
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| 20. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Effects of physical exercise on depressive symptoms and biomarkers in depression
- 2014
-
In: CNS & Neurological Disorders. - Bussum : Bentham Science Publishers. - 1871-5273 .- 1996-3181. ; 13:10, s. 1640-1653
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Regular physical exercise/activity has been shown repeatedly to promote positive benefits in cognitive, emotional and motor domains concomitant with reductions in distress and negative affect. It exerts a preventative role in anxiety and depressive states and facilitates psychological well-being in both adolescents and adults. Not least, several meta-analyses attest to improvements brought about by exercise. In the present treatise, the beneficial effects of exercise upon cognitive, executive function and working memory, emotional, self-esteem and depressed mood, motivational, anhedonia and psychomotor retardation, and somatic/physical, sleep disturbances and chronic aches and pains, categories of depression are discussed. Concurrently, the amelioration of several biomarkers associated with depressive states: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis homeostasis, anti-neurodegenerative effects, monoamine metabolism regulation and neuroimmune functioning. The notion that physical exercise may function as "scaffolding" that buttresses available network circuits, anti-inflammatory defences and neuroreparative processes, e.g. brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), holds a certain appeal. © 2014 Bentham Science Publishers.
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| 21. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
-
Epigenetic changes induced by exercise
- 2015
-
In: Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome. - : United Scientific Group. - 2475-1405 .- 2379-111X. ; 1:2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Physical exercise offers an epigenetic propensity that holds benefits with several health domains, particularly for children and adolescents. Yet, it is only recently that that regular exercise has begun to be construed as a positive epigenetic mechanism to modify the genome-wide DNA methylation pattern in humans. Epigenetics is emerging a science that examines processes-beyond DNA sequence alteration-producing heritable characteristics with exercise regimes, with or without dietary restrictions, as essential epigenetic interventions. Nevertheless, Exercise and nutrition are synergistic in mitigating disorder states with exercise releasing exosomes that contain miRNAs. Nutrition/vitamins B6 and B12 regulate the metabolism of homocysteine, an epigenetic byproduct of DNA/RNA/protein methylation. This type of development ushers in, amongst other aspects, the fact that DNA methylation induces modification of gene expression without causing any the nucleotide sequence. In the context of health problems associated with obesity, Genotyping on a Romanian sample of 53 subjects (30 obese, 23 normal) showedthat FTO rs9939609 polymorphism has been identified as a common gene variant in the Romanian Caucasian cohort, suggesting a high association with all the parameters of obesity and obesity comorbidities. It was found that an adherence to a Mediterranean diet was beneficial for participants with genetic predisposition for obesity if maintained over a long interval and combined with sustained physical exercise.
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| 22. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Epigenetic Influences on Anxious and Depressive Behaviors: BDNF Links
- 2016
-
In: JSM Anxiety and Depression. - 2475-9139. ; 1:3
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The identification of genetic biomarkers facilitates the staging of brain disorders, their prognosis, choice of treatments and interventions, prediction of response, and prognosis of outcomes over a wide spectrum of symptoms associated with affective states, possibly optimizing clinical practice treatments and procedures. In this regard, epigenetic mechanisms mediate the effects of the environment on human-animal neurodevelopment of behavioral repertoires and imply also that employing the sensitivity of laboratory animals to environmental cues may be applied usefully for the consideration of long-term health and welfare of individuals.
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| 23. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Epigenetics and biomarkers in the staging of neuropsychiatric disorders.
- 2010
-
In: Neurotoxicity research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-3524 .- 1029-8428. ; 18:3-4, s. 347-66
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Epigenetics, or alterations in the phenotype or gene expression due to mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence, reflects the sensitivity and responsiveness of human and animal brains in constantly varying circumstances regulating gene expression profiles that define the biomarkers and present the ultimate phenotypical outcomes, such as cognition and emotion. Epigenetics is associated with functionally relevant alterations to the genome in such a fashion that under the particular conditions of early, adolescent, and adult life, environmental signals may activate intracellular pathways that remodel the "epigenome," triggering changes in gene expression and neural function. Thus, genetic influences in neuropsychiatric disorders that are subject to clinical staging, epigenetics in schizophrenia, epigenetic considerations in the expression of sensorimotor gating resulting from disease conditions, biomarkers of drug use and addiction, current notions on the role of dopamine in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, and the discrete interactions of biomarkers in persistent memory were to greater or lesser extents reflected upon. The relative contributions of endophenotypes and epistasis for mediating epigenetic phenomena and the outcomes as observed in the analysis of biomarkers appear to offer a multitude of interactive combinations to further complicate the labyrinthine machinations of diagnosis, intervention, and prognosis.
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| 24. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Epigenetics in Developmental Disorder: ADHD and Endophenotypes.
- 2011
-
In: Journal of genetic syndrome & gene therapy. - 2157-7412. ; 2:104
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with complex interactive operations of genetic and environmental factors, is expressed in a variety of disorder manifestations: severity, co-morbidities of symptoms, and the effects of genes on phenotypes. Neurodevelopmental influences of genomic imprinting have set the stage for the structural-physiological variations that modulate the cognitive, affective, and pathophysiological domains of ADHD. The relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors provide rapidly proliferating insights into the developmental trajectory of the condition, both structurally and functionally. Parent-of-origin effects seem to support the notion that genetic risks for disease process debut often interact with the social environment, i.e., the parental environment in infants and young children. The notion of endophenotypes, markers of an underlying liability to the disorder, may facilitate detection of genetic risks relative to a complex clinical disorder. Simple genetic association has proven insufficient to explain the spectrum of ADHD. At a primary level of analysis, the consideration of epigenetic regulation of brain signalling mechanisms, dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline is examined. Neurotrophic factors that participate in the neurogenesis, survival, and functional maintenance of brain systems, are involved in neuroplasticity alterations underlying brain disorders, and are implicated in the genetic predisposition to ADHD, but not obviously, nor in a simple or straightforward fashion. In the context of intervention, genetic linkage studies of ADHD pharmacological intervention have demonstrated that associations have fitted the "drug response phenotype," rather than the disorder diagnosis. Despite conflicting evidence for the existence, or not, of genetic associations between disorder diagnosis and genes regulating the structure and function of neurotransmitters and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), associations between symptoms-profiles endophenotypes and single nucleotide polymorphisms appear reassuring.
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| 25. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Epigenetics in neuropsychiatry
- 2011
-
In: Omics : Biomedical Perspectives and Applications / edited by Debmalya Barh, Kenneth Blum, Margaret A. Madigan. - : CRC Press. - 9781439850084 ; , s. 511-532
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The notion of epigenetics offers a putative interface between genetic and environmental factors that interact to provide the phenotypic. The impact of the environment on gene expression (epigenetics) and the convergence of genes and environment along common biological pathways induce greater effects than either those of genes or environment in isolation. Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, i.e. the survival of epigenetic modifications over generations, provides a process through maternal nurturing behavior may affect the development and health of the offspring. Epigenetic operations regulate depressive disorders and schizophrenia spectrum disorders as well as interventional strategies. The present account examines epigenetic influences to inherited characteristics subjected to conditions of prenatal or early-life adversity that produce the eventual expressions of these disorders, and such developmental disorders as Prader-Willi syndrome. The essential role of nutrition is central: epigenetic regulation encompasses alterations of genetic material that do not affect the DNA nucleotide sequence, but rather include DNA methylation patterns, chromatin structure, histone codes, and noncoding small RNAs. Influences such as epigenetic interactions on DNA damage response and DNA repair may yet provide insights facilitating diagnosis and understanding of progression and intervention
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| 26. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
-
Exercise alleviates Autism Spectrum Disorder deficits
- 2015
-
In: Autism Open Access. - 2165-7890. ; 5:2
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Amongst other behavioral deficits, children afflicted with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) present an array of motor skill impairments. These deficits include problems the planning and performance of goal-directed behaviors. Aspects of motor planning ability in ASD-diagnosed children (aged 5-13 years) through application of a method consisting of fine and gross motor tasks and postural components through altering sensory input have been studied. It has been observed that ASD children expressed greater variability in hand selection during the “dial-turning task” and a tendency to plan movements that were not in accordance with ‘end-state comfort’. These children displayed a reduced ability to imitate movements correctly, presented lower scores for both the drawing and stickler tasks, and required longer time to ‘bead the bracelet’ than the comparison control group. The notion of end-state comfort refers to planning movements that allow individuals to attain comfort at task completion despite an initial phase of nocomfort/ discomfort. In children presenting normal development, a near completion of end-state performance is reached by 10 years-of-age.
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| 27. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Exercise Alleviates Parkinsonism: Clinical and Laboratory Evidence
- 2010
-
In: Acta Neurol Scand.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present review examines the putative benefits for individuals afflicted with Parkinsonism, whether in the clinical setting or in the animal laboratory, accruing from different exercise regimes. The tendency for patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) to express either normal or reduced exercise capacity appears regulated by factors such as fatigue, quality-of-life and disorder severity. The associations between physical exercise and risk for PD, the effects of exercise on idiopathic Parkinsonism and quality-of-life, the effects of exercise on animal laboratory models of Parkinsonism and dopamine (DA) loss following neurotoxic insults, and the effects of exercise on the DA precursor, L-Dopa, efficacy are examined. It would appear to be case that in view of the particular responsiveness of the dopaminergic neurons to exercise, the principle of “use it or lose” may be of special applicability among PD patients.
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| 28. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Exercise and Dietary Restriction for Promotion of Neurohealth Benefits
- 2015
-
In: Health. - : Scientific Research Publishing, Inc.. - 1949-4998 .- 1949-5005. ; 7:1, s. 136-152
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Physical exercise, whether of aerobic, endurance or resistance types, plays a central role in estab-lishing and maintaining the integrity of the brain and central nervous system (CNS). When exer-cise is adhered to in conjunction with selective food/drink intake and dietary restriction it pro-motes neurohealth. In this article, we review the interactions of age and gender, as well as insulin and diabetes, with exercise, individuals’ cognitive-affective status and its interactions with exer-cise propensity. All of which modulate the eventual outcomes of the influence of exercise upon parameters of neurohealth. The combination of exercise with dietary restriction provides nu-merous factors pertaining to psychological, neurochemical and anti-pathological manifestations of neurophysiological resilience even through aging. The challenge evoked by the exercise-diet com-bination in the body mobilizes a multitude of adaptive cellular stress-response signaling pathways in neurons involving neurotrophic factors, anti-inflammatory cytokines, DNA-repair proteins, macroautophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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| 29. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Exercise and nutritional benefits in PD: Rodent models and clinical settings
- 2016
-
In: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1866-3370. ; 29, s. 333-351
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Physical exercise offers a highly effective health-endowering activity as has been evidence using rodent models of Parkinson’s disease (PD). It is a particularly useful intervention in individuals employed in sedentary occupations or afflicted by a neurodegenerative disorder, such as PD. The several links between exercise and quality-of-life, disorder progression and staging, risk factors and symptoms-biomarkers in PD all endower a promise for improved prognosis. Nutrition provides a strong determinant for disorder vulnerability and prognosis with fish oils and vegetables with a mediterranean diet offering both protection and resistance. Three factors determining the effects of exercise on disorder severity of patients may be presented: (i) Exercise effects upon motor impairment, gait, posture and balance, (ii) Exercise reduction of oxidative stress, stimulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and up-regulation of autophagy, and (iii) Exercise stimulation of dopamine (DA) neurochemistry and trophic factors. Running-wheel performance, as measured by distance run by individual mice from different treatment groups, was related to DA-integrity, indexed by striatal DA levels. Finally, both nutrition and exercise may facilitate positive epigenetic outcomes, such as lowering the dosage of L-Dopa required for a therapeutic effect. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
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| 30. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
-
Exercise as therapy: health and well-being
- 2015
-
In: Journal of Intellectual Disability - Diagnosis and Treatment. - 2292-2598. ; 3:2, s. 76-81
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Physical exercise, in several guises, improves health and delivers a multitude of benefits for the aging brain and body, not least by delaying the aging process, but also by, its “scaffolding effect”, buttressing the physiological processes vulnerable to that level of credibility. The present account is based upon a systematic survey of published studies outlining the benefits of physical exercise an intervention to improve diverse health aspects, with the key-words “Physical exercise and Health” among all biomedical sources. Under conditions of neuropsychiatric and neurologic illhealth, child-adolescent maturation during healthy and illness developmental trajectories, neuroimmune and affective unbalance, and epigenetic pressures, exercise offers a large harvest of augmentations in health and well-being. Both animal models and human studies support the premise of manifest gains from regular exercise within several domains, besides cognitive function and mood, notably as the agency of a noninvasive, readily available therapeutic intervention.
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| 31. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Exercise for Neurodegeneration-Related Disorders
- 2016
-
In: Journal of Cronic Diseases and Management. - 2573-1300. ; 1:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Neurodenerative processes associated with ageing or retarded normal neurodevelopment compromise several domains of health, well-being and the functional capacity of individuals, particularly those of advanced age. Physical exercise has provided a plethora of improvements in functional capacity, neurocognitive ability, neuroaffective status and brain plasticity. Despite all these achievements, further effort requires to be invested in order to challenge one current conviction that there exist no effective treatments, or even a paucity, of intervention, e.g. exercise, available to retard or hinder or reverse the Neurodegeneration processes afflicting the diseased brain.
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| 32. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Exercise Improves Physical Health and Symptom Profiles in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
- 2016
-
In: JSM Schizophrenia. ; 1:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Physical exercise intervention programs have been found to ameliorate the deficits expressed within daily behavioral, symptom-profile, affective status, neurocognitive and brain structural and functional domains in addition to improvements in quality-of- life, adherence to training schedules, physical health and well-being in schizophrenia spectrum disorder, despite the genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic background of disorder characterization. Neurotoxicological/neurodegenerative processes, such as immunoexcitotoxicity and apoptosis that contributory to the disorders’ etiopathogenesis, reduction of telomerase activity and telomeric shortening and loss of neuronal integrity are mitigated or alleviated by exercise and motor activity schedules. Several aspects of the disorder, structural and functional appear to be ‘buttressed’ through the applications of exercise paradigms whether endurance or resistance, dependent on intensity, duration and frequency.
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| 33. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Exercise in Anorexia Nervosa: Complexity of Pathology and Health
- 2016
-
In: Clinical and Experimental Psychology. - 2471-2701. ; 2:3
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Anorexia nervosa (AN) condition presents a serious and potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by episodes of self-starvation and excessive weight loss that may be accompanied by excessive exercise. The notion that the condition offers a dysfunctional system of individuals’ self-evaluation of self-worth, where self-worth as determined from perceived body shape and weight and the degree to which they consider themselves to be in control of their own shape and weight.
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| 34. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
-
Exercise Influences in Depressive Disorders: Symptoms, Biomarkers and Telomeres
- 2015
-
In: Clinical Depression. - : OMICS Publishing Group. - 2572-0791. ; 1:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The exact mechanisms concerning how exercise affects the brain, under conditions of health or disorder, are not fully understood and the literature lacks a sufficiency of well-designed studies concerning the effects of exercise training on depressive disorders. Nevertheless, the observed antidepressant actions of exercise are strong enough to warrant its application as a viable alternative to current medications in the treatment of depressive disorders. The beneficial effects of exercise upon cognitive, executive function and working memory, emotional, self-esteem and depressed mood, motivational, anhedonia and psychomotor retardation, and somatic/physical, sleep disturbances and chronic aches and pains, categories of depression are discussed. The ameliorative effects of physical exercise upon several biomarkers associated with depressive states: hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis homeostasis, anti-neurodegenerative effects, monoamine metabolism regulation and neuro-immune functioning have been outlined. The notion that physical exercise may function as “scaffolding” that buttresses available network circuits, anti-inflammatory defences and neuroreparative processes, e.g. brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), holds a certain appeal. In older adults, it has been observed that exercise was associated with significantly lower levels of depressive symptom severity. An activity program based on “nordic walking”, i.e. using staves, was shown to induce a positive effect on depressive symptoms and sleeping disorders in elderly patients, suggesting that Nordic walking based exercise programs should be developed for the elderly who suffer from depression or a sleeping disorder.
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| 35. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Exercise Influences upon Stress-Resilience and Resilient Health
- 2016
-
In: Journal of Neuropsychology & Stress Management. ; 1:1: 100101
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Regular physical exercise prevents tissue and cellular senescence with active individuals at lower risk for malignancies such as cancer of the colon and prostate, osteoporosis, depression and anxiety, diabetes and pre- diabetic individuals, and neurodegenerative disorders.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Factors governing personal health and development: stress (distress) and empowerment : I fattori che regolano la salute personale e lo sviluppo: Stress (distress) e potenziamento
- 2014
-
In: Panminerva Medica. - 0031-0808. ; 56:1 suppl. 1, s. 101-107
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Individuals express personal attributes that render them vulnerable to stress to greater or lesser extent. According to how we deal with all the events, incidents and interactions upon our daily lives, whether Monday to Friday working days or the weekends with expected rest, the progression of our life cycles develop, in some cases towards relative life satisfaction, psychological well-being and health but sadly in others towards dissatisfaction, a lack of psychological well-being and ill-health. Stress and distress may exert adaptive or maladaptive influences. Psychosocial stress, physiological stress, stress-inducing immunosenescence, or oxidative forms of stress are generally associated with detrimental effects upon personal health and development. Nevertheless, the adaptive aspect of stress ought not to be neglected since the capacity and ability to cope with stress, develop one’s own personal resources to accommodate coping strategies, hardiness and resilience all provide stages to elevate an individual’s developmental trajectory. Education, self-learning and an optimal life-style based upon healthy attachment to self all endower us with personal empowerment which is further reinforced when we facilitate the empowerment of others as evidence of our attachment to them. The related, yet distinctive, qualities, dignitas and auctoritas, capture the requirement of empowerment in self-fulfilling personal profiles. An individual with dignitas has acquired accomplishments, personal habits and a special ‘aura’ that invariably commands respect whether this person is a gardener or a general whereas auctoritas is conferred, rather than acquired, in the hope that this person will empower both others and himself/herself. One measure of success, perhaps the most important, is offered by the degree to which we empower our own personal health and development, and the extent to which we facilitate that of others.
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| 38. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
-
Free Will: Responsibility and Cooperation are Constrained, not Determined
- 2013
-
In: . 30th International Congress on Law and Mental Health. Amsterdam, Holland..
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The heterogeneous, chronic, and seemingly proliferating nature of ADHD and related comorbid conditions covers heritability, cognitive-emotional, and motor and everyday behaviour domains with a highly complex etiopathogenesis, a problematic pharmacogenetic reality with regard to personalized medication and an uncertain interventional outcome. Some manner of disruption of “typical developmental trajectory” in the manifestation of gene-environment interactive predisposition has provided a situation in which children, adolescents, and young adults express deficits in the achievement of academic performance, occupational enterprises, and interpersonal relationships, despite major therapeutic intervention. The major symptoms of hyperactivity, problems with concentration/selective attention, and lack of impulse control may present themselves in maladaptive, inappropriate, or even criminal behaviours. Physical exercise provides a wide range of beneficial effects against stress, anxiety and anxiety sensitivity, depressive symptoms, negative affect and behaviour, poor impulse control, and compulsive behaviours concomitant with improved executive functioning, working memory, and positive affect, in conjunction with improved conditions for relative and care givers. Several biomarkers, prominently Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and dopamine, are increased markedly by regular physical exercise involving a degree of physical effort. Functional, regional biomarker deficits and HPA axis dysregulation have been alleviated by regular and carefully planned and applied physical exercise programs.
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| 39. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Functional and structural MRI studies on impulsiveness: Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorders
- 2012
-
In: Neuroimaging – Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience/ Edited by Peter Bright. - : InTech. - 9789535106067 ; , s. 205-228
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Impulsive behavior is characterized a tendency to initiate behavior without sufficient/adequate consideration of consequences. It typically refers to ill-conceived, premature or inappropriate behavior that may be self-destructive or harmful to other individuals. Pathological impulsiveness is associated with impaired performance on neuropsychological tests of attention and executive function and with neuroimaging evidence for structural and/or functional correlates, particular in frontal lobe regions. Impulsive behavior is a major component of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, ADHD, substance abuse, bipolar disorder, and borderline and antisocial personality disorders. The notion of impulsiveness incorporates a multidimensional construct consisting of a range of inter-related factors including novelty-seeking and reckless behavior, lack of planning ability and self-control whereby mechanistic relations evolve from its role in initiating action. The construct incorporates motor impulsiveness, inability to tolerate delays, lack of planning and an incapacity for self-control. Impulsiveness, with or without aggressiveness, has been associated with a range of personality disorders and other psychopathologies, with impulse control difficulties often of primary diagnostic importance. the notions of aberrant reward learning, dysregulated response inhibition and pathological hypersensitivity to temporal delays in reinforcement form the essential behavioural endophenotype of impulsiveness that is witnessed in ADHD and BPD, as well as in compulsive gambling, addictive disorders and dopamine dysregulation syndrome. Developmental trajectories of impulsive behaviors and the damaging effects of early-life trauma on brain development bear essential outcome-expectancies for eventual understanding of etiopathogenesis. Structural and functional resonance imaging has served to provide a point of convergence for the resolution of neurobehavioural, epigenetic and neurodevelopmental factors.
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| 40. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Functional consequences of iron overload in catecholaminergic interactions: the Youdim factor
- 2007
-
In: Neurochemical Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0364-3190 .- 1573-6903. ; 32:10, s. 1625-1639
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The influence of postnatal iron overload upon implications of the functional and interactive role of dopaminergic and noradrenergic pathways that contribute to the expressions of movement disorder and psychotic behaviours in mice was studied in a series of experiments. (1) Postnatal iron overload at doses of 7.5 mg/kg (administered on Days 10–12 post partum) and above, invariably induced a behavioural syndrome consisting of an initial (1st 20–40 min of a 60-min test session) hypoactivity followed by a later (final 20 min of a 60-min test session) hyperactivity, when the mice were tested at adult ages (age 60 days or more). (2) Following postnatal iron overload, subchronic treatment with the neuroleptic compounds, clozapine and haloperidol, dose-dependently reversed the initial hypoactivity and later hyperactivity induced by the metal. Furthermore, DA D2 receptor supersensitivity (as assessed using the apomorphine-induced behaviour test) was directly and positively correlated with iron concentrations in the basal ganglia. (3) Brain noradrenaline (NA) denervation, using the selective NA neurotoxin, DSP4, prior to administration of the selective DA neurotoxin, MPTP, exacerbated both the functional (hypokinesia) and neurochemical (DA depletion) effects of the latter neurotoxin. Treatment with L-Dopa restored motor activity only in the animals that had not undergone NA denervation. These findings suggest an essential neonatal iron overload, termed “the Youdim factor”, directing a DA–NA interactive component in co-morbid disorders of nigrostriatal-limbic brain regions.
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| 41. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Fusion models and “Fusioning” in Parkinsonism: Protection and Restoration by exercise.
- 2014
-
In: Kostrzewa R.M. (ed). Handbook of Neurotoxicity. - New York : Springer. - 9781461458357 ; , s. 2047-2063
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Fusion models, or the “fusioning” of models, of Parkinson’s disease (PD) to attain the sufficiency of disorder etiopathogenesis have spurred the development of laboratory models incorporating neurotoxin treatments in combination with genetic manipulations of animals studied. The present review describes fusion from two directions: (i) through the fusioning of neurotoxin and genetic models, and, It was observed that wheel-running exercise (four 30-min sessions/week) attenuated the motor deficits, both assessed as distance run in the running wheels and as locomotor, rearing and total activity counts in the motor activity test chambers, and the dopamine (DA) loss induced by the DA neurotoxin, MPTP compared with the no exercise MPTP group (one 30-min session/week).
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Influence of Physical Exercise on Neuroimmunological Functioning and Health : Aging and Stress
- 2011
-
In: Neurotoxicity research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1029-8428 .- 1476-3524. ; 20:1, s. 69-83
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Chronic and acute stress, with associated pathophysiology, are implicated in a variety of disease states, with neuroimmunological dysregulation and inflammation as major hazards to health and functional sufficiency. Psychosocial stress and negative affect are linked to elevations in several inflammatory biomarkers. Immunosenescence, the deterioration of immune competence observed in the aged aspect of the life span, linked to a dramatic rise in morbidity and susceptibility to diseases with fatal outcomes, alters neuroimmunological function and is particularly marked in the neurodegenerative disorders, e.g., Parkinson's disease and diabetes. Physical exercise diminishes inflammation and elevates agents and factors involved in immunomodulatory function. Both the alleviatory effects of life-long physical activity upon multiple cancer forms and the palliative effects of physical activity for individuals afflicted by cancer offer advantages in health intervention. Chronic conditions of stress and affective dysregulation are associated with neuroimmunological insufficiency and inflammation, contributing to health risk and mortality. Physical exercise regimes have induced manifest anti-inflammatory benefits, mediated possibly by brain-derived neurotrophic factor. The epidemic proportions of metabolic disorders, obesity, and diabetes demand attention; several variants of exercise regimes have been found repeatedly to induce both prevention and improvement under both laboratory and clinical conditions. Physical exercise offers a unique non-pharmacologic intervention incorporating multiple activity regimes, e.g., endurance versus resistance exercise that may be adapted to conform to the particular demands of diagnosis, intervention and prognosis inherent to the staging of autoimmune disorders and related conditions.
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| 44. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
-
Influence of Physical Exercise on Traumatic Brain Injury Deficits: Scaffolding Effect.
- 2012
-
In: Neurotoxicity research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-3524 .- 1029-8428. ; 21:4, s. 418-434
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be due to a bump, blow, or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts normal brain function; it presents an ever-growing, serious public health problem that causes a considerable number of fatalities and cases of permanent disability annually. Physical exercise restores the healthy homeostatic regulation of stress, affect and the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Physical activity attenuates or reverses the performance deficits observed in neurocognitive tasks. It induces anti-apoptotic effects and buttresses blood-brain barrier intactness. Exercise offers a unique non-pharmacologic, non-invasive intervention that incorporates different regimes, whether dynamic or static, endurance, or resistance. Exercise intervention protects against vascular risk factors that include hypertension, diabetes, cellular inflammation, and aortic rigidity. It induces direct changes in cerebrovasculature that produce beneficial changes in cerebral blood flow, angiogenesis and vascular disease improvement. The improvements induced by physical exercise regimes in brain plasticity and neurocognitive performance are evident both in healthy individuals and in those afflicted by TBI. The overlap and inter-relations between TBI effects on brain and cognition as related to physical exercise and cognition may provide lasting therapeutic benefits for recovery from TBI. It seems likely that some modification of the notion of scaffolding would postulate that physical exercise reinforces the adaptive processes of the brain that has undergone TBI thereby facilitating the development of existing networks, albeit possibly less efficient, that compensate for those lost through damage.
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| 45. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Internet-video Gaming: Symptoms, Epidemiology, Neurophysiology and Interventional Aspects.
- 2017
-
In: Journal of Child and Adolescent Behavior. - : OMICS Publishing Group. - 2375-4494. ; 5:3
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Excessive perseverance with video-internet game usage, or alternatively Internet Gaming Disorder, presents a condition that, despite the potential utility of the underlying technology, augurs an assemblage of poor health and well-being, psychiatric liability and psychosocial perturbation with concomitant regional brain disturbance accompanied by incremental and inexorable prerequisites for appropriate interventions and eventual prevention. The tendency within the pathological expressions of disorder is for vulnerability to reside among the young, e.g., adolescents, rather than the older adults, over gender. Symptom-profiles of the condition incorporate varied, allconsuming and protracted problems ranging from cognitive-affective dysfunctions to biopsychological abnormalities such as sleep disturbances and fatigue. Escalating prevalence and epidemiological entanglement describe a putative framework of loneliness, introversion, neuroticism and impulsivity interspersed with expressions of depression, anxiety, sensation seeking, anger, a singular lack of assertiveness and the hazardous indications of ADHD propensity. Neurophysiological, brain regional and biomarker modifications underlying disorder pathophysiology appear more-or-less attuned to the symptomatic expressions of both diagnosed patients and those found to use excessive gaming, unconstrained from age-level: child, adolescent or young adult. Interventional strategies have centered upon the distinction of individual symptom-profiles, the description of withdrawal symptoms and related tolerance and the administration of coping strategies and resourceful behaviors, as for example implied by the “Craving Behavioral intervention”.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
-
Neurodegeneration in schizophrenia.
- 2010
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In: Expert review of neurotherapeutics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-8360 .- 1473-7175. ; 10:7, s. 1131-41
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The neurodegenerative aspect of schizophrenia presupposes gene-environmental interactions involving chromosomal abnormalities and obstetric/perinatal complications that culminate in predispositions that impart a particular vulnerability for drastic and unpredictable precipitating factors, such as stress or chemical agents. The notion of a neurodevelopmental progression to the disease state implies that early developmental insults, with neurodegenerative proclivities, evolve into structural brain abnormalities involving specific regional circuits and neurohumoral agents. This neurophysiological orchestration is expressed in the dysfunctionality observed in premorbid signs and symptoms arising in the eventual diagnosis, as well as the neurobehavioral deficits reported from animal models of the disorder. The relative contributions of perinatal insults, neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion, prenatal methylazoxymethanol acetate and early traumatic experience, as well as epigenetic contributions, are discussed from a neurodegenerative view of the essential neuropathology. It is implied that these considerations of factors that exert disruptive influences upon brain development, or normal aging, operationalize the central hub of developmental neuropathology around which the disease process may gain momentum. Nonetheless, the status of neurodegeneration in schizophrenia is somewhat tenuous and it is possible that brain imaging studies on animal models of the disorder, which may describe progressive alterations to cortical, limbic and ventricular structures similar to those of schizophrenic patients, are necessary to resolve the issue.
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| 48. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
-
Neurodegenerative Aspects in Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
- 2014
-
In: Neurotoxicity Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1029-8428 .- 1476-3524. ; 26:4, s. 400-413
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The neurodegenerative and neurotoxic aspects of schizophrenia and/or psychosis involve genetic, epigenetic, and neurotoxic propensities that impinge upon both the symptom domains and the biomarkers of the disorder, involving cellular apoptosis/excitotoxicity, increased reactive oxygen species formation, viral and bacterial infections, anoxic birth injury, maternal starvation, drugs of abuse, particularly cannabis, metabolic accidents, and other chemical agents that disrupt normal brain development or the integrity of brain tissues. Evidence for premorbid and prodromal psychotic phases, aspects of neuroimaging, dopamine, and psychosis vulnerability, and perinatal aspects provide substance for neurodegenerative influences. Not least, the agencies of antipsychotic contribute to the destructive spiral that disrupts normal structure and function. The etiopathogenesis of psychosis is distinguished also by disruptions of the normal functioning of the neurotrophins, in particular brain-derived neurotrophic factor, dyskinesic aspects, immune system disturbances, and metabolic aspects. Whether detrimental to neurodevelopment or tissue-destructive, or an acceleration of neurotoxic pathways, the notion of neurodegeneration in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders continues to gather momentum.
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| 49. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949, et al.
(author)
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Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry.
- 2012
-
In: Journal of genetic syndrome & gene therapy. - : OMICS Publishing Group. - 2157-7412. ; 3:3
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Adverse, unfavourable life conditions, particularly during early life stages and infancy, can lead to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in stress-response, behavioral disinhibition, and cognitive-emotional systems. Over time, the ultimate final outcome can be expressed through behaviors bedeviled by problems with impulse control, such as eating disorders, alcoholism, and indiscriminate social behavior. While many reward gene polymorphisms are involved in impulsive behaviors, a polymorphism by itself may not translate to the development of a particular behavioral disorder unless it is impacted by epigenetic effects. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) affects the development and integrity of the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems, and plasma levels of the neurotrophin are associated with both cognitive and aggressive impulsiveness. Epigenetic mechanisms associated with a multitude of environmental factors, including premature birth, low birth weight, prenatal tobacco exposure, non-intact family, young maternal age at birth of the target child, paternal history of antisocial behavior, and maternal depression, alter the developmental trajectories for several neuropsychiatric disorders. These mechanisms affect brain development and integrity at several levels that determine structure and function in resolving the final behavioral expressions.
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| 50. |
- Archer, Trevor, 1949
(author)
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Noradrenergic-dopaminergic interactions due to DSP-4-MPTP neurotoxin treatments: Iron connection
- 2016
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In: Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 1866-3370. ; 29, s. 73-86
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The investigations of noradrenergic lesions and dopaminergic lesions have established particular profiles of functional deficits and accompanying alterations of biomarkers in brain regions and circuits. In the present account, the focus of these lesions is directed toward the effects upon dopaminergic neurotransmission and expression that are associated with the movement disorders and psychosis-like behavior. In this context, it was established that noradrenergic denervation, through administration of the selective noradrenaline (NA) neurotoxin, DSP-4, should be performed prior to the depletion of dopamine (DA) with the selective neurotoxin, MPTP. Employing this regime, it was shown that (i) following DSP-4 (50 mg/kg) pretreatment of C57/Bl6 mice, both the functional and neurochemical (DA loss) effects of MPTP (2 × 20 and 2 × 40 mg/kg) were markedly exacerbated, and (ii) following postnatal iron (Fe2+, 7.5 mg/kg, on postnatal days 19-12), pretreatment with DSP-4 followed by the lower 2 × 20 mg/kg MPTP dose induced even greater losses of motor behavior and striatal DA. As yet, the combination of NA-DA depletions, and even more so Fe2+-NA-DA depletion, has been considered to present a movement disorder aspect although studies exploring cognitive domains are lacking. With intrusion of iron overload into this formula, the likelihood of neuropsychiatric disorder, as well, unfolds. © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015.
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