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1.	Karlsson, Sandra, 1982- (author) Children's lived rights : The everyday politics of asylum-seeking children 2021 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis explores asylum-seeking children’s everyday politics in relation to their situation in the Swedish reception system. It engages in a theorization of children’s political agency in which a broad definition of politics is adopted to examine and acknowledge the politics embedded in children’s everyday spaces and children’s everyday actions. Methodologically, it draws on a one-year ethnographic fieldwork and participatory methods with 18 children aged 6-12 years in two institutional settings: the school and the asylum centre. The thesis involves three empirical studies, covering arenas that the children themselves identified as important in their everyday lives.The first study explores the children’s articulated standpoints on “home” underpinned by their experiences of an institutional housing lacking home-like conditions. It shows how the children’s articulations identified spatial and relational conditions of “house” and “home” and how they criticized the asylum centre’s regulated time-space, which denied them these conditions, for example, desired food practices, spaces for play, privacy and family life. Moreover, the children’s experiences of living in an unsafe housing was reinforced through their lived fears, that is, their experiences of threats from the “Police” or “Security” and overly strict treatment from staff members of the “Reception” in addition to their fear of deportation. This study shows how the children’s critique implicitly identified how their right to wellbeing in their housing was restricted or denied.The second study focuses on children’s politics of play, manifested in what I have called their play tactics in the asylum centre’s strongly regulated time-space. It shows how the children developed a hidden resistance when they navigated in the asylum centre, that is, how they identified and handled the institutional regulations, amid their lived fears. This article specifically analyses how children’s play tactics can be understood as rights claims in a context where the children were denied spaces for play due to the asylum centre’s spatial restrictions, in the form of rules, prohibition signs and threats of repercussions from staff members.The third study explores belonging and the politics of belonging through the children’s articulated emotions as responses to practices of inclusion or exclusion in the school setting. It shows how the children responded positively, with love and happiness, or negatively, with anger, fear or sadness, depending on how practices and relations affected their sense of belonging in school. This article shows how the children’s articulated emotions contested exclusionary practices that positioned them as Others who could potentially be deported, revealing how the children were emotionally affected when their rights were denied.In conclusion, this thesis shows how the children were affected by the conditions embedded in asylum politics and how their political agency was evoked and enacted in relation to the politics that permeated their everyday lives. It argues that the children’s ways of engaging in hidden politics should be understood in relation to their uncertain position in this high-stakes context. The combined analyses of children’s everyday politics in the three studies have also illuminated, what I have called, children’s lived rights in an asylum context.
2.	Pauletto, Franco, 1968- (author) L’ordine sociale a tavola : L’interazione tra genitori e figli in famiglie italiane e svedesi 2017 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This dissertation examines mealtime conversations between parents and children in eight Swedish and eight Italian middle class, dual-earner households, exploring the ways in which children are engaged in the cooperative construction of social order. The study is part of an international project (cf. Aronsson & Pontecorvo, 2002), coordinated with prior work in the US (cf. Ochs & Kremer-Sadlik, 2013).Study I explores how children’s accounts work during family dinner conversations. So called proto-accounts (laments, multiple repeats, want-statements) and varied verbal accounts are analyzed in relation to age class or prior language socialization experiences.Study II focuses on the use of endearment terms in directive sequences between parents and children. The findings show an asymmetrical distribution of endearment terms, in that only parents make use of them when interactional problems – children’s non-compliance with parental requests in particular – arise. Study III examines the ways in which Italian parents deploy the discourse marker dai (‘come on’) in directive sequences. This is a flexible linguistic resource that is employed by parents as a cajoling token when children fail to comply with parental requests, hindering the advancement of the in-progress activity.This thesis describes family mealtimes as parent-directed activities where sociality, morality and local understandings of the world (Ochs & Shohet, 2006) are collaboratively re-created and enacted. This confirms the crucial role of everyday family meals as rich cultural sites (Ochs & Shohet, 2006) for reasserting moral attitudes of the family: participants learn moment by moment how to be competent actors that are able to choose between alternative courses of action and that can therefore be held accountable for their actions (Bergmann, 1998: 284). From this point of view, a dinner is paradigmatic of the deep moral sense that permeates the making of a family.
3.	Ågren, Ylva, 1977- (author) Barns medierade värld : syskonsamspel, lek och konsumtion 2015 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis focuses on sibling interaction and children’s everyday media practices in their homes. Ten sibling pairs, aged four to nine years, have been followed in their homes during a six-month period with media ethnographic methods. The data mainly consist of video recorded sibling interactions.The thesis draws on sociocultural theories, cultural sociological perspectives and insights from social interaction research. The analyses are grounded in the social interaction and meaning making acts that take place in media activities in the home settings. However they also extend to a broader societal context, in order to show how social structure and social action are constantly interwoven in children’s lives.The thesis documents how the media represent an important part of the child's everyday culture. Media create key reference frames and common platforms for the children’s games and play activities. The siblings use media and various artifacts to negotiate, challenge or assume desirable positions. Media artefacts can also be used as a way to present oneself.The younger siblings progressively work their way into the older siblings’ media landscapes, and the elder siblings become guides or role models in handling video games, music, and YouTube activities. In addition to purely practical skills when it comes to handling the technical equipment, the older siblings also mediate local taste hierarchies, norms, and values.The thesis also describes how children are social actors who interpret and reinterpret the constant ongoing movements in the media landscape. Moreover, the thesis highlights how consumption is closely linked to media practices. Mobiles, games consoles and membership on virtual gaming sites become highly valued phenomena and status markers in children’s media worlds.
4.	Evaldsson, Ann-Carita, 1958- (author) Play, Disputes and Social Order : Everyday Life in Two Swedish After-school Centers 1993 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)
5.	Gradin Franzén, Anna (author) Disciplining Freedom : Treatment Dilemmas and Subjectivity at a Detention Home for Young Men 2014 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This ethnographic study explores treatment practices and staff-resident interaction at a detention home for young men, drawing on video recorded conversations and interviews. It investigates ideological dilemmas inherent in the institutional setting and how these produce complex subject positions to uptake, negotiate or refuse. Study I explores a core treatment dilemma: coercion vs. freedom, involving the dual institutional goal of coercing residents into norm abiding behavior and of producing individuals who behave "properly" out of their own free will. It focuses on staff members’ talk about token economy, illuminating rhetorical resources deployed to avoid the troubled subject position of a disciplinarian. Study II investigates disciplinary humor, illuminating how humor is used both to impose and disrupt social order. It shows how staff members and youths skillfully deploy humor in negotiating local hierarchies related to authority, generation, and age. Humor was also found to be a useful way of navigating ideological dilemmas. Study III explores behavior modification practices, focusing on how selfassessment practices can be conceptualized as responsibilization that emphasizes self-regulation. It documents the participants’ engagement in strategic deployment of specific subject position relations, “young boy”-caregiver rather than delinquent-disciplinarian. In brief, the thesis shows that subject positions are essentially co-constructed, and how positions related to age are highly relevant in this institutional setting. Paradoxical aspects of subject positions provide discursive resources that can be deployed to navigate ideological dilemmas such as that of coercion vs. freedom, but also to handle issues of authenticity.
6.	Munck Sundman, Ulrika, 1969- (author) Hur barn gör måltid 2013 Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This dissertation focuses on interaction patterns between preschool children when doing mealtime in a preschool environment, analyzing how social order is displayed and constituted among 3 – to 6-year-olds. The analyses draw on a video ethnography with 15 hours of video recordings (30 mealtime events). An overall issue concerns how the participants position themselves as social actors in face-to-face conversations, and more specifically how the children themselves collaborate in making sense out of their daily lives within their peer groups.Theoretically, the thesis builds on social practice theories, including social constructivist perspectives, work on positionings and studies of language socialization (Ochs, 1996; Ochs, Pontecorvo & Fasulo, 1996; Ochs & Shohet, 2006). The findings show how children when eating together in their peer groups during mealtime participate and act on their own in the creation of mealtime rules and a local social interaction order (Goffman, 1983) and how the children direct each other and create and recreate a local mealtime order.
7.	Nilsson Folke, Jenny, 1981- (author) Lived transitions : experiences of learning and inclusion among newly arrived students 2017 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis explores how newly arrived students experience conditions for learning and inclusion in their lived transitions within the Swedish school system. The thesis deploys an ethnographic approach combining interviews with participant observation. The data comprise interviews with 22 students at three points in time and three cycles of participant observation over the course of 15 months (in three municipalities of different sizes).Deploying the concept of post-migration ecology, Study I maps the structural conditions that the educational landscape offers newly arrived students after migration to Sweden. The findings point to the emergence of a parallel school system through which the newly arrived students’ individual needs risk being overlooked. Study II uses a sociocultural perspective to compare the pedagogical and social resources offered in introductory and regular classes, concluding that introductory classes are characterised by weak challenges and strong support, whereas the opposite is true for regular classes. From a critical phenomenological perspective, Study III focuses on the individual students’ embodied experiences of being out of line in school (in a Swedish monolingual school setting). Paradoxically, the separate introductory class in this setting apparently offers a sense of inclusion, whereas the regular class is related to student experiences of exclusion. Study IV analyses temporal aspects of the students' lived transition to upper secondary school. Drawing on a phenomenology of blockage, it documents how extended periods in introductory programmes create a disjunction between the students' imagined and lived school careers. In brief, through analyses that encompass organisational and structural conditions, as well as lived experience, this thesis shows that the lived transitions of newly arrived students can be understood as instances of parallel school lives, a discontinued past and a postponed future.
8.	Sjöblom, Björn (author) Gaming Interaction : Conversations and Competencies in Internet Cafés 2011 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract The dissertation analyzes interaction in adolescents’ computer gaming. Through the use of video recordings in internet cafés, players’ communicative practices are illuminated. Ethnomethodological and interaction analytical perspectives are used to explicate the participants’ methods for meaning-making in the gaming. The aim of the thesis is to investigate how this co-located interaction sets conditions for game playing as a social activity. The dissertation contains four empirical studies. The first addresses the semiotic resources that the players use in collaborative gaming. It shows how gaming activities involve configurations of semiotic resources that are only available in co-located gaming, such as pointing at the screen or rotating your body towards coplayers. In the second study, the players’ use of so called professional vision is analyzed. Experienced players instruct and discipline a novice’s vision by demonstrating how the interface is connected to the rules of the game. In situations with two experienced players, visual aspects of the game can be used to question other players’ competence, by pointing out, for example, what should be visible to them. The visual aspects of the game are thereby made relevant by the players when one of them has acted contrary to conventional practice. The third study addresses the strategies that players use for highlighting their own competence and questioning their coplayers’. In this way the players create local hierarchies, and in the community of practice in internet cafés there are clear elements of exclusion and competiveness. In the final study the relevance of blame for the gaming practices is examined. Blame is used both for highlighting the player’s own competence, at the expense of another player’s, and for enabling a joint analysis “game exegesis”, in which the causal structures of the gaming are examined by the players. The dissertation shows how a player’s competence is constituted out of action both on the screen and in the gamers’ joint, co-located interactions. Their possibilities for positioning themselves in the social community of gaming are conditioned, not only by their in-game skills, but also by their ability to use the communicative resources that the co-located gaming affords.
9.	Andersson, Ingrid (author) Bilingual and Monolingual Children's Narration : Discourse Strategies and Narrative Styles 1997 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis investigates twenty bilingual and twenty monolingual 6-year-old preschool children's discourse strategies and narrative styles. It is theoretically based on an interdiciplinary framework combining theories of narration with discourse theories. Methodologically, the study draws on micro-analyses of children's spontaneous sharing time narrations, on the one hand, and elicited retellings of a fable, on the other. A new method was developed for analysing Labovian story points from a collaborative perspective: differentiating between child contributions, teacher contributions, and joint contributions. Moreover, all children were interviewed about their literary repertoires and about narrative practices at home. It was found that children's vocabulary was closely linked to their literary repertoires and cultural habits. By calculating the repair:error ratio, the present study shows that there is a linear development in children's repair work, instead of an inverted U-curve as previously suggested. Language repairs were rare in both groups. The children primarily focused on meaning, not on linguistic form. However, there were more language errors in the bilingual group. Moreover, the bilingual group had a more restricted vocabulary. Yet, the findings reveal that narrative coherence was comparable in the monolingual and bilingual groups. In an analysis of participation during sharing time sessions, it was found that peer comments and child initiatives were more frequent in the monolingual group, and in specific preschool settings. Collaboration was investigated both in terms of teacher support, co-narration, and in terms of indirect ways of collaborating, like the employment of communication strategies and self-repairs. It was found that bilingual children received more collaborative support and employed more communication strategies than their monolingual peers.
10.	Andersson, Kjerstin, 1975- (author) Talking violence, constructing identities : young men in institutional care 2008 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract The aim of the study is to investigate how young men constructing identities in talk about their own use of violence. The study is based on a fieldwork at a youth detention home in Sweden. The data consists of individual interviews and video recordings of the treatment programme Aggression Replacement Training (ART). Detailed analyses have been made of conversations between the young men, between the young men and the trainers, and of the narratives generated in the individual interviews. The study has a social constructionist approach to identity, which is seen as constructed in a joint achievement in social interaction. An important analytical perspective in the study is how social categories and subcategories are constructed. The study has a particular focus on gender, primarily masculinity, but age and ethnicity are also being emphasised.The analysis draws on four empirical studies. It is shown how the young men construct a preferred self-presentation when talking about violent events. The narratives on violence are either based on experiences or talked about as a hypothetical use of violence. Violence based on personal experience is problematized and legitimized in terms of self-defence, defending friends, restraint and justified violence. Narratives of violence are shown to be interactional resources available to the young men. When talking about violence, the young men can be seen to regulate social relations, and to position themselves in relation to particular discourses of masculinity. The specific understanding of what it entails to be a man enables the use of violence with respect to social categorizations such as age, ethnicity or criminal identity. It is also argued that the treatment programme ART may, at times, facilitate maintaining a criminal identity.
11.	Forsberg, Lucas, 1977- (author) Involved Parenthood : Everyday Lives of Swedish Middle-Class Families 2009 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract The dissertation studies how 16 Swedish middle-class parents understand and form their parenthood in everyday life. The focus is set on how they involve themselves in their children’s care and education, and how parental identities are negotiated in relation to cultural norms on parenthood. The analysis is based on qualitative methods, in particular interviews and participant observation with video camera in eight families. The study, which is inspired by poststructuralist perspectives on identity formation, shows that the informants position themselves in relation to a norm on involved parenthood, which is negotiated differently depending on social context and gender. The dissertation includes four empirical studies. The first focuses on the subjectivities and dilemmas that are created by parents’ strategies to manage time and childcare. The strategies render everyday life more effective, but the parents also want to be child-centered, which forces them to balance between positions as involved and uninvolved parents. The second study examines how the fathers negotiate their involvement in household work, childcare and time with children. To great extent, they follow the discourse on gender-equal and involved fatherhood, but they at times resist it through drawing on notions of child-centeredness, kinship, and a gendered division of labor. The third study focuses on how parents and teachers negotiate children’s education and rearing. Study four shows how the parents position themselves as involved parents in relation to their children’s homework. In conclusion, the dissertation shows that the parents idealize time spent with the children, but that in everyday life it is hard to get this time. Instead, much time is spent for the child, that is, doing household work and childcare. In both cases, time is child-centered, but time with the child is by the parents seen as “more” involved time.
12.	Gerholm, Tove, 1968- (author) Socialization of verbal and nonverbal emotive expressions in young children 2007 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract The subject matter of this dissertation is children’s use and development of emotive expressions. While prior studies have either focused on facial expressions of emotions or on emotions in the social mechanisms of in situ interactions, this thesis opts to merge two traditions by applying an interactional approach to the interpretation of child–child and child–adult encounters. This approach is further supplemented with an interpretational frame stemming from studies on child development, sociology and psychology. In order to depict the multi-leveled process of socialization, a number of sub-areas are investigated such as the emotive expressions per se; how and when these expressions are used in interaction with parents and siblings; the kinds of responses the children get after using an emotive expression; parental acts (verbal or nonverbal) that bear on children’s conduct and their choice of such expressions. Finally, the relation between nonverbal displays and language as expressive means for emotions is analyzed from a developmental perspective. The data consists of video-recordings of five sibling groups in the ages between 1 ½ and 5 ½ who were followed for 2 ½ years in their home environment. In all, 19 recordings (15 h) were transcribed and analyzed. The results from the study lead to several different taxonomies previously not discussed in the pertinent literature: (i) the nonverbal, vocal and verbal emotive expressions used by children; (ii) the different means these expressions were put to in child–parent encounters; (iii) the ways relations to siblings can be seen as creating and shaping certain emotive processes. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that parental responses are of vital importance for the outcome of specific child expressions. As parents reprimand, comfort, praise and mediate in their interaction with their children, they create paths later used by the child as she practices and acquires her own expressive means for handling emotions in interactional contexts. Finally, a developmental frame of language and nonverbal acts is elaborated and suggested as a tool for discovering the paths of linguistic and emotional socialization.
13.	Granström, Kjell, 1942- (author) Dynamics in meetings : on leadership and followership in ordinary meetings in different organizations 1986 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract A method for analyzing interactional dynamics in regular meetings and sessions was developed on the basis of Bion's (1961) basic-assumption model. This model postulates that members in groups frequently take part in collective defence activities which prevent the group from carrying out the tasks assigned to them. According to Bion, this is an instinctive, instantaneous process which will inevitably occur when the task is too demanding or the participants' integrity is threatened. Such common and shared group movements or basic-assumption modes are looked upon as collective regressive processes based on tacit assumptions in the group. The processes are spontaneous and outside human control. Basic-assumption modes may be of four different kinds: dependence, flight, fight or pairing. These concepts are elaborated, operationalized and adapted to an empirical study comprising nine schools and two companies. Three regular meetingsin cach organization were observed by a non-involved observer and the interaction in the meetings was recorded by means of shorthand notes.The results provide evidence for a conditional relationship between the interactional dynamics in meetings and organizational frame factors. Theoretical and practical consequences of these results are discusscd. The combination of, and oscillation betwecn, basic-assumption modes seem to be governed by behavioural patterns established in early infancy. The resumption of these patterns is unconscious but seems to be influenced by organizational factors in a systematic way. The processes also appear to be more affected by the group as a whole than by the formal leader. Therefore, leadership seems to be a process in which the group as a whole is invalved rather than just the leader.The results indicate that there is no simple way to change or develop leadership in an organization. The search for appropriate "leader traits" or for "ideal management behaviour" seems to be impromising. However, greater knowledge, and experience of group processes occurring in regular meetings in ordinary organizations would provide leaders and followers alike with new insights into, and be a means of increasing shared responsibility for, the conditions of leadership.
14.	Ingrids, Henrik, 1972- (author) Dilemmas in child custody disputes : the child's best interest in courtroom discourse 2014 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis examines courtroom interactions involving child custody disputes, exploring how participants during courtroom hearings orient to and manage the task of presenting their own side, while contesting the opposing party, in matters like the child’s best interest, domestic violence, parental neglect and misconduct. Drawing on 42 audio-recorded courtroom examinations of litigating parents by the same side and opponent side attorneys, it examines authentic courtroom hearings. Theoretically and methodologically, the thesis primarily builds on discursive psychology and conversation analysis. It draws on and contributes to studies on institutional talk by explicating the subtle interactional work required by participants in this institutional setting.The overall aim is to examine how interactional dilemmas in child custody disputes, requiring participants to simultanously manage contradictory activities, are handled through discursive practices. A core dilemma concerns the child’s (lack of) participation in the proceeding. In this absence, litigants try to mobilize the child’s voice and experiences in order to support their own claims, in danger of having such attempts dismissed as mere reflections of their own interest. The child’s reported speech and reported affects are important discursive devices for handling this dilemma. Another dilemma arises when litigants blame each other. Although this is necessary to ‘win’, litigants are regularly blamed when doing so, which generates something of a blame machinery of never-ending blame. A final dilemma concerns domestic violence. While implicitly gendered social categorizations are invoked to support mothers' claims of fearing their ex-partners, such discursive work is undermined through contrasting social categorizations.By analyzing child custody disputes on the micro-level of courtroom interaction, this study contributes to an understanding of how disputes are built through participants’ discursive practices.
15.	Kasselias Wiltgren, Layal, 1979- (author) STOLT! : Om ungdomar, etniciteter och gemenskaper 2014 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract Avhandlingen bygger på ett årslångt fältarbete i en högstadieskola i utkanten av Stockholm med fokus på hur ungdomar samspelar kring och uttrycker etnicitet, nationalitet och flerspråkighet. Alla ungdomar i studien har inom sina familjer, erfarenhet av migration, vilket innebär att de själva eller deras föräldrar har migrerat. Studiens huvudfokus ligger på hur ungdomar i sitt vardagliga samspel på ett kreativt sätt uttrycker och därmed skapar etniciteter och fyller dem med innebörder. Det empiriska materialet bygger på fältanteckningar, över 300 timmars ljudinspelningar och transkriptioner. I analyserna uppmärksammas hur ungdomar använder flerspråkighet och etnicitetskategorier som resurser och hur de använder skratt, humor, retsamt samspel och självironi för att både utmana och stärka varandra och manifestera gemenskaper. Lokala kategoriseringar såsom ”svenne” och ”import” används för att definiera både sina kamrater och den Andre. Svenskhet utgör visserligen en norm, men den står öppen att intas eller omförhandlas. En social regel bland ungdomarna handlar om att vara stolt över sin bakgrund, vilket kan uttryckas både verbalt och visuellt – exempelvis genom att bära etniska och nationella symboler – för att markera tillhörighet och stolthet. I ungdomarnas sociala samspel framstår etniska kategorier inte som rigida, utan snarare rörliga och flytande, något som Stuart Hall refererar till som nya etniciteter, vilka är lokalt skapade och relaterade till mångfald. Analyserna visar att etnicitet, likt andra identitetskategorier, inte är ett ting som människor föds med och bär omkring på utan något som iscensätts och används som resurs i vardaglig social interaktion. Denna studie visar exempel på hur detta görs.
16.	Ljung Egeland, Birgitta, 1965- (author) Berättelser om tillhörighet : om barn med migrationsbakgrund på en mindre ort 2015 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This doctoral thesis centres on children of immigrant background, who live and go to school in a non-urban community. The emphasis is on their narrated experience of a sense of belonging in and out of school. The study is based on interviews with 13 children at two different schools in two small-sized municipalities, and aimed at identifying the factors in their narratives that impact on their sense of belonging as well as the related conditions and means of action. The interviews were conversational and most of the children were interviewed on three occasions. Each result chapter analyses a specific dilemmatic space related to a sense of belonging, such as peer relationships, trips to the “home country”, and managing in school. In particular, the emotions related to the children’s narrative positionings are analysed as well as the narrative resources employed in their narration. The results show that their sense of belonging is produced in the interplay between the conditions of immigration and the socio-cultural conditions in the small-sized community. The children describe extensive relational and emotional work to enter into comradeship. Dimensions of being like and unlike gain importance and involve clothing, height and colour of skin. Several of the children describe how they cope with ‘racifying’ and other excluding processes of ‘othering’ on a daily basis. Trips to the home country emerge as central events in their lives and it is clear that a sense of belonging is connected to place attachment and anchored in embodied sensory emotions. Managing school is important to all the children but is attributed different meanings in the pursuit of the long-term goal of employment. In conclusion, the children’s experiences are discussed in terms of two interwoven and sometimes separate projects emerging in the children's narratives: the Swedishness project and the family project.
17.	Ruterana, Pierre Canisius (author) The Making of a Reading Society : Developing a Culture of Reading in Rwanda 2012 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract Following a growing concern among education stakeholders about the lack of a reading culture and low literacy levels among Rwandans in general and university students in particular, the aim of this thesis is to increase the awareness of Rwandans about the development of a reading culture and early literacy. To achieve this aim, four studies with participants representing different experiences related to reading culture were performed. These qualitative studies draw on different perspectives on the development of a reading culture and emergent literacy by using open-ended questionnaires and interviews. The thesis takes sociocultural and emergent literacy theories as points of departure.The first study investigates students’ reflections on their previous reading experiences, and discuss ways to develop literacy and a reading culture in Rwanda. The next one sheds light on parents’ involvement in literacy practices at home and the third study concerns what literacy knowledge teachers expect from their pupils when they start nursery and lower primary school. An example of a literacy event (storytelling) is given in the fourth study where children’s narratives of fairy tales are followed by their discussions on gender issues, which in turn can develop the children’s interest in reading. This can also help them relate texts to their life and teach them to think critically.In sum, the studies show that there is a limited reading culture in Rwanda. That is attributed to the colonial and post-colonial education system, reliance on verbal communication, limited access to reading materials, and ultimately the low status of the mother tongue Kinyarwanda within the sociolinguistic configuration of Rwanda. Also, the participating students and teachers point out the necessity of involving parents more in the creation of an environment that nurtures children’s emergent literacy development so that it becomes a shared responsibility translated into a teacherparent partnership for children’s success at school. Hence, the findings inform the use of this thesis which is to promote literacy and a reading culture in Rwanda by engaging the whole nation in a national effort to build a sustainable culture of reading. To paraphrase the old African saying ‘it takes a village to raise a child’, I want to conclude by saying that it takes a nation to develop a culture of reading.
18.	Rydin, Ingegerd, 1946- (author) Making sense of TV-narratives : Children's readings of a fairy tale 1996 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract The present study deals with young children's' reading and reception of television fiction. Theoretically, the study is inter-disciplinary, combining text-reader oriented approaches within literature theory and sociocultural approaches within psychology and sociology. A television program within the genre of fairy tales is analyzed by using both narratological andpsychological theoretical frameworks. Issues of intertextuality, dialogism, narrative codes, cinematic and literary conventions are considered in the analysis.Empirically, the study takes a qualitative approach and the process of reception is studied by in-depth interviews of 86 six and eight years old children. The interview is regarded as a social practice or meeting-place between interviewer and informant. This approach has roots in Piaget's early work, in which he employed and developed the methode clinique as well as in Vygotsky's sociocultural psychology. Sociocultural variation is primarily studied by focus on gender and age.One analysis concerns narrative coherence and how the children "hatched the plot". It appeared as if many of the younger children had difficulties in producing a coherent narrative of the program, whereas most of the older children did. The younger children often focused a particular scene or episode. Apart from age, schooling experience is assumed to explain these differences. Another analysis focuses on how children master the narrative codes of the story and the process of identification. The girls seemed to be more emotionally involved in the story and believed it was "real" to a greater degree than the boys. The analysis shows how emotional involvement and identification play a role in the interpretative processes, i.e. how emotion and cognition are interrelated in media reception.Methodological issues are addressed, for example, how drawings can be used in the study of media reception. The children were asked to make drawings in relation to the program, which can be seen as a "different" reading, in which children project what is of subjective importance to them.Cultural dispositions represent another type of sociocultural variation. The older children's literary repertoires and other cultural dispositions were studied in relation to their reconstructions of the television narrative.The dissertation challenges such notions as "children's understanding of television" as a unitary concept and poin,ts to a variety of readings. Finally, the dissertation has implications for media literacy and media education.
19.	Samuelsson, Robin, 1985- (author) Play, Culture and Learning : Studies of Second-Language and Conceptual Development in Swedish Preschools 2019 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This dissertation studies how second-language and conceptual development emerge through interactions in Swedish preschool environments. It studies how types of interaction, such as play, can scaffold children toward such developments.The studies view interaction as multimodal and embodied and it is examined how children come to use and develop their second language or understanding of abstract concepts, through a range of communicative means other than language.The data collection has been carried out in two separate periods. The first field-work followed two newcomer children developing a second language and the second field-work was conducted with a group of children during a project about spinning.The results concerning second-language development show how children can engage in play activity even before they share a common language, and that this can be afforded by the character of play activity as based on rules and tacit understanding of relevant cultural patterns. Teachers also engage in so called guided play, that affords scaffolding for children. Play activities in the preschool function as an arena for children to interact, imitate the cultural rules and patterns around them and emergingly use their second language. Moreover, the preschools are structured for children’s participation through their cultural pattern and imitable structures, and that these affordances can be used by children in their play.The results concerning conceptual development builds on the notion that children develop in relation with cultural tools and artefacts and that this is a highly perceptual and embodied process. It is exemplified how preschool’s provide environment and activities that can afford conceptual development, not least through use of digital tools, which also allows teachers to appropriate children’s play worlds to a pedagogical project. The teacher’s scaffolding interactions and use of the affordances of tools and the environment enable children to reason about the concepts in more conceptually conscious ways.The overall conclusions of the thesis point to the importance of non-verbal and environmental resources in children’s development of a second language and abstract concepts. On these grounds, the thesis suggests a novel way to view scaffolding, by including the environmental affordances to this otherwise social process.
20.	Wetso, Gun-Marie, 1955- (author) Lekprocessen - specialpedagogisk intervention i (för)skola : När aktivt handlande stimulerar lärande, social integration och reducerar utslagning 2006 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis expounds special educational development work in (pre-)schools 1994-99 (analysed 2002-06). The work is based on action research. 40 children were identified to be in need of support as they did not get involved in the school’s daily activities. This thesis follows up what happens when work is initiated for changing this predicament. Four activities were introduced: (1) education about play, communication, learning; (2) supervision of teachers; (3) play process; and (4) conversations with parents. Triangulation has been used to collect and analyse the data. Leontiev’s activity theory has been used to highlight how behavioural patterns changed and developed among the children and adults. Theories about learning elucidate the interaction processes and phenomena in the material. The formative work process is described in follow-up conversations with work teams and parents.The relationship individual-activity-environment showed that the children either exploited or did not fully make use of the resources (pedagogical support, interchange with others and use of materials) in “the pedagogical room”. The teachers were in need of training and supervision. The actions of the teacher served to guide the child. A moment’s pedagogy in the encounter determined how to entice the child to take part in interaction and interchange. Eye-ear contact, support through materials stimulated the child to assimilate concepts and language. Varied use of symbolic gestures created a play environment, bringing to life themes where roles were explored. A triad of cooperation between the adults had a positive influence on the child. The pedagogical and home environment overlapped. Behavioural patterns and established structures could be changed. The parents adopted the play process and contributed with materials to support the child’s learning. The children showed willingness to participate in daily activities and interchanges with others. Negative communication patterns were reduced.
21.	Åhlund, Anna, 1973- (author) Swedish as multiparty work : Tailoring talk in a second language classroom 2015 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This dissertation examines classroom conversations involving refugee and immigrant youth in a second language (L2) introduction program, exploring how L2 Swedish emerges as a multiparty accomplishment by both the teacher and the students. Drawing on forty hours of video-recorded Swedish L2 classroom conversations, as well as on observations and informal interviews, it focuses on talk as a form of social action. Theoretically and methodologically, the dissertation primarily combines insights from language socialization and social constructionist frameworks and detailed transcriptions informed by conversation analysis.Study I documents how schooled Swedish as a second language (SSL) student identities emerged as performative effects of how the students in school activities were addressed as “ethnic” students, and how they managed to handle, adopt, and contest being positioned as the Other. Study II records classroom performances and the formation of a community of practice. The analyses cover how students’ verbal improvisations (repetitions, stylizations, and laughter) and alignments to local registers authenticate SSL identities. The findings show how stylizations were important resources for metalinguistic reflections on correctness, and for the establishment of a local language ideology. Study III documents the interactional nature of classroom repair work. Detailed analyses of correction sequences and trajectories show that both the teacher and the students produced ambiguous other-corrections, illuminating the intricate multiparty work in correction trajectories.In brief, this dissertation illuminates multiparty aspects of classroom L2 socialization. The analyses of classroom talk show how both teacher and student investments in language competencies and local ideologies of correct Swedish or style, as well as participation and identity work, are co-constructed through participants’ tailoring of talk.
22.	Aarsand, Pål André, 1970- (author) Around the Screen : Computer activities in children’s everyday lives 2007 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract The present ethnography documents computer activities in everyday life. The data consist of video recordings, interviews and field notes, documenting (i) 16 students in a seventh grade class in a computer room and other school settings and (ii) 22 children, interacting with siblings, friends and parents in home settings. The thesis is inspired by discourse analytical as well as ethnographic approaches, including notions from Goffman (1974, 1981), e.g. those of activity frame and participation framework, which are applied and discussed.The thesis consists of four empirical studies. The first study focuses on students’ illegitimate use, from the school’s point of view, of online chatting in a classroom situation. It is shown that the distinction offline/online is not a static one, rather it is made relevant as part of switches between activity frames, indicating the problems of applying Goffman’s (1981) notions of sideplay, byplay and crossplay to analyses of interactions in which several activity frames are present, rather than one main activity. Moreover, it is shown that online identities, in terms of what is here called tags, that is, visual-textual nicknames, are related to offline phenomena, including local identities as well as contemporary aesthetics. The second study focuses on placement of game consoles as part of family life politics. It is shown that game consoles were mainly located in communal places in the homes. The distinction private/communal was also actualized in the participants’ negotiations about access to game consoles as well as negotiations about what to play, when, and for how long. It is shown that two strategies were used, inclusion and exclusion, for appropriating communal places for computer game activities. The third study focuses on a digital divide in terms of a generational divide with respect to ascribed computer competence, documenting how the children and adults positioned each other as people ‘in the know’ (the children) versus people in apprentice-like positions (the adults). It is shown that this generation gap was deployed as a resource in social interaction by both the children and the adults. The forth study focuses on gaming in family life, showing that gaming was recurrently marked by response cries (Goffman, 1981) and other forms of blurted talk. These forms of communication worked as parts of the architecture of intersubjectivity in gaming (cf. Heritage, 1984), indexing the distinction virtual/‘real’. It is shown how response cries, sound making, singing along and animated talk extended the virtual in that elements of the game became parts of the children’s social interaction around the screen, forming something of an action aesthetic, a type of performative action for securing and displaying joint involvement and collaboration. As a whole, the present studies show how the distinctions master/apprentice, public/private, virtual/real and subject/object are indexicalized and negotiated in computer activities.
23.	Agardh, Emilie E., et al. (author) Disease Burden Attributed to Drug use in the Nordic Countries : a Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 2023 In: International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. - 1557-1874 .- 1557-1882. Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The Nordic countries share similarities in many social and welfare domains, but drug policies have varied over time and between countries. We wanted to compare differences in mortality and disease burden attributed to drug use over time. Using results from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, we extracted age-standardized estimates of deaths, DALYs, YLLs and YLDs per 100 000 population for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden during the years 1990 to 2019. Among males, DALY rates in 2019 were highest in Finland and lowest in Iceland. Among females, DALY rates in 2019 were highest in Iceland and lowest in Sweden. Sweden have had the highest increase in burden since 1990, from 252 DALYs to 694 among males, and from 111 to 193 among females. Norway had a peak with highest level of all countries in 2001-2004 and thereafter a strong decline. Denmark have had the most constant burden over time, 566-600 DALYs among males from 1990 to 2010 and 210-240 DALYs among females. Strict drug policies in Nordic countries have not prevented an increase in some countries, so policies need to be reviewed.
24.	Čekaitė, Asta, 1972- (author) Getting started : Children’s participation and language learning in an L2 classroom 2006 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract Denna avhandling handlar om en förberedelseklass med elever (7-10 år) som har ett annat hemspråk än svenska (arabiska, kurdiska, thailändska). Utifrån empiri som samlats in genom videoinspelningar och observationer under ett års tid i en förberedelseklass studeras elevernas deltagande och språkinlärning i det dagliga klassrumsarbetet. I studien kombineras språksocialisationsteorier med en konversationsanalytisk ansats som bygger på detaljerade transkriptioner och analyser av interaktionen. Mer specifikt studeras elevernas kommunikativa praktiker såsom de utvecklas i klassrummets interaktionella ekologi och på ett sätt som situerar elevernas svenska språkutveckling inom ramen för deras konkreta klassrumserfarenheter. Tre återkommande kommunikativa praktiker identifieras och analyseras ingående: (1) påkallande av uppmärksamhet; (2) självselektioner till talturer i flerpartsamtal; (3) språklek och metapragmatisk lek.Resultaten presenteras i fyra studier. Den första artikeln fokuserar på hur eleverna påkallar lärarens uppmärksamhet under individuellt arbete. Studien visar hur de uppgraderar sina försök att försäkra sig om lärarens uppmärksamhet genom att använda både verbala och icke-verbala resurser, inklusive affektiva markeringar och klassrumsartefakter. I den andra studien analyseras elevernas självselektioner i lärarledda samtal ur ett longitudinellt perspektiv. I artikeln framkommer hur deltagandet i dessa aktiviteter är intimt relaterat till språkliga och interaktionella kompetenser med konsekvenser för elevens ’identitet’ i klassrumsgemenskapen. I den tredje studien utforskas barnens metapragmatiska lekar. Studien visar hur de skapar skämtsamma episoder i vilka de överträder lokala normer för språkbruk. I den fjärde studien analyseras slutligen barnens spontana språklekar, vilka kan ta formen av egeninitierade ’språklektioner’, ett gemensamt utforskande av språklig form och mening, som även innefattar något av ett offentligt framträdande för kamratgruppen.Sammantaget, visar studierna olika aspekter av informellt lärande i ett klassrum och lyfter fram praktiker som hitintills ofta förbigåtts i forskning om andraspråkslärande.
25.	Eriksson (Barajas), Katarina, 1966- (author) Life and Fiction : On intertextuality in pupils’ booktalk 2002 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This study examines booktalk, that is, teacher-led group discussions about books for children in a Swedish school. The empirical data comprise 24 hours of videorecorded booktalk in grades 4–7. In total, 40 children (aged 10–14 years) were recorded during 24 sessions. The present approach diverges from previous readerresponse studies in that it draws on authentic data, and in that it examines talk at a micro level, applying an approach from discursive psychology. By focusing on authentic book discussions, the study contributes to the development of readerresponse methods.All eight books applied in the booktalk sessions involved some type of existential issue: freedom, separation, loyalty, and mortal danger (Chapter 4). Yet, such issues were rarely discussed. An important task of the present thesis was to understand why such issues did not materialise, that is, what did not take place. In Chapter 5, a series of booktalk dilemmas were identified. The booktalk sessions were generally lively and informal. Yet, booktalk as such was often transformed into other local educational projects; e.g. time scheduling, vocabulary lessons or reading aloud exercises.Gender was invoked in all booktalk sessions (Chapter 6). In line with predictions from reader-response theory, progressive texts were, at times, discussed in gender stereotypical ways. The findings also revealed a generational pattern in that the pupils discussed fictive children in less traditional ways than adult characters.The interface between texts and life was invoked in all booktalk sessions (Chapter 7). There was, again, a generational pattern in that children entertained ideas other than those of their teachers concerning legitimate topics in a school context. Also, the discussions revealed a problem of balance between pupils’ privacy, on the one hand, and engaging discussions on texts and life, on the other.
26.	Hernwall, Patrik, 1966- (author) Barns digitala rum : berättelser om e-post, chatt & Internet 2001 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis contributes to an understanding of the conditions of children in the changeable society, by way of a study on children’s use and experiences of e-mail, chat and the Internet as means of communication. The empirical material used is interviews with children between 8 and 13 years old, conducted in their school environment, complemented with a continuous dialogue via e-mail and chat over a period of 17 months between 1997 and 1998.Based in a pedagogical ethnography, the principle of abductive inference has been used, combined with sensitizing concepts, in a qualitative analysis. In the analysis, semiotics has been an important element in the development of an understanding in the children’s experiences of the computer-mediated communication (CMC), as well as in relating their experiences to a theoretical context.Children find a wide range of affordances in the computer and the information- and communication technology (ICT). As e-mail, and chat and the Internet in particular, became widespread during this period, the experience of having used these tool can be seen as a developmental task for children. ICT gives children access to an arena where they can transcend the biological (i.e. the body, age) and the physical (i.e. geography). Therefore, ICT becomes a prosthesis that affords interaction and communication in a ‘glocal’ culture, where children are able to make new contacts with other actors as well as transcend their physical identity.The thesis also includes a discussion on how to use empirical data collected in cyberspace (i.e. e-mail and chat), and what ethical problems one encounters in doing so.
27.	Rindstedt, Camilla (author) Growing up in a bilingual Quichua Community : Play, language and socializing practices 2000 Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis is a study of sibling play and language sociaIization. The concept of language socialization is defined as socialization through language as well as socialization to use language (Schieffelin and Ochs 1986). Fieldwork was carried out for 15 months in a small, Quichua-Spanish bilingual, agricultural community in the central highlands of Ecuador. The lack of land and the desire for change have motivated many men to migrate to the coast and to the major cities of the sierra, striving for upward mobility and economic success in the Ecuadorian society. Lately, however, after the recent takeover of two haciendas, it has been possible for the comuneros to remain in the community.The main focus was on 4 children (2-3 years of age) and their interactions with their siblings and parents. The study is a presentation of their everyday lives, and is based on microanalyses of children's play, parent - child interaction, sibling caretaking and children's work. A San Nicohis developmental story is presented. It was clear that the siblings - hence not only the mothers - were in charge of the young children during much of the day. Siblings are, moreover, often raised in pairs, so that an elder child is in charge of a younger one. Threats, rhetorical questions and other types of teasing were conunon means used by adults as well as older siblings to socialize young children. Also very small children were able to take the perspective of their younger siblings. They functioned as interpreters in "language teaching", in so-called diga routines, and in ente,1ainments. In this highly gendered society, the children's play transcended gender boundaries. For instance, young boys were observed"breastfeeding" their young siblings.A language shift ft'om Quichua to Spanish is apparently under way in the community. The comuneros themselves are at a loss to understand or explain why this is happening and, above all, why this is happening now. They do not see the Quichua language as endangered, since they see it as innately Indian. Contrary to what the comuneros initially claimed, it was found that no children under the age of 10 were fluent in the vernacular. Sibling caretaking is possibly one of the most important factors explaining this language shift in their children's lives.
28.	Sarkadi, Anna, Professor, 1974-, et al. (author) Are We Ready to Really Hear the Voices of Those Concerned? : Lessons Learned from Listening to and Involving Children in Child and Family Psychology Research 2023 In: Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. - : Springer Nature. - 1096-4037 .- 1573-2827. Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A changing view of children, accelerated by the Convention of the Rights of the Child (UN in Convention on the rights of the child, UN Doc. A/RES/44/25, 1989, http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/crc.pdf) has shifted the landscape of child and family research over the last few decades. Once viewed with low credibility and operating outside the interpretive framework of adult researchers, the rights-bearing child is increasingly recognized not only as having the capacity but also the right to participate in research. More recently, this movement has transitioned from the direct engagement of children as research participants—now considered commonplace, although less so for those who are structurally vulnerable—to the involvement of children in research design, review, conduct, and dissemination. Yet, both practical and ethical challenges remain. While children have the right to participation, they also have the right to protection. In this commentary, we set out to: (i) lay forth epistemic, child rights, and child sociology arguments for doing research about, with and by children and youth; (ii) recount our own journey of including children and youth in research to demonstrate the unique knowledge and insights gained through these approaches; and (iii) offer lessons learned on how to engage children and youth in research, including the involvement of structurally vulnerable groups.
29.	Sarkadi, Anna, Professor, 1974-, et al. (author) Evaluation of the Teaching Recovery Techniques community-based intervention for unaccompanied refugee youth experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms (Swedish UnaccomPanied yOuth Refugee Trial; SUPpORT) : study protocol for a randomised controlled trial 2020 In: Trials. - : NLM (Medline). - 1745-6215. ; 21:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract BACKGROUND: In 2015, 162,877 persons sought asylum in Sweden, 35,369 of whom were unaccompanied refugee minors (URMs). Refugee children, especially URMs, have often experienced traumas and are at significant risk of developing mental health problems, such as symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety, which can continue years after resettlement. The Swedish UnaccomPanied yOuth Refugee Trial (SUPpORT) aims to evaluate a community-based intervention, called Teaching Recovery Techniques (TRT), for refugee youth experiencing PTSD symptoms.METHODS/DESIGN: A randomised controlled trial will be conducted in which participants will be randomly allocated to one of two possible arms: the intervention arm (n = 109) will be offered the TRT programme, and the waitlist-control arm (n = 109) will receive services as usual, followed by the TRT programme around 20 weeks later. Outcome data will be collected at three points: pre-intervention (T1), post-intervention (T2; about 8 weeks after randomisation) and follow-up (T3; about 20 weeks after randomisation).DISCUSSION: This study will provide knowledge about the effect and efficiency of a group intervention for URMs reporting symptoms of PTSD in Sweden. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN, ISRCTN47820795. Prospectively registered on 20 December 2018.
30.	Sjöberg, Jeanette, 1976- (author) Chatt som umgängesform : Unga skapar nätgemenskap 2010 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This dissertation focuses on social interaction patterns between young people in an online chat room, analyzing how social order is displayed and constituted. An overall issue concerns when and how the participants manage to co-create social communities within this setting. The data draw on an ethnographic study, where chat room observations and online recordings were carried out during three years. Methodological guidelines from discursive psychology and conversation analysis have been used in making detailed sequential analyses of chat room interactions. The thesis builds on social practice theories, including sociocultural theorizing and studies of language socialization, and work on positionings. The findings show that familiarity with chat language, including the use of emoticons and leet speak, as well as familiarity with netiquette and conversational routines such as greeting- and parting routines, are vital for the participants in order to become parts of local groups and alignments. Playful improvisation is an important feature in the chat room intercourse. Moreover, full participation requires involvement in the lives of co-participants and extended dialogues over time. In the process of moving from peripheral to more central participation, the participants formed alignments with other participants and positioned themselves and their co-participants in the chat room. Such alignments were often founded on a shared taste in, for example musical genres and everyday consumption patterns. Shared views on school, sex and relationships, as well as age or gender alignments also played a role in the creation of local communities. Conversely, issues of exclusion were recurrent features of chat room interplay. All considered this created participation patterns that formed local hierarchies which were not fixed or static, but rather fleeting and dynamic. And yet, the participants generally did not transcend or challenge contemporary age and gender boundaries.
31.	Warner, Georgina, et al. (author) Evaluation of the teaching recovery techniques community-based intervention for accompanied refugee children experiencing post-traumatic stress symptoms (Accompanied refugeeS In Sweden Trial; ASsIST) : study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial 2020 In: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 10:7 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract BACKGROUND: Refugee children have often experienced traumas and are at significant risk of developing mental health problems, such as symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression and anxiety, which can continue for years after resettlement. The Accompanied refugeeS In Sweden Trial (ASsIST) aims to evaluate a community-based intervention, called 'Teaching Recovery Techniques' (TRT), for accompanied refugee minors experiencing PTSD symptoms. METHODS/DESIGN: A cluster randomised controlled trial will be conducted in which participants will be randomly allocated to one of the two possible arms: the intervention arm (n=113) will be offered the TRT programme and the waitlist-control arm (n=113) will receive services as usual, followed by the TRT programme around 20 weeks later. Outcome data will be collected at three points: pre-intervention (T1), post-intervention (T2; c.8 weeks after randomisation) and follow-up (T3; c.20 weeks after randomisation). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval was granted by the Regional Ethical Review Board in Uppsala (Ref. 2018/382) (24th February 2019). Results will be published in scientific journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION DETAILS: ISRCTN17754931. Prospectively registered on 4th June 2019.
32.	Wassrin, Maria, 1959- (author) Musicking : Kreativ improvisation i förskolan 2013 Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis draws on a video ethnography of music activities in a preschool setting in Sweden. It focuses on the participants’ co-construction of music activities and on their use of semiotic and material resources to constitute and sustain these activities. The videos document musicking (Small, 1998), that is, events involving a series of musical activities: work with instruments, dancing and movements, singing and listening.The data were collected during one year and includes 24 hours of video films (altogether 30 musicking events). The participants in the study are 1-3 years old children and their music pedagogues (preschool staff members who worked in the preschool on a daily basis).In terms of theoretical influence, the study is inspired by conversation analysis (Sacks, 1992), linguistic anthropology and work on aesthetic processes (Duranti & Black, 2012; Sawyer, 1997; 2003), as well as sociocultural theorizing (Lave, 1996; Rogoff, 1995; Wenger, 1998).The findings show that the individual young children (2-year-olds) engage in musicking, and that they also initiative various novel activities: such as conducting, dancing, singing, and exploring instruments. In these activities, mobility in the room is essential for the children`s access to instruments and other artifacts and for their possibility to participate in specific activities. The musicking events evolve as multimodal events, where different participation strategies are allowed and creative improvisations involve both musical and extra-musical actions. But a major finding is that the music pedagogues’ responsive uptake and creative improvisations are critical for the individual children`s ability to participate in specific activities and for bringing together the individual child and the group in collaborative musicking.

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