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- Böhlmark, Anders, 1973-
(author)
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School Reform, Educational Achievement and Lifetime Income : Essays in Empirical Labor Economics
- 2007
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The Impact of School Choice on Pupil Achievement, Segregation and Costs: Swedish Evidence. This paper evaluates school choice at the compulsory school level. We estimate the impact of an increased enrolment in private schools on average achievement using within-municipality variation over time. We find positive effects, shown to be the sum of a (small) private school attendance effect and a competition effect. We also find effects on segregation and costs.Age at Immigration and School Performance: A Siblings Analysis Using Swedish Register Data. This paper analyzes the role of age at immigration for the school performance gap between native and immigrant pupils by exploiting within-family variation. The critical age is about nine, above which there is a strong negative impact on performance. The results are similar for boys and girls, but vary by region of origin. A comparison of sibling-difference and cross-sectional estimates reveals striking similarities. Integration of Childhood Immigrants in the Short and in the Long Run: Swedish Evidence. I study childhood immigrants at different stages in life in order to examine the role of age at immigration for educational and labor market outcomes. I find that childhood immigrants tend later to recover strongly in terms of educational achievement. Yet, the same individuals are on average found to be poorly integrated into the labor market. Life-Cycle Variations in the Association between Current and Lifetime Income: Replication and Extension for Sweden. We apply a generalized errors-in-variables model, recently developed by Steven Haider and Gary Solon, in order to produce estimates of the association between current and lifetime income. We find strong life-cycle patterns. This implies that the widespread use of current income as a proxy for lifetime income leads to inconsistent estimates even when the proxy is used as the dependent variable. We find country similarities, but gender and cohort differences.
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| 4. |
- Böhlmark, Anders, 1973-
(author)
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Age at Immigration and School Performance: A Siblings Analysis Using Swedish Register Data
- 2005
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- There is a gap in school performance between native and immigrant pupils in Sweden.This article analyzes the role of age at immigration, which is believed to be an importantdeterminant of this gap, since it is inversely related to the time spent acquiring Swedenspecificskills before graduation. The analysis exploits within-family variation in a largeset of register data on immigrant siblings (and native children) graduating fromcompulsory school between 1988 and 2003. The estimated negative impact from shortduration of residence prior to graduation is significantly less than the one observed usinga standard cross-sectional approach which fails to net out family-fixed effects. Thecritical age at arrival is about 10. Above this age, there is a strong negative impact onperformance, where the sibling-difference estimates are 27-54 percent less negative thanthe cross-sectional ones. The results show both similarities and striking differencesbetween boys and girls and between children of different origin. Moreover, children withshort duration of residence perform significantly better in mathematics than in a range ofsubjects taken together. This demonstrates the importance of Sweden-specific skills.
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| 7. |
- Böhlmark, Anders
(author)
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Education Policy for Adolescent Immigrants
- 2019
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In: Integrating Immigrants into the Nordic Labour Markets. - : Nordic Council of Ministers. - 9789289361996 - 9789289362009 - 9789289362016 ; , s. 65-83
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter describes the challenge to prepare adolescent immigrants for the Nordic labour markets. A review of the literature identifies general education efforts and targeted interventions that may be useful. There is convincing evidence of the effectiveness of several school practices for the benefit of disadvantaged students, some of which are probably generalizable to immigrant students. The evidence of the effectiveness of interventions targeted to adolescent immigrants is scarce. However, study support and guidance are identified as important measures, as well as new roads to employment for individuals who have difficulties to qualify for and finish regular high school programs.
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| 10. |
- Böhlmark, Anders, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Independent Schools and Long-Run Educational Outcomes : evidence from Sweden's Large Scale Voucher Reform
- 2015
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In: Economica. - : Wiley. - 0013-0427 .- 1468-0335. ; 82:327, s. 508-551
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We estimate effects on educational outcomes from the expansion of the independent school sector in Sweden, which followed as a consequence of the radical 1992 voucher reform. Using variation in this expansion across municipalities, we find that an increase in the share of independent school students improves average short- and long-run outcomes, explained primarily by external effects (e.g. school competition). For most outcomes, we observe significant effects first a decade after the reform. By using regional level TIMSS data, we can reconcile our results with the negative national trend for Swedish students in international achievement tests.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Böhlmark, Anders
(author)
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Integration of Childhood Immigrants in the Short and Long Run - Swedish Evidence
- 2009
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In: The international migration review. - : SAGE Publications. - 0197-9183 .- 1747-7379. ; 43:2, s. 387-409
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Immigrant children are often at a disadvantage at school while they adjust to their new environment. It has been found that the age at immigration of 7 or above represents a sensitive period as regards these children's school performance for two main reasons: they have passed their prime age for language learning, and their acquisition of subject skills is less efficient while they learn to master the new language. Using Swedish administrative data, we track childhood immigrants born between 1972 and 1976 over time from adolescence (at 16) to adulthood (at 30), and study the role of age at immigration for educational and labor market outcomes. We find that immigration at a sensitive age (compared to a very young age) has a strong negative impact on compulsory school performance, but that the same individuals catch up strongly in terms of final educational attainment. In spite of this educational catching up, however, we find a considerable negative impact on earnings for men. We are able to rule out two potential mechanisms behind this puzzling result: It cannot be explained either by an impact on the chosen field of study or on completion time.
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- Böhlmark, Anders, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Lotta ut platserna till friskolor
- 2011
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In: Svenska Dagbladet. - Stockholm : Svenska Dagbladet.
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 18. |
- Böhlmark, Anders, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Parental choice, neighbourhood segregation or cream skimming? : An analysis of school segregation after a generalized choice reform
- 2016
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In: Journal of Population Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0933-1433 .- 1432-1475. ; 29:4, s. 1155-1190
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies the evolution of school segregation in Sweden in the aftermath of the 1992 universal voucher reform, which spurred the establishment of new independent schools and introduced parental choice. We assess the relative importance of neighbourhood segregation, parental choice and the location of independent schools for school segregation. In particular, we exploit variation in school choice opportunities across municipalities and provide descriptive evidence that in regions where school choice has become more prevalent, school segregation between immigrants and natives, and between children of high/low educated parents, has increased more than in regions where choice is limited. This result also holds when we account for residential segregation and focus on excess segregation over and above the segregation that would occur if all pupils attended their assigned schools. We find that the increase in school segregation 15 years after the reform that can be attributed to choice is relatively small.
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| 19. |
- Böhlmark, Anders, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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The Headmaster Ritual : The Importance of Management for School Outcomes
- 2016
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : Wiley. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 118:4, s. 912-940
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We estimate the impact of individual principals on school outcomes by using panel data that allow us to track principals over time. We find that individual principals have a substantive impact on school policies, working conditions, and student outcomes. In particular, students who attend a school that has a one standard deviation better principal improve their achievement by between 0.05 and 0.1 standard deviations. Despite rich background information on principals, it is difficult to characterize successful management, suggesting that innate skills are central. We find that the scope for discretion is larger among voucher schools and in areas with school competition.
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| 22. |
- Böhlmark, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Tipping and the Effects of Segregation
- 2020
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In: American Economic Journal. - : American Economic Association. - 1945-7782 .- 1945-7790. ; 12:1, s. 318-347
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyze how neighborhood ethnic population composition affects the short- and long-run education and labor market outcomes of natives and immigrants. To overcome the problem of nonrandom sorting across neighborhoods, we borrow theoretical insights from the tipping point literature and exploit estimated tipping thresholds as instruments for changes in ethnic population composition. Our results provide little evidence in support of the idea that living in a neighborhood with a higher immigrant share leads to worse outcomes.
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| 23. |
- Böhlmark, Johan, 1975-
(author)
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Fundamentals of High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering
- 2006
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In plasma assisted thin film growth, control over the energy and direction of the incoming species is desired. If the growth species are ionized this can be achieved by the use of a substrate bias or a magnetic field. Ions may be accelerated by an applied potential, whereas neutral particles may not. Thin films grown by ionized physical vapor deposition (I-PVD) have lately shown promising results regarding film structure and adhesion. High power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) is a relatively newly developed technique, which relies on the creation of a dense plasma in front of the sputtering target to produce a large fraction of ions of the sputtered material. In HIPIMS, high power pulses with a length of ~100 μs are applied to a conventional planar magnetron. The highly energetic nature of the discharge, which involves power densities of several kW/cm2, creates a dense plasma in front of the target, which allows for a large fraction of the sputtered material to be ionized.The work presented in this thesis involves plasma analysis using electrostatic probes, optical emission spectroscopy (OES), magnetic probes, energy resolved mass spectrometry, and other fundamental observation techniques. These techniques used together are powerful plasma analysis tools, and used together give a good overview of the plasma properties is achieved.from the erosion zone of the magnetron. The peak plasma density during the active cycle of the discharge exceeds 1019 electrons/m3. The expanding plasma is reflected by the chamber wall back into the center part of the chamber, resulting in a second density peak several hundreds of μs after the pulse is turned off.Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) measurements of the plasma indicate that the degree of ionization of sputtered Ti is very high, over 90 % in the peak of the pulse. Even at relatively low applied target power (~200 W/cm2 peak power) the recorded spectrum is totally dominated by radiation from ions. The recorded HIPIMS spectra were compared to a spectrum taken from a DC magnetron discharge, showing a completely different appearance.Magnetic field measurements performed with a coil type probe show significant deformation in the magnetic field of the magnetrons during the pulse. Spatially resolved measurements show evidence of a dense azimuthally E×B drifting current. Circulating currents mainly flow within 2 away cm from the target surface in an early part of the pulse, to later diffuse axially into the chamber and decrease in intensity. We record peak current densities of the E×B drift to be of the order of 105 A/m2.A mass spectrometry (MS) study of the plasma reveals that the HIPIMS discharge contains a larger fraction of highly energetic ions as compared to the continuous DC discharge. Especially ions of the target material are more energetic. Time resolved studies show broad distributions of ion energies in the early stage of the discharge, which quickly narrows down after pulse switch-off. Ti ions with energies up to 100 eV are detected. The time average plasma contains mainly low energy Ar ions, but during the active phase of the discharge, the plasma is highly metallic. Shortly after pulse switch-on, the peak value of the Ti1+/Ar1+ ratio is over 2. The HIPIMS discharge also contains a significant amount of doubly charged ions.
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| 24. |
- Holmlund, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Does grade configuration matter? Effects of school reorganisation on pupils' educational experience
- 2019
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In: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 109, s. 14-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper studies the effects of school organisation on pupils' school environment, travel patterns and educational outcomes, exploiting a policy change that reorganised Swedish middle school education. The reorganisation induced pupils to remain in small local schools throughout grades 1-9, as opposed to making a transition to large middle schools between grades 6 and 7. The reorganisation had large consequences for pupils' environments in the affected areas: travel distances to school decreased as well as the school cohort size; the composition of peers became more homogenous; and notably we find a reduction in teacher qualifications and experience. Despite that the previous literature has found that school transitions, school size and teacher experience are important inputs in the education production function, we find no evidence that remaining in a small local school had effects on educational outcomes. We reconcile our evidence using a survey which reveals that Swedish pupils do not perceive large differences in the psychosocial learning environment between schools of different grade configurations. Our results are important in informing policy makers and urban planners of the costs and benefits of different types of school organisations.
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| 25. |
- Åslund, Olof, et al.
(author)
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Childhood and Family Experiences and the Social Integration of Young Migrants
- 2015
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In: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 35, s. 135-144
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We study how age at migration affects social integration in adulthood. Using Swedish register data, we estimate the effects of age at migration by comparing siblings arriving (as children) at the same time, but at different ages. Migrants who were older when they arrived are less likely to live close to, work with, and marry natives. We also study 2nd generation immigrants and show that parental time in the host country has similar (although somewhat weaker) effects for this group. The effects do not appear to be propagated through socioeconomic status. Instead, preferences or cultural identities appear as key mechanisms.
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