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- Barck-Holst, P., et al.
(author)
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Reduced working hours and work-life balance
- 2022
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In: Nordic Social Work Research. - 2156-857X .- 2156-8588. ; 12:4, s. 450-463
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Little is known about how reduced working hours affects the work-life balance of staff in the Swedish social services, or their recovery off-work in terms of specific everyday choices. Staff at a Swedish social work agency participating in a longitudinal trial of work-time reduction in the public services were interviewed about their experiences of work and private life after their work hours were reduced (n = 12). All the interviewees described feeling more positive anticipatory emotions when going to work, several felt that their relationships with colleagues had improved, and most felt their relationships with clients had improved. Several worried less over work, and most perceived the risk for exhaustion syndrome to be lower. Most experienced more positive anticipatory emotions when returning home from work, most of those with children felt that their relationships with their children improved, and those with partners felt their romantic relationships also improved. Several devoted more time to parents and siblings. Most devoted more time to friendship, and all described having more time for recovery activities. Several worried less over their private life. A process that established and maintained a positive work-life balance is suggested by the interviews as a whole, related to increased control over private life, a larger capacity to meet private demands, improved recovery in terms of both quantity and quality, and having access to more sources of formal and informal social support.
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- SKOLD, CM, et al.
(author)
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Different functional and morphological characteristics in a nonadherent subpopulation of human macrophages recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage
- 1995
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In: The European respiratory journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 8:10, s. 1719-1724
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The alveolar macrophages (AMs) constitute a morphologically and functionally heterogenous cell population. The adhesive properties of these cells are important for their role in host defence. To focus on the heterogeneity, a population of nonadherent macrophages were characterized functionally and morphologically. These cells were then compared with the total alveolar macrophage population. Alveolar cells (> 95% alveolar macrophages), were recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from healthy smokers. Nonadherent macrophages were separated by adhesion. The phagocytic capacity and the autofluorescent properties of the cell populations were determined in flow cytofluorometric assays. In addition, electron microscopic evaluation was performed. The alveolar macrophage adhesion to wells coated with albumin increased in a time-dependent manner. After 15 min, median 47%, interquartile range 42-52% (uncoated wells 68%, 67-72%) of the alveolar macrophages were attached; and after 60 min, 56%, 51-58% (uncoated wells 73%, 71-76%) of the alveolar macrophages were attached. The nonadherent alveolar macrophage population had less phagocytic capacity. The cell autofluorescence increased with increasing cell size and cell complexity/granularity in both populations. The nonadherent cells were more autofluorescent, indicating an increased granularity/complexity. These findings were confirmed with electron microscopy. Thus, the nonadherent alveolar macrophages had more cytoplasmic inclusions than the total alveolar macrophage population (volume density median 0.39, interquartile range 0.35-0.46 and 0.31, 0.26-0.34, respectively), but less surface protusions. We conclude that in lavage fluid from human smokers there is an ultrastructurally specific subpopulation of alveolar macrophages, showing less adhesive properties and impaired phagocytic capacity in vitro. These macrophages may be older alveolar cells or, alternatively, airway macrophages. Since only alveolar macrophages from smokers were investigated, we cannot draw any conclusions regarding alveolar cells from nonsmokers. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the lavaged cells should be taken into consideration when the functional ability of the alveolar macrophages are evaluated.
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- Strand, V, et al.
(author)
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Repeated exposure to an ambient level of NO2 enhances asthmatic response to a nonsymptomatic allergen dose
- 1998
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In: The European respiratory journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 12:1, s. 6-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We investigated the effects of NO2 and allergen on lung function in a repeated exposure model. For 4 subsequent days, 16 subjects with mild asthma and allergy to birch or grass pollen were exposed at rest to either purified air or 500 microg x m(-3) NO2 for 30 min in an exposure chamber. Four hours later, an individually determined nonsymptomatic allergen dose was inhaled. Lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)) was measured by a portable spirometer at early phase (EP) 15 min after allergen and at late phase (LP) 3-10 h after allergen. Subjective symptoms and medication were followed by diary cards. Asthmatic response was significantly increased after repeated exposure to NO2 and allergen compared to air and allergen. The 4-day mean fall in FEV1 after NO2 was at EP -25% versus -0.4% for air (p=0.02) and at LP -4.4% versus -1.9% for air (p=0.01, ANOVA). An increase in EP response was seen already after a single NO2 exposure (p=0.03). There was a tendency (p=0.07) towards increased night-time symptoms of asthma after NO2 plus allergen. Although the effects were small, the results indicate that a repeated short exposure to an ambient level of NO2 enhances the airway response to a nonsymptomatic allergen dose.
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- Svartengren, K, et al.
(author)
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Clearance in small ciliated airways in allergic asthmatics after bronchial allergen provocation
- 1999
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In: Respiration. - : S. Karger AG. - 0025-7931 .- 1423-0356. ; 66:2, s. 112-118
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- <i>Background:</i> Asthma tends to affect mucociliary clearance, as assessed from measurements in large airways. However, there is no knowledge about clearance in the smallest airways of the tracheobronchial region in acute exacerbation of asthma. <i>Objective:</i> The aim of the study was to investigate clearance from the bronchiolar region in patients with allergic asthma in a situation resembling a mild acute exacerbation of the disease. We also aimed to compare clearance data with corresponding data found for healthy subjects and asthmatics on therapy. <i>Methods:</i> Tracheobronchial clearance was studied twice in 9 patients with mild asthma of the allergic type after inhalation of 6 μm (aerodynamic diameter) monodisperse Teflon particles labelled with <sup>111</sup>In. At one exposure, inhalation was performed 4 h after bronchial provocation with an allergen the patients were allergic to. The second exposure was a control measurement. The particles were inhaled at an extremely slow flow, 0.05 liter/s, which gives deposition mainly in the small ciliated airways (bronchioles). Lung retention was measured at 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. <i>Results:</i> All patients demonstrated an early asthmatic reaction of varying degree after bronchial provocation. There was significant clearance of radioaerosol in each 24-hour period for both exposures, with the possible exception of the period between 24 and 48 h for the provocation exposure, with similar fractions of retained particles at all points of time. The retained fractions were significantly larger compared to a group of healthy subjects and asthmatics on regular treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs. <i>Conclusions:</i> Our results indicate that in allergic asthmatics a bronchial allergen provocation with an early asthmatic reaction does not significantly influence overall clearance from the bronchiolar region. However, in the present group of patients, retention in small ciliated airways was significantly higher compared to healthy subjects and asthmatics on regular treatment.
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