| 1. |
- Matus, M., et al.
(author)
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Key Comparison EURAMET.L-K1.2011 Measurement of gauge blocks by interferometry
- 2016
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In: Metrologia. - 0026-1394 .- 1681-7575. ; 53:1A
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The key comparison EURAMET.L-K1.2011 on gauge blocks was carried out in the framework of a EURAMET project starting in 2012 and ending in 2015. It involved the participation of 24 National Metrology Institutes from Europe and Egypt, respectively. 38 gauge blocks of steel and ceramic with nominal central lengths between 0.5 mm and 500 mm were circulated. The comparison was conducted in two loops with two sets of artifacts. A statistical technique for linking the reference values was applied. As a consequence the reference value of one loop is influenced by the measurements of the other loop although they did not even see the artifacts of the others. This influence comes solely from three "linking laboratories" which measure both sets of artifacts. In total there were 44 results were not fully consistent with the reference values. This represents 10% of the full set of 420 results which is a considerable high number. At least 12 of them are clearly outliers where the participants have been informed by the pilot as soon as possible. The comparison results help to support the calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) of the laboratories involved in the CIPM MRA.
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| 2. |
- Melsen, Wilhelmina G., et al.
(author)
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Attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised prevention studies
- 2013
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In: The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. - 1474-4457. ; 13:8, s. 665-671
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Estimating attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia has been hampered by confounding factors, small sample sizes, and the difficulty of doing relevant subgroup analyses. We estimated the attributable mortality using the individual original patient data of published randomised trials of ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Methods We identified relevant studies through systematic review. We analysed individual patient data in a one-stage meta-analytical approach (in which we defined attributable mortality as the ratio between the relative risk reductions [RRR] of mortality and ventilator-associated pneumonia) and in competing risk analyses. Predefined subgroups included surgical, trauma, and medical patients, and patients with different categories of severity of illness scores. Findings Individual patient data were available for 6284 patients from 24 trials. The overall attributable mortality was 13%, with higher mortality rates in surgical patients and patients with mid-range severity scores at admission (ie, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation score [APACHE] 20-29 and simplified acute physiology score [SAPS 2] 35-58). Attributable mortality was close to zero in trauma, medical patients, and patients with low or high severity of illness scores. Competing risk analyses could be done for 5162 patients from 19 studies, and the overall daily hazard for intensive care unit (ICU) mortality after ventilator-associated pneumonia was 1.13 (95% CI 0.98-1.31). The overall daily risk of discharge after ventilator-associated pneumonia was 0.74 (0-68-0.80), leading to an overall cumulative risk for dying in the ICU of 2.20 (1.91-2.54). Highest cumulative risks for dying from ventilator-associated pneumonia were noted for surgical patients (2.97,95% CI 2-24-3-94) and patients with mid-range severity scores at admission (ie, cumulative risks of 2.49 [1.81-3-44] for patients with APACHE scores of 20-29 and 2.72 [1.95-3.78] for those with SAPS 2 scores of 35-58). Interpretation The overall attributable mortality of ventilator-associated pneumonia is 13%, with higher rates for surgical patients and patients with a mid-range severity score at admission. Attributable mortality is mainly caused by prolonged exposure to the risk of dying due to increased length of ICU stay.
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| 4. |
- Lagerlöf, Hannes, et al.
(author)
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Striving for technical consensus by agreeing to disagree: the case of monitoring underground nuclear waste disposal facilities
- 2022
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In: Journal of Risk Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1366-9877 .- 1466-4461. ; 25:5, s. 666-679
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Socio-technical arrangements seeking to produce consensus are understood differently by theories in science and technology studies. Some scholars argue that consensus ambitions are coercive in that they oppress the (inevitable) alternatives to the dominant values and interests that are enforced under a guise of consensual unity. Others argue that consensus is inherently characterized by value and interest heterogeneity, i.e. downplaying processes of coercion and exclusion, and instead emphasizing 'multiplicity'. In this article, we combine both these seemingly contradictory insights to understand how a European Union Research and Development Project sought to produce consensus among a range of international actors about introducing new technology into existing nuclear waste management programmes. By presenting the political and technical contexts of two national programmes - the Swedish and the French - we show that political and legislative preconditions for monitoring differed between the countries. The project thereby faced the European Union's expectations of honouring certain (political) values by producing consensus and the simultaneous turmoil of divergent national trajectories. This turmoil, however, was reconciled by 'agreeing to disagree'. By producing consensus on the level of technical protocols that allowed a degree of flexibility, both the political values of European harmonization imposed on the project and the integrity of the somewhat divergent national programmes were honoured. Fundamentally, we argue that the coercive aspects of this process are constituted by the naturalization of European Union policy, but that such coercive efforts still leave some room for diversity, i.e. flexibility.
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| 5. |
- Äkäslompolo, S, et al.
(author)
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Calculating the 3D magnetic field of ITER for European TBM studies
- 2015
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In: Fusion Engineering and Design. - 0920-3796.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The magnetic perturbation due to the ferromagnetic test blanket modules (TBMs) may deteriorate fast ion confinement in ITER. This effect must be quantified by numerical studies in 3D. We have implemented a combined finite element method (FEM) – Biot-Savart law integrator method (BSLIM) to calculate the ITER 3D magnetic field and vector potential in detail. Unavoidable geometry simplifications changed the mass of the TBMs and ferritic inserts (FIs) up to 26%. This has been compensated for by modifying the nonlinear ferromagnetic material properties accordingly. Despite the simplifications, the computation geometry and the calculated fields are highly detailed. The combination of careful FEM mesh design and using BSLIM enables the use of the fields unsmoothed for particle orbit-following simulations. The magnetic field was found to agree with earlier calculations and revealed finer details. The vector potential is intended to serve as input for plasma shielding calculations.
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