| 1. |
- Waldner, L., et al.
(author)
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The 2019-2020 EURADOS WG10 and RENEB Field Test of Retrospective Dosimetry Methods in a Small-Scale Incident Involving Ionizing Radiation
- 2021
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In: Radiation Research. - 0033-7587 .- 1938-5404. ; 195:3, s. 253-264
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With the use of ionizing radiation comes the risk of accidents and malevolent misuse. When unplanned exposures occur, there are several methods which can be used to retrospectively reconstruct individual radiation exposures; biological methods include analysis of aberrations and damage of chromosomes and DNA, while physical methods rely on luminescence (TL/OSL) or EPR signals. To ensure the quality and dependability of these methods, they should be evaluated under realistic exposure conditions. In 2019, EURADOS Working Group 10 and RENEB organized a field test with the purpose of evaluating retrospective dosimetry methods as carried out in potential real-life exposure scenarios. A 1.36 TBq 192Ir source was used to irradiate anthropomorphic phantoms in different geometries at doses of several Gy in an outdoor open-air geometry. Materials intended for accident dosimetry (including mobile phones and blood) were placed on the phantoms together with reference dosimeters (LiF, NaCl, glass). The objective was to estimate radiation exposures received by individuals as measured using blood and fortuitous materials, and to evaluate these methods by comparing the estimated doses to reference measurements and Monte Carlo simulations. Herein we describe the overall planning, goals, execution and preliminary outcomes of the 2019 field test. Such field tests are essential for the development of new and existing methods. The outputs from this field test include useful experience in terms of planning and execution of future exercises, with respect to time management, radiation protection, and reference dosimetry to be considered to obtain relevant data for analysis.
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| 2. |
- Raeaef, C., et al.
(author)
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Internal dose assessment of Gd-148 using isotope ratios of gamma-emitting Gd-146 or Gd-153 in accidently released spallation target particles
- 2020
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In: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE RESEARCH. - 2045-2322. ; 10:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The pure alpha emitter Gd-148 may have a significant radiological impact in terms of internal dose to exposed humans in case of accidental releases from a spallation source using a tungsten target, such as the one to be used in the European Spallation Source (ESS). In this work we aim to present an approach to indirectly estimate the whole-body burden of Gd-148 and the associated committed effective dose in exposed humans, by means of high-resolution gamma spectrometry of the gamma-emitting radiogadolinium isotopes Gd-146 and Gd-153 that are accompanied by Gd-148 generated from the operation of the tungsten target. Theoretical minimum detectable whole-body activity (MDA) and associated internal doses from Gd-148 are calculated using a combination of existing biokinetic models and recent computer simulation studies on the generated isotope ratios of Gd-146/Gd-148 and Gd-153/Gd-148 in the ESS target. Of the two gamma-emitting gadolinium isotopes, Gd-146 is initially the most sensitive indicator of the presence of Gd-148 if whole-body counting is performed within a month after the release, using the twin photo peaks of Gd-146 centered at 115.4 keV (MDA<1 Bq for ingested Gd-148, and<25 Bq for inhaled Gd-148). The corresponding minimum detectable committed effective doses will be less than 1 mu Sv for ingested Gd-148, but substantially higher for inhaled Gd-148 (up to 0.3 mSv), depending on operation time of the target prior to the release. However, a few months after an atmospheric release, Gd-153 becomes a much more sensitive indicator of body burdens of Gd-148, with a minimum detectable committed effective doses ranging from 18 to 77 mu Sv for chronic ingestion and between 0.65 to 2.7 mSv for acute inhalation in connection to the release. The main issue with this indirect method for Gd-148 internal dose estimation, is whether the primary photon peaks from (146) and Gd-153 can be detected undisturbed. Preliminary simulations show that nuclides such as Ta-182 may potentially create perturbations that could impair this evaluation method, and which impact needs to be further studied in future safety assessments of accidental target releases.
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| 3. |
- Christiansson, M., et al.
(author)
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Retrospective dosimetry using salted snacks and nuts : A feasibility study
- 2017
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In: Radiation Protection Dosimetry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0144-8420 .- 1742-3406. ; 174:1, s. 1-5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The possibility of using ordinary household table salt for dosimetry is suggested by its high sensitivity to ionising radiation, which generates a readout of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL). However, to exploit this finding for retrospective human dosimetry, it would be needed to find salt in close proximity to the exposed individual. Finding salty snacks frequently tucked into handbags, backpacks or pockets seemed to be a possibility; these items therefore became the test materials of the present study. The aluminium or cardboard packages used to exclude the moisture that makes crisps and nuts go soft and stale also helps to retain the induced OSL signal. Therefore, different snacks, either their salt component alone or mixed with the snack, are exposed to ionising radiation and then were assessed for their dosimetric properties. The results indicate the feasibility of using some salty snacks for dosimetry, with a minimum detectable dose as low as 0.2 mGy.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Gunther, A. C., et al.
(author)
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Pain rather than induced emotions and ICU sound increases skin conductance variability in healthy volunteers
- 2016
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In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Inc.. - 0001-5172 .- 1399-6576. ; 60:8, s. 1111-1120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BackgroundAssessing pain in critically ill patients is difficult. Skin conductance variability (SCV), induced by the sympathetic response to pain, has been suggested as a method to identify pain in poorly communicating patients. However, SCV, a derivate of conventional skin conductance, could potentially also be sensitive to emotional stress. The purpose of the study was to investigate if pain and emotional stress can be distinguished with SCV. MethodsIn a series of twelve 1-min sessions with SCV recording, 18 healthy volunteers were exposed to standardized electric pain stimulation during blocks of positive, negative, or neutral emotion, induced with pictures from the International Affective PictureSystem (IAPS). Additionally, authentic intensive care unit (ICU) sound was included in half of the sessions. All possible combinations of pain and sound occurred in each block of emotion, and blocks were presented in randomized order. ResultsPain stimulation resulted in increases in the number of skin conductance fluctuations (NSCF) in all but one participant. During pain-free baseline sessions, the median NSCF was 0.068 (interquartile range 0.013-0.089) and during pain stimulation median NSCF increased to 0.225 (interquartile range 0.146-0.3175). Only small increases in NSCF were found during negative emotions. Pain, assessed with the numeric rating scale, during the sessions with pain stimulation was not altered significantly by other ongoing sensory input. ConclusionIn healthy volunteers, NSCF appears to reflect ongoing autonomous reactions mainly to pain and to a lesser extent, reactions to emotion induced with IAPS pictures or ICU sound.
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| 7. |
- Berg, Karin E. C., et al.
(author)
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Facilitators and barriers for implementing the PALS school-wide positive behavior support model in a Swedish municipality: A focus group study
- 2024
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In: SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A research-supported model to support schools' prevention of behavior problems and promotion of a positive school climate is school-wide positive behavior support (SW-PBS), in Scandinavia adapted into "positive behavior, interactions and learning environment in school" (PALS). Facilitators and barriers for achieving and sustaining a full implementation of PALS in a Swedish primary school context have not previously been studied. The purpose of this study was to explore school staff and administrators' experiences of implementing PALS in a municipal school district in the western region of Sweden. Using a qualitative focus group design, staff with roles in the implementation and school administrators (N = 22) representing 12 schools were asked about their experiences regarding facilitators and barriers for implementing PALS. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analyses involving a combination of inductive (data-driven) and deductive (theory-driven) approaches. In the deductive, final step, the inductively derived categories were associated with the Normalization process theory core constructs coherence, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring. The analysis resulted in nine categories in which both facilitators and barriers were identified: alignment with school mission and values; building and strengthening relationships; shared staff engagement; administrators' commitment and leadership; support and resources for adopting PALS; changed experiences of PALS work over time; positive feedback sustains motivation; learning for quality improvement; and staff continuity throughout implementation. Findings indicate that staff and administrators experienced the implementation as predominantly positive, that PALS provides a structure for relationship-based work, and fits particularly well in primary school contexts. The facilitators and barriers identified provide valuable knowledge that can inform sustainable implementations of PALS in similar contexts.
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| 8. |
- Bernhardsson, Sebastian, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Size dependent word frequencies and translational invariance of books
- 2010
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In: Physica A. - : Elsevier. - 0378-4371 .- 1873-2119. ; 389:2, s. 330-341
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It is shown that a real novel shares many characteristic features with a null model in which the words are randomly distributed throughout the text. Such a common feature is a certain translational invariance of the text. Another is that the functional form of the word-frequency distribution of a novel depends on the length of the text in the same way as the null model.This means that an approximate power-law tail ascribed to the data will have an exponent which changes with the size of the text-section which is analyzed.A further consequence is that a novel cannot be described by text-evolution models like the Simon model.The size-transformation of a novel is found to be well described by a specific Random Book Transformation.This size transformation in addition enables a more precise determination of the functional form of the word-frequency distribution.The implications of the results are discussed.
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| 9. |
- Di Stasi, L. L., et al.
(author)
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A cross-cultural comparison of visual search strategies and response times in road hazard perception testing
- 2020
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 148
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Road hazard perception is considered the most prominent higher-order cognitive skill related to traffic-accident involvement. Regional cultures and social rules that govern acceptable behavior may influence drivers’ interpretation of a traffic situation and, consequently, the correct identification of potentially hazardous situations. Here, we aimed to compare hazard perception skills among four European countries that differ in their traffic culture, policies to reduce traffic risks, and fatal crashes: Ukraine, Italy, Spain, and Sweden. We developed a static hazard perception test in which driving scenes with different levels of braking affordance were presented while drivers’ gaze was recorded. The test required drivers to indicate the action they would undertake: to brake vs. to keep driving. We assessed 218 young adult drivers. Multilevel models revealed that the scenes’ levels of braking affordance (i.e., road hazard) modulated drivers’ behavior. As the levels of braking affordance increased, drivers’ responses became faster and their gaze entropy decreased (i.e., visual search strategy became less erratic). The country of origin influenced these effects. Ukrainian drivers were the fastest and Swedish drivers were the slowest to respond. For all countries, the decrement in response times was less marked in the case of experienced drivers. Also, Spanish drivers showed the most structured (least erratic) visual search strategy, whereas the Italians had the most rigid (most constant) one. These results suggest that road hazard perception can be defined cross-culturally, with cultural factors (e.g., traffic climate, legislation) modulating response times and visual search strategies. Our results also support the idea that a multimodal assessment methodology is possible for mass testing of road hazard perception and its outcomes would be relevant to understand how different traffic cultures shape driving behavior.
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| 10. |
- Dolatshahi, S, et al.
(author)
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Selective transfer of maternal antibodies in preterm and fullterm children
- 2022
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In: Scientific reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 12:1, s. 14937-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Preterm newborns are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases at birth compared to children delivered at term. Whether this is due to compromised cellular, humoral, or organ-specific development remains unclear. To begin to define whether maternal–fetal antibody transfer profiles differ across preterm (PT) and fullterm (FT) infants, the overall quantity and functional quality of an array of 24 vaccine-, endemic pathogen-, and common antigen-specific antibodies were assessed across a cohort of 11 PT and 12 term-delivered maternal:infant pairs from birth through week 12. While total IgG levels to influenza, pneumo, measles, rubella, EBV, and RSV were higher in FT newborns, selective Fc-receptor binding antibodies was noted in PT newborns. In fact, near equivalent antibody-effector functions were observed across PT and FT infants, despite significant quantitative differences in transferred antibody levels. Moreover, temporal transfer analysis revealed the selective early transfer of FcRn, FcγR2, and FcγR3 binding antibodies, pointing to differential placental sieving mechanisms across gestation. These data point to selectivity in placental transfer at distinct gestational ages, to ensure that children are endowed with the most robust humoral immunity even if born preterm.
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| 11. |
- Gagliardi, A. R., et al.
(author)
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The Clinician Guideline Determinants Questionnaire was developed and validated to support tailored implementation planning
- 2019
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In: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0895-4356. ; 113, s. 129-136
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The purpose of this research was to generate and validate a questionnaire that identifies determinants of guideline use from the clinician perspective. Study Design and Setting: From January 2017 to March 2018, a seven-member six-country multidisciplinary team used a five-step multimethod design to search for and compile determinant frameworks, map items to determinants (content validity), select the best items for each determinant (content validity), refine wording of determinants and items (face validity), merge or separate items (construct validity), and review the final questionnaire. Results: The Clinician Guideline Determinants Questionnaire includes four sections: clinician demographic information (including two determinants: attitudes about/experience with guidelines), 26 close-ended items reflecting clinician- and guideline-specific determinants, four open-ended items reflecting enablers and barriers perceived as most important, and three items on learning style (preferred sources of guideline information). Conclusion: The Clinician Guideline Determinants Questionnaire is a comprehensive, validated instrument that addresses multiple potential determinants specific to guideline use from a clinician perspective. The Questionnaire can be used at multiple time points in the guideline development cycle to assess determinants of the use of new, updated, or adapted guidelines and before and after interventions to assess their impact on the determinants of guideline use. In future research, we will establish psychometric properties of the new questionnaire. © 2019 The Authors
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| 12. |
- Guerriero, Giuseppe, et al.
(author)
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Efficacy of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation as treatment for depression: A systematic review
- 2021
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In: Journal of Affective Disorders Reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-9153. ; 6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) has been suggested as a treatment method for depression. Methods: A systematic review to systematically evaluate the efficacy of tVNS for the treatment of depression was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Primary outcomes were mortality, self-harm, depressive symptoms, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL). Secondary outcomes were anxiety symptoms, medication use, everyday functioning, complications, and patients’ experiences of treatment. Five databases were searched systematically. The included articles were critically appraised and certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results: Two studies evaluating efficacy and a case series collecting data on complications were included. One randomized trial (n = 37) and one cohort study (n = 160) comparing tVNS with sham-tVNS reported significant reduction in the tVNS group of self-rated (SMD = -0.82, 95%-CI = -1.50, -0.15) but not clinician-rated depressive symptoms, after two weeks, and of both self-rated (SMD = -0.99, 95%-CI = -1.32, -0.66) and clinician-rated (SMD = -0.89, 95%-CI = -1.22, -0.57) depressive symptoms, after four weeks, respectively. Furthermore, the cohort study found reduction of both self-rated (SMD = -0.66, 95%-CI = -0.98, -0.34) and clinician-rated (SMD = -0.14, 95%-CI = -0.46, 0.17) anxiety symptoms. One case series (n = 12), collecting data on complications, reported mild to moderate transient side effects. Limitations: Available studies are few and heterogeneous, have major study limitations, problems with directness and imprecision. Conclusions: It is uncertain whether tVNS reduces depressive symptoms and anxiety. Although existing studies show promising results, further studies are needed to increase the certainty of evidence. © 2021 The Authors
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Lockwood, C., et al.
(author)
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Initial perceptions of, and intention to use, an online guideline adaptation framework: a descriptive survey
- 2018
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In: International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare. - : Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). - 1744-1609. ; 16:4, s. 214-226
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: The aim of this research was to evaluate CAN-Implement. Pro as a structured and systematic process for planning local evidence implementation, to develop a contextual and demographic profile of potential users and assess their initial perceptions and intention to use CAN-Implement. Pro. Methods: Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Adelaide Human Research Ethics Committee (Approval number: H-2016-157). A descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken to capture the demographic characteristics of participants, as well as their initial perceptions of, and intention to use, the software for guideline adaptation projects. Results: A total of 21 individuals representing guideline groups completed the survey. Only 43% had taken part in at least one previous implementation project. Thirty-three percent reported embarking on their first implementation project; 24% had yet to participate in an evidence implementation project. Nursing was the most highly referenced profession at 75%, followed by medical specialties (40%); two respondents indicated allied health professions were included in their implementation group. Respondents represented countries or regions of high and upper middle income as classified by the WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean. The majority (67%) found CAN-Implement. Pro to be well-organized, easy to navigate and reliable. Most (80%) also indicated they were more likely to return to the software than not; 20% were neutral. In terms of overall satisfaction, more than half (60%) were very satisfied or satisfied, a third (33%) was neutral and 7% were dissatisfied. Over 66% of the respondents considered their group to be familiar with the knowledge-to-action model. A slightly higher percentage (74%) reported software based upon the knowledge-to-action model had a strong conceptual framework. In terms of evidence informed functionality, 75% of the respondents concluded that the software could assist guideline groups to provide structure for their implementation planning; a similar proportion (75%) indicated that the software would also enhance or improve coordination, communication and logistics management in guideline-related implementation projects. Participants were familiar with a range of resources, models, theories and frameworks for implementation, implementation planning and guideline adaptation. The most common frameworks were related to behavioural theories or variations of the Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services framework. Conclusion: Eighty percent of the respondents indicated that their group would be likely to use the software to guide implementation planning in future projects, whereas 20% were neutral. In terms of expectations for contemporary software, multimedia resources rated highly, as did interactive components within the knowledge-to-action model.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Qiu, Li, et al.
(author)
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A formula for Computation of the Real Stability Radius
- 1995
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In: Automatica. - 0005-1098. ; 31:6, s. 879-890
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents a readily computable formula for the real stability radius with respect to an arbitrary stability region in the complex plane.
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| 17. |
- Ramzaev, V., et al.
(author)
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A backpack γ-spectrometer for measurements of ambient dose equivalent rate, H˙∗(10), from 137Cs and from naturally occurring radiation : The importance of operator related attenuation
- 2017
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In: Radiation Measurements. - : Elsevier BV. - 1350-4487. ; 107, s. 14-22
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study is devoted to the calibration of a backpack radiation detection system (BPRDS) for evaluation of the external dose to a person staying in an environment contaminated by 137Cs. A commercially available portable gamma-ray spectrometer-dosemeter based on a NaI(Tl) detector was used. By means of information in the pulse-height distribution, it has been possible to separate the technogenic and natural components of the ambient dose equivalent rate, H˙∗(10), (ADER). In situ measurements were made in the Bryansk region (Russia) and Gomel region (Belarus) in 2015–2016. Both regions had been severely contaminated by 137Cs due to the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986. Background measurements were performed at those regions of Russia that received negligible amounts of Chernobyl fallout. Measurements were made inside and outside settlements at typical outdoor locations: street, yard, arable land, undisturbed grassland and forest. The ADER in the pack-back geometry for an operator with a body mass of about 70 kg and a height of 170 cm was 12% lower than the ADER registered in the standard measurement geometry with the detector placed on a tripod at a height of 1 m above ground. The attenuation of the primary 662 keV photons from 137Cs in the operator was measured as a 22% reduction of ADER. Much smaller effect, on average 3–4% reduction, was observed with respect to ADER due to scattered photons from 137Cs in the environment. The BPRDS and calibration factors have been used during walking surveys in two Russian settlements with 137Cs ground deposition densities in 1986 of about 80 kBq m−2 (village of Zatishie) and 700 kBq m−2 (town of Novozybkov). The ADER due to natural terrestrial radionuclides and 137Cs were in the ranges 15–50 nSv h−1 and 14–500 nSv h−1, respectively. The man-made source dominates total ADER in forests, while contribution from the natural sources prevails in the ADER recorded above paved areas.
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| 18. |
- Ramzaev, V., et al.
(author)
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Calculation of the effective external dose rate to a person staying in the resettlement zone of the Vetka district of the Gomel region of Belarus based on in situ and ex situ assessments in 2016–2018
- 2020
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In: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0265-931X. ; 214-215
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study was to perform a preliminary assessment of the expected effective dose rate from external exposure to an adult individual staying at that part of the radioactively contaminated territory of the Vetka district of the Gomel region of the Republic of Belarus, from where residents had been resettled after the Chernobyl accident. For this assessment, in summer 2016 and 2018 soil samples were taken from 19 sites located in forests (7 plots), virgin meadows (4 plots), cultivated meadows (6 plots) and vegetable gardens (2 plots), with the subsequent estimation of the inventory and vertical distribution of 137Cs in the soil. The values of 137Cs inventory in the soil ranged from 452 to 1620 kBq m−2 (mean = 904 kBq m−2, median = 964 kBq m−2). The results of the measurement of soil samples were used to calculate values of the air kerma rate, normalized to the inventory of radioactive caesium in the soil. On average, the normalized indicator of the air kerma rate from the man-made source was higher in forests (1.13 nGy h−1 per kBq m−2) compared to virgin meadows (0.95 nGy h−1 per kBq m−2). Normalized air kerma rate in cultivated meadows and vegetable gardens was approximately two times lower than the corresponding indicator for virgin meadows. Using a field gamma spectrometer-dosemeter, ambient dose equivalent rate of gamma radiation in the air was measured at the surveyed sites and the contributions of the technogenic and natural components to the dose rate were estimated. Additionally, such measurements were performed on asphalted surfaces (5 sites) and inside two wooden houses. The measured values of the total ambient dose equivalent rate at a height of 1 m above the ground, asphalted surface or house floor varied from 160 to 2260 nSv h−1. The lowest levels were recorded over asphalted surfaces and inside houses, and the highest ones at forest and virgin meadow sites. The contribution of the technogenic component to the total dose rate varied from 61.9% to 98.8% (mean = 88.9%; n = 26). The effective dose of anthropogenic radiation calculated from the results of in situ measurements in a forest, virgin meadow, cultivated meadow, kitchen garden, asphalted area and house was 0.59, 0.80, 0.34, 0.29, 0.06 and 0.06 μSv h−1, respectively. Similar values for land plots were calculated based on ex situ analysis of soil samples. It can be expected that, starting from 2020, the average effective external dose of a person staying in the resettlement zone of the Vetka district will not exceed 1 mSv year−1.
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| 19. |
- Ramzaev, V., et al.
(author)
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In situ determination of 137Cs inventory in soil using a field-portable scintillation gamma spectrometer-dosimeter
- 2021
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In: Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. - : Elsevier BV. - 0265-931X. ; 231
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new empirical method for in situ determination of the inventory of 137Cs in soil (ACs, kBq m−2) at grasslands and forests using a field-portable NaI(Tl) scintillation spectrometer-dosimeter was developed. The method is based on evaluation of the ambient dose equivalent build-up factor. The practical implementation of the new method with the spectrometer-dosimeter does not require a priori knowledge of the vertical distribution of 137Cs in soil. Moreover, the method allows assessing a value of the mean migration depth of 137Cs in soil (Z) in terms of g cm−2. The 95% confidence interval for the mean value of the conversion coefficients from the ambient dose equivalent build-up factor to ACs and to Z is less than 10%. The new method has been developed and verified using published data that where obtained at territories in Russia and Belarus heavily contaminated with 137Cs (ACs > 37 kBq m−2) due to the Chernobyl accident. Therefore, the survey of less contaminated areas requires additional validation of this method.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Vodovatov, A. V., et al.
(author)
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Proposals for the establishment of national diagnostic reference levels for radiography for adult patients based on regional dose surveys in Russian Federation
- 2017
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In: Radiation Protection Dosimetry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0144-8420 .- 1742-3406. ; 173:1, s. 223-232
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 2009-2014, dose surveys aimed to collect adult patient data and parameters of most common radiographic examinations were performed in six Russian regions. Typical patient doses were estimated for the selected examinations both in entrance surface dose and in effective dose. 75%-percentiles of typical patient effective dose distributions were proposed as preliminary regional diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for radiography. Differences between the 75%-percentiles of regional typical patient dose distributions did not exceed 30-50% for the examinations with standardized clinical protocols (skull, chest and thoracic spine) and a factor of 1.5 for other examinations. Two different approaches for establishing national DRLs were evaluated: as a 75%-percentile of a pooled regional sample of patient typical doses (pooled method) and as a median of 75%- percentiles of regional typical patient dose distributions (median method). Differences between pooled and median methods for effective dose did not exceed 20%. It was proposed to establish Russian national DRLs in effective dose using a pooled method. In addition, the local authorities were granted an opportunity to establish regional DRLs if the local radiological practice and typical patient dose distributions are significantly different.
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| 23. |
- Vodovatov, A. V., et al.
(author)
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Quality assessment of digital X-ray chest images using an anthropomorphic chest phantom
- 2017
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In: Journal of Physics: Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 808:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The current study is focused on determining the optimal tube voltage for the conventional X-ray digital chest screening examinations, using a visual grading analysis method. Chest images of an anthropomorphic phantom were acquired in posterior-anterior projection on four digital X-ray units with different detector types. X-ray images obtained with an anthropomorphic phantom were accepted by the radiologists as corresponding to a normal human anatomy, hence allowing using phantoms in image quality trials without limitations.
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