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1.	Alikhani, Parnian, et al. (author) Forecasting the Electrical Demand at the Port of Gävle Container Terminal 2021 In: 2021 IEEE PES INNOVATIVE SMART GRID TECHNOLOGY EUROPE (ISGT EUROPE 2021). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 806-811 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The port industry is transforming into a smart port thanks to technological advancements and environmental expectations. Developing a sustainable maritime transportation system and its beneficial electrification as a proven approach in emissions reduction are gathering momentum due to technological growth. Global containerization leads to high electricity demand at container terminals, and the electricity demand is highly dynamic and dependent on different operation processes. The approach of this paper is to forecast the hourly peak load demand and short-term electricity demand profile in a container terminal. The correctly forecasted electricity demand profile is crucial for less expensive and reliable power operation and planning. First, Artificial Neural Network (ANN)method is used to predict the container terminal baseload demand. Second, the worst-case simultaneous peak load is estimated. Third, the day-ahead load profile is modeled based on the handling operation scheduled for the day. The approach is implemented at the container terminal in Port of Gävle, and the results, including the baseload forecasting, the peak power demand, and the hourly load profile modeling by 2030, have been used in dialogue with the local energy company for the future predicted need of load.
2.	Alikhani, Parnian, et al. (author) On the Reliability and Life Cycle Cost Analyses of Small-scale Standalone Solar Systems in Rural Areas 2021 In: 2021 IEEE Power & Energy Society Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference (ISGT). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). ; , s. 5- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper, a three-step optimization approach is presented in order to obtain the optimal sizing of Standalone Photovoltaic (SPV) system. The main aim is to weigh the cost against the reliability of the system to make a smart design decision. The optimization approach has two objective functions to be minimized, Annual Lost Load (ALL) and Annual Life Cycle Cost (ALCC). The proposed method includes battery lifetime estimation, which is based on the active Depth of Discharge (DOD) of micro-cycles on the battery operation. The method has been applied to a remote area in Zambia. The results indicate that the introduced framework is capable of optimizing the system while satisfying the operational and economical requirements.
3.	Antonis, Papaemmanouil, et al. (author) A cost-benefit analysis of transmission network reinforcement driven by generation capacity expansion 2010 In: IEEE Power & Energy Society (PES) General Meeting 2010, Minneapolis, USA, July 25 - 29, 2010. - 9781424483570 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper assesses the effects of the future European power generation system with strict CO2 emission reduction targets on the planning of cross-border interconnection lines. Results from a techno-economic energy systems model have been used as input to this work, regarding the development of the European power generation system until the year 2050, meeting the EU 2020 CO2 target and a 85% emissions reduction until the year 2050. A simplified UCTE power system model was developed in order to analyze how the cross-border interconnections in continental Europe are affected by the generation plans using an iterative method. The paper also attempts to identify the congestion points and proposes solutions based on nodal price modeling. A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is used to evaluate the appropriate transmission planning strategy, with the costs being the long-term investment costs and the benefits being both the avoided environmental costs and the total congestion costs. The effects of new investments on the nodal prices are also studied. The results show that the profitability of the investments is influenced by the available production mix and the forecasted CO2 prices. The avoided congestion costs participate rather insignificantly in the CBA, which means that congestions are not relieved, showing that many interconnections are insufficient for nodal pricing market structure.
4.	Antonis, Papaemmanouil, et al. (author) Improved Cost-Benefit Analysis for Market-Based Transmission Planning, A European Perspective 2013 In: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215. ; 63, s. 215-223 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper addresses the problem of transmission planning in interconnected power systems under the uncertainty of future generation parks and fast varying marginal production costs. The decision maker has to consider many different aspects during the denition of dierent transmission planning strategies, that sometimes might even be contradicting. Major contributions are the incorporation of energy policy measurements in the evaluation process of candidate transmission plans and the inclusion of short and long-term uncertainties. The proposed methodology, so called C-TRAP, is based on a semi-dynamic heuristic approach, that solves the social welfare maximization problem for several discrete steps considering different preferences for energy policy and transmission network reinforcements. The flexibility provided through the heuristic analysis is very important for decision makers in the new uncertain environment in power systems.
5.	Antonis, Papaemmanouil, et al. (author) Improved cost-benefit analysis for reliable long-term transmission planning 2011 In: 2011 IEEE PES Trondheim PowerTech: The Power of Technology for a Sustainable Society, POWERTECH 2011; Trondheim; 19 June 2011 through 23 June 2011. - 9781424484195 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The aim of this paper is to incorporate reliabilityaspects in the transmission planning process presentedin previous work. The decision maker has to consider manydifferent aspects during the definition of transmission planning strategy, that sometimes might be contradicting. In the whole planning framework the decision is made by combining economic, environmental, and security of supply criteria in a single pseudodynamic algorithm. However, here only the part of security of supply is analyzed. After a sensitivity analysis for identification of critical/important transmission lines, a contingency analysis is performed and the probability of expected unserved energy is calculated together with the costs of expected unserved energy as an indicator. It is also shown that the amount of expected unserved energy is decreasing when additional transmission capacity is added to the connected lines of an unbalanced node. However, this may not be enough to reach zero unserved energy due to limitations of other transmission lines. After all,transmission network reinforcements can be evaluated based on benefits in avoided environmental costs, avoided congestion costs and avoided unserved energy costs in order to provide sufficient information to the decision maker.
6.	Arafat, Yasir, 1985, et al. (author) FEASIBILITY STUDY ON LOW VOLTAGE DC SYSTEMS USING SMART METER DATA 2013 In: CIRED International Conference on Electricity Distribution Systems for a Sustainable Future, Stockholm, 10-13 June 2013.. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology. - 9781849197328 ; 2013:615 CP, s. Article no 0884- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The introduction of Smart Meter (SM) is a first stagetowards Smart Grid to develop future energy system. Themain difference of a SM with a traditional meter is thatinstead of only showing the current usage on the meteritself, it can also communicate the usage details directly to a Distribution System Operator. In order to make overallreduction in energy consumption, increasing awarenessabout the energy consumption is an important factor. TheSM data gives that facility by visualizing the energyconsumption in real time. The energy consumption can alsobe reduced by using low voltage Direct Current (DC)distribution in houses and offices. Several factors haveincreased the recent interest in DC power system. Thenumber of devices that operate on DC continues to increasein both homes and offices. Most of the devices requireAlternating Current (AC) to DC conversion between the ACsupply and the DC side of the device. These need ofconversion from 230V AC to low voltage DC inside the DCpower consuming apparatus results in a low overallefficiency of the AC system. This work focused on feasibility of using 230V AC to 48V DC converter with SM for a house with low voltage DC distribution system.
7.	Arafat, Yasir, 1985, et al. (author) Possibilities of demand side management with Smart Meters 2015 In: International Conference on Electricity Distribution, CIRED 2015. Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract There are problems with congestion during peak electricity demand periods for today’s grid infrastructure. As the demand has been sharply increasing day by day, the power reserve, as it is designed today, may be gradually phased out. Demand side management (DSM) can then be necessary to keep balance between the demand and the supply. By using Smart Meters (SMs), the Distribution System Operator (DSO) can manage the demand side during peak load crisis and decrease the risk of blackouts. The SM may allow the DSO to switch loads in an area using a customer’s prioritize list, while excluding emergency service providers and critical customers from switching. Moreover, switching multiple SMs at a time might have impact on the Power Quality (PQ) of the grid. This paper presents results from field test on multiple SMs switching and investigated the impact of SMs switching on the PQ of the electricity grid.
8.	Arafat, Yasir, 1985, et al. (author) Remote switching of multiple smart meters and steps to check the effect on the grid's power quality 2014 In: 2014 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition, T and D 2014; Chicago; United States; 14 April 2014 through 17 April 2014. - 2160-8563. - 9781479936557 ; , s. Art. no. 6863273- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The traditional electrical grid is transitioning into the Smart Grid (SG) and the introduction of Smart Meter (SM) is a first stage towards Smart Grid. The SM can offer new functionalities such as remote reading, automatic event reporting and the possibility of remote switching by the Distribution System Operator (DSO). The DSO can send remote signal to the breaker of the SM to disconnect or connect customers. This could be used when customers are moving or do not have a contract. DSO is currently applying this technique regularly for customers but one by one which do not affect the grid's power quality remarkably. But this technique has never been applied for multiple customers at a time in a single neighborhood and the possible effect on the grid's power quality is still unknown. This condition is studied in this paper through test scenarios which have already been planned to test. This paper presents necessary steps of remote SM switching for a large number of customers. Power quality standards and steps for measuring power quality during the tests are outlined. Possible risks of the test as well as the probability of occurring risk and also the consequences of those risks are studied in this paper.
9.	Babaei, Saman, et al. (author) Effects of PHEVs in power distribution systems: reviews and analyses 2010 In: CIRED Workshop on Sustainable Distribution Asset Management and Financing, 7-8 June 2010, Lyon, France. Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper deals with the analysis of the impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) on the power system, with focus on the low voltage power distribution system. First a review of the technical challenges in the power system due to the mass introduction of PHEVs in the transportation sector is given. Then the paper shows on an analysis of the overloading effects of PHEVs on the distribution system with normal charging and quick charging of PHEVs for an IEEE 13-node distribution test system using power flow analysis. The results of the study show that introduction of PHEVs in the transportation sector will lead to overloading of distribution system and cause voltage problems at the end-users. The paper also analyzes the effects of PHEVs in the transmission system, using the Nordic 32-bus test system. The study results showed that the overloading problem is not prominent. However, one interesting and important result is that PHEVs may lead to overvoltages in some buses in the transmission system which requires the voltage control measures. PHEVs would also lead to increased number of network violations in the contingency analysis.
10.	Babaei, Saman, et al. (author) Effects of Plug-in Electric Vehicles on Distribution Systems: The Real Case of Gothenburg 2010 In: IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, Gothenburg, Sweden, October 10-13, 2010. - 9781424485109 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract The electric power system is changing and, especially, the electrical distribution system will meet new features. One of the large changes is a transformation of the transportation sector with the use of electricity, with introduction of electrical vehicles and Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs). This will pose new challenges and opportunities for the electric distribution companies. This paper analyzes the effects of PEVs charging on the local 400 V and 10 kV electric distribution systems in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, using steady-state power flow analysis. Two different areas representing residential area and commercial area have been simulated for the worst-case scenario, which is simultaneous charging of all the vehicles during the peak load period. The number of PEVs used has been estimated based on the load level at each customer location. The study results have shown that overloading of lines would occur when simultaneous charging of the vehicles during the peak load period. There would, however, be no problem with the voltage drop at the customer’s location during PEVs charging. An iterative method is proposed to estimate the maximum number of possible vehicles charging in the distribution system without resulting in any line overloaded. This method is also applied when one of the feeders is on outage to ensure the N-1 reliability criterion.
11.	Balram, Pavan, 1986, et al. (author) Effects of Plug-in Electric Vehicle Charge Scheduling on the Day-ahead Electricity Market Price 2012 In: IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies 2012. - 2165-4816. - 9781467325950 ; , s. 8- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract With the advent of plug-in electric vehicles (EV), it becomes increasingly important to study the impact of charge scheduling of a large number of EVs on the day-ahead electricity market price. In this paper, two scheduling models are proposed- joint scheduling model and aggregator scheduling model. They are used to study the effects of scheduling of EV charging on the day-ahead market price of electricity at various penetration levels of the EVs. Results from studies on an IEEE 30-bus test system show that, at lower penetration of EVs, a simple scheduling method using fixed-period charging during low demand periods can be used, without a large increase in market price. But at higher penetration levels, the opposite holds true, requiring advanced scheduling methods such as proposed in this paper. Between the two, joint scheduling model results in a lower increase in electricity price and is further tested on a simplified Nordic day-ahead market model. An overall conclusion is that the Nordic day-ahead market can accommodate large penetration of EVs without a significant increase in market price.
12.	Balram, Pavan, 1986, et al. (author) Modeling of Regulating Power Market Based on AC Optimal Power Flow Considering Losses and Electric Vehicles 2013 In: IEEE Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). - 9781479913466 ; , s. 6- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper proposes a model for the regulating power market incorporating electric vehicles (EV) participation that considers the locational aspects of the market participants in the regulating power activation process. The contributions of the regulating power to the system total power loss and network congestion are accounted for. In the proposed market model, the submitted marginal regulation prices are appropriately re-valued to reflect their location in the power system. The price revaluation is based on an ac optimal power flow (OPF) framework where the actual power flows and power loss can be evaluated. The participation of EVs in providing regulating power in the market is additionally modeled. A case study is carried out based on the proposed market model using the Nordic 32-bus test system. Results from the proposed market model indicate that regulating power from EVs could benefit the system by reducing the total cost of balancing. Furthermore, the inclusion of locational aspects may aid in the selection of regulating power from EVs that most likely would be electrically close to the existing load buses.
13.	Balram, Pavan, 1986, et al. (author) Stochastic Model of Electricity Retailer Incorporating Aggregated Electric Vehicle Charging Uncertainty 2013 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract This paper is a short version of a conference paper published at International Conference on European Energy Market (EEM), 28-31 May 2013, Stockholm, Sweden. It propose a model of an electricity retailer considering a future scenario where controlled charging of an aggregate of electric vehicles (EV) becomes a viable option. The retailer plans for purchase of electricity from the spot market while hedging its risks in the financial market, specifically the forward market. In a planning environment where the retailer has to make decisions for purchase of forward contracts ahead of spot market clearing, it faces uncertainties from spot market prices and customer demand. A stochastic programming approach with a financial risk measure is used to take into consideration the uncertainties described. A case study using the model is performed, the results of which indicate that EV customers and the retailer would benefit monetarily with increasing penetration of electric vehicles. The studies consecutively show that this is also the case when increasing fraction of customers opting for variable price contracts.
14.	Balram, Pavan, 1986, et al. (author) Stochastic Programming Based Model of An Electricity Retailer Considering Uncertainty Associated with Electric Vehicles Charging 2013 In: International Conference on the European Energy Market, EEM. - 2165-4077 .- 2165-4093. - 9781479920082 ; , s. 8- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper, a mathematical model is proposed for optimization of the portfolio of an electricity retailer in the forward and spot markets considering flexibility offered by electric vehicles (EV). The model provides a guideline to the elec- tricity retailer for aggregated scheduling of EV battery charging, contracting of power in the forward market and setting of retail prices for customers under fixed and variable price electricity retail contracts. The objective of the model is to maximize the retailer’s expected profit. A stochastic programming approach is used to account for the uncertainties associated with spot price, customers’ demand and EV demand. The model is applied to a case study using data from the Nordic electricity markets, future scenarios for EVs in Sweden and an electricity retailer in Sweden. Results indicate that cost savings from flexibility of EV demand would increase with increasing EV penetration level and the number of customers with variable price contracts as opposed to fixed price contracts. It is also found that the retailer’s expected profits would increase with a greater share of variable price contracts.
15.	Bangalore, Pramod, 1983, et al. (author) An Approach for Self Evolving Neural Network Based Algorithm for Fault Prognosis in Wind Turbine 2013 In: IEEE Grenoble Conference PowerTech, POWERTECH 2013; Grenoble; France. - 9781467356695 ; , s. (article no 6652218)- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract In recent years Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system has been used to monitor the condition of wind turbine components. SCADA being an integral part of wind turbines comes at no extra cost and measures an array of signals. This paper proposes to use artificial neural networks (ANN) algorithm for analysis of SCADA data for condition monitoring of components.The first step to build an ANN model is to create the training data set. Here an automated process to decide the training data set has been presented. The approach reduces the number of samples in the training data set compared to the conventional method of hand picking the data set. Further the approach describes how the ANN model could be kept in tune with the changes in the operating conditions of the wind turbine by updating the ANN model. The fault prognosis obtained from the model can be used to optimize the maintenance scheduling activity.
16.	Bangalore, Pramod, 1983, et al. (author) Analysis of SCADA data for early fault detection with application to the maintenance management of wind turbines 2016 In: CIGRE Session 46. - : CIGRE. ; , s. 1-10 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract During the past decade wind turbines have proven to be a promising source of renewable power. Wind turbines are generally placed in remote locations and are subject to harsh environmental conditions throughout their lifetimes. Consequently, the failures in wind turbines are expensive to repair and cause loss of revenue due to long down times. Asset management in wind turbines can aid in assessing and improving the reliability and availability of wind turbines, thereby making them more competitive. Maintenance policies play an important role in asset management and different maintenance models have been developed for wind turbine applications. Typically, mathematical models for maintenance optimization provide either an age based or a condition based preventive maintenance schedule. Age based preventive maintenance schedules provide the owner with the possibility to financially plan for maintenance activities for the entire lifetime of the wind turbine by providing the expected number of replacements for each component. However, age based preventive maintenance schedule may not consume the operating life of the wind turbine components to the maximum. Condition based maintenance scheduling has the advantage of better utilizing the operating life of the components. This paper proposes a wind turbine maintenance management framework which utilizes operation and maintenance data from different sources to combine the benefits of age based and condition based maintenance scheduling. This paper also presents an artificial neural network (ANN) based condition monitoring method which utilizes data from supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system to detect failures in wind turbine components and systems. The procedures to construct ANN models for condition monitoring application are outlined. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the ANN based condition monitoring method it is applied to case studies from real wind turbines. Furthermore, a mathematical model called preventive maintenance schedule with interval costs (PMSPIC) is discussed and its application to a case study within the maintenance management framework is presented. The case study demonstrates the advantage of combining both the age based and condition based maintenance scheduling methods.
17.	Bangalore, Pramod, 1983, et al. (author) Condition Monitoring and Asset Management in the Smart Grid 2016 In: Wiley online library. - Chichester, UK : John Wiley & Sons. - 9781118755488 ; , s. 1-13 Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract One of the main characteristics of a smart grid is the availability of large volumes of data, for example, gained from sensors. This data can be utilized as a tool to estimate the state of the system as a whole or any component within the system. In order to achieve actionable information from the variety of data that is available from smart grids, it is important to use the correct mathematical and signal processing tools. Furthermore, the future smart grid is expected to have high levels of reliability. This can be achieved by integrating the condition monitoring systems with maintenance management, wherein the focus is shifted from corrective maintenance to predictive condition-based maintenance.This chapter introduces the concept of reliability-centered asset management (RCAM). The RCAM approach provides the possibility of both qualitative and quantitative analysis toward optimal maintenance strategy. Furthermore, various issues with condition monitoring in smart grids have been discussed along with some literature that suggest possible solutions for these issues. Finally, a detailed case study of a data-based condition monitoring method based on artificial neural network is presented to demonstrate one of the many possibilities to use data from various measurement systems to reach actionable decisions.
18.	Bangalore, Pramod, 1983, et al. (author) Extension of Test System for Distribution System Reliability Analysis with Integration of Electric Vehicles in the Distribution System 2011 In: IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe. 2nd IEEE PES International Conference and Exhibition on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies, ISGT Europe 2011, Manchester, 5 - 7 December 2011. - 9781457714214 ; , s. Art. no. 6162763- Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Over the years the electric power system has seen an exponential growth in terms of size and technology. A similar growth and development has taken place in the terms of probabilistic applications used to analyze the power systems. A literature survey was done to analyze the existing widely used test systems; IEEE RTS and RBTS [5]. Conclusions were drawn towards how these test systems could be updated or modified to be sufficient with respect to the modern power systems “Smart Grid”. Extensions to Bus-2 distribution system of RBTS have been proposed to include the integration of Electric Vehicles into the distribution system. A sample study investigating the effect of Vehicle to Grid supply on the Energy Not Supplied in the system has been carried out; the results for the same have been presented. The aim of the work is to be able to provide a test system with electric vehicles for probabilistic reliability applications.
19.	Bangalore, Pramod, 1983, et al. (author) Self Evolving Neural Network Based Algorithm for Fault Prognosis in Wind Turbines : A Case Study 2014 In: 2014 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems (Pmaps). - 9781479935611 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Asset management of wind turbines has gained increased importance in recent years. High maintenance cost and longer downtimes of wind turbines have led to research in methods to optimize maintenance activities. Condition monitoring systems have proven to be a useful tool towards aiding maintenance management of wind turbines. Methods using Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system along with artificial intelligence (AI) methods have been developed to monitor the condition of wind turbine components. Various researchers have presented different artificial neural network (ANN) based models for condition monitoring of components in a wind turbine. This paper presents an application of the approach to decide and update the training data set needed to create an accurate ANN model. A case study with SCADA data from a real wind turbine has been presented. The results show that due to a major maintenance activity, like replacement of component, the ANN model has to be re-trained. The results show that application of the proposed approach makes it possible to update and re-train the ANN model.
20.	Bekele, Yared, et al. (author) Sustainable Off-grid Systems with Integration of Renewable Generation and Hydrogen-Fuel Cell 2022 In: IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper has investigated the role of renewable hydrogen produced from excess variable renewable energy (VRE) in reducing carbon emission and excess electricity curtailment in off-grid systems. The excess electricity produced from VRE is used for production of green hydrogen by electrolysis of water through Electrolyser in addition to serving deferrable load and battery storage systems (BSS). The hydrogen Produced from VRE sources is supplied to fuel cells to give electricity. The case study is based on modeling and simulation of off-grid systems with photovoltaics (PV) and wind turbines (WT) as two possible sources of power and, BSS and hydrogen as two possible storage media for an unelectrified small rural town called Gara Botora-Kemisie in Ethiopia. A Comparative analysis of the system with diesel generator (DG) and the system without DG is performed to identify a sustainable system for the selected site. Different case studies have been performed for comparison purposes. The results of the simulation show that, the system with PV, WT, BSS and hydrogen fuel cell is more sustainable and fossil free system and viable in reducing renewable energy curtailment.
21.	Bertling, Lina, 1973 (author) Final Program of 2010 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe 2010 In: Conference Proceedings of 2010 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT Europe). - 9781424485109 ; 500, s. 128- Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract This is the Final Program of the first Innovative SmartGrid Technologies Conference (ISGT) in Europe. IEEE, the world's largest technical professional association, has launched this new conference series in 2010 with a first meeting in January in USA. IEEE ISGT Europe 2010 will take place on October 11-13 at Lindholmen Science Park in Gothenburg, Sweden. The IEEE ISGT Europe 2010 conference is sponsored by the IEEE Power & Energy Society, and hosted by Chalmers University of Technology. Professor Lina Bertling is the General Chair of the ISGT Europe 2010.The IEEE ISGT Europe 2010 gathered over 400 deligates from 40 different countries. Around 60% from industry and authoriteis and 40% from universities. The technical program included plenary, panel and paper sessions with nearly 150 papers from 32 countries around the world. The program also offered tutorials (additional), technical tours, and a social program including a reception at the City hall of Gothenburg and Gala Dinner at Kajskul 8. The conference Web Site provides all information; before, during and after the venue at www.ieee-isgt-2010.eu.
22.	Bertling, Lina, 1973, et al. (author) Integration of plug in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles - Experience from Sweden 2010 In: Power and Energy Society General Meeting, 2010 IEEE. - 9781424483570 Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract Integration of plug in hybrid electric vehicles and electric vehicles (PHEVs and EVs) includes a wide area of topics like grid effects, different charging concepts, charger designs, harmonics from the charger etc. This short paper gives an introduction to ongoing work within this field in Sweden, and shows on research work within the topic at Chalmers University of Technology. ©2010 IEEE.
23.	Bertling, Lina, Professor, 1973-, et al. (author) Lifetime Extension Options for Electrical Equipment 2023 In: IET Conference Proceedings. - : Institution of Engineering and Technology. ; , s. 3185-3189 Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract Electrical equipment constitutes a considerable economic asset value for the distribution- and transmission system operators. Many network equipment in electrical networks have long intrinsic lifetimes most of which exceed 40 years. It is crucial for the economic performance of the operators to make optimal use of the equipment over time and therefore they should apply Asset Management (AM). Extending the life of equipment is one solution for AM which is in focus for this paper. This paper present results from a CIRED working group WG 2020-1 Lifetime extension options for electrical equipment. The WG identifies: life extension of equipment and/or substation solutions alternative to the renewal of equipment, good practices of lifetime extension options for electrical equipment and obstacles and/or limitations of electrical equipment life extension strategies.
24.	Bertling, Lina, 1973, et al. (author) On the use of reliability test systems: A literature survey 2011 In: 2011 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting, 24 – 28 July 2011, Detroit, Michigan, USA.. - 1944-9933. - 9781457710001 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Over the years the reliability test systems such as the IEEE Reliability Test System (RTS) and Roy Billinton Test System (RBTS) have been used extensively by researchers, as a bench mark system, for reliability assessment and other developments in the field of probabilistic applications in power systems. This paper presents an extensive literature survey of previous publications in which the RTS and RBTS or other test systems have been used. From the survey, several observations can be made, such as on the purpose of the use of the test systems, or where the studies were made. With the development of the electric power system, both in size and technology, this survey serves as a basis for assessing the appropriateness of the existing IEEE RTS system to address these developments. Such developments would mainly include wind energy, increased use of HVDC transmission and the state-of-the-art communication systems applied to power systems. The survey shows that it is necessary to extend the existing test systems to better address the demands of future electric power system.
25.	Bertling, Lina, 1973- (author) Reliability-centred maintenance for electric power distribution systems 2002 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)
26.	Bertling, Lina, Professor, 1973-, et al. (author) The flexible grid infrastructure enabling power grid evolution and decarbonization 2023 In: Handbook on Climate Change and Technology. - : Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.. ; , s. 274-290 Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
27.	Bertling Tjernberg, Lina, 1973 (author) ENM125 Sustainable Electric Power Systems -summary of lecture notes 2012 2012 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract This report is summarizing the lecture notes for the course ENM125 Sustainable Electric Power Systems (SEPS) during 2012.
28.	Bertling Tjernberg, Lina, 1973, et al. (author) Hydroelectric power generation from Scandinavia in the Future European Smart Grid - IEEE POWER AND ENERGY SOCIETY (PES) Berlin 2012 2013 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract This document presents summary notes from presentations given in a panel session on Hydroelectric power generation from Scandinavia in the Future European Smart Grid, which was part of the ISGT Europe 2012 conference, held on October 17, 2012 in Berlin, Germany. The notes are followed by general discussions held with the audience. In addition, a few illustrative examples from the presentations are provided.
29.	Bertling Tjernberg, Lina, 1973, et al. (author) Panel Session on Smart Grid in Europe 2013 In: IEEE Conference publications on-line. Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract In Europe the climate goals expressed as 20/20/20 give main drivers for sustainable energy development – where smart grid is a facilitator to obtain these goals. Europe has been at the forefront of smart grid deployments especially in the areas of managing large penetration of renewable sources of energy, AMI and on advanced information technology. This panel gives examples from different smart grid deployments projects in Europe and lessons learned that can be applied for future deployments. The panel starts with a talk an advanced information technology and gives the answer to why Facebook has placed their server in Sweden.
30.	Bertling Tjernberg, Lina, 1973 (author) Samordningsrådet för Smarta Elnät 2013 In: ELFACK 2013 Strategikonferens on-line. Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract En kort introduktion ges av Regeringens Samordningsråd för smarta elnät.Anna-Karin Hatt presenterade rådet i maj 2012. Uppdrag kan kortfattat presenteras i två delar. Att skapa en kunskapsplattform i Sverige inom smarta elnät och att föreslå till Näringsdepartementet en plan för Sveriges utveckling inom smarta elnät.
31.	Bertling Tjernberg, Lina, 1973 (author) Smarta elnät – vad händer i Europa? 2013 In: ELFACK 2013 Strategikonferens on-line. Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract En kortfattad definition görs av begreppet smarta elnät - Smart Grid. En introduktion görs av grundläggande begrepp och bakomliggande tekniskt system dvs elkraftsystemet. Exempel ges från pågående relaterad forsknings vid Chalmers. På Europeisk nivå har en kartläggning gjorts över projekt inom smarta elnät. Den första översynen gjordes 2010, och en ny översyn har nyligen presenteras. I denna listas 281 projekt varav 90 är klassade som smarta mätare. Resultat från denna översyn vilken utförts av EU kommissionen under Joint Research Center (JRC). Slutligen ges rekommenderade länkar för mer information kring smarta elnät.
32.	Bertling Tjernberg, Lina, 1973- (author) The Smart Grid Experience in Europe 2014 Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract The development of a Smart Grid in Europe has a strong link to the climate goals for sustainable energy systems. Europe has been at the forefront of smart grid deployments, especially in the areas of managing large penetrations of renewable sources of energy, advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and on advanced information technology.
33.	Besnard, Francois, 1983, et al. (author) A Model for the Optimization of the Maintenance Support Organization for Offshore Wind Farms 2013 In: IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy. - 1949-3029 .- 1949-3037. ; 4:2, s. 443-450 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Maintenance of offshore wind power plants is known to be extensive and costly. This paper presents a model for optimizing the maintenance support organization of an offshore wind farm: the location of maintenance accommodation, the number of technicians, the choice of transfer vessels and the use of a helicopter. The model includes an analysis of a transportation strategy using alternative transportation means, a queuing model of maintenance activities and an economic model of the maintenance support organization. An example based on a generic 100 wind turbine 5MW wind farm is used to present the application of the model. The results show the benefit of the production losses of the different options, which enables the identification of an optimal maintenance support organization based on the reliability, logistic costs and electricity price. The most cost-efficient maintenance support organization in the case study consists of an offshore accommodation with technicians on service 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The solution suggests transportation by use of a crew transfer vessel equipped with a motion compensated access system.
34.	Besnard, François, 1983, et al. (author) A stochastic model for opportunistic maintenance planning of offshore wind farms 2011 In: 2011 IEEE PES Trondheim PowerTech: The Power of Technology for a Sustainable Society, POWERTECH 2011; Trondheim; 19 June 2011 through 23 June 2011. - 9781424484195 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
35.	Besnard, Francois, 1983, et al. (author) A stochastic model for opportunistic maintenance planning of offshore wind farms 2011 In: 2011 IEEE PES Trondheim PowerTech: The Power of Technology for a Sustainable Society, POWERTECH 2011; Trondheim; 19 June 2011 through 23 June 2011. - 9781424484195 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract A sound maintenance planning is of crucial importance for wind power farms, and especially for offshore locations. This paper presents a stochastic optimization model for opportunistic service maintenance of offshore wind farms. The model takes advantage of 7 days wind production ensemble forecast and opportunities at corrective maintenance activities in order to perform the service maintenance tasks at the lowest cost. The model is based on a rolling horizon, i.e. the optimization is performed on a daily basis to update the maintenance planning based on the updated production and weather forecasts. An example based on real wind data is used to demonstrate the value of the proposed approach. In this example, it is shown that 32% of the cost for production losses and transportation could be saved. © 2011 IEEE.
36.	Besnard, Francois, 1983, et al. (author) Reliability-Centred Asset Maintenance – A step towards enhanced reliability, availability, and profitability of wind power plants 2010 In: In Proceedings of the IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, 11-13 October 2010, Gothenburg, Sweden. - 9781424485109 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Reliability and availability are key issues for theimplementation of future sustainable power systems. This paper discusses the need, methods and challenges for maintenance optimization to improve the reliability, availability, and profitability of wind power plants being a major source of renewable energy today and in future “smart grids”. The present maintenance of wind power plants is extensive and costly, especially at offshore sites. The paper discusses approaches to maintenance strategy optimization aiming at reaching cost efficient maintenance and thus enhanced profitability of wind power plants. It presents results from practical case studies utilising the method of Reliability-Centred Asset Maintenance and highlights the factors that impact the benefit of the maintenance strategies. The results show that new solutions for condition monitoring of the drive train and blades in wind turbines can be cost-efficient with respect to the reliability and availability of wind turbines today.
37.	Beyene, Yared Bekele, et al. (author) On the design and optimization of distributed energy resources for sustainable grid-integrated microgrid in Ethiopia 2023 In: International journal of hydrogen energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199 .- 1879-3487. ; 48:78, s. 30282-30298 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper presents a study that focuses on alleviating the impacts of grid outages in Ethiopia. To deal with grid outages, most industrial customers utilize backup diesel generators (DG) which are environmentally unfriendly and economically not viable. Grid integration of hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) might be a possible solution to enhance grid reliability and reduce environmental and economic impacts of utilizing DG. In this study, an optimization of grid integrated HRES is carried out for different dispatch and control strategies. The optimal power supply option is determined by performing comparative analysis of the different configurations of grid integrated HRES. The result of the study shows that grid integrated HRES consisting of photovoltaic and wind turbine as renewable energy sources, and battery and hydrogen as hybrid energy storage systems is found to be the optimal system to supply the load demand. From the hydrogen produced on-site, the FC generator and FCEVs consume 143 620 kg/yr of hydrogen which is equivalent to 394 955 kg/yr gasoline fuel consumption. This corresponds to saving 1 184 865 kg/yr of CO2 emissions and 605 703 $/yr revenue. Besides, this system yields 547 035.4 $/yr revenue by injecting excess electricity to the grid. The study clearly shows the economic and environmental viability of this new technology for implementation.& COPY; 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by/4.0/).
38.	Beyene, Yared Bekele, et al. (author) On Virtual Complex Impedance Droop Control of VSC-Based Islanded Microgrids 2023 In: Proceedings of 2023 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, ISGT EUROPE 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper investigates the droop control techniques used to ascertain the proper sharing of active and reactive power of multiple VSCs in an islanded microgrid. The dynamic model of the system control loops is performed in a dq rotating reference frame. The droop control loop is analyzed, taking into account the inductive nature of the output impedance of the microgrid due to the inductor of the filter and coupling inductor. To minimize the circulating current that flows between parallel VSC, a virtual complex impedance loop is included in the proposed controller. In order to avoid the stability problem occurring at the resonant frequency of the LCL filter, a parallel resistor is added to the LCL filter capacitor. For both equal and proportional power-sharing strategies, the proposed controller can achieve accurate power-sharing with an excellent dynamic performance of the system. The simulation results are presented to reveal the accurate performance of the proposed controller.
39.	Borenius, Seppo, et al. (author) Expert-Guided Security Risk Assessment of Evolving Power Grids 2022 In: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 15:9, s. 3237- Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Electric power grids, which form an essential part of the critical infrastructure, are evolving into highly distributed, dynamic networks in order to address the climate change. This fundamental transition relies on extensive automation solutions based on communications and information technologies. Thus, it also gives rise to new attack points for malicious actors and consequently, increases the vulnerability of the electric energy system. This study presents a qualitative assessment of power grid cybersecurity through expert interviews across countries in Europe and the U.S. to gain understanding of the latest developments and trends in the cybersecurity of future electric energy systems. The horizon of the assessment is 10 years spanning until the early 2030s. Thereafter, the study identifies how and to which extent the risks identified to be most significant are understood and addressed in the latest research and industry publications aiming at identifying areas deserving specific further attention. The most significant threats based on the assessment are False Data Injection (FDI), Denial of Service (DoS) supply chain, and ransomware and malware attacks.
40.	Cabus, Jose Eduardo Urrea, et al. (author) An Anomaly Detection Approach Based on Autoencoders for Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines 2022 In: 2022 17th international conference on probabilistic methods applied to power systems (PMAPS). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This research presents an anomaly detection approach based on autoencoders for wind turbine condition monitoring. The overall goal is to develop a methodology for assessing wind turbine health in order to enable preventative maintenance programs. First, SCADA signals are used as data input in the approach. The approach then examines the differences between the estimated values by the autoencoder models and the measured signals from the SCADA system. Next, the Kernel Density Estimation is used to determine the distribution of the expected output's error. Finally, to efficiently extract anomalous activity in the data, a novel dynamic thresholding approach is used. The outcome reveals that the method is capable of detecting potential abnormalities prior to the onset of a breakdown. It also verifies that the approach can alert operators to potential changes within wind turbines even when the alarm records show no alerts.
41.	Chatziioannou, Konstantinos, et al. (author) On experience of smart grid projects in Europe and the Swedish demonstration projects 2013 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Renewable energy sources are expected to play a significant role into the future power system. The variable and at many cases not easily predictable production of electricity will pose a threat on the reliability and efficiency of the current electricity grid. Hence, there is great need of measures that will be able to handle these fluctuations of the production systems. Transforming the current grid to become a more intelligent system that could predict the variations as well as exploit hours with lower demand and, hence, lower electricity prices is one way to deal with the problems caused by the technology shifting. New projects that address those issues are constantly under deployment in recent years. In Sweden today there are three large demonstration projects, the Sustainable City Hyllie, Smart City Gotland and the Stockholm Royal Seaport.This paper investigates the technologies used in the three projects, how the goals that were set in the beginning of each project are being fulfilled, as well as the ways that the different actors are copying with the challenges and problems faced. The approach that was used includes a comparison of the projects with other successful finalized projects carried out throughout Europe. The methodology was divided in three smaller steps. The first step was the collection of data about all the technologies and all the investigated projects in Europe and Sweden. The second step was to construct a table where a significant number of technologies used by the projects were listed alongside with an indication on whether the implementation of the technologies is finished or ongoing. The results for the ongoing Swedish demonstration projects were iterated and checked by conducting interviews with key people inside the projects. Finally, using the data from the table some conclusions and results were extracted in the final part of the report.
42.	Chen, Fuhao, et al. (author) Medium-Term Wind Power Forecasting based on Dynamic Self-Attention Mechanism 2023 In: 2023 IEEE Belgrade PowerTech, PowerTech 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Medium-Term Wind Power Forecasting (MTWPF), with a 7-day forecasting horizon, can provide important support for dispatch plans in the power system and trading strategies in the electricity market. Existing MTWPF methods usually use the Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) to map the power generated by wind farms. However, the accuracy of the NWP decreases as the forecasting horizon increases, which reduces the performance of the MTWPF. In this paper, we propose a MTWPF model based on multi-head Dynamic Self-Attention mechanism (DSA-MTWPF), which dynamically adjusts the mapping between NWP and wind power according to the change in forecasting horizon. A case study using operational data from one wind farm in China demonstrates that the DSAM-MTWPF outperforms that of the state-of-the-art MTWPF models.
43.	Cui, Yue (author) A Fault Detection Framework Using Recurrent Neural Networks for Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines 2021 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract The global energy system is experiencing a transition to a sustainable system with ambitious targets for increased use of renewable energy. One key trend for this transition has been the large introduction of wind power and integration into the electricity grid. In order to succeed in this transition, there is a need to develop efficient tools to support the handling of the assets. Asset management is a coordinated activity for the organization to get value from an asset. As the main part of asset management, maintenance includes all the technical and corresponding administrative actions to keep or restore the asset to the desired state in which it can perform its required functions. Traditional maintenance is usually based on scheduled monitoring and physical inspections. However, with new access to data and information about condition-based maintenance shows to be an efficient solution for asset management. This thesis explores data-driven solutions for electrical equipment to generate alerts towards potential operation risks, which targets digital, efficient, and cost-effective asset management. Specifically, the thesis investigates wind turbines.This thesis proposes a fault detection framework for cost-effective preventive maintenance of wind turbines by using condition monitoring systems. The thesis utilizes the data from supervisory control and data acquisition systems as the main input. For log events, each event is mapped to corresponding components based on the Reliawind taxonomy. For operation data, recurrent neural networks are applied to model normal behaviors, which can learn the long-time temporal dependencies between various time series. Based on the estimation results, a two-stage threshold method is proposed as post-processing to determine operation conditions. The method evaluates the shift values deviating from the estimated behaviors and their duration time to attenuate minor fluctuations. A two-level condition monitoring system is constructed to apply the proposed fault detection framework, which targets to detect possible faults of components and conduct performance analysis of turbines. The fault detection framework is tested with the experience data from onshore wind farms. The results demonstrate that the framework can detect operational risks and reduce false alarms.
44.	Cui, Yue, et al. (author) A fault detection framework using RNNs for condition monitoring of wind turbines 2021 In: Wind Energy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1095-4244 .- 1099-1824. Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper proposes a fault detection framework for the condition monitoring of wind turbines. The framework models and analyzes the data in supervisory control and data acquisition systems. For log information, each event is mapped to an assembly based on the IEA Reliawind taxonomy. For operation data, recurrent neural networks are applied to model normal behaviors, which can learn the long-time temporal dependencies between various time series. Based on the estimation results, a two-stage threshold method is proposed to determine the current operation status. The method evaluates the shift values deviating from the estimated behaviors and their duration time to attenuate the effect of minor fluctuations. The generated results from the framework can help to understand when the turbine deviates from normal operations. The framework is validated with the data from an onshore wind park. The numerical results show that the framework can detect operational risks and reduce false alarms.
45.	Cui, Yue, et al. (author) An anomaly detection approach based on machine learning and scada data for condition monitoring of wind turbines 2018 In: 2018 International Conference on Probabilistic Methods Applied to Power Systems, PMAPS 2018 - Proceedings. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.. - 9781538635964 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper presents an anomaly detection approach using machine learning to achieve condition monitoring for wind turbines. The approach applies the information in supervisory control and data acquisition systems as data input. First, machine learning is used to estimate the temperature signals of the gearbox component. Then the approach analyzes the deviations between the estimated values and the measurements of the signals. Finally, the information of alarm logs is integrated with the previous analysis to determine the operation states of wind turbines. The proposed approach has been tested with the data experience of a 2MW wind turbine in Sweden. The result demonstrates that the approach can detect possible anomalies before the failure occurrence. It also certifies that the approach can remind operators of the possible changes inside wind turbines even when the alarm logs do not report any alarms.
46.	Cui, Yue, et al. (author) An Anomaly Detection Approach Using Wavelet Transform and Artificial Neural Networks for Condition Monitoring of Wind Turbines' Gearboxes 2018 In: 2018 POWER SYSTEMS COMPUTATION CONFERENCE (PSCC). - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper presents an anomaly detection approach using artificial neural networks and the wavelet transform for the condition monitoring of wind turbines. The method aims to attain early anomaly detection and to prevent possible false alarms under healthy operations. In the approach, nonlinear autoregressive neural networks are used to estimate the temperature signals of the gearbox. The Mahalanobis distances are then calculated to measure the deviations between the current states and healthy operations. Next, the wavelet transform is applied to remove noisy signals in the distance values. Finally, the operation information is considered together with the refined distance values to detect potential anomalies. The proposed approach has been tested with the real data of three 2 MW wind turbines in Sweden. The results show that the approach can detect possible anomalies before failure events occur and avoid reporting alarms under healthy operations.
47.	Dogra, Arundhati, et al. (author) Potential Impact of Electric Vehicles Connected to the Grid-A Pre-Study for the Swedish Power System 2023 In: Proceedings of 2023 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, ISGT EUROPE 2023. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract In the year 2022 Sweden registered close to 5 million vehicles. According to the Power Circle report of 2021, the growth rate that year for the usage of Electric vehicles (EVs) was a steady 82 percent. Sweden is on the brink of an energy crisis, the electricity demand is increasing by the day, and expanding the generation portfolio is a challenging task both logistically and from the perspective of the swiftness with which this energy crisis should be handled. This paper tries to analyze the potential of this Vehicle to Grid(V2G) technology by creating an analytical scenario to quantify the amount of energy that can be injected into the grid if all the power generation is shut down and the country has to survive on the power pushed back by the EVs into the grid assuming that reactive power compensation is present to maintain the stability of the grid. The paper presents analytical calculations on the number of hours the current EV fleet can help sustain the grid in case of a blackout. The results obtained can be utilized for the modeling of emergency plans in grid operation in case of a partial failure.
48.	Du, M., et al. (author) A som based anomaly detection method for wind turbines health management through scada data 2016 In: International Journal of Prognostics and Health Management. - : Prognostics and Health Management Society. - 2153-2648. ; 7:4 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper, a data driven method for Wind Turbine system level anomaly detection and root sub-component identification is proposed. Supervisory control and data acquisition system (SCADA) data of WT is adopted and several parameters are selected based on physical knowledge in this domain and correlation coefficient analysis to build a normal behavior model. This model which is based on Self-organizing map (SOM) projects higher-dimensional SCADA data into a two-dimension-map. Afterwards, the Euclidean distance based indicator for system level anomalies is defined and a filter is created to screen out suspicious data points based on quantile function. Moreover, a failure data pattern based criterion is created for anomaly detection from system level. In order to track which sub-component should be responsible for an anomaly, a contribution proportion (CP) index is proposed. The method is tested with a two-month SCADA dataset with the measurement interval as 20 seconds. Results demonstrate capability and efficiency of the proposed method.
49.	Fischer, Katharina, 1979, et al. (author) A Limited-Scope Reliability-Centred Maintenance Analysis of Wind Turbines 2011 In: Scientific Proceedings of the European Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition EWEA 2011, 14-17 March 2011, Brussels, Belgium. ; , s. 89-93 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper presents results from a limited-scope Reliability-Centred Maintenance (RCM) analysis of the wind turbines Vestas V44-600kW and V90-2MW. The RCM analysis has been carried out within a workgroup involving a wind turbine owner and operator, a maintenance service provider, a provider of condition-monitoring services and wind turbine component supplier as well as researchers at academia. The study forms the basis for the development of quantitative models for maintenance strategy selection and optimization.Taking into account both the results of failure statistics and expert opinion, the analysis focuses on the most critical subsystems with respect to failure frequency and consequences. The analysis provides the most relevant functional failures and their failure causes as well as suitable measures to prevent either the failure itself or to avoid critical secondary damage. In this paper, results for the subsystems gearbox, generator and rotor current control / converter are presented.Challenges identified by the RCM workgroup which are considered to impede the achievement of cost-effective operation and maintenance of wind turbines are discussed together with proposed solutions. Standardized and automated collection of in-depth failure and maintenance data, enhanced training of maintenance personnel, and the utilisation of quantitative methods for decision support in wind turbine maintenance are identified as important steps to improve the reliability, availability and profitability of wind turbines.
50.	Fischer, Katharina, 1979, et al. (author) Reliability-Centred Maintenance for Wind Turbines Based on Statistical Analysis and Practical Experience 2012 In: IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. - 1558-0059 .- 0885-8969. ; 27:1, s. 184 - 195 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The concept of Reliability-Centred Maintenance (RCM) is applied to the two wind turbine models Vestas V44-600kW and V90-2MW. The executing RCM workgroup includes an owner and operator of the analyzed wind turbines, a maintenance service provider, a provider of condition-monitoring services and wind-turbine component supplier as well asresearchers at academia. Combining the results of failurestatistics and assessment of expert judgement, the analysis is focused on the most critical subsystems with respect to failure frequencies and consequences: the gearbox, the generator, the electrical system and the hydraulic system. The study provides the most relevant functional failures, reveals their causes and underlying mechanisms and identifies remedial measures to prevent either the failure itself or critical secondary damage. Thestudy forms the basis for development of quantitative models for maintenance strategy selection and optimization, but may also provide a feedback of field experience for further improvement of wind-turbine design.

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