| 1. |
- Arnbjerg, Lene M., et al.
(author)
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Structure and Dynamics for LiBH4-LiCl Solid Solutions
- 2009
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In: Chemistry of Materials. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0897-4756 .- 1520-5002. ; 21:24, s. 5772-5782
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A Surprisingly high degree of structural and compositional dynamics is observed in the system LiBH4-LiCl as a function of temperature and time. Rietveld refinement of synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD) data reveals that Cl- readily substitutes for BH4- in the Structure of LiBH4. Prolonged heating a sample of LiBH4-LiCl (1:1 molar ratio) above the phase transition temperature and below the melting point (108 < T < 275 degrees C) can produce highly chloride substituted hexagonal lithium borohydride, h-Li(BH4)(l-x)Cl-x, e.g., x similar to 0.42, after heating from room temperature (RT) to 224 degrees C at 2.5 degrees C/min. LiCl has a higher solubility in h-LiBH4 its compared to orthorhombic lithium borohydride, o-LiBH4, which is illustrated by a LiBH4-LiCl (1:1) sample equilibrated at 245 degrees C for 24 days and left at RT for another 13 months. Rietveld refinement reveals that this sample contains o-Li(BH4)(0.91)Cl-0.09 and LiCl. This illustrates a significantly faster dissolution of LiCl in h-LiBH4 its compared to a slower segregation of LiCl from o-LiBH4, which is also demonstrated by in situ SR-PXD from three cycles of heating and cooling of the same Li(BH4)(0.91)Cl-0.09 sample. The substitution of the smaller Cl- for the larger BH4- ion is clearly observed as a reduction in the unit cell volume as a function of time and temperature. A significant stabilization of h-LiBH4 is found to depend on the degree of anion substitution. Variable temperature solid-state magic-angle spinning (MAS) Li-7 and B-13 NMR experiments oil pure LiBH4 show an increase in full width at half maximum (fwhm) when approaching the phase transition from o- to h-LiBH4, which indicates an increase of the relaxation rate (i.e. T-2 decreases). A less pronounced effect is observed for ion-substituted Li(BH4)(1-x)Cl-x, 0.09 < x < 0.42. The MAS NMR experiments also demonstrate a higher degree of motion in the hexagonal phase, i.e., fwhm is reduced by more than a Factor of 10 at the o- to h-LiBH4 phase transition.
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| 2. |
- Knudsen, Jan, et al.
(author)
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Low-Temperature CO Oxidation on Ni(111) and on a Au/Ni(111) Surface Alloy
- 2010
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In: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-086X .- 1936-0851. ; 4:8, s. 4380-4387
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From an interplay between scanning tunneling microscopy, temperature programmed desorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations we have studied low-temperature CO oxidation on Au/Ni(111) surface alloys and on Ni(111). We show that an oxide is formed on both the Ni(111) and the Au/Ni(111) surfaces when oxygen is dosed at 100 K, and that CO can be oxidized at 100 K on both of these surfaces in the presence of weakly bound oxygen. We suggest that low-temperature CO oxidation can be rationalized by CO oxidation on O-2-saturated NiO(111) surfaces, and show that the main effect of Au in the Au/Ni(111) surface alloy is to block the formation of carbonate and thereby increase the low-temperature CO2 production.
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| 3. |
- Korablov, Dmytro, et al.
(author)
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Activation effects during hydrogen release and uptake of MgH2
- 2014
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In: International journal of hydrogen energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-3199 .- 1879-3487. ; 39:18, s. 9888-9892
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Scandium(II)hydride, ScH2, and scandium(III)chloride, ScCl3, are explored as additives to facilitate hydrogen release and uptake for magnesium hydride. These additives are expected to form more homogeneous composites with Mg/MgH2 as compared to metallic scandium. However, scandium(III)chloride, reacts with MgH2 during mechano-chemical treatment and form ScH2 and MgCl2 (that later crystallise during heat treatment). The composite MgH2-ScH2 was investigated using in-situ synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction during up to five cycles of continuous release and uptake of hydrogen at isothermal conditions at 320, 400 and 450 degrees C and p(H-2) = 100-150 or 10(-2) bar. The data were analysed by Rietveld refinement and no reaction is observed between either MgH2/ScH2 or Mg/ScH2 during cycling. The extracted sigmoidal shaped curves for formation or decomposition of Mg/MgH2 suggest that a nucleation process is preceding the crystal growth. The reaction rate increases with increasing number of cycles of hydrogen release and uptake at isothermal conditions possibly due to activation effects. This kinetic enhancement is strongest between the first cycles and may be denoted an activation effect. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Merte, Lindsay, et al.
(author)
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Water clustering on nanostructured iron oxide films
- 2014
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In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The adhesion of water to solid surfaces is characterized by the tendency to balance competing molecule-molecule and molecule-surface interactions. Hydroxyl groups form strong hydrogen bonds to water molecules and are known to substantially influence the wetting behaviour of oxide surfaces, but it is not well-understood how these hydroxyl groups and their distribution on a surface affect the molecular-scale structure at the interface. Here we report a study of water clustering on a moire-structured iron oxide thin film with a controlled density of hydroxyl groups. While large amorphous monolayer islands form on the bare film, the hydroxylated iron oxide film acts as a hydrophilic nanotemplate, causing the formation of a regular array of ice-like hexameric nanoclusters. The formation of this ordered phase is localized at the nanometre scale; with increasing water coverage, ordered and amorphous water are found to coexist at adjacent hydroxylated and hydroxyl-free domains of the moire structure.
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| 5. |
- Mosegaard, Lene, et al.
(author)
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Intermediate phases observed during decomposition of LiBH4
- 2007
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In: Journal of Alloys and Compounds. - 0925-8388. ; 446-447, s. 301-305
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lithium tetrahydridoboranate is among the materials with the highest hydrogen content and has great potential as a possible H-2-storage material, although, the release and uptake of H-2 is not fully understood. In this work, LiBH4 was studied by in situ synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (PXD) and solid state CP/MAS NNIR both at variable temperatures. This study revealed two new phases observed during dehydrogenation of LiBH4. Phase I is hexagonal, a = 4.93(2) and c = 13.47(3) angstrom and is observed in the temperature range -200-300 degrees C, and phase II is orthorhombic, a = 8.70(1), b = 5.44(1) and c = 4.44](8) angstrom and is observed in the temperature range similar to 300-400 degrees C applying a constant heating rate of 5 degrees C/min. Apparently, I transforms into II, e.g. at a constant temperature of T= 265 degrees C after 5 h. Furthermore, a third phase, III, is observed in the temperature range RT to 70 degrees C, and is caused by a reaction between LiBH4 and water vapor from the atmosphere. Hydrogen release is associated with the decomposition of III at ca. 65 degrees C. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Mosegaard, Lene, et al.
(author)
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Reactivity of LiBH4: In situ synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction study
- 2008
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In: Journal of Physical Chemistry C. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1932-7447 .- 1932-7455. ; 112:4, s. 1299-1303
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lithium tetrahydridoboranate (LiBH4) may be a potentially interesting material for hydrogen storage, but in order to absorb and desorb hydrogen routinely and reversibly, the kinetics and thermodynamics need to be improved significantly. A priori, this material has one of the highest theoretical gravimetric hydrogen contents, 18.5 wt%, but unfortunately for practical applications, hydrogen release occurs at too high temperature in a non-reversible way. By means of in situ synchrotron radiation powder X-ray diffraction (SR-PXD), the interaction between LiBH4 and different additives-SiO2, TiCl3, LiCl, and Au - is investigated. It is found that silicon dioxide reacts with molten LiBH4 and forms Li2SiO3 or Li4SiO4 at relatively low amounts of SiO2, e.g., with 5.0 and 9.9 mol % SiO2 in LiBH4, Whereas, for higher amounts of SiO2 (e.g., 25.5 mol %), only the Li2SiO3 phase is observed. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a solid-state reaction occurs between LiBH4 and TiCl3 to form LiCl at room temperature. At elevated temperatures, more LiCl is formed simultaneously with a decrease in the diffracted intensity from TiCl3. Lithium chloride shows some solubility in solid LiBH4 at T > 100 degrees C. This is the first report of substituents that accommodate the structure of LiBH4 by a solid/solid dissolution reaction. Gold is found to react with molten LiBH4 forming a Li-Au alloy with CuAu3-type structure. These studies demonstrate that molten LiBH4 has a high reactivity, and finding a catalyst for this H-rich system may be a challenge.
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| 7. |
- Nielsen, Thomas K., et al.
(author)
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A Reversible Nanoconfined Chemical Reaction
- 2010
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In: ACS Nano. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1936-086X .- 1936-0851. ; 4:7, s. 3903-3908
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hydrogen is recognized as a potential, extremely interesting energy carrier system, which can facilitate efficient utilization of unevenly distributed renewable energy. A major challenge in a future "hydrogen economy" is the development of a safe, compact, robust, and efficient means of hydrogen storage, in particular, for mobile applications. Here we report on a new concept for hydrogen storage using nanoconfined reversible chemical reactions. LiBH4 and MgH2 nanoparticles are embedded in a nanoporous carbon aerogel scaffold with pore size D-max similar to 21 nm and react during release of hydrogen and form MgB2. The hydrogen desorption kinetics is significantly improved compared to bulk conditions, and the nanoconfined system has a high degree of reversibility and stability and possibly also improved thermodynamic properties. This new scheme of nanoconfined chemistry may have a wide range of interesting applications in the future, for example, within the merging area of chemical storage of renewable energy.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Rasmussen, Morten K., et al.
(author)
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Stable Cation Inversion at the MgAl2O4(100) Surface
- 2011
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 107:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From an interplay of atom-resolved noncontact atomic force microscopy, surface x-ray diffraction experiments, and density functional theory calculations, we reveal the detailed atomic-scale structure of the (100) surface of an insulating ternary metal oxide, MgAl2O4 (spinel). We surprisingly find that the MgAl2O4(100) surface is terminated by an Al and O-rich structure with a thermodynamically favored amount of Al atoms interchanged with Mg. This finding implies that so-called Mg-Al antisites, which are defects in the bulk of MgAl2O4, become a thermodynamically stable and integral part of the surface.
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| 10. |
- Ravnsbaek, Dorthe, et al.
(author)
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A Series of Mixed-Metal Borohydrides
- 2009
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In: Angewandte Chemie (International edition). - : Wiley. - 1521-3773. ; 48:36, s. 6659-6663
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 11. |
- Schnadt, Joachim, et al.
(author)
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Experimental and theoretical study of oxygen adsorption structures on Ag(111)
- 2009
-
In: Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics). - 1098-0121. ; 80:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The oxidized Ag(111) surface has been studied by a combination of experimental and theoretical methods, scanning tunneling microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory. A large variety of different surface structures is found, depending on the detailed preparation conditions. The observed structures fall into four classes: (a) individually chemisorbed atomic oxygen atoms, (b) three different oxygen overlayer structures, including the well-known p(4x4) phase, formed from the same Ag-6 and Ag-10 building blocks, (c) a c(4x8) structure not previously observed, and (d) at higher oxygen coverages structures characterized by stripes along the high-symmetry directions of the Ag(111) substrate. Our analysis provides a detailed explanation of the atomic-scale geometry of the Ag-6/Ag-10 building block structures and the c(4x8) and stripe structures are discussed in detail. The observation of many different and co-existing structures implies that the O/Ag(111) system is characterized by a significantly larger degree of complexity than previously anticipated, and this will impact our understanding of oxidation catalysis processes on Ag catalysts.
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| 12. |
- Schnadt, Joachim, et al.
(author)
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Extended One-Dimensional Supramolecular Assembly on a Stepped Surface
- 2008
-
In: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 100
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- 2,6-naphthalene-dicarboxylic acid was adsorbed on a Ag(110) surface with an average terrace width of only some tens of a nm. Scanning tunneling microscopy shows that the adsorbates self-assemble into one-dimensional mesoscale length chains. These extend over several hundred nanometers and thus the structure exhibits an unprecedented tolerance to monatomic surface steps. Density functional theory and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy explain the behavior by a strong intermolecular hydrogen bond plus a distinct template-mediated directionality and a high degree of molecular backbone flexibility. ©2008 The American Physical Society
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| 13. |
- Schnadt, Joachim, et al.
(author)
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Interplay of adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbate-substrate interactions in self-assembled molecular surface nanostructures
- 2010
-
In: Nano Reseach. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1998-0124 .- 1998-0000. ; 3:7, s. 459-471
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The adsorption of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (NDCA) molecules on the Ag(110), Cu(110), and Ag(111) surfaces at room temperature has been studied by means of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Further supporting results were obtained using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). On the Ag(110) support, which had an average terrace width of only 15 nm, the NDCA molecules form extended one-dimensional (1-D) assemblies, which are oriented perpendicular to the step edges and have lengths of several hundred nanometres. This shows that the assemblies have a large tolerance to monatomic surface steps on the Ag(110) surface. The observed behaviour is explained in terms of strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding and a strong surface-mediated directionality, assisted by a sufficient degree of molecular backbone flexibility. In contrast, the same kind of step-edge crossing is not observed when the molecules are adsorbed on the isotropic Ag(111) or more reactive Cu(110) surfaces. On Ag(111), similar 1-D assemblies are formed to those on Ag(110), but they are oriented along the step edges. On Cu(110), the carboxylic groups of NDCA are deprotonated and form covalent bonds to the surface, a situation which is also achieved on Ag(110) by annealing to 200 degrees C. These results show that the formation of particular self-assembled molecular nanostructures depends significantly on a subtle balance between the adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbate-substrate interactions and that kinetic factors play an important role.
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| 14. |
- Schnadt, Joachim, et al.
(author)
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Revisiting the structure of the p(4x4) surface oxide on Ag(111)
- 2006
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In: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114. ; 96
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density-functional theory are used to reexamine the structure of the renowned p(4×4)-O/Ag(111) surface oxide. The accepted structural model [C. I. Carlisle et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 3899 (2000)] is incompatible with the enhanced resolution of the current STM measurements. An "Ag6 model" is proposed that is more stable than its predecessor and accounts for the coexistence of the p(4×4) and a novel c(3×5sqrt(3))rect phase. This coexistence is an indication of the dynamic complexity of the system that until now has not been appreciated.
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| 15. |
- Vang, Ronnie T., et al.
(author)
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Ethylene dissociation on flat and stepped Ni(111): A combined STM and DFT study
- 2006
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In: Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-6028. ; 600, s. 66-77
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The dissociative adsorption of ethylene (C2H4) on Ni(1 1 1) was studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The STM studies reveal that ethylene decomposes exclusively at the step edges at room temperature. However, the step edge sites are poisoned by the reaction products and thus only a small brim of decomposed ethylene is formed. At 500 K decomposition on the (1 1 1) facets leads to a continuous growth of carbidic islands, which nucleate along the step edges. DFT calculations were performed for several intermediate steps in the decomposition of ethylene on both Ni(1 1 1) and the stepped Ni(2 1 1) surface. In general the Ni(2 1 1) surface is found to have a higher reactivity than the Ni(1 1 1) surface. Furthermore, the calculations show that the influence of step edge atoms is very different for the different reaction pathways. In particular the barrier for dissociation is lowered significantly more than the barrier for dehydrogenation, and this is of great importance for the bond-breaking selectivity of Ni surfaces. The influence of step edges was also probed by evaporating Ag onto the Ni(1 1 1) surface. STM shows that the room temperature evaporation leads to a step flow growth of Ag islands, and a subsequent annealing at 800 K causes the Ag atoms to completely wet the step edges of Ni(1 1 1). The blocking of the step edges is shown to prevent all decomposition of ethylene at room temperature, whereas the terrace site decomposition at 500 K is confirmed to be unaffected by the Ag atoms. Finally a high surface area NiAg alloy catalyst supported on MgAl2O4 was synthesized and tested in flow reactor measurements. The NiAg catalyst has a much lower activity for ethane hydrogenolysis than a similar Ni catalyst, which can be rationalized by the STM and DFT results.
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| 16. |
- Weigelt, Sigrid, et al.
(author)
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Formation of trioctylamine from octylamine on Au(111)
- 2008
-
In: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-5126 .- 0002-7863. ; 130:16, s. 5388-5388
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The adsorption of octylamine on Au(111) under ultrahigh vacuum conditions is investigated. The molecules surprisingly undergo a thermally activated chemical reaction, resulting in formation of trioctylamine as confirmed both by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by comparison to the scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) signature of trioctylamine deposited directly onto the surface.
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| 17. |
- Åhlund, John, et al.
(author)
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The adsorption of iron phthalocyanine on graphite : A scanning tunnelling microscopy study
- 2007
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In: Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-6028 .- 1879-2758. ; 601:17, s. 3661-3667
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Different adsorption phases of iron phthalocyanine (FePc) on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) have been characterized by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). Evaporation of FePc onto the graphite (0 0 0 1) surface, kept at room temperature, results in the formation of three-dimensional molecular islands.After annealing to 400 °C different two-dimensional features are identified, depending on the initial coverage. At low doses, domains with well defined boundaries have been observed, within which molecules tend to organise in chains. At higher coverage, islands exhibiting well-ordered densely-packed square or hexagonal molecular arrangement have been resolved. For the adsorption structures corresponding to one monolayer islands our results show that the molecules adsorb with the molecular plane parallel to the surface. The high resolution STM images allow us to resolve the orientation of single molecules and subsequently we suggest that the molecular monolayer is stabilized by van der Waals interactions. The characterization of the observed Moiré contrast and a comparison with other similar systems underlines the importance of the central metal in the molecule–molecule and molecule–substrate interactions, which govern the molecular adsorption geometry.
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