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- Biström, M., et al.
(author)
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Leptin levels are associated with multiple sclerosis risk
- 2019
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In: Multiple Sclerosis Journal. - : Sage Publications. - 1352-4585 .- 1477-0970. ; 25:Suppl. 2, s. 904-904
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Introduction: One environmental factor that in the last decade repeatedly has been linked to increased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) is overweight, including obesity, early in life. The incidence of both MS and overweight are increasing, making elucidation of this connection important. The adipokine leptin is strongly correlated to both body mass index and total fat mass and the peptide hormone insulin is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, making leptin and insulin suitable biomarkers to investigate the connection between overweight and MS.Objectives: To determine if leptin or insulin are risk factors for developing relapsing MS.Aims: To further the understanding of how overweight influence MS risk.Methods: In this case-control study, we compared concentrations of leptin and insulin in 649 individuals that later developed relapsing-remitting MS with 649 matched controls. Cases were matched for biobank, sex, date of sampling and age with decreasing priority. Only prospectively collected samples from individuals below the age of 40 were included in the study. Conditional logistic regression was performed on log10 transformed and z-scored values for the entire group, separately for men and women and divided into age groups.Results: A 1-unit leptin z-score increase was associated with increased risk of MS in individuals below 20 years of age (odds ratio [OR] 1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–1.9) and for all men (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–2.0). In contrast, for women aged 30-39 years there was a lower risk of MS with increased leptin levels (OR 0.74, 95% CI 0.54–1.0) when adjusting for insulin levels. No statistically significant association was found between insulin levels and MS risk.Conclusions: We show that the pro-inflammatory adipokine leptin is a risk factor for MS among young individuals. The age dependent relationship between leptin and MS risk in women - for whom leptin levels are several-fold higher than in men - suggests a possible role for leptin as being the link between MS risk and being overweight early in life.
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- Jons, D., et al.
(author)
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Increase in Epstein Barr virus serologies precedes neuroaxonal damage in pre-symptomatic multiple sclerosis
- 2022
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In: Multiple Sclerosis Journal. - : Sage Publications. - 1352-4585 .- 1477-0970. ; 28:Suppl. 3, s. 86-87
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Introduction: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection may be a pre-condition for the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). EBV antibodies, predominantly anti-EBNA1, develop in the presymp-tomatic phase of virtually all MS patients. Using material from a serum repository, studies in advance of MS onset indicated that EBV seropositivity preceded the first expression of incipient axonal lesions, serum Neurofilament Light (sNFL) .Objectives: To determine the onset and individual order of appearance of EBV seroreactivity and the serum neuroaxonal injury marker neurofilament light (sNfL) in a wide age spectrum of presymptomatic MS patients.Aims: To characterize the presymptomatic appearance of anti-bodies against an intranuclear (EBNA1) and a surface EBV anti-gen (gp350) and sNfL.Methods: A nested case-control study in 669 pre-symptomati-cally acquired blood samples from persons who later received an MS diagnosis, and from 1:1 matched control persons. Serum lev-els of EBNA1, VCA and gp350 IgG antibodies and sNFL (n=519) were measured in individual presymptomatic samples and expressed as delta scores with matched controls in relation to time until MS onset.Results: Serum levels expressed as delta scores for anti EBV and NfL IgG showed an incipient increase for anti EBNA1 and gp350 from 15-20 years before MS debut. Significant (p=0.001 and p=0.002) from 10-15 years, with consistent delta-scores succes-sively closer to MS onset. These findings contrasted to the level of sNfL which increasingly diverged from matched controls from 5-10 years before the onset of MS. None of the individual sam-ples negative for both EBNA1 and VCA IgG antibodies in the pre-MS group (n = 36) showed any elevation of the sNfL level.Conclusions: In a pre-MS material, the seroreactivity against EBNA1 was followed by VCA and gp350, before increased sNFL appeared, indicating incipient axonal injury. Together with its biological characteristics this temporal order confirms the role of EBV as a trigger of MS.
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