| 1. |
- Ikuta, K. S., et al.
(author)
-
Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
- 2022
-
In: Lancet. - : Elsevier BV. - 0140-6736. ; 400:10369, s. 2221-2248
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Reducing the burden of death due to infection is an urgent global public health priority. Previous studies have estimated the number of deaths associated with drug-resistant infections and sepsis and found that infections remain a leading cause of death globally. Understanding the global burden of common bacterial pathogens (both susceptible and resistant to antimicrobials) is essential to identify the greatest threats to public health. To our knowledge, this is the first study to present global comprehensive estimates of deaths associated with 33 bacterial pathogens across 11 major infectious syndromes. Methods We estimated deaths associated with 33 bacterial genera or species across 11 infectious syndromes in 2019 using methods from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, in addition to a subset of the input data described in the Global Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance 2019 study. This study included 343 million individual records or isolates covering 11 361 study-location-years. We used three modelling steps to estimate the number of deaths associated with each pathogen: deaths in which infection had a role, the fraction of deaths due to infection that are attributable to a given infectious syndrome, and the fraction of deaths due to an infectious syndrome that are attributable to a given pathogen. Estimates were produced for all ages and for males and females across 204 countries and territories in 2019. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for final estimates of deaths and infections associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens following standard GBD methods by taking the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles across 1000 posterior draws for each quantity of interest. Findings From an estimated 13.7 million (95% UI 10.9-17.1) infection-related deaths in 2019, there were 7.7 million deaths (5.7-10.2) associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens (both resistant and susceptible to antimicrobials) across the 11 infectious syndromes estimated in this study. We estimated deaths associated with the 33 bacterial pathogens to comprise 13.6% (10.2-18.1) of all global deaths and 56.2% (52.1-60.1) of all sepsis-related deaths in 2019. Five leading pathogens-Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-were responsible for 54.9% (52.9-56.9) of deaths among the investigated bacteria. The deadliest infectious syndromes and pathogens varied by location and age. The age-standardised mortality rate associated with these bacterial pathogens was highest in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region, with 230 deaths (185-285) per 100 000 population, and lowest in the high-income super-region, with 52.2 deaths (37.4-71.5) per 100 000 population. S aureus was the leading bacterial cause of death in 135 countries and was also associated with the most deaths in individuals older than 15 years, globally. Among children younger than 5 years, S pneumoniae was the pathogen associated with the most deaths. In 2019, more than 6 million deaths occurred as a result of three bacterial infectious syndromes, with lower respiratory infections and bloodstream infections each causing more than 2 million deaths and peritoneal and intra-abdominal infections causing more than 1 million deaths. Interpretation The 33 bacterial pathogens that we investigated in this study are a substantial source of health loss globally, with considerable variation in their distribution across infectious syndromes and locations. Compared with GBD Level 3 underlying causes of death, deaths associated with these bacteria would rank as the second leading cause of death globally in 2019; hence, they should be considered an urgent priority for intervention within the global health community. Strategies to address the burden of bacterial infections include infection prevention, optimised use of antibiotics, improved capacity for microbiological analysis, vaccine development, and improved and more pervasive use of available vaccines. These estimates can be used to help set priorities for vaccine need, demand, and development. Copyright (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Bitaraf Haghighi, Ehsan, et al.
(author)
-
Cooling performance of nanofluids in a small diameter tube
- 2013
-
In: Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science. - : Elsevier. - 0894-1777 .- 1879-2286. ; 49, s. 114-122
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article reports convective single-phase heat transfer performance in laminar flow for some selected nanofluids (NFs) in an open small diameter test section. A 0.50 mm inner diameter, 30 cm long stainless steel test section was used for screening single phase laminar convective heat transfer with water and five different water based NFs. Tested NFs were; Al2O3 (two types), TiO2 (two types) and CeO2 (one type), all 9 wt.% particle concentration. The effective thermal conductivity of the NFs were measured with Transient Plane Source (TPS) method and viscosity were measured with a rotating coaxial cylindrical viscometer. The obtained experimental results for thermal conductivity were in good agreement with the predicted values from Maxwell equation. The local Shah correlation, which is conventionally used for predicting convective heat transfer in laminar flow in Newtonian fluids with constant heat flux boundary condition, was shown to be valid for NFs. Moreover, the Darcy correlation was used to predict the friction factor for the NFs as well as for water. Enhancement in heat transfer for NFs was observed, when compared at equal Reynolds number, as a result of higher velocity or mass flow rate of the NFs at any given Reynolds number due to higher viscosity for NFs. However, when compared at equal pumping power no or only minor enhancement was observed.
|
|
| 11. |
- Bitaraf Haghighi, Ehsan, et al.
(author)
-
Shelf stability of nanofluids and its effect on thermal conductivity and viscosity
- 2013
-
In: Measurement science and technology. - : IOP Publishing. - 0957-0233 .- 1361-6501. ; 24:10, s. 105301-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study proposes a method and apparatus to estimate shelf stability of nanofluids. Nanofluids are fabricated by dispersion of solid nanoparticles in base fluids, and shelf stability is a key issue for many practical applications of these fluids. In this study, shelf stability is evaluated by measuring the weight of settled solid particles on a suspended tray in a colloid versus time and correlated with the performance change of some nanofluid systems. The effects of solid particle concentration and bath sonication time were investigated for selected nanofluids. The results show the applicability of this simple method and the apparatus to evaluate nanofluid shelf stability. Furthermore, it shows that Stokes' law is not valid for determining the settling time of the tested nanoparticles probably due to their complicated shape and presence of surface modifiers. The effect of shelf stability on thermal conductivity and viscosity was illustrated for some nanofluids. Experimental results show that water-based Al2O3 nanofluids have quite good shelf stability and can be good candidates for industrial applications.
|
|
| 12. |
- Haghighi, Ehsan Bitaraf, et al.
(author)
-
Accurate basis of comparison for convective heat transfer in nanofluids
- 2014
-
In: International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0735-1933 .- 1879-0178. ; 52, s. 1-7
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Thermal conductivity and viscosity of alumina (Al2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), and titania (TiO2) nanofluids (NFs) were measured at 20°C. All the NF systems were water based and contained 9wt.% solid particles. Additionally, the heat transfer coefficients for these NFs were measured in a straight tube of 1.5m length and 3.7mm inner diameter. Based on the results, it can be stated that classical correlations, such as Shah and Gnielinski, for laminar and turbulent flow respectively, can be employed to predict convective heat transfer coefficients in NFs, if the accurate thermophysical properties are used in the calculations. Convective heat transfer coefficients for NFs were also compared with those of the base fluids using two different bases for the comparison, with contradictory results: while compared at equal Reynolds number, the heat transfer coefficients increased by 8-51%, whereas compared at equal pumping power the heat transfer coefficients decreased by 17-63%. As NFs have higher viscosity than the base fluids, equal Reynolds number requires higher volumetric flow, hence higher pumping power for the NFs. It is therefore strongly suggested that heat transfer results should be compared at equal pumping power and not at equal Reynolds number.
|
|
| 13. |
- Nikkam, Nader, et al.
(author)
-
Experimental investigation on thermo-physical properties of copper/diethylene glycol nanofluids fabricated via microwave-assisted route
- 2014
-
In: Applied Thermal Engineering. - : Elsevier BV. - 1359-4311 .- 1873-5606. ; 65:1-2, s. 158-165
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigates the fabrication, thermal conductivity and rheological characteristics evaluation of nanofluids consisting of copper nanoparticles in diethylene glycol base liquid. The fabricated Cu nanofluids displayed enhanced thermal conductivity over the base liquid. Copper nanoparticles were directly formed in diethylene glycol using microwave-assisted heating, which provides uniform heating of reagents and solvent, accelerating the nucleation of metal clusters, resulting in monodispersed nanostructures. Copper nanoparticles displayed an average primary particle size of 75 ± 25 nm from SEM micrographs, yet aggregated to form large spherical particles of about 300 nm. The physicochemical properties including thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids were measured for the nanofluids with nanoparticle concentration between 0.4 wt% and 1.6 in the temperature range of 20-50 C. Proper theoretical correlations/models were applied to compare the experimental results with the estimated values for thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids. For all cases, thermal conductivity enhancement was higher than the increase in viscosity showing the potential of nanofluids to be utilized as coolant in heat transfer applications. A thermal conductivity enhancement of ∼7.2% was obtained for nanofluids with 1.6 wt% nanoparticles while maximum increase in viscosity of ∼5.2% was observed for the same nanofluid.
|
|
| 14. |
- Nikkam, Nader, 1978-, et al.
(author)
-
Experimental study on preparation and base liquid effect on thermo-physical and heat transport characteristics of α-SiC nanofluids
- 2014
-
In: International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0735-1933 .- 1879-0178. ; 55, s. 38-44
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nanostructured solid particles dispersed in a base liquid are a new class of nano-engineeredcolloidal solutions, defined with a coined name of nanofluids (NFs). These fluids have shownpotential to enhance heat transfer characteristics of conventional base liquids utilized in heattransfer application. We recently reported on the fabrication and thermo-physical propertyevaluation of SiC NFs systems, containing SiC particles with different crystal structure. In thisstudy, our aim is to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of a particular α-SiC NF withrespect to the effect of α-SiC particle concentration and different base liquids on the thermophysicalproperties of NFs. For this purpose, a series of NFs with various α-SiC NPsconcentration of 3, 6 and 9wt% were prepared in different base liquids of distilled water (DW)and distilled water/ethylene glycol mixture (DW/EG). Their thermal conductivity (TC) andviscosity were evaluated at 20 oC. NF with DW/EG base liquid and 9wt% SiC NPs loadingexhibited the best combination of thermo-physical properties, which was therefore selected forheat transfer coefficient (HTC) evaluation. Finally, HTC tests were performed and compared indifferent criteria, including equal Reynolds number, equal mass flow rate and equal pumpingpower for a laminar flow regime. The results showed HTC enhancement of NF over the baseliquid for all evaluation criteria; 13% at equal Reynolds number, 8.5% at equal volume flow and5.5% at equal pumping power. Our findings are among the few studies in the literature where theheat transfer enhancement for the NFs over its base liquid is noticeable and based on a realistic situation.
|
|
| 15. |
- Nikkam, Nader, 1978-, et al.
(author)
-
Fabrication, Characterization and Thermo-physical Property Evaluation of SiCNanofluids for Heat Transfer Applications
- 2014
-
In: Nano-Micro Letters. - 2150-5551. ; 6:2, s. 178-189
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nanofluids (NFs) are nanotechnology-based colloidal suspensions fabricated by suspending nanoparticles (NPs) in a base liquid. These fluids have shown potential to improve the heat transfer properties of conventional heat transfer fluids. In this study we report in detail on the fabrication, characterization and thermo-physical property evaluation of SiC NFs, prepared using SiC NPs with different crystal structure, for heat transfer applications. For this purpose, a series of SiC NFs containing SiC NPs with different crystal structure (α-SiC and β-SiC) were fabricated in a water (W)/ethylene glycol (EG) mixture (50/50 wt % ratio). Physicochemical properties of NPs/NFs were characterized by using various techniques such as powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta Potential Analysis were performed. Thermo-physical properties including thermal conductivity (TC) and viscosity for NFs containing SiC particles (α- and β- phase) were measured. The results showed among all suspensions, NF fabricated with α-SiC particles have more favorable thermo-physical properties compared to the NFs fabricated with β-SiC; the observed difference was attributed to combination of several factors, including crystal structure (β- vs. α-), sample purity, and residual chemicals exhibited on SiC nanoparticles. A TC enhancement of ~20% while 14% increased viscosity were obtained for a NF containing 9wt% of particular type of α-SiC NPs indicating promising capability of these kind of NFs for further heat transfer characteristics investigations.
|
|
