1. |
- Aggestam, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Bridging the just peace gaps
- 2013
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In: Rethinking Peacebuildning: The Quest for Just Peace in the Middle East and the Western Balkans.
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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2. |
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3. |
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4. |
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5. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Deliberating and Localizing Just Peace
- 2012
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In: Rethinking Peacebuilding: The Quest for Just Peace in the Middle East and the Western Balkans.
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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6. |
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7. |
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8. |
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9. |
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10. |
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11. |
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12. |
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13. |
- Aggestam, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Recognitional just peace
- 2013
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In: Rethinking Peacebuildning: The Quest for Just Peace in the Middle East and the Western Balkans.
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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14. |
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15. |
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16. |
- Björkdahl, Annika
(author)
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A Gender-Just Peace: Exploring the Post-Dayton Peace Process
- 2012
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In: Peace and Change: Journal of Peace Research. - 1468-0130. ; 37:2, s. 286-317
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article is rooted in the understanding that global ideas of liberal democratic peace and the gendered dynamics of peacebuilding need to be confronted. The aim is to explore the challenges of localizing liberal democratic peace by exploring efforts such as those undertaken by women’s organizations in Bosnia-Herzegovina to promote a gender-just peace. The Dayton Peace Accord was the new “social contract” that set the standard for postwar societies. The gendered hierarchies built into this peace and the absence of women in the peace process created a “peace gap” that was gendered despite the fact that gender empowerment has become a standard tool in international peacebuilding. The post-Dayton peace process was characterized by a conservative backlash which has become a hallmark of women’s postwar experience.
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17. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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A tale of three bridges : agency and agonism in peace building
- 2016
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In: Third World Quarterly. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0143-6597 .- 1360-2241. ; 37:2, s. 321-335
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article explores agonistic processes of peace, which are situated within and constitutive of different spaces and places. Three contested cities, Sarajevo, Mostar and Visegrad in Bosnia-Herzegovina, provide us with local sites where peace and peace building in various forms 'take place' as people come together in collective action. Through a close reading of three symbolically and materially important bridges in the towns, we reveal meaning-making processes, as agentive subjects struggle around competing claims in the post-conflict everyday world. The collective, situated and fleeting agency that we explore through the Arendtian notion of 'space of appearance' invests space with meaning, belonging and identity. Thus, this article grapples with agonistic peace as it manifests itself in materiality and spatial practices. We use the social and material spaces of the city to locate agency and agonism in peace building as they relate to the conflict legacy in Mostar, Visegrad and Sarajevo in order to advance the critical peace research agenda.
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18. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Advancing Women Agency in Transitional Justice
- 2013
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This paper contributes to an on-going conversation among scholars engaged in the critical peacebuilding research regarding the issue of agency by highlighting the central yet often neglected role of women agency in transitional justice processes. It takes as its point of departure the critical questions repeatedly posed: whose peace, what justice and for whom? Thus, the aim is to critically examine where women are located in the processes of doing justice in postconflict societies, to map the set of dispositions which exists in these processes that inclines women agents to act/react and in doing so theorize women agency in transitional justices processes. More specifically, we expose and investigate three gendered transitional justice gaps in Bosnia-Herzegovina. First, the accountability gap is revealed and we discuss the legal, physical and socioeconomic discriminatory insecurities of women witnesses, the overall lack of female presence and the misrepresentations of women-as-victims. Second, we examine the acknowledgement gap and attempts at gendering the narrative of the past -commemoration of rape camp such as the one in Foca. Third, the reparation gap is investigated to reimagine reparations programs that may contribute to challenge existing gender hierarchies and bring about social transformation.
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19. |
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20. |
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21. |
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22. |
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23. |
- Björkdahl, Annika
(author)
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Conflict Prevention from a Nordic Perspective: Putting Prevention into Practice
- 1999
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In: International Peacekeeping. - 1743-906X. ; 6:3, s. 54-72
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Since conflict prevention is a visionary strategy it has beer difficult to put it into practice. This article explores conflict prevention in practice as well as in theory. There have been several attempts by the international community to take a proactive rather than a reactive approach to conflict management. One case often held up as a model for post Cold War prevention is the preventive mission to the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), the first and only substantive preventive mission undertaken by the UN. The mission was supported by large contributions of troops by the Nordic states. The Nordic contributions to the FYROM Command of UNPROFOR is used to illustrate how conflict prevention can move from the realm of ideas to the field of action.
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24. |
- Björkdahl, Annika
(author)
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Constructing a Swedish conflict prevention policy based on a powerful idea and successful practice
- 2007
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In: Cooperation and Conflict. - : SAGE Publications. - 0010-8367 .- 1460-3691. ; 42:2, s. 169-185
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The story of how conflict prevention became an integral and legitimate part of Swedish foreign policy illustrates the relationship between successful practices and powerful ideas. This article suggests that the demonstration of an idea in practice empowers the idea and contributes not only to its selection, but also to its framing and institutionalization within foreign policy. Hence, the article sets out to explore the relationships between practice, ideas and foreign policy. Adopting a social constructivist perspective, the article provides a detailed process-tracing of the construction of a Swedish conflict prevention policy and concludes that conflict prevention was a powerful idea because it was morally appealing and persuasive as well as successfully demonstrated in practice. In fact, preventive practices spearheaded the advancement of the conflict prevention idea. In addition, the idea resonated with the Swedish foreign policy elite, with commonly held values and with the traditional Swedish foreign policy that stressed internationalism and solidarity.
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25. |
- Björkdahl, Annika
(author)
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Contested administrations: Conflict resolution and the improvement of democracy
- 2012
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In: Statsvetenskaplig tidskrift. - 0039-0747. ; 114:2, s. 134-141
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This research programme focuses on Democracy and Public Administration, with an emphasis on making democratic institutions better fit to handle contested issues through the use of insights from Peace and Conflict Studies. We are interested in public administration’s role in addressing and (possibly) resolving contested issues and conflicts, in order to increase equality, strengthen processes of integration and build social solidarity in an urban context. By bringing together senior Danish and Swedish researchers from the field of public administration and peace and conflict studies in an interdisciplinary research endeavour we are able to take an original and unconventional approach to the study of public administrations in different democratic contexts. We argue that this interdisciplinary research collaboration increases scientific quality as well as the innovativeness of the research programme.
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26. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Cooperation and Conflict
- 2014
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In: Peace Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1040-2659 .- 1469-9982. ; 26:4, s. 475-478
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- International Relations (IR) research is constantly undergoing change, both in reaction to real changes in international politics and to new patterns of and trends in cooperation and conflict, as well as to methodological innovations within the academy. In general the discipline of IR has paid extensive attention to the definition and dynamics of conflict, while in comparison fewer efforts have been made to conceptualize and analyze peace and peace processes. Thus, to map peace research in an IR journal like Cooperation and Conflict means to widen the search and/or to look for research also in the margins of the discipline. Our brief survey shows that it is not a coincidence that IR research on peace had somewhat of a renaissance during the last Cold War years, with the renewed interest in peacekeeping and the democratic peace; levelled off during the Global War on Terror; and rebounded with renewed focus on interventions for peace and peacebuilding. Most recently, the intervention in Libya in 2012, the Arab Spring, the inability to prevent violence in Syria, and the precarious situation in Ukraine have renewed interest in peace and a greater appreciation of the importance of peace in contemporary times.
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27. |
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28. |
- Björkdahl, Annika
(author)
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EU som Normexportör
- 2003
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In: Internationella Studier. - 0020-952X. ; 3
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Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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29. |
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30. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Everyday international relations: Editors’ introduction
- 2019
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In: Cooperation and Conflict. - : SAGE Publications. - 0010-8367 .- 1460-3691. ; 54:2, s. 123-130
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The connection between the everyday and the international has received growing attention in the field of international relations (IR) in recent years. To rethink the international in terms of the everyday, the mundane and the ordinary has brought attention to neglected spaces of the international and turned the everyday into a site of IR analysis. As many of the contributors to this special issue of Cooperation and Conflict note, the everyday has until now not been satisfactorily theorised in relation to IR. It seems clear, however, that to pay attention to the everyday is an attempt to decentralise notions of the international. By drawing on critical approaches to IR, the articles in this special issue unpack the notion of everyday IR and thus provide new and broadened understandings of what IR denote, and how we can make sense of the everyday as a generative site for these relations.
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31. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Feeling silences in a place of pain
- 2017
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In: International feminist journal of politics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1461-6742 .- 1468-4470. ; 19:3, s. 383-385
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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32. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Feminist Ethnographic Research : Excavating Narratives of Wartime Rape
- 2018
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In: Ethnographic Peace Research. - : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9783319655635 ; , s. 43-64
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter reflects upon our feminist approach to narrative ethnographic research and how we explore the production and circulation of gendered stories in post-war societies. The illustrative case is wartime rape in Bosnia-Herzegovina during the 1992–1995 war. For ethical reasons we rely on women survivors’ accounts of their experiences in order to study how they narratively construct their social worlds and their positions within them. We discuss the practice of “enquiry-as-bricolage” and how narratives produced at diverse sites and by various agents can be put in dialogue with each other—courtroom narratives produced at the ICTY, published life stories, narratives produced at the Women’s Court, interviews with “gatekeepers”, and narratives collected through “being-in-place”—and reflected upon from the positionality of “the vulnerable observer”.
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33. |
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34. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Friction in Transitional Justice Processes : The Colombian Judicial System and the ICC
- 2021
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In: International Journal of Transitional Justice. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1752-7716 .- 1752-7724. ; 15:3, s. 636-657
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- With the aim of understanding how the International Criminal Court (ICC) affects peace processes, this article examines the Colombian peace and justice processes through the lens of friction. It investigates frictional encounters between the Colombian judicial system and the ICC, in order to reveal the tensions in this relationship. First, we disaggregate the concept of friction and propose three different types of frictional encounters - conceptual, normative and jurisdictional - in transitional justice processes. Second, we investigate different responses to these frictional encounters, such as compliance, adaptation, co-option and resistance. Finally, we find that responses to frictions generate hybrid judicial outcomes, such as a hybrid, intersubjective understanding of justice, a hybrid sanctioning regime as well as hybrid complementarity. The article concludes that the ICC influenced the Colombian peace process, while the Colombian judicial system complied with the requirements of the ICC thereby demonstrating agency, flexibility and innovation and ensuring its judicial sovereignty.
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35. |
- Björkdahl, Annika
(author)
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From Idea to Norm : Promoting Conflict Prevention
- 2002
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This study is concerned with tracing the process of how conflict prevention is moving from the realm of ideas to the field of action. Why is it that, despite historical as well as recent evidence of the infeasibility to prevent wars, the idea of conflict prevention has resurfaced to meet the challenge of the new wars of the post-Cold War era? The study investigates whether the growing interest in preventing the outbreak of violent conflicts marks the coming of age of conflict prevention as an international norm able to induce preventive practices. Adopting a social constructivist perspective, it analyzes the links between ideas, interests, norms and practices. Regarding actors and structures as mutually constitutive, this study advances an analytical framework that draws attention to the pivotal role of the norm entrepreneur in the dynamics of norm evolution. The evolution of a norm pertaining to conflict prevention is traced in the post-Cold War era, and Sweden’s activities as an international norm entrepreneur in the EU and the UN are analyzed. It depicts the Swedish efforts to construct, diffuse and institutionalize a norm pertaining to conflict prevention as well as to translate conflict prevention into practice by participating in the preventive UN peacekeeping mission (UNPREDEP) in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. The analysis reveals that a social constructivist perspective can assist us in investigating the links between ideas, norms, interests and practices. It shows that interests are defined in the context of internationally held norms, and that the growing interest in preventing violent conflicts may be derived from the emergent norm pertaining to conflict prevention. Norms emerge through the efforts of norm entrepreneurs. Through an analysis of Swedish norm entrepreneurship, this study finds that a small state’s ability to advocate norms relies on the powers associated with compelling ideas, on presentation of “good” ideas when the time is ripe, and on the use of persuasive rhetoric to convince potential norm followers. Norm diffusion and socialization are found to be interactive processes involving the norm entrepreneur and the norm followers in a mutual learning process that may, as this study demonstrates, shape and reshape the evolving norm. The analysis illustrates how the evolution of the emergent norm pertaining to conflict prevention is facilitated by the construction of a normative fit with the frame of mind of the norm entrepreneur, the normative convictions of the potential norm followers and the existing normative context. Finally, the study demonstrates the interactiveness of norms and practices by analyzing the preventive UN peacekeeping operation in Macedonia. Although that unique preventive peacekeeping mission has not been replicated, and conflict prevention has clearly not become a regular practice, this study suggests that the mission contributed to spur the process of norm evolution by bridging the gap between idea and practice of conflict prevention.
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36. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Förenta Nationerna
- 2006
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In: Internationella Relationer.
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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37. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Gender : The missing piece in the peace puzzle
- 2016
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In: The Palgrave Handbook of Disciplinary and Regional Approaches to Peace. - London : Palgrave Macmillan. - 9781137407610 - 9781137407597 ; , s. 181-192
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Several scholars from various theoretical perspectives have proposed pieces of the peace puzzle. As scholars fit together the sometimes disparate pieces of this puzzle, the missing pieces become more visible, and gender is among them. While gender studies, feminist international relations (IR) scholars, and peace and conflict researchers informed by a gender perspective have contributed to this puzzle, epistemological, ontological and methodological barriers have often prevented this work from attracting a mainstream audience.
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38. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Gender and Transitional Justice
- 2017
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In: Understanding Transitional Justice. - 9783319536064 - 9783319536057
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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39. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
-
Gender and transitional justice
- 2020. - 2
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In: An Introduction to Transitional Justice. - Abingdon : Taylor & Francis. - 9781003021414 - 9780367532758 - 9780367893668
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter focuses on three gendered justice gaps–the accountability, acknowledgement and reparations gaps–and unmask transitional justice as a site for the long-term construction of a gendered post-conflict order. It begins by defining and conceptualising the role of gender analysis in transitional justice, followed by a brief historical overview of the policy and practice accomplishments and shortcomings so far. The permanent International Criminal Court with a seat in The Hague has built upon the work of the two ad hoc tribunals. The treaty that established the court and governs it, the Rome Statute, refers to gender-based violence as a possible war crime. On a theoretical level a great number of questions remain unresolved and it is pertinent to problematise some of the assumptions and outcomes of research so far. Transitional justice practices aim to right wrongs in the past, institutionalise the rule of law and new juridical and normative frameworks, as well as prevent the recurrence of violence and future harms.
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40. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Gender and transitional justice
- 2016
-
In: An Introduction to Transitional Justice. - Abingdon : Taylor & Francis. - 9781317373780 - 9781138943216 - 9781315672649 ; , s. 69-89
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This chapter provides a short overview and investigation of gender perspectives on transitional justice. It examines some of the gender implications of the 'transitional' theory of justice. The chapter explains conceptualising the role of gender analysis in transitional justice and what it means to add gender to transitional justice. It discusses key points of contention and the case study of Bosnia-Herzegovina; zoom in on gendered justice gaps connected to accountability, acknowledgement and reparation. The chapter explores gender as a relational concept that more broadly informs an understanding of power, exclusion and marginalisation. Transitional justice practices aim to right wrongs in the past, institutionalise the rule of law and new juridical and normative frameworks in the present, as well as prevent the recurrence of violence and future harm. The efforts to break the impunity for these crimes and unveil the extensive harm suffered by women paradoxically risks cementing conservative gender roles of women as victims and men as perpetrators.
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41. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
-
Gender equality and local governance : Global norms and local practices
- 2020
-
In: Governance for Urban Services : Access, Participation, Accountability, and Transparency - Access, Participation, Accountability, and Transparency. - Singapore : Springer Singapore. - 2198-2554 .- 2198-2546. - 9789811529733 - 9789811529726 ; , s. 107-126
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From the global to the local level, gender inequality is the most persistent and entrenched challenge to development. The local level of governance is closest to citizens. Decisions taken at this level have the most direct effect on citizen’s everyday lives, as improvements in living, working and leisure conditions depend on good local governance. This chapter focuses on local government. It attempts to describe in detail practical steps toward the localization and realization of SDG #5 at the local level by mapping how to improve, from a gender perspective, the analysis, monitoring, participation, decision-making and access to services to citizens at the local level in order to develop good local governments that serve all citizens. The aim of this chapter is to understand the processes of implementing SDG #5 with focus on urban local governance. We develop a theoretical framework to understand how global norms are translated into local practices. Moreover, we examine policy framework and practices in three municipalities in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Visoko, East Ilidža and Žepče to implement SDG #5, tools available and used for SDG implementation and actors involved in these processes at the municipal level. The research is based on fieldwork, qualitative text analysis, interviews and surveys in each of the three municipalities to map the use of tools to implement and mainstream gender equality into the decision-making processes, policies and practices at the local level.
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42. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Gendered Justice Gaps in Bosnia-Herzegovina
- 2014
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In: Human Rights Review. - : Springer. - 1524-8879 .- 1874-6306. ; 15:2, s. 201-218
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A gendered reading of the liberal peacebuilding and transitional justice project in Bosnia-Herzegovina raises critical questions concerning the quality of the peace one hopes to achieve in transitional societies. By focusing on three-gendered justice gaps-the accountability, acknowledgement, and reparations gaps-this article examines structural constraints for women to engage in shaping and implementing transitional justice, and unmasks transitional justice as a site for the long-term construction of the gendered post-conflict order. Thus, the gendered dynamics of peacebuilding and transitional justice have produced a post-conflict order characterized by gendered peace and justice gaps. Yet, we conclude that women are doing justice within the Bosnian-Herzegovina transitional justice project, and that their presence and participation is complex, multilayered, and constrained yet critical.
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43. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Gendering agency in transitional justice
- 2015
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In: Security Dialogue. - : Sage Publications. - 0967-0106 .- 1460-3640. ; 46:2, s. 165-182
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mainstream transitional justice and peacebuilding practices tend to re-entrench gendered hierarchies by ignoring women or circumscribing their presence to passive victims in need of protection. As a consequence we have limited knowledge about the multifaceted ways women do justice and build peace. To address this lacuna we conceptualize and unpack the meaning of gendered agency, by identifying its critical elements and by locating it in space and in time. The conceptual work that we undertake is underpinned by empirical mapping of the transitional justice spaces in post-conflict Bosnia-Herzegovina, where we point out instances of critical, creative, and transformative agency performed by women that challenge or negotiate patterns of gendered relations of domination. We collect women's oral narratives and explore new sets of questions to capture women's unique experiences in doing justice. Such research enables us to engage with the subjects of post-conflict peacebuilding and transitional justice processes directly and in their own spaces. This article thus renders women's agency visible and attempts to grasp its contributions and consequences for transformations from war to peace.
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44. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
-
'Global' norms and 'local' agency: frictional peacebuilding in Kosovo
- 2015
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In: Journal of International Relations and Development. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1581-1980 .- 1408-6980. ; 18:3, s. 265-287
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article explores how the 'liberal democratic peace package' is received in post-conflict spaces. As such, it is part of a critical peace research agenda that raises critical questions concerning the quality of peace in many post-conflict societies. A close reading of the peace-building process in post-conflict Kosovo provides the backdrop for the theoretical discussion that identifies friction in norm diffusion processes and the different agencies that are generated through encounters between global norms and local practices. We unpack the interplay between the 'global' and the 'local' in peacebuilding and, through the lens of friction, we reveal the diverse and unequal encounters that produce new power relations. By foregrounding agency, we theorise different agentive subjects in the post-conflict setting, and map local agency from various segments of society that may localise, co-opt or reject global norms pertaining to the liberal democratic peace.
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45. |
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46. |
- Björkdahl, Annika
(author)
-
Ideas and Norms in Swedish Peace Policy
- 2013
-
In: Swiss Political Science Review. - : Wiley. - 1424-7755. ; 19:3, s. 322-337
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Challenging conventional wisdom that powerful states do as they will and small states do as they must, this article advances an analysis of small states and the role they can play as agents of change in the area of peace and security. Insights from constructivist research on foreign policy contribute to explain why some small states adopt norm entrepreneurship as a diplomatic strategy and how such strategy helps small states punch above their weight in international relations. The article is based on an in-depth case study of Sweden as a norm entrepreneur promoting the norm pertaining to the prevention of violent conflicts in the EU and UN, and it assesses the impact of the following strategies used by such a norm entrepreneur: norm construction, agenda-shaping, coalition-building, and support of institutionalisation.
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47. |
- Björkdahl, Annika
(author)
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Internationellt Förmyndarskap?
- 2005
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In: Internationella Studier. - 0020-952X. ; 3
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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48. |
- Björkdahl, Annika, et al.
(author)
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Introducing Space for Peace
- 2022
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In: Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1750-2977 .- 1750-2985. ; 16:5, s. 536-544
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Space for Peace is a Special Issue that advances the spatial turn in peace and conflict studies. It brings to the fore the purchase of using space as an analytic category by advancing spatial theorization and providing empirical case studies. This introduction draws out the main tenets of spatial approaches and responds to the question: Why space? Moreover, it outlines the chapters in the Special Issue and provides some thoughts about future research.
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49. |
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50. |
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