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1.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • The gamma-400 space observatory : Status and perspectives
  • 2014
  • In: Proceedings of Science. - : Sissa Medialab Srl.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The present design of the new space observatory GAMMA-400 is presented in this paper. The instrument has been designed for the optimal detection of gamma rays in a broad energy range (from ∼100 MeV up to 3 TeV), with excellent angular and energy resolution. The observatory will also allow precise and high statistic studies of the electron component in the cosmic rays up to the multi TeV region, as well as protons and nuclei spectra up to the knee region. The GAMMA-400 observatory will allow to address a broad range of science topics, like search for signatures of dark matter, studies of Galactic and extragalactic gamma-ray sources, Galactic and extragalactic diffuse emission, gamma-ray bursts and charged cosmic rays acceleration and diffusion mechanism up to the knee. 
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2.
  • Leonov, A. A., et al. (author)
  • Separation of electrons and protons in the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope
  • 2015
  • In: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948. ; 56:7, s. 1538-1545
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The GAMMA-400 telescope will measure the fluxes of gamma rays and cosmic-ray electrons and positrons in the energy range from 100 MeV to several TeV. These measurements will allow it to achieve the following scientific objectives: search for signatures of dark matter, investigation of gamma-ray point-like and extended sources, study of the energy spectrum of the Galactic and extragalactic diffuse emission, study of gamma-ray bursts and gamma-ray emission from the active Sun, together with high-precision measurements of the high-energy electrons and positrons spectra, protons and nuclei up to the knee. The bulk of cosmic rays are protons and helium nuclei, whereas the lepton component in the total flux is similar to 10(-3) at high energy. In the present paper, the simulated capability of the GAMMA-400 telescope to distinguish electrons and positrons from protons in cosmic rays is addressed. The individual contribution to the proton rejection from each detector system of GAMMA-400 is studied separately. The use of the combined information from all detectors allows us to reach a proton rejection of the order of similar to 4 x 10(5) for vertical incident particles and similar to 3 x 10(5) for particles with initial inclination of 30 degrees in the electron energy range from 50 GeV to 1 TeV. (C) 2015 COSPAR.
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3.
  • Leonov, A. A., et al. (author)
  • The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope characteristics. Angular resolution and electrons/protons separation
  • 2014
  • In: Proceedings of Science. - : Sissa Medialab Srl.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The measurements of gamma-ray fluxes and cosmic-ray electrons and positrons in the energy range from 100 MeV to several TeV, which will be realized by the specially designed GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope, concern with the following broad range of scientific topics. Search for signatures of dark matter, surveying the celestial sphere in order to study point and extended sources of gamma-rays, measuring the energy spectra of Galactic and extragalactic diffuse gamma-ray emission, study of gamma-ray bursts and gamma-ray emission from the Sun, as well as high precision measurements of spectra of high-energy electrons and positrons, protons and nuclei up to the knee. To clarify these scientific problems with the new experimental data the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope possesses unique physical characteristics comparing with previous and present experiments. For gamma-ray energies more than 100 GeV GAMMA-400 provides the energy resolution ~1% and angular resolution better than 0.02 deg. The methods, developed to reconstruct the direction of incident gamma photon, are presented in this paper, as well as, the capability of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope to distinguish electrons and positrons from protons in cosmic rays is investigated. The first point concerns with the space topology of high-energy gamma photon interaction in the matter of GAMMA-400. Multiple secondary particles, generated inside gamma-ray telescope, produce significant problems to restore the direction of initial gamma photon. Also back-splash particles, i.e., charged particles and gamma photons generated in calorimeter and moved upward, mask the initial tracks of electron/positron pair from conversion of incident gamma photon. The processed methods allow us to reconstruct the direction of electromagnetic shower axis and extract the electron/positron trace. As a result, the direction of incident gamma photon with the energy of 100 GeV is calculated with an accuracy of better than 0.02 deg. The main components of cosmic rays are protons and helium nuclei, whereas the part of lepton component in the total flux is ~10 -3 for high energies. The separate contribution in proton rejection is studied for each detector system of the GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope. Using combined information from all detector systems allow us to provide the rejection from protons with a factor of ~4 10 5 for vertical incident particles and ~3 10 5 for particle with initial inclination of 30 deg. Science with the New Generation of High Energy Gamma-ray experiments, 10th Workshop (Scineghe2014) 04-06 June 2014 Lisbon - Portugal. 
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4.
  • Topchiev, N. P., et al. (author)
  • GAMMA-400 gamma-ray observatory
  • 2015
  • In: Proceedings of Science. - : Proceedings of Science (PoS).
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope with excellent angular and energy resolutions is designed to search for signatures of dark matter in the fluxes of gamma-ray emission and electrons+ positrons.Precision investigations of gamma-ray emission fromGalactic Center, Crab, Vela, Cygnus, Geminga, and other regions will be performed, as well asdiffuse gamma-rayemission,along with measurements of high-energy electron + positron and nuclei fluxes. Furthermore, it will studygamma-ray bursts and gamma-ray emission from the Sun during periods of solar activity. The energy range of GAMMA-400 is expected to be from ∼20 MeV up to TeV energies for gamma rays, up to 10 TeV for electrons + positrons, and up to 1015eV for cosmic-ray nuclei. For high-energy gamma rays with energy from 10 to 100 GeV, the GAMMA-400 angular resolution improves from 0.1° to ∼0.01° and energy resolution from 3% to ∼1%; the proton rejection factor is ∼5x105. GAMMA-400 will be installed onboardthe Russian space observatory.
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5.
  • Topchiev, N. P., et al. (author)
  • The GAMMA-400 experiment : Status and prospects
  • 2015
  • In: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - 1062-8738. ; 79:3, s. 417-420
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The development of the GAMMA-400 γ-ray telescope continues. The GAMMA-400 is designed to measure fluxes of γ-rays and the electron-positron cosmic-ray component possibly associated with annihilation or decay of dark matter particles; and to search for and study in detail discrete γ-ray sources, to measure the energy spectra of Galactic and extragalactic diffuse γ-rays, and to study γ-ray bursts and γ-rays from the active Sun. The energy range for measuring γ-rays and electrons (positrons) is from 100 MeV to 3000 GeV. For 100-GeV γ-rays, the γ-ray telescope has an angular resolution of ∼0.01°, an energy resolution of ∼1%, and a proton rejection factor of ∼5 × 105. The GAMMA-400 will be installed onboard the Russian Space Observatory.
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6.
  • Boezio, M., et al. (author)
  • The PAMELA space experiment : First year of operation
  • 2008
  • In: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 110:6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • On the 15th of June 2006 the PAMELA experiment, mounted on the Resurs DK1 satellite, was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome and it has been collecting data since July 2006. PAMELA is a satellite-borne apparatus designed to study charged particles in the cosmic radiation, to investigate the nature of dark matter, measuring the cosmic-ray antiproton and positron spectra over the largest energy range ever achieved, and to search for antinuclei with unprecedented sensitivity. The apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a silicon-microstrip magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail catcher scintillator and a neutron detector. The combination of these devices allows charged particle identification over a wide energy range. © 2008 IOP Publishing Ltd.
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7.
  • Bongi, M, et al. (author)
  • PAMELA : A satellite experiment for antiparticles measurement in cosmic rays
  • 2004
  • In: IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. - 0018-9499 .- 1558-1578. ; 51:3, s. 854-859
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • PAMELA is a satellite-borne experiment that will study the antiproton and positron fluxes in cosmic rays in a wide range of energy (from 80 MeV up to 190 GeV for antiprotons and from 50 MeV up to 270 GeV for positrons) and with high statistics, and that will measure the antihelium/helium ratio with a sensitivity of the order of 10(-8). The detector will fly on-board a polar orbiting Resurs DK1 satellite, which will be launched into space by a Soyuz rocket in 2004 from Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, for a 3-year-long mission. Particle identification and energy measurements are performed in the PAMELA apparatus using the following subdetectors: a magnetic spectrometer made up of a permanent magnet equipped with double-sided microstrip silicon detectors, an electromagnetic imaging calorimeter composed of layers of tungsten absorber and silicon detectors planes, a transition radiation detector made of straw tubes interleaved with carbon fiber radiators, a plastic scintillator time-of-flight and trigger system, a set of anticounter plastic scintillator detectors, and a neutron detector. The features of the detectors and the main results obtained in beam test sessions are presented.
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8.
  • Casolino, M., et al. (author)
  • Cosmic-ray observations of the heliosphere with the PAMELA experiment
  • 2006
  • In: Astrophysics. - : Elsevier BV. ; , s. 1848-1852
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA experiment is a multi-purpose apparatus built around a permanent magnet spectrometer, with the main goal of studying in detail the antiparticle component of cosmic rays. The apparatus will be carried in space by means of a Russian satellite, due to launch in 2005, for a three year-long mission. The characteristics of the detectors composing the instrument, alongside the long lifetime of the mission and the orbital characteristics of the satellite, will allow to address several items of cosmic-ray physics. In this paper, we will focus on the solar and heliospheric observation capabilities of PAMELA.
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9.
  • Stozhkov, Y. I., et al. (author)
  • About Separation of Hadron and Electromagnetic Cascades in the Pamela Calorimeter
  • 2005
  • In: International Journal of Modern Physics A. - 0217-751X .- 1793-656X. ; 20:29, s. 6745-6748
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Results of calibration of the PAMELA instrument at the CERN facilities are discussed. In September, 2003, the calibration of the Neutron Detector together with the Calorimeter was performed with the CERN beams of electrons and protons with energies of 20-180 GeV. The implementation of the Neutron Detector increases a rejection factor of hadrons from electrons about ten times. The results of calibration are in agreement with calculations.
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10.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • Antiprotons in primary cosmic radiation with PAMELA experiment
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Rays Conference, ICRC 2013. - : Sociedade Brasileira de Fisica. - 9788589064293
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The latest measurements of antiprotons spectrum and antiproton-to-proton ratio in primary cosmic rays with PAMELA experiment are presented. They are in good agreement with model of secondary production of antiprotons in Galaxy, but they do not completely rule other sources at the high-energies. 
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11.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • Latest results from the Pamela experiment
  • 2009
  • In: Proceedings of Science. ; , s. 1-6
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this paper we present the latest results of the Pamela satellite experiment, focusing in particular on the p̄/p and the e +/(e+ +e-) ratios.
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12.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • Positrons and electrons in primary cosmic rays as measured in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2009
  • In: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - 1062-8738. ; 73:5, s. 568-570
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA experiment is being carried out on board the Russian satellite Resurs DK1 placed in the near-earth near-polar orbit on June 15, 2006. The apparatus comprising a silicon-strip magnetic spectrometer and an electromagnetic calorimeter allows measurement of electron and positron fluxes in cosmic rays in a wide energy interval from ∼100 MeV to hundreds of GeV. The high-energy electron and positron separation technique is discussed and the data on positron-to-electron ratio in primary cosmic rays up to E ≃ 10 GeV from the 2006 - 2007 measurements are reported in this work.
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13.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • The PAMELA space mission
  • 2009
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA (a Payload for Antimatter-Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics) space mission has been launched on-board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on June 15(th) 2006 from the Baikonur cosmodrome, in Kazakhstan. PAMELA is a particle spectrometer designed to study charged particles in the cosmic radiation with special focus on the investigation of the nature of dark matter, by mean of the measure of the cosmic-ray antiproton and positron spectra over the largest energy range ever achieved.
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14.
  • Formato, V., et al. (author)
  • Hydrogen and helium isotopes flux in cosmic rays with the PAMELA experiment
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Rays Conference, ICRC 2013. - : Sociedade Brasileira de Fisica. - 9788589064293
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • PAMELA is a satellite borne experiment designed to study with great accuracy cosmic rays of galactic, solar, and trapped nature, with particular focus on the antimatter component. The detector consists of a permanent magnet spectrometer core to provide rigidity and charge sign information, a Time-of-Flight system for velocity and charge information, a Silicon-Tungsten calorimeter and a Neutron detector for lepton/hadron identification. The beta and rigidity information allow to identify isotopes for Z = 1 and Z = 2 particles in the energy range 100 MeV/n to 1 GeV/n. In this work we will present the final PAMELA results on the H and He isotope fluxes measured during the 23rd solar minimum from 2006 to 2007. Such fluxes carry relevant information helpful in constraining parameters in galactic cosmic rays propagation models complementary to those obtained from other secondary to primary measurements such as the boron-to-carbon ratio. 
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15.
  • Koldobskiy, S. A., et al. (author)
  • Galactic deuteron spectrum measured in PAMELA experiment
  • 2013
  • In: 23Rd European Cosmic Ray Symposium (And 32Nd Russian Cosmic Ray Conference). - : IOP Publishing.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Results of galactic deuteron spectrum measurement by means of PAMELA apparatus are described. PAMELA is an international experiment developed for antimatter search and measurement of p, He, electron and positron spectra in wide energy range. In addition, PAMELA allows to identify and measure deuteron spectrum at low energies. In this paper deuteron-to-proton ratio and deuteron spectrum are presented.
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16.
  • Mocchiutti, E., et al. (author)
  • Cosmic–ray positron energy spectrum measured by PAMELA
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Rays Conference, ICRC 2013. - : Sociedade Brasileira de Fisica. - 9788589064293
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA satellite borne experiment is designed to study cosmic rays with great accuracy in a wide energy range. One of PAMELA’s main goal is the study of the antimatter component of cosmic rays. The experiment, housed on board the Russian satellite Resurs–DK1, was launched on June 15th 2006 and it is still taking data. In this work we present the measurement of galactic positron energy spectrum in the energy range between 500 MeV and few hundred GeV. 
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17.
  • Picozza, P., et al. (author)
  • Dark Matter Research and the PAMELA Space Mission
  • 2009
  • In: SOURCES AND DETECTION OF DARK MATTER AND DARK ENERGY IN THE UNIVERSE. - : AIP. ; , s. 141-150
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • On the 15th of June 2006, the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment was launched from the Bajkonur cosmodrome and since July 2006 it has been collected data. The core of the apparatus is a silicon-microstrip magnetic spectrometer combined with a time-of-flight system, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail counter scintillator and a neutron detector. The overall devices allow precision studies of the charged cosmic radiation to be conducted over a wide energy range (100 MeV - 100's GeV) with high statistics. The primary scientific goal is the measurement of the antiproton and positron energy spectra in order to search for exotic sources, such as dark matter particle annihilation. PAMELA is also searching for primordial antinuclei ((He) over bar). Concomitant, but not secondary, goals are the measurements of light nuclei and their isotopes for studying the energy dependence of cosmic ray lifetimes in the Galaxy, the monitoring of the solar activity and the study of the radiation belts.
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18.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • A statistical procedure for the identification of positrons in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2010
  • In: Astroparticle physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-6505 .- 1873-2852. ; 34:1, s. 1-11
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA satellite experiment has measured the cosmic-ray positron fraction between 1.5 GeV and 100 GeV. The need to reliably discriminate between the positron signal and proton background has required the development of an ad hoc analysis procedure. In this paper, a method for positron identification is described and its stability and capability to yield a correct background estimate is shown. The analysis includes new experimental data, the application of three different fitting techniques for the background sample and an estimate of systematic uncertainties due to possible inaccuracies in the background selection. The new experimental results confirm both solar modulation effects on cosmic-rays with low rigidities and an anomalous positron abundance above 10 GeV. (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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19.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • An anomalous positron abundance in cosmic rays with energies 1.5-100 GeV
  • 2009
  • In: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 458:7238, s. 607-609
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Antiparticles account for a small fraction of cosmic rays and are known to be produced in interactions between cosmic-ray nuclei and atoms in the interstellar medium(1), which is referred to as a 'secondary source'. Positrons might also originate in objects such as pulsars(2) and microquasars(3) or through dark matter annihilation(4), which would be 'primary sources'. Previous statistically limited measurements(5-7) of the ratio of positron and electron fluxes have been interpreted as evidence for a primary source for the positrons, as has an increase in the total electron+positron flux at energies between 300 and 600 GeV (ref. 8). Here we report a measurement of the positron fraction in the energy range 1.5-100 GeV. We find that the positron fraction increases sharply overmuch of that range, in a way that appears to be completely inconsistent with secondary sources. We therefore conclude that a primary source, be it an astrophysical object or dark matter annihilation, is necessary.
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20.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • Measurement of the flux of primary cosmic ray antiprotons with energies of 60 MeV to 350 GeV in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2013
  • In: JETP Letters. - 0021-3640 .- 1090-6487. ; 96:10, s. 621-627
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • It is interesting to measure the antiproton galactic component in cosmic rays in order to study the mechanisms by which particles and antiparticles are generated and propagate in the Galaxy and to search for new sources of, e.g., annihilation or decay of dark matter hypothetical particles. The antiproton spectrum and the ratio of the fluxes of primary cosmic ray antiprotons to protons with energies of 60 MeV to 350 GeV found from the data obtained from June 2006 to January 2010 in the PAMELA experiment are presented. The usage of the advanced data processing method based on the data classification mathematical model made it possible to increase statistics and analyze the region of higher energies than in the earlier works.
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21.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • Measurement of the isotopic composition of hydrogen and helium nuclei in cosmic rays with the PAMELA experiment
  • 2013
  • In: Astrophysical Journal. - : IOP Publishing. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 770:1, s. 2-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The satellite-borne experiment PAMELA has been used to make new measurements of cosmic ray H and He isotopes. The isotopic composition was measured between 100 and 600 MeV /n for hydrogen and between 100 and 900 MeV /n for helium isotopes over the 23rd solar minimum from 2006 July to 2007 December. The energy spectrum of these components carries fundamental information regarding the propagation of cosmic rays in the galaxy which are competitive with those obtained from other secondary to primary measurements such as B/C.
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22.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • Measurements of cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra with the PAMELA calorimeter
  • 2013
  • In: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948. ; 51:2, s. 219-226
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present a new measurement of the cosmic ray proton and helium spectra by the PAMELA experiment performed using the "thin" (in terms of nuclei interactions) sampling electromagnetic calorimeter. The described method, optimized by using Monte Carlo simulation, beam test and experimental data, allows the spectra to be measured up to 10 TeV, thus extending the PAMELA observational range based on the magnetic spectrometer measurement.
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23.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • Measurements of quasi-trapped electron and positron fluxes with PAMELA
  • 2009
  • In: Journal of Geophysical Research. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 114, s. A12218-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • This paper presents precise measurements of the differential energy spectra of quasi-trapped secondary electrons and positrons and their ratio between 80 MeV and 10 GeV in the near-equatorial region (altitudes between 350 km and 600 km). Latitudinal dependences of the spectra are analyzed in detail. The results were obtained from July until November 2006 onboard the Resurs-DK satellite by the PAMELA spectrometer, a general purpose cosmic ray detector system built around a permanent magnet spectrometer and a silicon-tungsten calorimeter.
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24.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • OBSERVATIONS OF THE 2006 DECEMBER 13 AND 14 SOLAR PARTICLE EVENTS IN THE 80 MeV n(-1)-3 GeV n(-1) RANGE FROM SPACE WITH THE PAMELA DETECTOR
  • 2011
  • In: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 742:2, s. 102-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present the space spectrometer PAMELA observations of proton and helium fluxes during the 2006 December 13 and 14 solar particle events. This is the first direct measurement of the solar energetic particles in space with a single instrument in the energy range from similar to 80 MeV n(-1) up to similar to 3 GeV n(-1). For the December 13 event, measured energy spectra of solar protons and helium are compared with results obtained by neutron monitors and other detectors. Our measurements show a spectral behavior different from those derived from the neutron monitor network. No satisfactory analytical fitting was found for the energy spectra. During the first hours of the December 13 event, solar energetic particles spectra were close to the exponential form, demonstrating rather significant temporal evolution. Solar He with energy up to 1 GeV n(-1) was recorded on December 13. For the December 14 event, energy of solar protons reached 600 MeV, whereas the maximum energy of He was below 100 MeV n(-1). The spectra were slightly bent in the lower energy range and preserved their form during the second event. Differences in the particle flux appearance and temporal evolution of these two events may argue for special conditions leading to the acceleration of solar particles up to relativistic energies.
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25.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • PAMELA Measurements of Cosmic-Ray Proton and Helium Spectra
  • 2011
  • In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 332:6025, s. 69-72
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Protons and helium nuclei are the most abundant components of the cosmic radiation. Precise measurements of their fluxes are needed to understand the acceleration and subsequent propagation of cosmic rays in our Galaxy. We report precision measurements of the proton and helium spectra in the rigidity range 1 gigavolt to 1.2 teravolts performed by the satellite-borne experiment PAMELA (payload for antimatter matter exploration and light-nuclei astrophysics). We find that the spectral shapes of these two species are different and cannot be described well by a single power law. These data challenge the current paradigm of cosmic-ray acceleration in supernova remnants followed by diffusive propagation in the Galaxy. More complex processes of acceleration and propagation of cosmic rays are required to explain the spectral structures observed in our data.
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26.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • PAMELA Results on the Cosmic-Ray Antiproton Flux from 60 MeV to 180 GeV in Kinetic Energy
  • 2010
  • In: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 105:12, s. 121101-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The satellite-borne experiment PAMELA has been used to make a new measurement of the cosmic-ray antiproton flux and the antiproton-to-proton flux ratio which extends previously published measurements down to 60 MeV and up to 180 GeV in kinetic energy. During 850 days of data acquisition approximately 1500 antiprotons were observed. The measurements are consistent with purely secondary production of antiprotons in the Galaxy. More precise secondary production models are required for a complete interpretation of the results.
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27.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • Secondary electron and positron fluxes in the near-Earth space observed in the ARINA and PAMELA experiments
  • 2009
  • In: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - 1062-8738. ; 73:3, s. 364-366
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Secondary electron and positron fluxes in the energy range from 3 MeV to 7 GeV were measured with the ARINA and PAMELA spectrometers onboard the Resurs-DK satellite launched on June 15, 2006 into an elliptical orbit with an inclination of 70.4° and an altitude of 350-600 km. It is shown that positrons dominate over electrons by a factor of up to 4-5 in the geomagnetic equator region (L < 1.2 and B > 0.25).
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28.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • The PAMELA Mission : Heralding a new era in precision cosmic ray physics
  • 2014
  • In: Physics reports. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-1573 .- 1873-6270. ; 544:4, s. 323-370
  • Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • On the 15th of June 2006, the PAMELA (Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics) satellite-borne experiment was launched onboard the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite by a Soyuz rocket from the Baikonur space centre. The satellite was placed in a quasi-polar 70 degrees inclination orbit at an altitude varying between 350 km and 600 km. New results on the antiparticle component of the cosmic radiation were obtained. The positron energy spectrum and positron fraction were measured from 400 MeV up to 200 GeV revealing a positron excess over the predictions of commonly used propagation models. This can be interpreted either as evidence that the propagation models should be revised or in terms of dark matter annihilation or a pulsar contribution. The antiproton spectrum was measured over the energy range from 60 MeV to 350 GeV. The antiproton spectrum is consistent with secondary production and significantly constrains dark matter models. The energy spectra of protons and helium nuclei were measured up to 1.2 TV. The spectral shapes of these two species are different and cannot be described well by a single power law. For the First time the electron spectrum was measured up to 600 GeV complementing the information obtained from the positron data. Nuclear and isotopic composition was obtained with unprecedented precision. The variation of the low energy proton, electron and positron energy spectra was measured from July 2006 until December 2009 accurately sampling the unusual conditions of the most recent solar minimum activity period (2006-2009). Low energy particle spectra were accurately measured also for various solar events that occurred during the PAMELA mission. The Earth's magnetosphere was studied measuring the particle radiation in different regions of the magnetosphere. Energy spectra and composition of sub-cutoff and trapped particles were obtained. For the first time a belt of trapped antiprotons was detected in the South Atlantic Anomaly region. The flux was found to exceed that for galactic cosmic-ray antiprotons by three order of magnitude.
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29.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • The PAMELA space mission
  • 2008
  • In: Astroparticle, Part. Space Phys., Detect. Med. Phys. Appl. - Proc. Conf.. - : WORLD SCIENTIFIC. - 9812819088 - 9789812819086 ; , s. 858-864
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA (a Payload for Antimatter-Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics) experiment, is a satellite-borne particle spectrometer. It was launched on 15th June 2006 from the Baikonur cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, is installed into the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite. PAMELA is composed of a time-of-flight system, a magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail catcher scintillator and a neutron detector. Among the PAMELA major objectives are the study of charged particles in the cosmic radiation, the investigation of the nature of dark matter, by mean of the measure of the cosmic-ray antiproton and positron spectra over the largest energy range ever achieved. PAMELA has been in a nearly continuous data taking mode since llth July 2006. The status of the apparatus and performances will be presented.
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30.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • The PAMELA Space Mission for Antimatter and Dark Matter Searches in Cosmic Rays
  • 2010
  • In: SCIENCE WITH THE NEW GENERATION OF HIGH-ENERGY GAMMA-RAY EXPERIMENTS. - : AIP. - 9780735407671 ; , s. 33-42
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • On the 15(th) of June 2006, the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome and it has been collecting data since July 2006. The instrument allows precision studies of the charged cosmic radiation to be conducted over a wide energy range (100 MeV - 100's GeV) with high statistics. The primary scientific goal is the measurement of the antiproton and positron energy spectrum in order to search for exotic sources, such as dark matter particle annihilations. PAMELA is also searching for primordial antinuclei (anti-helium), and testing cosmic-ray propagation models through precise measurements of the antiparticle energy spectrum and precision studies of light nuclei and their isotopes. Moreover, PAMELA is investigating phenomena connected with solar and earth physics. Results of the antiproton and positron data will be presented.
  •  
31.
  • Adriani, O., et al. (author)
  • Time Dependence Of The Proton Flux Measured By Pamela During The 2006 July-2009 December Solar Minimum
  • 2013
  • In: Astrophysical Journal. - : IOP Publishing. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 765:2, s. 91-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The energy spectra of galactic cosmic rays carry fundamental information regarding their origin and propagation. These spectra, when measured near Earth, are significantly affected by the solar magnetic field. A comprehensive description of the cosmic radiation must therefore include the transport and modulation of cosmic rays inside the heliosphere. During the end of the last decade, the Sun underwent a peculiarly long quiet phase well suited to study modulation processes. In this paper we present proton spectra measured from 2006 July to 2009 December by PAMELA. The large collected statistics of protons allowed the time variation to be followed on a nearly monthly basis down to 400 MV. Data are compared with a state-of-the-art three-dimensional model of solar modulation.
  •  
32.
  • Bazilevskaya, G. A., et al. (author)
  • Solar energetic particle events in 2006-2012 in the PAMELA experiment data
  • 2013
  • In: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 409:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer launched in June 2006 has observed the last strong energetic solar particle event of the 23rd solar cycle in December 2006. Subsequent long minimum of solar activity and weak development of the 24th solar cycle led to a deficit in the solar energetic particle events on the Earth orbit. As a result, only few events with protons accelerated above 100 MeV occurred in 2010-2012. The paper gives the preliminary results on energetic solar particles in the beginning of the 24th solar circle as measured with the PAMELA instrument.
  •  
33.
  • Bazilevskaya, G. A., et al. (author)
  • Solar proton events at the end of the 23rd and start of the 24th solar cycle recorded in the PAMELA experiment
  • 2013
  • In: Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. - 1062-8738. ; 77:5, s. 493-496
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA magnetic spectrometer was launched into a near-Earth orbit on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite in June 2006; in December 2006, it recorded the last strong solar high-energy particle event of the 23rd solar cycle. A deficit was thereafter observed in solar energetic particle events because of the lengthy solar activity minimum and the weak evolution of the next (24th) solar cycle. As a result, only a few solar events involving protons with energies of more than 100 MeV were recorded between 2010 and 1012. This work presents the preliminary results from measurements of charged particle fluxes in these events, recorded by the Pamela spectrometer.
  •  
34.
  • Boezio, M., et al. (author)
  • PAMELA and indirect dark matter searches
  • 2009
  • In: New Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 1367-2630. ; 11, s. 105023-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present a review of the experimental results obtained by PAMELA in measuring the (p, (p) over bar ) and e(+/-) abundance in cosmic rays. In this context, we discuss the interpretation of the observed anomalous positron excess in terms of the annihilation of dark matter particles as well as in terms of standard astrophysical sources. Moreover we show the constraints on dark matter models from (p) over bar data.
  •  
35.
  • Boezio, M., et al. (author)
  • The first year in orbit of the pamela experiment
  • 2007
  • In: Proceedings of the 30th International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2007. - : Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. ; , s. 99-102
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • On the 15th of June 2006, the PAMELA experiment mounted on the Resurs DK1 satellite, was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome and it has been collecting data since July 2006. PAMELA is a satellite-borne apparatus designed to study charged particles in the cosmic radiation, to investigate the nature of dark matter, measuring the cosmic-ray antiproton and positron spectra over the largest energy range ever achieved, and to search for antinuclei with unprecedented sensitivity. The PAMELA apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail catcher scintillator and a neutron detector. We will present the status of the apparatus after one year in orbit. Furthermore, we will discuss the PAMELA in-flight performances.
  •  
36.
  • Boezio, M., et al. (author)
  • The PAMELA experiment and antimatter in the universe
  • 2014
  • In: Hyperfine Interactions. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0304-3843 .- 1572-9540. ; 228:1-3, s. 101-109
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • On the 15th of June 2006, the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome and it has been collecting data since July 2006. The primary scientific goal is the measurement of the antiproton and positron energy spectra. Antiparticles are a natural component of the cosmic radiation being produced in the interaction between cosmic rays and the interstellar matter. They have been shown to be extremely interesting for understanding the propagation mechanisms of cosmic rays. Furthermore, novel sources of primary cosmic-ray antiparticles of either astrophysical or exotic origin (e.g. annihilation of dark matter particles) can also be probed. In this paper we review the PAMELA antiparticle results and their significance for the field of astroparticle physics.
  •  
37.
  • Bonvicini, V., et al. (author)
  • Performance of the PAMELA Si-W imaging calorimeter in space
  • 2009
  • In: Journal of Physics, Conference Series. - : IOP Publishing. - 1742-6588 .- 1742-6596. ; 160, s. 012039-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Payload for Antimatter-Matter Exploration and Light Nuclei Astrophysics (PAMELA), primarily designed to directly measure antiparticles (antiprotons and positrons) in the cosmic radiation, was launched successfully on June 15th, 2006, and, since then, it is in continuous data taking. The calorimeter of the PAMELA apparatus has been designed to identify antiprotons from an electron background and positrons from a background of protons with high efficiency and rejection power. It is a sampling silicon-tungsten imaging calorimeter, which comprises 44 single-sided silicon sensor planes (380 μm thick) interleaved with 22 plates of tungsten absorber (0.74 X0 each). It is the first silicon-tungsten calorimeter to be launched in space. In this work we present the in-orbit performance of the calorimeter, including the measured identification capabilities. The calorimeter provides a proton rejection factor of ∼105 while keeping a high efficiency in selecting electrons and positrons, thus fulfilling the identification power needed to reach the primary scientific objectives of PAMELA. We show also that, after almost two years of operation in space, the calorimeter is still performing nominally.
  •  
38.
  • Bruno, A., et al. (author)
  • First detection of geomagnetically trapped antiprotons by the PAMELA experiment
  • 2011
  • In: Proceedings of the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2011. - : Institute of High Energy Physics. ; , s. 86-89
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present the measurement of geomagnetically trapped antiprotons in the South Atlantic Anomaly performed by the PAMELA satellite-bourne experiment. The existence of an antiproton radiation belt, predicted by several models as the product of cosmic ray interactions with the residual terrestrial atmosphere, is evidenced for the first time. PAMELA measured the antiproton spectrum in the kinetic energy range between 60 and 750 MeV, reporting a trapped antiproton flux which exceeds by about 3 orders of magnitude the interplanetary cosmic ray antiproton flux. An estimation of the mean under-cutoff antiproton flux outside radiation belts has been also provided.
  •  
39.
  • Bruno, A., et al. (author)
  • Precise cosmic rays measurements with PAMELA
  • 2013
  • In: Acta Polytechnica. - 1210-2709. ; 53:Suppl.1, s. 712-717
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA experiment was launched on board the Resurs-DK1 satellite on June 15th 2006. The apparatus was designed to conduct precision studies of charged cosmic radiation over a wide energy range, from tens of MeV up to several hundred GeV, with unprecedented statistics. In five years of continuous data taking in space, PAMELA accurately measured the energy spectra of cosmic ray antiprotons and positrons, as well as protons, electrons and light nuclei, sometimes providing data in unexplored energetic regions. These important results have shed new light in several astrophysical fields like: an indirect search for Dark Matter, a search for cosmological antimatter (anti-Helium), and the validation of acceleration, transport and secondary production models of cosmic rays in the Galaxy. Some of the most important items of Solar and Magnetospheric physics were also investigated. Here we present the most recent results obtained by the PAMELA experiment.
  •  
40.
  • Bruno, A., et al. (author)
  • Trapped protons in SAA measured by the PAMELA experiment
  • 2011
  • In: Proceedings of the 32nd International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2011. - : Institute of High Energy Physics. ; , s. 82-85
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • An accurate measurement of under cutoff proton fluxes in the energy range 60 MeV ÷ 3 GeV has been performed by the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment. Thanks to the high identification performances and to the semipolar and elliptic satellite orbit, PAMELA is able to provide information about spectra and composition of particles in different regions of the magnetosphere. Here we present the measurement of the geomagnetically trapped protons from the inner radiation belt (SAA). The fluxes as a function of equatorial pitch angle and McIlwain L-shell are reported.
  •  
41.
  • Carbone, R., et al. (author)
  • Pamela observation of the 2012 may 17 gle event
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Rays Conference, ICRC 2013. - : Sociedade Brasileira de Fisica. - 9788589064293
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA (Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics) satellite-borne experiment has been collecting data in orbit since July 2006, providing accurate measurements of the energy spectra and composition of the cosmic radiation from a few hundred MeV/n up to hundred GeV/n. This wide interval of measured energies makes PAMELA a unique instrument for Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) observations. Not only does it span the energy range between the ground-based neutron monitor data and the observations of SEPs from space, but also PAMELA carries out the first direct measurements of the composition for the highest energy SEP events, including those causing Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs). PAMELA has registered many SEP events in solar cycle 24 including the 2012 May 17 GLE event (GLE 71), offering unique opportunities to address the question of high-energy SEP origin. Experimental performances and preliminary results on the 2012 May 17 events will be presented. We will discuss the derived particle injection time and compare with other time scales at the Sun including the flare and CME onset times. 
  •  
42.
  • Casolino, M., et al. (author)
  • Cosmic ray measurements with Pamela experiment
  • 2009
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • PAMELA is a satellite borne experiment designed to study with great accuracy cosmic rays of galactic, solar, and trapped nature hi a wide energy range (protons: 80 MeV-700 GeV, electrons 50 MeV-400 GeV). Main objective is the study of the antimatter component: antiprotons (80 MeV-190 GeV), positrons (50 MeV-270 GeV) and search for antinuclei with a precision of the order of 10(-8)). The experiment, housed on board the Russian Resurs-DK1 satellite, was launched on June, 15(th) 2006 in a 350 X 600 km orbit with an inclination of 70 degrees. In this work we describe the scientific objectives awl the performance of PAMELA in its first two years of operation. Data oil protons of trapped, secondary and galactic nature - as well as measurements of the December 13(th) 2006 Solar Particle Event - are also provided.
  •  
43.
  • Casolino, M., et al. (author)
  • Launch of the space experiment PAMELA
  • 2008
  • In: Advances in Space Research. - : Elsevier. - 0273-1177 .- 1879-1948. ; 42:3, s. 455-466
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • PAMELA is a satellite borne experiment designed to study with great accuracy cosmic rays of galactic, solar, and trapped nature in a wide energy range (protons 80 MeV-700 GeV, electrons 50 MeV-400 GeV). Main objective is the study of the antimatter component: antiprotons (80 MeV-190 GeV), positrons (50 MeV-270 GeV) and search for antimatter with a precision of the order of 10-8. The experiment, housed on board the Russian Resurs-DK I satellite, was launched on June 15th, 2006 in a 350 x 600 km orbit with all inclination of 70'. The detector is composed of a series of scintillator counters arranged at the extremities of a permanent magnet spectrometer to provide charge, time-of-flight, and rigidity information. Lepton/hadron identification is performed by a silicon-tungsten calorimeter and a neutron detector placed at the bottom of the device. An anticounter system is used offline to reject false triggers coming from the satellite. In self-trigger mode the calorimeter, the neutron detector, and a shower tail catcher are capable of an independent measure of the lepton component up to 2 TeV. In this work we describe the experiment, its scientific objectives, and the performance in the first months after launch.
  •  
44.
  • Casolino, M., et al. (author)
  • Magnetospheric and solar physics observations with the PAMELA experiment
  • 2008
  • In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0168-9002 .- 1872-9576. ; 588:1-2, s. 243-246
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • PAMELA is a satellite-borne experiment designed to make long duration measurements of the cosmic radiation in Low Earth Orbit. It is devoted to the detection of the cosmic-ray spectra in the 100 MeV-300 GeV range with primary scientific goal the measurement of antiproton and positron spectra over the largest energy range ever achieved. Other tasks include the search for antinuclei with unprecedented sensitivity and the measurement of the light nuclear component of cosmic rays. In addition, PAMELA can investigate phenomena connected with solar and Earth physics. The apparatus consists of: a Time of Flight system, a magnetic spectrometer, an electromagnetic imaging calorimeter, a shower tail catcher scintillator, a neutron detector and an anticoincidence system. In this work we present some measurements of galactic, secondary and trapped particles performed in the first months of operation.
  •  
45.
  • Casolino, M., et al. (author)
  • Two years of flight of the Pamela experiment : Results and perspectives
  • 2009
  • In: Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. - 0031-9015 .- 1347-4073. ; 78:Suppl. A, s. 35-40
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • PAMELA is a satellite borne experiment designed to study with great accuracy cosmic rays of galactic, solar, and trapped nature in a wide energy range (protons: 80 MeV-700 GeV, electrons 50 MeV-400 GeV). Main objective is the study of the antimatter component: antiprotons (80 MeV-190 GeV), positrons (50 MeV-270 GeV) and search for antinuclei with a precision of the order of 10~8). The experiment, housed on board the Russian Resurs-DKl satellite, was launched on June, 15th 2006 in a 350 x 600 km orbit with an inclination of 70 degrees. In this work we describe the scientific objectives and the performance of PAMELA in its first two years of operation. Data on protons of trapped, secondary and galactic nature - as well as measurements of the December 13th 2006 Solar Particle Event - are also provided.
  •  
46.
  • De Simone, N., et al. (author)
  • Comparison of models and measurements of protons of trapped and secondary origin with PAMELA experiment
  • 2009
  • In: 31st International Cosmic Ray Conference, ICRC 2009. - : University of Lodz.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • PAMELA is a satellite borne experiment designed to study with great accuracy cosmic rays of galactic, solar, and trapped nature in a wide energy range (protons: 80 MeV-700 GeV, electrons 50 MeV-400 GeV). Main objective is the study of the antimatter component: Antiprotons (80 MeV-190 GeV), positrons (50 MeV-270 GeV) and search for antinuclei with a precision of the order of 10-8). The experiment, housed on board the Russian Resurs- DK1 satellite, was launched on June, 15th 2006 in a 350x600 km orbit with an inclination of 70 degrees. In this work we present the measurement of galactic and reentrant albedo proton spectra in the energy range between 100 MeV and 300 GeV. The galactic protons refer to the period 2006-2008, showing evidence of Solar modulation effects even during the solar minimum.
  •  
47.
  • De Simone, N., et al. (author)
  • Latitudinal and radial gradients of galactic cosmic ray protons in the inner heliosphere - PAMELA and Ulysses observations
  • 2011
  • In: Astrophysics and Space Sciences Transactions (ASTRA). - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1810-6528 .- 1810-6536. ; 7:3, s. 425-434
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ulysses, launched on 6 October 1990, was placed in an elliptical, high inclined (80.2°) orbit around the Sun, and was switched off in June 2009. It has been the only spacecraft exploring high-latitude regions of the inner heliosphere. The Kiel Electron Telescope (KET) aboard Ulysses measures electrons from 3 MeV to a few GeV and protons and helium in the energy range from 6 MeV/nucleon to above 2 GeV/nucleon. The PAMELA (Payload for Antimatter Matter Exploration and Light-nuclei Astrophysics) space borne experiment was launched on 15 June 2006 and is continuously collecting data since then. The apparatus measures electrons, positrons, protons, anti-protons and heavier nuclei from about 100 MeV to several hundreds of GeV. Thus the combination of Ulysses and PAMELA measurements is ideally suited to determine the spatial gradients during the extended minimum of solar cycle 23. For protons in the rigidity interval 1.6-1.8 GV we find a radial gradient of 2.7%/AU and a latitudinal gradient of -0.024%/degree. Although the latitudinal gradient is as expected negative, its value is much smaller than predicted by current particle propagation models. This result is of relevance for the study of propagation parameters in the inner heliosphere.
  •  
48.
  • De Simone, N., et al. (author)
  • PAMELA : Measurements of matter and antimatter in space
  • 2011
  • In: Nuovo cimento della societa italiana de fisica. C, Geophysics and space physics. - 1124-1896 .- 1826-9885. ; 34:3, s. 79-87
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • On the 15th of June 2006, the PAMELA satellite-borne experiment was launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome and it has been collecting data since July 2006. The apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a silicon-microstrip magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail counter scintillator and a neutron detector. The combination of these devices allows precision studies of the charged cosmic radiation to be conducted over a wide energy range (100 MeV-100's GeV) with high statistics. The primary scientific goal is the measurement of the antiproton and positron energy spectra in order to search for exotic sources, such as dark matter particle annihilations. PAMELA is also searching for primordial antinuclei (antihelium), and testing cosmic-ray propagation models through precise measurements of the antiparticle energy spectrum and precision studies of light nuclei and their isotopes. Moreover, PAMELA investigates phenomena connected with solar and earth physics. The main results and updated data will be presented.
  •  
49.
  • Di Felice, V., et al. (author)
  • Solar modulation of galactic hydrogen and helium over the 23rd solar minimum with the PAMELA experiment
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Rays Conference, ICRC 2013. - : Sociedade Brasileira de Fisica. - 9788589064293
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • PAMELA has been orbiting the Earth for more than six years, gathering data on solar, galactic and trapped cosmic rays during the time of the last solar minimum. The apparatus comprises a time-of-flight system, a silicon-microstrip magnetic spectrometer, a silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter, an anticoincidence system, a shower tail catcher scintillator and a neutron detector. The combination of these devices allows charged particle and antiparticle identification over a wide energy range and with an unprecedented precision. The quasi-polar orbit of the instrument, with an inclination of 70 degrees, makes it possible to measure low energy particles starting from about 100 MeV/n. In this work we present the time and rigidity dependence of the galactic proton and helium fluxes over the first 4 years of operation during the A < 0 solar minimum of solar cycle 23. 
  •  
50.
  • Formato, V., et al. (author)
  • Galactic boron and carbon fluxes measured by the PAMELA experiment
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings of the 33rd International Cosmic Rays Conference, ICRC 2013. - : Sociedade Brasileira de Fisica. - 9788589064293
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PAMELA experiment is a satellite-borne apparatus that performs measurements of the cosmic radiation with a particular focus on antiparticles and light nuclei. The heart of experiment is a magnetic spectrometer to measure the particle rigidity and sign of charge. A Time-of-Flight system, a Silicon-Tungsten calorimeter, and a neutron detector allow particle identification and lepton/hadron discrimination. The apparatus is surrounded by a set of anticoincidence scintillation counters to reject multi-particle events. In this work we will present the Boron and Carbon fluxes measured by PAMELA from July 2006 to March 2008. Such data, and in particular the B/C flux ratio, can help the modelling of the galactic cosmic rays propagation. This can be a crucial point in predicting the astrophysical background of antimatter (positrons and antiprotons) in cosmic rays in the search for a dark matter signal. 
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