| 1. |
- Birksjö, David
(author)
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Innovative Security Business : Innovation, Standardization, and Industry Dynamics in the Swedish Security Sector, 1992–2012
- 2023
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The overall aim of this dissertation is to generate new knowledge on innovation output and standardization in industries where innovation output typically is considered sparse. This is done through the longitudinal study of the Swedish security guard industry and security sector 1992-2012. Several longitudinal databases have been constructed across the two studied decades. These include three different databases on innovations in the security guard industry and the security sector, one on standardization of security products and services, and a database that describes industry structure and development. In contrast to much previous research, and in line with recent calls for multiple innovation indicators, this approach enables the addressing of innovation through the lens of several longitudinal innovation indicators and from different perspectives. It also allows for analysis of the relationship between innovation and standardization, which often have played a peripheral role in previous innovation studies. The main findings show that innovation has played an important role in the industry and the sector as a whole. Essential characteristics of innovation in the studied industry/sector, 1992-2012, have corresponded – to varying degrees – to established ‘stylized facts’ in the literature on industry patterns of innovation output. The importance of multiple indicators is particularly apparent when addressing temporal patterns of innovation output in the present study. Different approaches to measuring innovation output showed distinctly different temporal patterns of innovation, bearing different implications on the relationship between innovation output and industry development and dynamics. Moreover, standardization is explored from complementing perspectives: i) as diffusion of innovation; ii) as organizational and marketing innovation, and iii) as an industry-specific indicator of innovation output. Fundamental questions regarding innovation output are thereby addressed, such as how innovation research addresses and captures innovations after market introduction, along with discussions on what constitutes ‘innovativeness’ in terms of newness and commercial application. The dissertation contributes to and challenges conventional knowledge on industry patterns of innovation output and the role of innovation in service industries, mature industries, and low-tech industries. It also contributes to the literature on the relationship between innovation and standardization, and to the methodological discussion on innovation indicators.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Bankruptcies in Sweden, 1774–1849 : Causes and structural differences
- 2020. - 1
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In: Luxury, Fashion and the Early Modern Idea of Credit. - London : Routledge. - 9780367332693 - 9780429318979 ; , s. 62-75
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In 1771, the first Swedish academic thesis on bankruptcy and insolvency was defended by Carl Bergström at Uppsala University. In this and other contemporary Swedish publications on the topic, shortcomings in the debtor’s character including gambling, dishonesty, fraudulent behaviour and a disposition for speculation were mentioned as major causes for bankruptcies. The idea that a debtor also was a swindler, and should be severely punished, was spread by Italian merchants to, above all, France, Spain, England and Germany. The moralising causal explanation for bankruptcy can be questioned from a social science research perspective. Based on modern literature, we can see many reasons for why a trader, shopkeeper or an artisan had to file for bankruptcy. An economic shock is an event that occurs outside of an economy and produces significant change within an economy.
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| 4. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Both a Cooperative and Multinational – International Market Strategies of Danish-Swedish Arla MD
- 2021
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In: Beyond Borders. - Huddinge : Södertörns högskola. - 9789189109612 - 9789189109629 ; , s. 323-344
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This chapter studies the internationalization of the Swedish–Danish dairy corporation Arla. During a period of 100 years the dairy sector went from being at the focus of national and regional interest, the industry has become global. In some geographical markets, or in particular market areas, these transnationals – corporations as well as cooperatives – may compete fiercely, and their growth strategy is often to merge with or acquire local producers. However, these multinational firms also actively cooperate in other areas (e.g. in branding or distribution) or on other geographical markets. This may take the form of strategic alliances, such as joint ventures. Thus, coopetition – cooperation and competition – has been a common recent strategy. In the case at focus in this study, Arla Foods a.m.b.a. mergers are conducted with cooperatives in European countries, while businesses that are located further away are taken care of through exports and joint ventures. The main contribution of this article is that it employs internationalization theory and places the globalization of cooperatives in the middle of the academic discussion about internationalization. A recommendation for further studies is to both dig deeper into the changing nature of cooperatives historically, but also to look closer at the strategic deals that global expansion of cooperatives is based on.
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| 5. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Destructive entrepreneurship in the small business sector : bankruptcy fraud in Sweden, 1830–2010
- 2020
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In: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 54, s. 437-457
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Entrepreneurship will not always productive: Baumol (1990, 1993) distinguishes between productive, unproductive, and destructive entrepreneurial activities, and in the last two cases, new values are not created. Setting of from the notion of destructive entrepreneurship and the bankruptcy institute as framework for the empirical analysis, we use long aggregate series on bankruptcies and bankruptcy frauds in Sweden, 1830–2010. We operationalize destructive entrepreneurship with bankruptcy frauds. The bankruptcy institute is not a pure cleansing mechanism; assets can be redistributed by criminal procedure. Thus, a form of destructive entrepreneurship can be conducted within this system. We link bankruptcy frauds to the selection mechanism—the aggregate bankruptcy volume—over time. We cannot establish any direct linkages between the bankruptcy volume and institutional changes. However, and in line with research on bankruptcy diffusion and diffusion of economic crimes, we find that bankruptcy frauds have significant, positive impacts on the bankruptcy volume. Therefore, our results indicate that increases in bankruptcy frauds, destructive entrepreneurship, would affect the economic system. © 2018 The Author(s)
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| 6. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Entrepreneurial Teams, Gender, and New Venture Survival : Contexts and Institutions
- 2018
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In: SAGE Open. - : Sage Publications. - 2158-2440. ; 8:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The link between new venture survival and the presence of founding teams is investigated, in particular the effect of the gender composition of teams. Furthermore, we study venture survival, gender, and institutional change. A unique longitudinal database is employed, covering a large number of Swedish ventures established during 6 specific years, 1930-2005. These data capture the initial gender diversity of start-ups. The contextualization of entrepreneurship involves situational and temporal boundaries, and we elaborate on contextual factors at different levels of analysis. Our results show that ventures founded by teams have a higher probability of surviving, but show no overall team gender homogeneity/heterogeneity effect. However, we find some support for the fact that ventures founded by all-female teams have lower survival chances. Nevertheless, the clearest negative effect is found for female solo start-ups. Furthermore, our results support the fact that institutional transformation may gradually have increased the likelihood of ventures founded by females to survive.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Företagsnedläggningar : Olika perspektiv och forskningsmetoder
- 2018
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In: Insolvensrättslig tidskrift. - : Föreningen Insolvensrättslig Tidskrift. - 2002-3014 .- 2002-6315. ; 3:1, s. 12-31
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Uppsatsen redogör för förklaringar till företagsdödlighet i såväl offentliga utredningar som inom ekonomisk och sociologisk forskning och teoribildning. Två fundamentalt olika föreställningar om hur och varför företag beter sig på ett visst sätt har dominerat de flesta studier. Ett perspektiv förutsätter en central roll för företagsledningens beslutsfattande och kompetens. Ett andra och motsatt perspektiv ser företags beteenden bestämda av externa krafter över vilka företagsledningen saknar kontroll. De olika föreställningarna påverkar resultat och slutsatser inom forskningen och har också betydelse för utformningen av den ekonomiska politiken.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Konkurs och konjunktur i Sverige 1830-2010
- 2016
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In: Insolvensrättslig tidskrift. - : Föreningen Insolvensrättslig Tidskrift. - 2002-3014 .- 2002-6315. ; :1, s. 20-36
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ekonomer betraktar vanligtvis konkursutvecklingen som en konjunkturindikator och därmed beroende av förändringar på ekonomins efterfrågesida: konkurserna förväntas öka i tider av ekonomisk nedgång och minska under högkonjunkturer. Flertalet analyser är emellertid kortsiktiga. I denna uppsats presenterar vi ny och unik empiri där vi analyserar det långsiktiga sambandet mellan konjunkturväxlingar och konkurser i Sverige mellan år 1830 och år 2010. I uppsatsen diskuteras också problem som kan uppstå i tolkningen av konkursstatistiken, både historiskt och i vår samtid. Den statistiska analysen visar att det delvis går att fastställa ett samband mellan makroekonomiska svängningar och förändringar i konkursmängden.
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| 12. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Sweden, 1850–2000
- 2016. - 1
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In: Contemporary Entrepreneurship. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319281322 - 9783319281346 ; , s. 31-49
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent developments in entrepreneurship suggest a causal link between entrepreneurial activity and economic growth: entrepreneurship precedes economic growth. A positive effect from entrepreneurship on economic development in advanced, innovation-driven economies in the most recent decades is often maintained. Self-employment is one of the most common indicators of entrepreneurship. The present study uses very long series of non-interrupted data on self-employment in Sweden (1850–2000). It analyzes the relationship between variations in self-employment and economic growth. For the entire period, variations in self-employment had a significant, instantaneous positive correlation with GDP growth. However, no causal relationship could be discovered: variations in self-employment did not (Granger) cause GDP growth. We discovered a structural break in GDP growth as early as in the year of 1948. Up until 1948, (Granger) causality between self-employment and GDP could not be established for any direction. For the other segment (1949–2000), GDP growth (Granger) caused self-employment growth, but not the other way around. For the period 1949–2000, but not for the previous period, selfemployment lagged with respect to GDP growth. Consequently, GDP growth preceded self-employment growth, but self-employment growth did not precede GDP growth. Given that self-employment is a suitable indicator, the empirical results in this study are, in several respects, in disagreement with dominating assumptions in mainstream research.
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| 13. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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New-Firm Survival in Sweden : New Methods and Results
- 2017
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In: International Review of Entrepreneurship. - : Senate Hall Academic Publishing. - 2009-2822. ; :4, s. 431-464
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We analyse firm survival and focus on several levels of analysis (both firm level and macro-level). We employ a unique longitudinal data set, recorded at the firm-level and covering nine complete entry cohorts of Swedish companies. The companies were founded between 1899 and 1992, and each firm is followed over nearly a decade. We adopt the semi-parametric complementary log-log (cloglog) model. The main novelty of our approach is that, unlike extant studies so far, we are able to distinguish between the impact on the hazard rate of founding conditions and contemporaneous, post-entry conditions. Using our new approach we test several hypotheses derived from the Industrial Organization and Organizational Ecology literatures.
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| 14. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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Self-employment, corruption, and property rights : a comparative analysis of European and CEE economies
- 2023
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In: SN Business & Economics. - : Springer. - 2662-9399. ; 3:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study analyzes the relationship between self-employment, corruption, and property rights in 30 European countries, including 11 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) economies, across the two decades of 1996–2016. In general, relatively little research has focused on the relationship between entrepreneurship and the protection of property rights. Furthermore, past findings show that corruption may have both negative and positive effects on the level of entrepreneurial activity, either “greasing” or “sanding” the wheels for entrepreneurship. Overall, research on how the informal institution corruption and the formal institution property rights are linked to entrepreneurship in post-socialist/transition economies has been limited. We find that stronger protection of property rights increases self-employment ratios, both in Europe in general and in CEE economies. The relationship between self-employment and the control of corruption is not significant. We conclude that neither higher nor lower levels of corruption control affect the share of self-employment. In comparative perspective, the ratio of self-employment in the group of CEE economies does not respond differently to these two key institutions.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(author)
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The Asymmetric Effect of Bankruptcy Fraud in Sweden : A Long-Term Perspective
- 2019
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In: Journal of quantitative criminology. - : Springer. - 0748-4518 .- 1573-7799. ; 35:2, s. 287-312
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: The knowledge of the effects of white-collar crimes is incomplete. In the article, we operationalize white-collar crimes as bankruptcy frauds. Economic models maintain that interlinkages between firms may give ‘domino effects’: bankruptcy events could lead to ‘bankruptcy chains’ in which a bankruptcy spreads to other firms. Analogously, criminologists assert that social and economic networks can be a major source of fraud diffusion, with the potential to drive other firms bankrupt. Recent empirical results show that crimes may have detrimental and even asymmetric (nonlinear) effects on economic activity. We analyze the diffusion and the aggregate development of bankruptcy frauds in Sweden over nearly two hundred years, specifically focusing on the relationship between bankruptcy frauds and the bankruptcy volume. We also consider linkages between bankruptcy frauds, bankruptcies, and the macroeconomic cycle. Methods: We use long, aggregate time series, collected from several different historical and contemporary sources. Applying the recently developed cointegrating nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, we investigate whether the bankruptcy volume reacts asymmetrically to increases and decreases in bankruptcy frauds, both in the short and the long run. Results: Bankruptcy frauds reveal a causal effect on bankruptcies, showing an asymmetric (nonlinear) diffusion effect from economic frauds to the bankruptcy volume. Increases in bankruptcy frauds have a positive and significant effect on the bankruptcy volume. However, decreases in bankruptcy frauds show no significant effect. No causal relationship between the macroeconomic cycle and bankruptcy frauds is found. Conclusions: Our data and research approach demonstrate how previously generated hypotheses in both criminology and economic research on the relationship between (economic) crimes, economic activity, and the diffusion of white-collar crime can be tested at an aggregate level. © 2018 The Author(s)
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| 17. |
- Heshmati, Almas, et al.
(author)
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Generality, State Neutrality and Unemployment in the OECD
- 2013
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In: Global Economy Journal. - : De Gruyter. - 1524-5861 .- 2194-5659 .- 1553-5304. ; 13:3, s. 333-358
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- According to Buchanan and Congleton (1998. Politics by Principle, Not Interest: Towards Nondiscriminatory Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), the generality principle in politics blocks special interests. Consequently, the generality principle should thereby promote economic efficiency. This study tests this hypothesis on wage formation and labor markets, by investigating whether generality defined as state neutrality could explain employment performance among OECD countries during 1970–2003. We identify three types of non-neutrality concerning unemployment. These include the level or degree of government interference in the wage bargaining process over and above legislation which facilitates mutually beneficial wage agreements, the constrained bargaining range (meaning the extent to which the state favors or blocks certain outcomes of the bargaining process), and the cost shifting (which relates to state interference shifting the direct or indirect burden of costs facing the parties on the labor market). Our overall hypothesis is that non-neutrality or non-generality increases unemployment rates. The empirical results from the general conditional model suggest that government intervention and a constrained bargaining range clearly increase unemployment, while a few of the cost shifting variables have unexpected effects. The findings thus give some, but definitely not unreserved, support for the generality principle as a method to promote economic efficiency. One implication may be that the principle should be amended by other requirements if the political process shall indeed be able to promote economic efficiency.
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| 18. |
- Merouani, Youssouf, et al.
(author)
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Surviving on the island: linking firm survival and contextual factors in a peripheral region
- 2023
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In: Contextual Embeddedness of Entrepreneurship : Frontiers in European Entrepreneurship Research Frontiers in European Entrepreneurship series - Frontiers in European Entrepreneurship Research Frontiers in European Entrepreneurship series. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781035320677 - 9781035320684 ; , s. 12-31
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The lion’s share of entrepreneurship research highlights conditions in core regions, while entrepreneurship in peripheral areas has been less studied. This longitudinal study aims at exploring the interplay between the peripheral contexts of island and archipelago communities and firm outcomes - paying special attention to spatial variations and non-linear temporal dimensions. We focus on the survival of all firms active on 17 islands in the Stockholm archipelago, Sweden during a 20-year period (2000-2019). Using longitudinal multilevel modelling, we find that - despite being a seemingly ‘homogeneous’ place - spatial and temporal variations, however small, would have substantial effects on the conditions for everyday entrepreneurship in these communities. Our results show that firms located on islands with higher population density and seasonal dependability face increased probabilities of exit, while access to digital ecosystems, local services in the form of kindergartens, and year-round grocery stores decrease the probabilities of exit. Islands with thicker institutional context, indicating trust and community support, lead to higher survival rates.
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| 19. |
- Merouani, Youssouf, et al.
(author)
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What does it take to survive on an island? : The relationship between firm survival and contextual factors in a peripheral region
- 2021
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In: On conference web site.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A lion's share of entrepreneurship research highlights conditions on core-regions, while entrepreneurship in peripheral areas has been less studied. This study aims at exploring the interplay between the context of island and archipelago communities and firm outcomes – paying special attention to spatial variations and non-linear temporal dimensions. Our focus lies in firms founded in 17 islands of Stockholm Archipelago, from the beginning of 2000 to the end of 2019. Using longitudinal multilevel modelling, we find that — despite a seemingly ’homogeneous’ place — spatial and temporal variations, however small, would have substantial effects on the conditions for entrepreneurship in these communities. Our results show that firms located in islands with higher population density and seasonal dependability face increased probabilities of exit while those in islands with access to digital ecosystems, local services in the form of kindergartens and year-round grocery stores have decreased probabilities of exit. Islands with thicker institutional context, indicating trust and community support, are related to increasing survival rates. Distance to market was found to be insignificant in terms of survival.
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| 20. |
- Rytkönen, Paulina, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Small Island Societies, Livelihoods, Challenges and Opportunities duringthe Covid-19 Pandemic in Sweden
- 2022
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In: AGER: Journal of Depopulation and Rural Development Studies. - Zaragoza : Universidad de Zaragoza. - 1578-7168 .- 2340-4655. ; :36, s. 131-158
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Covid-19 increased the social and economic vulnerability of island societies. Swedishislands are key tourism destinations but are also home to many island residents. Previous studies have highlighted the impact of Covid-19 on core areas, but our knowledge of its impact on island communities is lacking. We use phenomenology to analyse how communities in small Swedish islands perceive the impact ofCovid-19. We use institutional theory and the concepts of social capital and accessibility in the analysis.Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus groups with islanders and representatives of local organizations on sampled islands. Pandemic regulations affected island communities differently.Authorities and shipping companies strove to discourage people from visiting islands. This affected tourismnegatively in some islands, whereas tourism increased in others. Informal institutions established a basis forgood community relations; enabled the mobilization of social capital, especially given action by local agentswho were endorsed by the community. Cooperation was a key to reducing negative impact. Accessibilityincreased on islands with well-developed and expanded IT-infrastructure that enabled holiday homeownersto work from their holiday islands. This helped create a sustained positive economic trend for grocery storesand the construction industry
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Rytkönen, Paulina, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Ö- och skärgårdsturism under pandemin : Halvtidsrapport
- 2021
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Denna rapport bygger på resultatet från intervjuer och fokusgrupper som genomförts inom ramen för ett forskningsprojekt som syftar till att undersöka hur den pågående Coronapandemin påverkat besöksnäringen på öar och i skärgårdar i Sverige.
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| 23. |
- Rytkönen, Paulina, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Ö- och skärgårdsturism under pandemin : Slutrapport
- 2022
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Ö-samhällen kan rimligtvis antas vara extra sårbara för extern påverkan, inte minst av en sådan chock som utgjorts av Covid-19-pandemin. Denna rapport bygger på undersökningar som genomförts inom projektet Ö- och skärgårdsturism under pandemin, och innefattar bland annat fokusgrupper och intervjuer med företagare och representanter från en mängd svenska ö- och skärgårdsföreningar.
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