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1.
  • Hudson, Lawrence N, et al. (author)
  • The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project
  • 2017
  • In: Ecology and Evolution. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2045-7758. ; 7:1, s. 145-188
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PREDICTS project-Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)-has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.
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2.
  • De Frenne, P., et al. (author)
  • A latitudinal gradient in seed nutrients of the forest herb Anemone nemorosa
  • 2011
  • In: Plant Biology. - : Wiley. - 1435-8603 .- 1438-8677. ; 13:3, s. 493-501
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The nutrient concentration in seeds determines many aspects of potential success of the sexual reproductive phase of plants, including the seed predation probability, efficiency of seed dispersal and seedling performance. Despite considerable research interest in latitudinal gradients of foliar nutrients, a similar gradient for seeds remains unexplored. We investigated a potential latitudinal gradient in seed nutrient concentrations within the widespread European understorey forest herb Anemone nemorosa L. We sampled seeds of A. nemorosa in 15 populations along a 1900-km long latitudinal gradient at three to seven seed collection dates post-anthesis and investigated the relative effects of growing degree-hours > 5 degrees C, soil characteristics and latitude on seed nutrient concentrations. Seed nitrogen, nitrogen:phosphorus ratio and calcium concentration decreased towards northern latitudes, while carbon:nitrogen ratios increased. When taking differences in growing degree-hours and measured soil characteristics into account and only considering the most mature seeds, the latitudinal decline remained particularly significant for seed nitrogen concentration. We argue that the decline in seed nitrogen concentration can be attributed to northward decreasing seed provisioning due to lower soil nitrogen availability or greater investment in clonal reproduction. This pattern may have large implications for the reproductive performance of this forest herb as the degree of seed provisioning ultimately co-determines seedling survival and reproductive success.
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3.
  • Heinken, Thilo, et al. (author)
  • The European Forest Plant Species List (EuForPlant): Concept and applications
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1654-1103 .- 1100-9233. ; 33:3, s. 1-16
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Question: When evaluating forests in terms of their biodiversity, distinctiveness and naturalness, the affinity of the constituent species to forests is a crucial parameter. Here we ask to what extent are vascular plant species associated with forests, and does species’ affinity to forests vary between European regions?Location: Temperate and boreal forest biome of Northwestern and Central Europe. Methods: We compiled EuForPlant, a new extensive list of forest vascular plant spe- cies in 24 regions spread across 13 European countries using vegetation databases and expert knowledge. Species were region-specifically classified into four categories reflecting the degree of their affinity to forest habitats: 1.1, species of forest interiors; 1.2, species of forest edges and forest openings; 2.1, species that can be found in forest as well as open vegetation; and 2.2, species that can be found partly in forest, but mainly in open vegetation. An additional “O” category was distinguished, covering species typical for non-forest vegetation.Results: EuForPlant comprises 1,726 species, including 1,437 herb-layer species, 159 shrubs, 107 trees, 19 lianas and 4 epiphytic parasites. Across regions, generalist forest species (with 450 and 777 species classified as 2.1 and 2.2, respectively) significantly outnumbered specialist forest species (with 250 and 137 species classified as 1.1 and 1.2, respectively). Even though the degree of shifting between the categories of for- est affinity among regions was relatively low (on average, 17.5%), about one-third of the forest species (especially 1.2 and 2.2) swapped categories in at least one of the study regions.Conclusions: The proposed list can be used widely in vegetation science and global change ecology related to forest biodiversity and community dynamics. Shifting of forest affinity among regions emphasizes the importance of a continental-scale forest plant species list with regional specificity.
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4.
  • Acharya, Kamal Prasad, et al. (author)
  • Latitudinal variation of life-history traits of an exotic and a native impatiens species in Europe
  • 2017
  • In: Acta Oecologica. - : Elsevier BV. - 1146-609X .- 1873-6238. ; 81, s. 40-47
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Understanding the responses of invasive and native populations to environmental change is crucial for reliable predictions of invasions in the face of global change. While comparisons of responses across invasive species with different life histories have been performed before, comparing functional traits of congeneric native and invasive species may help to reveal driving factors associated with invasion. Here we compared morphological functional trait patterns of an invasive species (Impatiens parviflora) with its congeneric native species (I. noli-tangere) along an approximately 1600 km European latitudinal gradient from France (49 degrees 34'N) to Norway (63 degrees 40'N). Soil nitrogen was recorded during six weeks of the growing season, and light, soil moisture, and nutrient availability were estimated for each sampled population using community weighted means of indicator values for co-occurring species. Temperature data were gathered from nearby weather stations. Both the native and invasive species are taller at higher latitudes and this response is strongest in the invasive species. Seed mass and number of seeds per capsule increase in I. noli-tangere but decrease in I. parviflora towards higher latitudes. Surprisingly, plant height in the invasive I. parviflora decreases with increasing soil nitrogen availability. The latitudinal pattern in seed mass is positively related to temperature in I. noli-tangere and negatively in I. parviflora. Leaf area of both species decreases with increasing Ellenberg indicator values for nitrogen and light but increases with increasing soil moisture. Soil nitrogen concentrations and Ellenberg indicator values for nitrogen have significant positive (I. nolitangere) and negative (I. parviflora) effects on the number of seeds per capsule. Our results show that the native I. noli-tangere has efficient reproduction at its range edge while the invasive I. parviflora shows a marked decrease in seed size and seed number per capsule. These patterns are unrelated to the growth and obtained size of the plants: even low soil nitrogen availability in the north seemed not to limit plant growth and size. Our results suggest that the invasive I. parviflora tends to become more invasive at lower latitudes by producing heavier seeds and more seeds per capsule.
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8.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Alien plant invasions in European woodlands
  • 2017
  • In: Diversity and Distributions. - : Wiley. - 1366-9516 .- 1472-4642. ; 23, s. 969-981
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Aim: Woodlands make up a third of European territory and carry out important ecosystem functions, yet a comprehensive overview of their invasion by alien plants has never been undertaken across this continent. Location: Europe.Methods: We extracted data from 251,740 vegetation plots stored in the recently compiled European Vegetation Archive. After filtering (resulting in 83,396 plots; 39 regions; 1970-2015 time period), we analysed the species pool and frequency of alien vascular plants with respect to geographic origin and life-forms, and the levels of invasion across the European Nature Information System (EUNIS) woodland habitats.Results: We found a total of 386 alien plant species (comprising 7% of all recorded vascular plants). Aliens originating from outside of and from within Europe were almost equally represented in the species pool (192 vs. 181 species) but relative frequency was skewed towards the former group (77% vs. 22%) due, to some extent, to the frequent occurrence of Impatiens parviflora (21% frequency among alien plants). Phanerophytes were the most species-rich life-form (148 species) and had the highest representation in terms of relative frequency (39%) among aliens in the dataset. Apart from Europe (181 species), North America was the most important source of alien plants (109 species). At the local scale, temperate and boreal softwood riparian woodland (5%) and mire and mountain coniferous woodland (<1%) had the highest and lowest mean relative alien species richness (percentage of alien species per plot), respectively.Main conclusions: Our results indicate that European woodlands are prone to alien plant invasions especially when exposed to disturbance, fragmentation, alien propagule pressure and high soil nutrient levels. Given the persistence of these factors in the landscape, competitive alien plant species with a broad niche, including alien trees and shrubs, are likely to persist and spread further into European woodlands.
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9.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Artpools- och traktanalys av lövbärande marker i Blekinge, Skåne och Hallands län
  • 2005
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Föreliggande rapport skall utgöra ett regionalt underlag för medverkan i Naturvårdsverkets och Skogsstyrelsens regeringsuppdrag om strategi för skydd av skogsmark. Projektet är ett samarbete mellan Länsstyrelserna i landets nemorala region (Blekinge, Skåne och Hallands län) samt Skogsstyrelsen Södra Götaland och Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.
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11.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • BIOFRAG - a new database for analyzing BIOdiversity responses to forest FRAGmentation
  • 2014
  • In: Ecology and Evolution. - : Wiley. - 2045-7758. ; 4, s. 1524-1537
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Habitat fragmentation studies have produced complex results that are challenging to synthesize. Inconsistencies among studies may result from variation in the choice of landscape metrics and response variables, which is often compounded by a lack of key statistical or methodological information. Collating primary datasets on biodiversity responses to fragmentation in a consistent and flexible database permits simple data retrieval for subsequent analyses. We present a relational database that links such field data to taxonomic nomenclature, spatial and temporal plot attributes, and environmental characteristics. Field assessments include measurements of the response(s) (e.g., presence, abundance, ground cover) of one or more species linked to plots in fragments within a partially forested landscape. The database currently holds 9830 unique species recorded in plots of 58 unique landscapes in six of eight realms: mammals 315, birds 1286, herptiles 460, insects 4521, spiders 204, other arthropods 85, gastropods 70, annelids 8, platyhelminthes 4, Onychophora 2, vascular plants 2112, nonvascular plants and lichens 320, and fungi 449. Three landscapes were sampled as long-term time series (>10years). Seven hundred and eleven species are found in two or more landscapes. Consolidating the substantial amount of primary data available on biodiversity responses to fragmentation in the context of land-use change and natural disturbances is an essential part of understanding the effects of increasing anthropogenic pressures on land. The consistent format of this database facilitates testing of generalizations concerning biologic responses to fragmentation across diverse systems and taxa. It also allows the re-examination of existing datasets with alternative landscape metrics and robust statistical methods, for example, helping to address pseudo-replication problems. The database can thus help researchers in producing broad syntheses of the effects of land use. The database is dynamic and inclusive, and contributions from individual and large-scale data-collection efforts are welcome.
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14.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Climate change impacts on stand structure and competitive interactions in a southern Swedish spruce-beech forest
  • 2010
  • In: European Journal of Forest Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-4669 .- 1612-4677. ; 129, s. 261-276
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • It is believed that European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) will increase its competitive ability at its northern range margin in Scandinavia due to climate change. In mixed old-growth forests of beech and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) at Siggaboda nature reserve (southern Sweden), stand structure characteristics were sequentially recorded in the years 2004, 2005 and 2007 as well as growth in stem diameter using tree-coring analyses. Using these measurements, we studied the effects on stand dynamics of an extreme storm event (2005 "Gudrun" hurricane), drought and heat (mid-summer 2006, spring 2007) and subsequent bark beetle attacks on spruce (growing season 2007), overlaid with warming tendencies. The storm, which caused disastrous damage in many stands nearby, had comparatively little impact on the structure of the spruce-beech stand. All together, only 32 trees (19 spruces, 10 beeches, 3 other species) per hectare were thrown or broken mainly in the leeward direction (NE) or impacted by secondary damage by uprooted neighbour trees; this represents 7% of the total tree number and 11% of the growing stock. Diameter and height structure did not change significantly. However, the 2006 drought and the 2007 attack of biotic agents changed the stand structure and composition strongly due to the death of about 19% of the dominating older spruce trees that accounted for 35% of total stand volume. This resulted in a considerable increase in beech's contribution to stem number (4% increase) and wood volume of the living stand (7% increase). A comparison of diameter growth of beech and spruce during the periods 1894-1949 and 1950-2005 showed a distinct decrease in growth superiority of spruce during the last 50 years. These results support the idea of a northward migration of European beech as a nemoral tree species in Sweden, due to a higher tolerance to the abiotic and biotic threats accompanying climate change and an increased competitive ability compared to boreal tree species Norway spruce.
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15.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Combining multiple investigative approaches to unravel functional responses to global change in the understorey of temperate forests
  • 2024
  • In: Global Change Biology. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 30
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Plant communities are being exposed to changing environmental conditions all around the globe, leading to alterations in plant diversity, community composition, and ecosystem functioning. For herbaceous understorey communities in temperate forests, responses to global change are postulated to be complex, due to the presence of a tree layer that modulates understorey responses to external pressures such as climate change and changes in atmospheric nitrogen deposition rates. Multiple investigative approaches have been put forward as tools to detect, quantify and predict understorey responses to these global-change drivers, including, among others, distributed resurvey studies and manipulative experiments. These investigative approaches are generally designed and reported upon in isolation, while integration across investigative approaches is rarely considered. In this study, we integrate three investigative approaches (two complementary resurvey approaches and one experimental approach) to investigate how climate warming and changes in nitrogen deposition affect the functional composition of the understorey and how functional responses in the understorey are modulated by canopy disturbance, that is, changes in overstorey canopy openness over time. Our resurvey data reveal that most changes in understorey functional characteristics represent responses to changes in canopy openness with shifts in macroclimate temperature and aerial nitrogen deposition playing secondary roles. Contrary to expectations, we found little evidence that these drivers interact. In addition, experimental findings deviated from the observational findings, suggesting that the forces driving understorey change at the regional scale differ from those driving change at the forest floor (i.e., the experimental treatments). Our study demonstrates that different approaches need to be integrated to acquire a full picture of how understorey communities respond to global change.
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16.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Context-Dependency of Agricultural Legacies in Temperate Forest Soils
  • 2019
  • In: Ecosystems. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-9840 .- 1435-0629. ; 22, s. 781-795
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Anthropogenic activities have affected forests for centuries, leading to persistent legacies. Observations of agricultural legacies on forest soil properties have been site specific and contrasting. Sites and regions vary along gradients in intrinsic soil characteristics, phosphorus (P) management and nitrogen (N) deposition which could affect the magnitude of soil property responses to past cultivation. A single investigation along these gradients could reconcile contradictions and elucidate context-dependency in agricultural legacies. We analysed soil from 24 paired post-agricultural (established after approx. 1950) and ancient (in existence before 1850) forests in eight European regions. Post-agricultural forest soil had higher pH, higher P-concentration and lower carbon (C) to N ratio compared to ancient forest. Importantly, gradients of soil characteristics, regional P surplus and N deposition affected the magnitude of these legacies. First, we found that three soil groups, characterising inherent soil fertility, determined extractable base cations, pH and concentrations of total N, organic C and total P. Second, regions with greater current P surplus from agriculture correlated with the highest P legacy in post-agricultural forests. Finally, we found that N deposition lowered pH across forests and increased total N and organic C concentrations in post-agricultural forest. These results suggest that (1) legacies from cultivation consistently determine soil properties in post-agricultural forest and (2) these legacies depend on regional and environmental context, including soil characteristics, regional P surplus and N deposition. Identifying gradients that influence the magnitude of agricultural legacies is key to informing how, where and why forest ecosystems respond to contemporary environmental change.
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17.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Current Near-to-Nature Forest Management Effects on Functional Trait Composition of Saproxylic Beetles in Beech Forests
  • 2013
  • In: Conservation Biology. - : Wiley. - 0888-8892 .- 1523-1739. ; 27, s. 605-614
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • With the aim of wood production with negligible negative effects on biodiversity and ecosystem processes, a silvicultural practice of selective logging with natural regeneration has been implemented in European beech forests (Fagus sylvatica) during the last decades. Despite this near-to-nature strategy, species richness of various taxa is lower in these forests than in unmanaged forests. To develop guidelines to minimize the fundamental weaknesses in the current practice, we linked functional traits of saproxylic beetle species to ecosystem characteristics. We used continental-scale data from 8 European countries and regional-scale data from a large forest in southern Germany and forest-stand variables that represented a gradient of intensity of forest use to evaluate the effect of current near-to-nature management strategies on the functional diversity of saproxylic beetles. Forest-stand variables did not have a statistically significant effect on overall functional diversity, but they did significantly affect community mean and diversity of single functional traits. As the amount of dead wood increased the composition of assemblages shifted toward dominance of larger species and species preferring dead wood of large diameter and in advanced stages of decay. The mean amount of dead wood across plots in which most species occurred was from 20 to 60 m3/ha. Species occurring in plots with mean dead wood >60 m3/ha were consistently those inhabiting dead wood of large diameter and in advanced stages of decay. On the basis of our results, to make current wood-production practices in beech forests throughout Europe more conservation oriented (i.e., promoting biodiversity and ecosystem functioning), we recommend increasing the amount of dead wood to >20 m3/ha; not removing dead wood of large diameter (50 cm) and allowing more dead wood in advanced stages of decomposition to develop; and designating strict forest reserves, with their exceptionally high amounts of dead wood, that would serve as refuges for and sources of saproxylic habitat specialists.
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  • Brunet, Jörg, et al. (author)
  • Disturbance of the herbaceous layer after invasion of an eutrophic temperate forest by wild boar
  • 2016
  • In: Nordic Journal of Botany. - : Wiley. - 0107-055X. ; 34, s. 120-128
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Disturbances of the soil and the tree canopy are crucial factors determining the diversity, composition and biomass of the herbaceous layer in forests. This study presents a detailed account of ground vegetation in permanent plots surveyed before and after invasion of wild boar (Sus scrofa) to a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest. Specifically, we aimed to quantify the effect of wild boar rooting on cover, richness and composition of spring ephemerals, summer green herbs and saplings of woody species in relation to tree canopy cover. Rooting frequency in sample plots increased from 0% in 2010 to 61% in 2013. In heavily rooted plots, the mean cover of spring ephemeral geophytes (mainly Anemone nemorosa, A. ranunculoides and Ranunculus ficaria) decreased from 75% to 39% between 2010 and 2013. Species richness of summer green herbs generally increased between 2010 and 2013 and was additionally positively affected by heavy rooting and low canopy cover. Rooting also caused heterogenization of the herbaceous layer and amplified ongoing compositional changes induced by changing light conditions. Frequency and richness of spring ephemeral and woody species remained unchanged. We conclude that overall species richness of the herbaceous layer may increase in the short-term as a result of increased plant recruitment and seed dispersal. However, wild boar rooting can greatly reduce the ground cover of spring ephemerals in eutrophic broadleaf forests, thereby threatening their important ecological function. To avoid long-term losses of characteristic spring flora elements, local population control of wild boar is necessary to reduce abundance and frequency of soil rooting.
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19.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Divergent roles of herbivory in eutrophying forests
  • 2022
  • In: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 13
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Ungulate populations are increasing across Europe with important implications for forest plant communities. Concurrently, atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition continues to eutrophicate forests, threatening many rare, often more nutrient-efficient, plant species. These pressures may critically interact to shape biodiversity as in grassland and tundra systems, yet any potential interactions in forests remain poorly understood. Here, we combined vegetation resurveys from 52 sites across 13 European countries to test how changes in ungulate herbivory and eutrophication drive long-term changes in forest understorey communities. Increases in herbivory were associated with elevated temporal species turnover, however, identities of winner and loser species depended on N levels. Under low levels of N-deposition, herbivory favored threatened and small-ranged species while reducing the proportion of non-native and nutrient-demanding species. Yet all these trends were reversed under high levels of N-deposition. Herbivores also reduced shrub cover, likely exacerbating N effects by increasing light levels in the understorey. Eutrophication levels may therefore determine whether herbivory acts as a catalyst for the "N time bomb" or as a conservation tool in temperate forests.
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20.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Drivers of above-ground understorey biomass and nutrient stocks in temperate deciduous forests
  • 2020
  • In: Journal of Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 108, s. 982-997
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The understorey in temperate forests can play an important functional role, depending on its biomass and functional characteristics. While it is known that local soil and stand characteristics largely determine the biomass of the understorey, less is known about the role of global change. Global change can directly affect understorey biomass, but also indirectly by modifying the overstorey, local resource availability and growing conditions at the forest floor. In this observational study across Europe, we aim at disentangling the impact of global-change drivers on understorey biomass and nutrient stocks, from the impact of overstorey characteristics and local site conditions. Using piecewise structural equation modelling, we determine the main drivers of understorey biomass and nutrient stocks in these forests and examine potential direct and indirect effects of global-change drivers. Tree cover, tree litter quality and differences in former land use were the main drivers of understorey biomass and nutrient stocks, via their influence on understorey light and nitrogen availability and soil acidity. Other global-change drivers, including climate and nitrogen deposition, had similar indirect effects, but these were either weak or only affecting nutrient concentrations, not stocks. Synthesis. We found that direct effects of global-change drivers on understorey biomass and nutrient stocks were absent. The indirect effects of global change, through influencing resource availability and growing conditions at the forest floor, were found to be less important than the effects of overstorey cover and composition. These results suggest that understorey biomass and nutrient stocks might respond less to global change in the presence of a dense overstorey, highlighting the buffering role of the overstorey in temperate forests.
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  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Drivers of temporal changes in temperate forest plant diversity vary across spatial scales
  • 2015
  • In: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 21, s. 3726-3737
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Global biodiversity is affected by numerous environmental drivers. Yet, the extent to which global environmental changes contribute to changes in local diversity is poorly understood. We investigated biodiversity changes in a meta-analysis of 39 resurvey studies in European temperate forests (3988 vegetation records in total, 17-75years between the two surveys) by assessing the importance of (i) coarse-resolution (i.e., among sites) vs. fine-resolution (i.e., within sites) environmental differences and (ii) changing environmental conditions between surveys. Our results clarify the mechanisms underlying the direction and magnitude of local-scale biodiversity changes. While not detecting any net local diversity loss, we observed considerable among-site variation, partly explained by temporal changes in light availability (a local driver) and density of large herbivores (a regional driver). Furthermore, strong evidence was found that presurvey levels of nitrogen deposition determined subsequent diversity changes. We conclude that models forecasting future biodiversity changes should consider coarse-resolution environmental changes, account for differences in baseline environmental conditions and for local changes in fine-resolution environmental conditions.
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  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Ekens dynamik i naturvårdsskogar – Ekbeståndets demografi i Dalby Söderskog 2011-2021
  • 2022
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Bakgrund och syfte - Detta projekt syftade till att undersöka under vilka förhållanden som gamla ekpopulationer kan revitaliseras och föryngras naturligt i skogar där eken normalt har stora svårigheter att hävda sig i konkurrensen med mer skuggtåliga ädellövträd. - Undersökningsområdet Dalby Söderskogs nationalpark utgör ett klassiskt exempel på igenväxningen av tidigare halvöppen betad ekdominerad skog. Under de senaste 30 åren har skogen åter blivit öppnare som en följd av att många träd har dött av almsjukan och askskottsjukan. - Under åren 2020 och 2021 inventerade vi alla ekar med en stamdiameter på minst en cm vid 1,3 m höjd. Detta resulterade i totalt 1322 levande ekar, varav 552 gamla ekar etablerade före 1935 och 770 unga ekar etablerade efter 1990. Resultaten visade följande angående undersökningens hypoteser: - Resultaten stödjer inte hypotes 1) om att minskad konkurrens från alm och ask har lett till revitalisering av gamla ekar. Detta beror förmodligen på ekarnas höga ålder som begränsar deras förmåga att återuppbygga en reducerad krona. - Resultaten ger visst stöd för hypotes 2) om att ljustillgången är den viktigaste begränsande faktorn för unga ekars utveckling, medan viltbetet spelar en underordnad roll i Dalby Söderskog. Antalet unga ekar som under flera år i följd inte kan växa ifrån beteshorisonten är liten, medan skillnader i ljustillgång har stark påverkan på ekarnas utveckling. - Resultaten bekräftar hypotes 3) om att ökad ljusexponering på kronan ökar unga ekars stamtillväxt i relation till höjdtillväxten och ger lågt ansatta kronor, medan beskuggning från sidan ökar höjdtillväxten. Slutsatser för ekens föryngring - Även om undersökningen enbart gäller ett specifikt område, är Dalby Söderskog med sin blandning av ljuskrävande (ek, ask) och skuggtåliga (alm, bok) lövträd och sin historiska bakgrund som hagmark ett representativt exempel på europeisk ekblandskog på näringsrik mark. Undersökningen visar tydligt att ekens naturliga föryngring är riklig om fröträd finns nära och att unga ekar relativt snabbt kan utvecklas till robusta och vitala träd om kronan inte skuggas av andra träd. - Eken utsätts ofta för kraftigt viltbete som påverkar naturlig föryngring i södra Sverige negativt. Dalby Söderskog är ett exempel för områden med måttligt viltbetestryck. Eken kan här föryngras utan att kostsamma vilthägn behöver sättas upp. Om unga ekar ges tillräckligt utrymme kommer de också snabbt växa förbi viltbeteshöjden. - Om eken ska föryngras framgångsrikt i naturvårdsskogar, behövs större luckor i krontaket. Därför kan det krävas avverkningar av både träd- och buskskikt för att ge ekplantor tillräckligt med ljus. Sådana avverkningar görs lämpligast efter ett ollonår. I områden med mycket hassel och föryngring av andra träd behövs återkommande röjning för att unga ekar inte ska bli överväxta.
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23.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Environmental drivers interactively affect individual tree growth across temperate European forests
  • 2019
  • In: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 25, s. 201-217
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Forecasting the growth of tree species to future environmental changes requires a better understanding of its determinants. Tree growth is known to respond to global-change drivers such as climate change or atmospheric deposition, as well as to local land-use drivers such as forest management. Yet, large geographical scale studies examining interactive growth responses to multiple global-change drivers are relatively scarce and rarely consider management effects. Here, we assessed the interactive effects of three global-change drivers (temperature, precipitation and nitrogen deposition) on individual tree growth of three study species (Quercus robur/petraea, Fagus sylvatica and Fraxinus excelsior). We sampled trees along spatial environmental gradients across Europe and accounted for the effects of management for Quercus. We collected increment cores from 267 trees distributed over 151 plots in 19 forest regions and characterized their neighbouring environment to take into account potentially confounding factors such as tree size, competition, soil conditions and elevation. We demonstrate that growth responds interactively to global-change drivers, with species-specific sensitivities to the combined factors. Simultaneously high levels of precipitation and deposition benefited Fraxinus, but negatively affected Quercus' growth, highlighting species-specific interactive tree growth responses to combined drivers. For Fagus, a stronger growth response to higher temperatures was found when precipitation was also higher, illustrating the potential negative effects of drought stress under warming for this species. Furthermore, we show that past forest management can modulate the effects of changing temperatures on Quercus' growth; individuals in plots with a coppicing history showed stronger growth responses to higher temperatures. Overall, our findings highlight how tree growth can be interactively determined by global-change drivers, and how these growth responses might be modulated by past forest management. By showing future growth changes for scenarios of environmental change, we stress the importance of considering multiple drivers, including past management and their interactions, when predicting tree growth.
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  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Evaluating structural and compositional canopy characteristics to predict the light-demand signature of the forest understorey in mixed, semi-natural temperate forests
  • 2021
  • In: Applied Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1402-2001 .- 1654-109X. ; 24
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions Light availability at the forest floor affects many forest ecosystem processes, and is often quantified indirectly through easy-to-measure stand characteristics. We investigated how three such characteristics, basal area, canopy cover and canopy closure, were related to each other in structurally complex mixed forests. We also asked how well they can predict the light-demand signature of the forest understorey (estimated as the mean Ellenberg indicator value for light ["EIVLIGHT"] and the proportion of "forest specialists" ["%FS"] within the plots). Furthermore, we asked whether accounting for the shade-casting ability of individual canopy species could improve predictions ofEIV(LIGHT)and %FS. Location A total of 192 study plots from nineteen temperate forest regions across Europe. Methods In each plot, we measured stand basal area (all stems >7.5 cm diameter), canopy closure (with a densiometer) and visually estimated the percentage cover of all plant species in the herb (<1 m), shrub (1-7 m) and tree layer (>7 m). We used linear mixed-effect models to assess the relationships between basal area, canopy cover and canopy closure. We performed model comparisons, based onR(2)and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), to assess which stand characteristics can predictEIV(LIGHT)and %FSbest, and to assess whether canopy shade-casting ability can significantly improve model fit. Results Canopy closure and cover were weakly related to each other, but showed no relation with basal area. For bothEIV(LIGHT)and %FS, canopy cover was the best predictor. Including the share of high-shade-casting species in both the basal-area and cover models improved the model fit forEIV(LIGHT), but not for %FS. Conclusions The typically expected relationships between basal area, canopy cover and canopy closure were weak or even absent in structurally complex mixed forests. In these forests, easy-to-measure structural canopy characteristics were poor predictors of the understorey light-demand signature, but accounting for compositional characteristics could improve predictions.
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26.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Forest microclimate dynamics drive plant responses to warming
  • 2020
  • In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 368, s. 772-775
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Climate warming is causing a shift in biological communities in favor of warm-affinity species (i.e., thermophilization). Species responses often lag behind climate warming, but the reasons for such lags remain largely unknown. Here, we analyzed multidecadal understory microclimate dynamics in European forests and show that thermophilization and the climatic lag in forest plant communities are primarily controlled by microclimate. Increasing tree canopy cover reduces warming rates inside forests, but loss of canopy cover leads to increased local heat that exacerbates the disequilibrium between community responses and climate change. Reciprocal effects between plants and microclimates are key to understanding the response of forest biodiversity and functioning to climate and land-use changes.
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27.
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28.
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29.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Global environmental change effects on plant community composition trajectories depend upon management legacies
  • 2018
  • In: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 24, s. 1722-1740
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The contemporary state of functional traits and species richness in plant communities depends on legacy effects of past disturbances. Whether temporal responses of community properties to current environmental changes are altered by such legacies is, however, unknown. We expect global environmental changes to interact with land-use legacies given different community trajectories initiated by prior management, and subsequent responses to altered resources and conditions. We tested this expectation for species richness and functional traits using 1814 survey-resurvey plot pairs of understorey communities from 40 European temperate forest datasets, syntheses of management transitions since the year 1800, and a trait database. We also examined how plant community indicators of resources and conditions changed in response to management legacies and environmental change. Community trajectories were clearly influenced by interactions between management legacies from over 200years ago and environmental change. Importantly, higher rates of nitrogen deposition led to increased species richness and plant height in forests managed less intensively in 1800 (i.e., high forests), and to decreases in forests with a more intensive historical management in 1800 (i.e., coppiced forests). There was evidence that these declines in community variables in formerly coppiced forests were ameliorated by increased rates of temperature change between surveys. Responses were generally apparent regardless of sites' contemporary management classifications, although sometimes the management transition itself, rather than historic or contemporary management types, better explained understorey responses. Main effects of environmental change were rare, although higher rates of precipitation change increased plant height, accompanied by increases in fertility indicator values. Analysis of indicator values suggested the importance of directly characterising resources and conditions to better understand legacy and environmental change effects. Accounting for legacies of past disturbance can reconcile contradictory literature results and appears crucial to anticipating future responses to global environmental change.
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30.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Hedging against biodiversity loss: Forest herbs' performance in hedgerows across temperate Europe
  • 2020
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 31, s. 817-829
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions How do contrasting environmental conditions among forests and hedgerows affect the vegetative and reproductive performance of understorey forest herbs in both habitats? Can hedgerows support reproductive source populations of forest herbs, thus potentially allowing progressive dispersal of successive generations along these linear habitats? Location Hedgerows and deciduous forest patches in agricultural landscapes across the European temperate biome. Methods First, we assessed differences in environmental conditions among forests and hedgerows. Next, we quantified plant performance based on a set of functional life-history traits for four forest herbs (Anemone nemorosa,Ficaria verna,Geum urbanum, Poa nemoralis) with contrasting flowering phenology and colonisation capacity in paired combinations of forests and hedgerows, and compared these traits among both habitats. Finally, we assessed relationships between plant performance and environmental conditions in both habitats. Results All study species showed a higher above-ground biomass in hedgerows than in forests. ForPoa nemoralisandGeum urbanum, we also found a higher reproductive output in hedgerows, which was mainly correlated to the higher sub-canopy temperatures therein. The "ancient forest herb"Anemone nemorosa, however, appeared to have a lower reproductive output in hedgerows than in forests, while forFicaria vernano reproductive differences were found between the two habitats. Conclusions This is the first study on such a broad geographical scale to provide evidence of reproductive source populations of forest herbs in hedgerows. Our findings provide key information on strategies by which forest plants grow, reproduce and disperse in hedgerow environments, which is imperative to better understand the dispersal corridor function of these wooded linear structures. Finally, we highlight the urgent need to develop guidelines for preserving, managing and establishing hedgerows in intensive agricultural landscapes, given their potential to contribute to the long-term conservation and migration of forest herbs in the face of global environmental change.
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31.
  • Brunet, Jörg, et al. (author)
  • Immigration credit of temperate forest herbs in fragmented landscapes—Implications for restoration of habitat connectivity
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Applied Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8901 .- 1365-2664. ; 58:10, s. 2195-2206
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In many agricultural landscapes, it is important to restore networks of forests to provide habitat and stepping stones for forest specialist taxa. More knowledge is, however, needed on how to facilitate the immigration of such taxa in restored forest patches. Here, we present the first chronosequence study to quantify the dynamics of immigration credits of forest specialist plants in post-arable forest patches.We studied the distribution of herbaceous forest specialist plant species in 54 post-arable broadleaved forest patches along gradients of age (20–140 years since forest establishment), distance from ancient forest (0–2,600 m) and patch area (0.5–9.6 ha). With linear mixed models, we estimated the effects of these factors on species richness, patch means of four dispersal-related plant traits and with generalized linear models on the occurrence of 20 individual species.Post-arable forest patch age and spatial isolation from ancient forest, but not patch size, were important predictors for species richness of forest specialists, suggesting that also small patches are valuable for habitat connectivity. Compared to species richness in ancient forest stands, the immigration credit was reduced by more than 90% after 80 years in post-arable forest patches contiguous to ancient forest compared to 40% after 80 years and 60% after 140 years in isolated patches (at least 100 m to next forest). Tall-growing species with adaptations to long-distance dispersal were faster colonizers, whereas species with heavy diaspores and clonal growth were slower to colonize.Synthesis and applications. We show that post-arable oak plantations have a high potential for restoration of forest herb vegetation. Dispersal-related plant traits play a key role in explaining interspecific differences among forest specialists. To facilitate forest herb immigration across all functional groups in agricultural landscapes, we suggest to create clusters of relatively small new forest patches nearby older forest with source populations.
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32.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Impact of patch age and size on forest soil characteristics in European agricultural landscapes
  • 2023
  • In: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 898
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Many landscapes worldwide are characterized by the presence of a mosaic of forest patches with contrasting age and size embedded in a matrix of agricultural land. However, our understanding of the effects of these key forest patch features on the soil nutrient status (in terms of nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus) and soil pH is still limited due to a lack of large-scale data. To address this research gap, we analyzed 830 soil samples from nearly 200 forest patches varying in age (recent versus ancient forests) and size (small versus larger patches) along a 2500 -km latitudinal gradient across Europe. We also considered environmental covariates at multiple scales to increase the generality of our research, including variation in macroclimate, nitrogen deposition rates, forest cover in a buffer zone, basal area and soil type. Multiple linear mixed-effects models were performed to test the combined effects of patch features and environmental covariates on soil nutrients and pH. Recent patches had higher total soil phosphorus concentrations and stocks in the mineral soil layer, along with a lower nitrogen to phosphorus ratio within that layer. Small patches generally had a higher mineral soil pH. Mineral soil nitrogen stocks were lower in forest patches with older age and larger size, as a result of a significant interactive effect. Additionally, environmental covariates had significant effects on soil nutrients, including carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and their stoichiometry, depending on the specific covariates. In some cases, the effect of patch age on mineral soil phosphorus stocks was greater than that of environmental covariates. Our findings underpin the important roles of forest patch age and size for the forest soil nutrient status. Long-term studies assessing edge effects and soil development in post-agricultural forests are needed, especially in a context of changing land use and climate.
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33.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Implications from large-scale spatial diversity patterns of saproxylic beetles for the conservation of European Beech forests
  • 2013
  • In: Insect Conservation and Diversity. - : Wiley. - 1752-458X .- 1752-4598. ; 6, s. 162-169
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • . 1.European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the natural dominant tree species in many forests across Europe. Despite Europe's global responsibility for these forests, the correct conservation strategies are still a matter of debate. In particular, it remains controversial whether high conservation efforts should be directed towards beech forests, owing to the small number of insects that are Fagus specialists, and at what spatial scale conservation should take place. 2.To provide evidence for this discussion, we compiled saproxylic beetle data from 1115 flight-interception traps in eight countries and addressed two main questions: (i) what percentage of central European species can be expected in beech-dominated forests? and (ii) which are the important spatial scales for the conservation of biodiversity in beech-dominated forests?3.We included six spatial scales in our analysis: among traps, forest stands, forest sites, low/high elevations, oligo/eutrophic soils, and European bioregions. 4.By extrapolating species numbers, we showed that 70% of the central European saproxylic beetle species can be expected in beech-dominated forests. Multiplicative -diversity partitioning revealed the forest site level as the most important diversity scale for species richness, particularly for red-listed and rare species, followed by elevation and bioregion. 5.We conclude that beech-dominated forests form a useful umbrella for the high species diversity of central European saproxylic beetles. Conservation activities, such as protecting areas or increasing dead wood, should be undertaken in as many forest sites as possible, at different elevations, and in different bioregions. For this, the Natura 2000 net may provide the most useful template.
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34.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Influence of snag characteristics on saproxylic beetle assemblages in a south Swedish beech forest
  • 2009
  • In: Journal of Insect Conservation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1366-638X .- 1572-9753. ; 13, s. 515-528
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Effects of snag characteristics on saproxylic beetles were studied in an area of managed beech forest in southern Sweden. A snag survey was combined with a beetle survey using 30 small window traps directly attached to beech snags. The total number of species was lower in the snags which were most decayed than in the three younger decay classes, while the number of red-listed species remained the same regardless of the stage of decay. The number of fresh wood species declined and the number of rot hole species increased with increasing snag decay. The diversity of fungicolous and decayed wood species peaked at the intermediate stage of decay in the snags. CCA ordination confirmed that the stage of decay in the snags was most important for species composition, followed by sun exposure. There were no general differences in species density and composition between managed and unmanaged stands. Our study suggests that most species are able to find suitable habitat within a radius of a few kilometres and that the total amount of habitat in an unfragmented forest area is more important for species diversity than the spatial distribution of this habitat. Our data also shows that species diversity increases with habitat diversity. Snags formed from giant beech trees seem to be particularly important for rare species living in rot holes. We conclude that for a high species diversity there is a requirement for snags in different stages of decay, size and degree of sun exposure.
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35.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Interactive effects of past land use and recent forest management on the understorey community in temperate oak forests in South Sweden
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 30, s. 917-928
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Questions Past agricultural land use and forest management have shaped and influenced the understorey composition in European forests for centuries. We investigated whether understorey vegetation assemblages are affected by (a) legacies from a historical infield/outland agricultural system (i.e., a system with nutrient-enriched vs nutrient-depleted areas), (b) recent management intensity (i.e., thinning/felling activities), and (c) the interaction of recent management and potential legacies. Location Oak forests in Skane, south Sweden. Methods We use three vegetation surveys (1983, 1993/94 and 2014) and notes on management and land-use history, available for 62 permanent 500 m(2) plots. We conducted linear mixed effect modelling to detect both main and interactive effects of past land use and recent management on understorey diversity measures and vegetation indicator values for light and fertility. We combined nonmetric multidimensional scaling with permutational multivariate analysis of variance and indicator species analysis to detect compositional differences caused by past land use and/or recent management. Results Understorey diversity was mainly affected by management activities, but the former infield/outland agricultural system was an important determinant of understorey composition. Understorey composition of former infields reflected higher nutrient availability and lower light availability compared to former outland. Past land use and recent management had interactive effects on light-related understorey variables: for the less intensively managed plots, the outland plots contained more light-demanding species than the infield plots, while for the more intensively managed plots, the light-demanding signature of the understorey was similar for infield and outland plots. Conclusions Different intensities of past land use as well as recent forest management influenced the composition of the forest understorey, and interactions were present. Therefore, careful consideration of both the long-term land-use history and the more recent disturbances due to forest management are necessary when making future predictions of understorey composition and diversity.
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36.
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37.
  • Brunet, Jörg, et al. (author)
  • Life-history traits explain rapid colonization of young post-agricultural forests by understory herbs
  • 2012
  • In: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 278, s. 55-62
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Large areas of agricultural land in Europe have been planted with broadleaved trees during the past decades. The aims of this study were to determine stand-scale colonization rates of European forest herbs in young (14-18 years old) post-agricultural broadleaved forest plantations, to analyze whether colonization rates were related to life-history traits and site characteristics, and to compare the results with studies in older post-agricultural forests. The colonization of herbaceous forest species was mapped in 16 young broadleaved forests and compared with their distribution in adjacent older forests in southern Sweden. Stand characteristics were analyzed in 32 paired sample plots. Colonization rates (m year(-1)) were calculated for 43 forest plant species. For 30 forest plant species we also compared current colonization rates with results from 30 to 75 year old stands. Colonization rates increased with maximum plant height and the potential dispersal distance, but were negatively related to diaspore mass and clonal spread. Soil, canopy and vegetation conditions in young forests were not significantly related to colonization rates. Nevertheless, young forests had higher soil pH and extractable phosphorus concentrations while soil organic matter content, basal area and canopy cover of the trees were higher in the adjacent older forests. Higher resource availability in young forests may favor competitive tall herbs over low-growing ancient forest plants. The comparison with colonization rates into older post-agricultural plantations revealed that while approximately half of the species had similar or lower rates, the other half had on average ca. ten times higher colonization rates in the present study, ranging from 3.0 to 11.5 m year-1 indicating the potential for relatively fast colonization by some forest plants. We conclude that planted post-agricultural forests can start to contribute to restoration of forest plant diversity shortly after canopy closure when located adjacent to older forests. However, many small forest plants, including those species which form extensive flower carpets characteristic of ancient forests, colonize young forests very slowly. Further research should focus on the development of restoration measures which facilitate the colonization process of ancient forest herbs. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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38.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Light availability and land-use history drive biodiversity and functional changes in forest herb layer communities
  • 2020
  • In: Journal of Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0022-0477 .- 1365-2745. ; 108, s. 1411-1425
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A central challenge of today's ecological research is predicting how ecosystems will develop under future global change. Accurate predictions are complicated by (a) simultaneous effects of different drivers, such as climate change, nitrogen deposition and management changes; and (b) legacy effects from previous land use. We tested whether herb layer biodiversity (i.e. richness, Shannon diversity and evenness) and functional (i.e. herb cover, specific leaf area [SLA] and plant height) responses to environmental change drivers depended on land-use history. We used resurvey data from 192 plots across nineteen European temperate forest regions, with large spatial variability in environmental change factors. We tested for interactions between land-use history, distinguishing ancient and recent (i.e. post-agricultural) forests and four drivers: temperature, nitrogen deposition, and aridity at the regional scale and light dynamics at the plot-scale. Land-use history significantly modulated global change effects on the functional signature of the herb layer (i.e. cover, SLA and plant height). Light availability was the main environmental driver of change interacting with land-use history. We found greater herb cover and plant height decreases and SLA increases with decreasing light availability in ancient than in recent forests. Furthermore, we found greater decreases in herb cover with increased nitrogen deposition in ancient forests, whereas warming had the strongest decreasing effect on the herb cover in recent forests. Interactive effects between land-use history and global change on biodiversity were not found, but species evenness increased more in ancient than in recent forests. Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that land-use history should not be overlooked when predicting forest herb layer responses to global change. Moreover, we found that herb layer composition in semi-natural deciduous forests is mainly controlled by local canopy characteristics, regulating light levels at the forest floor, and much less by environmental changes at the regional scale (here: warming, nitrogen deposition and aridity). The observed disconnect between biodiversity and functional herb layer responses to environmental changes demonstrates the importance of assessing both types of responses to increase our understanding of the possible impact of global change on the herb layer.
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39.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Limited effects of population age on the genetic structure of spatially isolated forest herb populations in temperate Europe
  • 2024
  • In: Ecology and Evolution. - 2045-7758. ; 14
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Due to multiple land-cover changes, forest herb populations residing in forest patches embedded in agricultural landscapes display different ages and, thus, experience differences in genetic exchange, mutation accumulation and genetic drift. The extent of divergence in present-day population genetic structure among these populations of different ages remains unclear, considering their diverse breeding systems and associated pollinators. Answering this question is essential to understand these species' persistence, maintenance of evolutionary potential and adaptability to changing environments. We applied a multi-landscape setup to compare the genetic structure of forest herb populations across forest patches of different ages (18-338 years). We studied the impact on three common slow-colonizer herb species with distinct breeding systems and associated pollinators: Polygonatum multiflorum (outcrossing, long-distance pollinators), Anemone nemorosa (outcrossing, short-distance pollinators) and Oxalis acetosella (mixed breeding). We aimed to assess if in general older populations displayed higher genetic diversity and lower differentiation than younger ones. We also anticipated that P. multiflorum would show the smallest while O. acetosella the largest difference, between old and young populations. We found that older populations had a higher observed heterozygosity (Ho) but a similar level of allelic richness (Ar) and expected heterozygosity (He) as younger populations, except for A. nemorosa, which exhibited higher Ar and He in younger populations. As populations aged, their pairwise genetic differentiation measured by DPS decreased independent of species identity while the other two genetic differentiation measures showed either comparable levels between old and young populations (G"ST) or inconsistency among three species (cGD). The age difference of the two populations did not explain their genetic differentiation. Synthesis: We found restricted evidence that forest herb populations with different ages differ in their genetic structure, indicating that populations of different ages can reach a similar genetic structure within decades and thus persist in the long term after habitat disturbance. Despite their distinct breeding systems and associated pollinators, the three studied species exhibited partly similar genetic patterns, suggesting that their common characteristics, such as being slow colonizers or their ability to propagate vegetatively, are important in determining their long-term response to land-cover change.This study applied a multi-species multi-landscape setup to compare the genetic diversity and differentiation among forest herb populations of different ages in agricultural landscapes. We found that the slow-colonizer species populations of different ages can reach a similar genetic structure within decades and thus persist in the long term after habitat disturbance.image
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40.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Litter quality, land-use history, and nitrogen deposition effects on topsoil conditions across European temperate deciduous forests
  • 2019
  • In: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 433, s. 405-418
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Topsoil conditions in temperate forests are influenced by several soil-forming factors, such as canopy composition (e.g. through litter quality), land-use history, atmospheric deposition, and the parent material. Many studies have evaluated the effects of single factors on physicochemical topsoil conditions, but few have assessed the simultaneous effects of multiple drivers. Here, we evaluate the combined effects of litter quality, land-use history (past land cover as well as past forest management), and atmospheric deposition on several physicochemical topsoil conditions of European temperate deciduous forest soils: bulk density, proportion of exchangeable base cations, carbon/nitrogen-ratio (C/N), litter mass, bio-available and total phosphorus, pH(KCI)and soil organic matter. We collected mineral soil and litter layer samples, and measured site characteristics for 190 20 x 20 m European mixed forest plots across gradients of litter quality (derived from the canopy species composition) and atmospheric deposition, and for different categories of past land cover and past forest management. We accounted for the effects of parent material on topsoil conditions by clustering our plots into three soil type groups based on texture and carbonate concentration. We found that litter quality was a stronger driver of topsoil conditions compared to land-use history or atmospheric deposition, while the soil type also affected several topsoil conditions here. Plots with higher litter quality had soils with a higher proportion of exchangeable base cations, and total phosphorus, and lower C/N-ratios and litter mass. Furthermore, the observed litter quality effects on the topsoil were independent from the regional nitrogen deposition or the soil type, although the soil type likely (co)-determined canopy composition and thus litter quality to some extent in the investigated plots. Litter quality effects on topsoil phosphorus concentrations did interact with past land cover, highlighting the need to consider land-use history when evaluating canopy effects on soil conditions. We conclude that forest managers can use the canopy composition as an important tool for influencing topsoil conditions, although soil type remains an important factor to consider.
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41.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Modelling the distribution and compositional variation of plant communities at the continental scale
  • 2018
  • In: Diversity and Distributions. - : Wiley. - 1366-9516 .- 1472-4642. ; 24, s. 978-990
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Aim: We investigate whether (1) environmental predictors allow to delineate the distribution of discrete community types at the continental scale and (2) how data completeness influences model generalization in relation to the compositional variation of the modelled entities.Location: Europe.Methods: We used comprehensive datasets of two community types of conservation concern in Europe: acidophilous beech forests and base-rich fens. We computed community distribution models (CDMs) calibrated with environmental predictors to predict the occurrence of both community types, evaluating geographical transferability, interpolation and extrapolation under different scenarios of sampling bias. We used generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM) to assess the role of geographical and environmental drivers in compositional variation within the predicted distributions.Results: For the two community types, CDMs computed for the whole study area provided good performance when evaluated by random cross-validation and external validation. Geographical transferability provided lower but relatively good performance, while model extrapolation performed poorly when compared with interpolation. Generalized dissimilarity modelling showed a predominant effect of geographical distance on compositional variation, complemented with the environmental predictors that also influenced habitat suitability.Main conclusions: Correlative approaches typically used for modelling the distribution of individual species are also useful for delineating the potential area of occupancy of community types at the continental scale, when using consistent definitions of the modelled entity and high data completeness. The combination of CDMs with GDM further improves the understanding of diversity patterns of plant communities, providing spatially explicit information for mapping vegetation diversity and related habitat types at large scales.
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42.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Naturvårdande skötsel i ädellövskog : en bildguide
  • 2024
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Många skogsägare i södra Sverige har ädellövskog eller ädellövträd på sina fastigheter. Ofta växer ädellövet nära gården. Att ha ett gammalt ädellövträd som vårdträd på gården är inte ovanligt. Det kanske finns gamla ekar på betesmarken eller en backe med ett bokbestånd. I vissa trakter är ädellövbestånd vanliga och kan utgöra en stor del av en markägares skogsinnehav, men sammanlagt utgör ädellövskogar idag inte mycket mer än en procent av Sveriges skogsareal. Kunskapen om deras skötsel är inte heller lika utbredd som för gran och tall. Detta gäller inte minst i bestånd där man vill kombinera virkesproduktion och naturvård, samt i naturvårdsskog som behöver aktiva skötsel- eller restaureringsåtgärder.Denna bildguide presenterar exempel på naturvårdande skötsel i ädellövskog. Jag hoppas att dessa exempel kan inspirera dig som arbetar i ädellövrika skogsbestånd med naturvårdsmål. Skriften presenterar åtgärder och deras effekter för viktiga skogstyper med ädellöv. Den presenterar också exempel som kan tjäna som långsiktiga målbilder.Bland de många ädellövskogar som jag har besökt under de senaste 35 åren, har jag valt ut exempel som visar på både möjligheter och utmaningar för naturvårdande skötsel. De flesta exemplen är från Skåne och Blekinge. Erfarenheterna bör även vara relevanta för övriga delar av södra Sverige, då Skåne och Blekinge innehåller en stor variation av ädellövmiljöer i både slätt-, mellan- och skogsbygd.Guiden är en fristående uppföljare till skriften Bruka och bevara ädellövskogen som utkom 2010. Medan den förra bildguiden omfattade alla målklasser, fokuserar denna guide främst på målklasserna Produktion med Förstärkt hänsyn (PF) och Naturvård Skötsel (NS). Målklassen Naturvård Orört (NO) ingår när jag diskuterar frågan om aktiva skötselåtgärder är nödvändiga för att utveckla naturvärdena.I första delen diskuterar jag kortfattat ädellövskogens historia och ekologi. Det är viktigt att förstå varför dagens ädellövskogar ser ut som de gör och varför de kan behöva en viss sorts skötsel för att naturvärdena ska gynnas. Den andra delen handlar om ekbestånd som ofta har ett behov av naturvårdande skötsel- eller restaureringsåtgärder. Jag presenterar här främst exempel från obetade ekbestånd på skogsmark. Jag diskuterar också vad man bör tänka på om man inför tamdjursbete i tidigare obetad ekskog. Skötsel av befintliga ekhagar, som inte klassas som skogsmark utan som jordbruksmark, behandlas endast kortfattat i denna skrift.I tredje delen diskuterar jag naturvårdande skötsel i bokskog där det finns både stora skillnader men även vissa likheter med ekskogar. Den fjärde delen handlar om ädellövskog där varken ek eller bok dominerar, och där tar jag även upp de utmaningar som har följt i spåren av almsjukan och askskottsjukan. I del fem presenterar jag exempel från en skogsfastighet, Tranemåla i Blekinge, där jag har varit delaktig i skogsskötseln sedan 2015. I Tranemåla finns ek- och bokskog samt olika typer av blandskog med ädellövinslag.
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43.
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44.
  • Brunet, Jörg, et al. (author)
  • Pathogen induced disturbance and succession in temperate forests: Evidence from a 100-year data set in southern Sweden
  • 2014
  • In: Basic and Applied Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1439-1791 .- 1618-0089. ; 15, s. 114-121
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Major tree species arc declining in many temperate forests due to changing disturbance regimes, including invasive pests and pathogens. We examined the interaction of secondary succession and Dutch elm disease in the Swedish temperate forest reserve Dal by Soderskog, based on five tree surveys made between 1909 and 2011. The forest is characterized by the coexistence of four major European tree species: wych elm (Ulmm glabra), European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), European beech (Fagus sylvotica) and pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). After protection of the forest in 1918, lack of disturbance mainly favoured elm, while the oak population declined due to mortality of old oaks and lack of regeneration. Dutch elm disease has caused high and continuous elm mortality since 1988. As a result, increased light availability at the forest floor favoured abundant regeneration of ash, beech, and lately also oak. The recent arrival of an invasive fungal pathogen causing ash dieback may once again change the course of succession. Open space emerging from loss of elm and ash in forest reserves may be used by reserve managers in favour oak regeneration and biodiversity of semi-open woodlands once lost during succession to closed forest. We conclude that winners and losers change places as an effect of invasive pathogens, resulting in unexpected successions and both losses, id gains in valuable ecological niches and habitat structures in temperate broadleaf forests,
  •  
45.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Plant taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover increases toward climatic extremes and depends on historical factors in European beech forests
  • 2021
  • In: Journal of Vegetation Science. - : Wiley. - 1100-9233 .- 1654-1103. ; 32
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Aims The effect of biogeographical processes on the spatial turnover component of beta-diversity over large spatial extents remains scarcely understood. Here, we aim at disentangling the roles of environmental and historical factors on plant taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover, while controlling for the effects of species richness and rarity.Location European beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests in Europe.Methods We aggregated plant species occurrences from vegetation plots in spatial grid cells of 0.25o x 0.25o to calculate the spatial turnover component of taxonomic (TBDturn) and phylogenetic (PBDturn) beta-diversity for each cell. We also calculated the deviation of PBDturn given TBDturn (PBDdev-turn), which measures the importance of phylogenetic turnover after factoring out taxonomic turnover. Beta-diversity was calculated for each grid cell as the mean pairwise dissimilarity between the focal cell and all other cells. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the relationships between environmental (climate, soil pH, and distance from the geographical distribution limit of beech) and historical (distance from beech glacial refugia) predictors and beta-diversity metrics.Results We found a geographically consistent variation in taxonomic and phylogenetic turnover. Overall, TBDturn and PBDturn increased significantly toward more extreme climatic conditions, on more acidic soils, and toward the margins of beech distribution. The effects of environmental variables and the distance from glacial refugia on beta-diversity metrics were mediated by species richness and rarity. Phylogenetic turnover was low in relation to taxonomic turnover (i.e., high PBDdev-turn) in areas closer to glacial refugia.Conclusions Continental-scale patterns of beta-diversity in European beech forests are the result of complementary ecological and evolutionary processes. In general, beech forests are taxonomically and phylogenetically more distinct in climatically marginal areas of their European range. However, the spatial variation of beta-diversity in European beech forest flora is still strongly characterized by the distribution of groups of closely related species that evolved or survived in glacial refugia.
  •  
46.
  • Brunet, Jörg, et al. (author)
  • Pollinator movement activity influences genetic diversity and differentiation of spatially isolated populations of clonal forest herbs
  • 2022
  • In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-701X. ; 10
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In agricultural landscapes, forest herbs live in small, spatially isolated forest patches. For their long-term survival, their populations depend on animals as genetic linkers that provide pollen- or seed-mediated gene flow among different forest patches. However, whether insect pollinators serve as genetic linkers among spatially isolated forest herb populations in agricultural landscapes remains to be shown. Here, we used population genetic methods to analyze: (A) the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of populations of two common, slow-colonizing temperate forest herb species [Polygonatum multiflorum (L.) All. and Anemone nemorosa L.] in spatially isolated populations within three agricultural landscapes in Germany and Sweden and (B) the movement activity of their most relevant associated pollinator species, i.e., the bumblebee Bombus pascuorum (Scopoli, 1,763) and the hoverfly Melanostoma scalare (Fabricus, 1,794), respectively, which differ in their mobility. We tested whether the indicated pollinator movement activity affected the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of the forest herb populations. Bumblebee movement indicators that solely indicated movement activity between the forest patches affected both genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of the associated forest herb P. multiflorum in a way that can be explained by pollen-mediated gene flow among the forest herb populations. In contrast, movement indicators reflecting the total movement activity at a forest patch (including within-forest patch movement activity) showed unexpected effects for both plant-pollinator pairs that might be explained by accelerated genetic drift due to enhanced sexual reproduction. Our integrated approach revealed that bumblebees serve as genetic linkers of associated forest herb populations, even if they are more than 2 km apart from each other. No such evidence was found for the forest associated hoverfly species which showed significant genetic differentiation among forest patches itself. Our approach also indicated that a higher within-forest patch movement activity of both pollinator species might enhance sexual recruitment and thus diminishes the temporal buffer that clonal growth provides against habitat fragmentation effects.
  •  
47.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Response to Comment on "Forest microclimate dynamics drive plant responses to warming"
  • 2020
  • In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 370
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Bertrand et al. question our interpretation about warming effects on the thermophilization in forest plant communities and propose an alternative way to analyze climatic debt. We show that microclimate warming is a better predictor than macroclimate warming for studying forest plant community responses to warming. Their additional analyses do not affect or change our interpretations and conclusions.
  •  
48.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Response to Comment on "Forest microclimate dynamics drive plant responses to warming"
  • 2020
  • In: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 370
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Schall and Heinrichs question our interpretation that the climatic debt in understory plant communities is locally modulated by canopy buffering. However, our results clearly show that the discrepancy between microclimate warming rates and thermophilization rates is highest in forests where canopy cover was reduced, which suggests that the need for communities to respond to warming is highest in those forests.
  •  
49.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Responses of competitive understorey species to spatial environmental gradients inaccurately explain temporal changes
  • 2018
  • In: Basic and Applied Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1439-1791 .- 1618-0089. ; 30, s. 52-64
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Understorey plant communities play a key role in the functioning of forest ecosystems. Under favourable environmental conditions, competitive understorey species may develop high abundances and influence important ecosystem processes such as tree regeneration. Thus, understanding and predicting the response of competitive understorey species as a function of changing environmental conditions is important for forest managers. In the absence of sufficient temporal data to quantify actual vegetation changes, space-for-time (SFT) substitution is often used, i.e. studies that use environmental gradients across space to infer vegetation responses to environmental change over time. Here we assess the validity of such SFT approaches and analysed 36 resurvey studies from ancient forests with low levels of recent disturbances across temperate Europe to assess how six competitive understorey plant species respond to gradients of overstorey cover, soil conditions, atmospheric N deposition and climatic conditions over space and time. The combination of historical and contemporary surveys allows (i) to test if observed contemporary patterns across space are consistent at the time of the historical survey, and, crucially, (ii) to assess whether changes in abundance over time given recorded environmental change match expectations from patterns recorded along environmental gradients in space. We found consistent spatial relationships at the two periods: local variation in soil variables and overstorey cover were the best predictors of individual species' cover while interregional variation in coarse-scale variables, i.e. N deposition and climate, was less important. However, we found that our SFT approach could not accurately explain the large variation in abundance changes over time. We thus recommend to be cautious when using SFr substitution to infer species responses to temporal changes. (C) 2018 Gesellschaft fur Okologie. Published by Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.
  •  
50.
  • Brunet, Jörg (author)
  • Restoration of beech forest for saproxylic beetles-effects of habitat fragmentation and substrate density on species diversity and distribution
  • 2009
  • In: Biodiversity and Conservation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0960-3115 .- 1572-9710. ; 18, s. 2387-2404
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The influence of spatial location and density of beech snags on species diversity and distribution patterns of saproxylic beetles was studied in a 2,400 ha forest landscape in southern Sweden. Complete snag surveys were combined with a beetle survey using small window traps directly attached to the beech snags. The density of beech snags a parts per thousand yen30 cm dbh varied between one and seven snags per ha within the study area, corresponding to 1.1-5.1 m(3)/ha. A total of 2,610 specimens of 180 saproxylic beetles species were trapped, of which 19 species were red-listed. Within the study area, the number of red-listed and formerly red-listed species was highest around traps in old-growth stands, intermediate in managed stands contiguous with old-growth and lowest in managed stands isolated from old-growth by a two km-wide zone without beech forest. Logistic regressions revealed negative relationships between distance to old-growth forest and occurrence of eleven species, among them six red-listed or formerly red-listed species. The number of non red-listed species was not correlated with isolation from old-growth forest. The number of red-listed species also increased with snag density within 200-300 m around the traps. Our results suggest that red-listed species generally have a lower dispersal capacity than other saproxylic beetles. We conclude that retention of dead wood close to existing populations is more beneficial for red-listed species than an even distribution of snags across the forest landscape.
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