| 1. |
- Capek, Petr, et al.
(author)
-
Drivers of phosphorus limitation across soil microbial communities
- 2016
-
In: Functional Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0269-8463 .- 1365-2435. ; 30:10, s. 1705-1713
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nutrient limitation of soil microbial communities controls the rates of plant litter and soil organic matter decomposition and nutrient mineralization, and as such, it is central to soil and ecosystem models. According to ecological stoichiometry theory, when the carbon (C)-to-nutrient (E) ratio of resources used by a microbial community is higher than a critical ratio (C:E-CR), that nutrient is limiting. The C-to-phosphorus (P) critical ratio (C:P-CR) that determines P limitation is largely unknown for soils, and thus, it is the subject of our study. Our results show that the C:P-CR in widely different soils ranges from 266 to 4651 or from 209 to 7407 when accounting for 95% confidence intervals. Using constant or narrowly fluctuating C:P-CR in ecosystem models is therefore inaccurate. The C:P-CR cannot be simply predicted from microbial community C:P or available soil P. C:P-CR was only related to relative abundance of phospholipid fatty acids, which reflects microbial community structure and physiology. Our data suggest complex controls over microbial community C:P-CR. We further propose that using P storage compounds that allow the microbial community to temporarily buffer variability in available P can represent a widely adopted strategies across soils.
|
|
| 2. |
- Santruckova, Hana, et al.
(author)
-
Significance of dark CO2 fixation in arctic soils
- 2018
-
In: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 119, s. 11-21
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The occurrence of dark fixation of CO2 by heterotrophic microorganisms in soil is generally accepted, but its importance for microbial metabolism and soil organic carbon (C) sequestration is unknown, especially under C limiting conditions. To fill this knowledge gap, we measured dark (CO2)-C-13 incorporation into soil organic matter and conducted a C-13-labelling experiment to follow the C-13 incorporation into phospholipid fatty acids as microbial biomass markers across soil profiles of four tundra ecosystems in the northern circumpolar region, where net primary productivity and thus soil C inputs are low. We further determined the abundance of various carboxylase genes and identified their microbial origin with metagenomics. The microbial capacity for heterotrophic CO2 fixation was determined by measuring the abundance of carboxylase genes and the incorporation of C-13 into soil C following the augmentation of bioavailable C sources. We demonstrate that dark CO2 fixation occurred ubiquitously in arctic tundra soils, with increasing importance in deeper soil horizons, presumably due to increasing C limitation with soil depth. Dark CO2 fixation accounted on average for 0.4, 1.0, 1.1, and 16% of net respiration in the organic, cryoturbated organic, mineral and permafrost horizons, respectively. Genes encoding anaplerotic enzymes of heterotrophic microorganisms comprised the majority of identified carboxylase genes. The genetic potential for dark CO2 fixation was spread over a broad taxonomic range. The results suggest important regulatory function of CO2 fixation in C limited conditions. The measurements were corroborated by modeling the long-term impact of dark CO2 fixation on soil organic matter. Our results suggest that increasing relative CO2 fixation rates in deeper soil horizons play an important role for soil internal C cycling and can, at least in part, explain the isotopic enrichment with soil depth.
|
|
| 3. |
- Capek, Miloslav, et al.
(author)
-
Optimal Inverse Design Based on Memetic Algorithms - Part 1 : Theory and Implementation
- 2023
-
In: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. - 0018-926X. ; 71:11, s. 8806-8816
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A memetic framework for optimal inverse design is proposed by combining a local gradient-based procedure and a robust global scheme. The procedure is based on method-of-moments matrices and does not demand full inversion of a system matrix. Fundamental bounds are evaluated for all optimized metrics in the same manner, providing natural stopping criteria and quality measures for realized devices. Compared to density-based topology optimization, the proposed routine does not require filtering or thresholding. Compared to commonly used heuristics, the technique is significantly faster, still preserving a high level of versatility and robustness. This is a two-part paper in which the first part is devoted to the theoretical background and properties, and the second part applies the method to examples of varying complexity.
|
|
| 4. |
- Capek, Miloslav, et al.
(author)
-
Optimal Inverse Design Based on Memetic Algorithms - Part II : Examples and Properties
- 2023
-
In: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. - 0018-926X. ; 71:11, s. 8817-8829
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Optimal inverse design, including topology optimization and evaluation of fundamental bounds on performance, which was introduced in Part 1, is applied to various antenna design problems. A memetic scheme for topology optimization combines local and global techniques to accelerate convergence and maintain robustness. Method-of-moments (MoMs) matrices are used to evaluate objective functions and allow determination of fundamental bounds on performance. By applying the Shermann-Morrison-Woodbury identity, the repetitively performed structural update is inversion-free yet full-wave. The technique can easily be combined with additional features often required in practice, e.g., only a part of the structure is controllable, or evaluation of an objective function is required in a subdomain only. The memetic framework supports multifrequency and multiport optimization and offers many other advantages, such as an actual shape being known at every moment of the optimization. The performance of the method is assessed, including its convergence and computational cost.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Choma, Michal, et al.
(author)
-
Recovery of the ectomycorrhizal community after termination of long-term nitrogen fertilisation of a boreal Norway spruce forest
- 2017
-
In: Fungal Ecology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1754-5048 .- 1878-0083. ; 29, s. 116-122
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © 2016 Elsevier Ltd and British Mycological Society.Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) are a fundamental component of boreal forests promoting tree growth and participating in soil nutrient cycling. Increased nitrogen (N) input is known to largely influence ECM communities but their potential recovery is not well understood. Therefore, we studied the effects of long-term N-fertilisation on ECM communities, and their recovery after termination of N treatment. Fungal ITS sequencing data indicated that N-fertilisation (34 kg N ha-1 y-1) for 46 y decreased the relative abundance of ECM species in the fungal community and suppressed originally dominating medium-distance fringe exploration types adapted to N-limited conditions, while the ECM diversity remained unaffected. In other plots, 23 y after termination of fertilisation at 73 kg N ha-1 y-1 for 23 y, the relative abundance of ECM species shifted closer to, but did not reach, control levels. These observations indicate only slow recovery of ECM community, likely due to a high soil N retention capacity.
|
|
| 7. |
- Dao, Thao Thi, et al.
(author)
-
Lignin Preservation and Microbial Carbohydrate Metabolism in Permafrost Soils
- 2022
-
In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Biogeosciences. - 2169-8953 .- 2169-8961. ; 127:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Permafrost-affected soils in the northern circumpolar region store more than 1,000 Pg soil organic carbon (OC), and are strongly vulnerable to climatic warming. However, the extent to which changing soil environmental conditions with permafrost thaw affects different compounds of soil organic matter (OM) is poorly understood. Here, we assessed the fate of lignin and non-cellulosic carbohydrates in density fractionated soils (light fraction, LF vs. heavy fraction, HF) from three permafrost regions with decreasing continentality, expanding from east to west of northern Siberia (Cherskiy, Logata, Tazovskiy, respectively). In soils at the Tazovskiy site with thicker active layers, the LF showed smaller OC-normalized contents of lignin-derived phenols and plant-derived sugars and a decrease of these compounds with soil depth, while a constant or even increasing trend was observed in soils with shallower active layers (Cherskiy and Logata). Also in the HF, soils at the Tazovskiy site had smaller contents of OC-normalized lignin-derived phenols and plant-derived sugars along with more pronounced indicators of oxidative lignin decomposition and production of microbial-derived sugars. Active layer deepening, thus, likely favors the decomposition of lignin and plant-derived sugars, that is, lignocelluloses, by increasing water drainage and aeration. Our study suggests that climate-induced degradation of permafrost soils may promote carbon losses from lignin and associated polysaccharides by abolishing context-specific preservation mechanisms. However, relations of OC-based lignin-derived phenols and sugars in the HF with mineralogical properties suggest that future OM transformation and carbon losses will be modulated in addition by reactive soil minerals.
|
|
| 8. |
- Gentsch, Norman, et al.
(author)
-
Temperature response of permafrost soil carbon is attenuated by mineral protection
- 2018
-
In: Global Change Biology. - : Wiley. - 1354-1013 .- 1365-2486. ; 24:8, s. 3401-3415
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Climate change in Arctic ecosystems fosters permafrost thaw and makes massive amounts of ancient soil organic carbon (OC) available to microbial breakdown. However, fractions of the organic matter (OM) may be protected from rapid decomposition by their association with minerals. Little is known about the effects of mineral-organic associations (MOA) on the microbial accessibility of OM in permafrost soils and it is not clear which factors control its temperature sensitivity. In order to investigate if and how permafrost soil OC turnover is affected by mineral controls, the heavy fraction (HF) representing mostly MOA was obtained by density fractionation from 27 permafrost soil profiles of the Siberian Arctic. In parallel laboratory incubations, the unfractionated soils (bulk) and their HF were comparatively incubated for 175 days at 5 and 15 degrees C. The HF was equivalent to 70 +/- 9% of the bulk CO2 respiration as compared to a share of 63 +/- 1% of bulk OC that was stored in the HF. Significant reduction of OC mineralization was found in all treatments with increasing OC content of the HF (HF-OC), clay-size minerals and Fe or Al oxyhydroxides. Temperature sensitivity (Q10) decreased with increasing soil depth from 2.4 to 1.4 in the bulk soil and from 2.9 to 1.5 in the HF. A concurrent increase in the metal-to-HF-OC ratios with soil depth suggests a stronger bonding of OM to minerals in the subsoil. There, the younger C-14 signature in CO2 than that of the OC indicates a preferential decomposition of the more recent OM and the existence of a MOA fraction with limited access of OM to decomposers. These results indicate strong mineral controls on the decomposability of OM after permafrost thaw and on its temperature sensitivity. Thus, we here provide evidence that OM temperature sensitivity can be attenuated by MOA in permafrost soils.
|
|
| 9. |
- Kovářík, Ondřej, et al.
(author)
-
Damping measurement during resonance fatigue test and its application for crack detection in TBC samples
- 2016
-
In: International Journal of Fatigue. - : Elsevier BV. - 0142-1123 .- 1879-3452. ; 82:Part 2, s. 300-309
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract The use of specimen loss factor as fatigue damage indicator of Hastelloy-X substrates with different surface treatments was investigated together with other fatigue damage indicators, namely resonance frequency and crack mouth length. The tested surface treatments included grit-blasting and plasma spraying of NiCoCrAlY bond coat and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coat. The loss factors of fatigue test specimens were measured repeatedly during the resonance bending fatigue test using the conventional free decay method. The analysis of the damping spectra, i.e. the model describing the relation of loss factor to maximum macroscopic specimen strain εyy was drafted. The model is based on the combination of defect models developed by Göken and Riehemann [1] and classical dislocation model of Granato and LÌcke [2]. It appears, that the damping spectra can be well approximated as a combination of two defect peaks (C1 and C2) and one dislocation peak (D1). The low strain defect peak (peak C1) is sensitive to the presence of fatigue cracks. The second defect peak (peak C2) can be attributed to the remaining substrate and coating defects such as embedded grit particles, coating porosity, surface roughness and sliding in the sample clamping area. The fatigue damage detection using the C1 peak magnitude was performed and its results were related to the crack length obtained by digital image correlation (DIC) method. In the crack initiation stage I., the C1 peak height shows different behavior than the resonance frequency and therefore provides new information. The underlying processes causing C1 peak changes need to be found yet, however. In the crack growth stage II., both resonance frequency and peak height C1 correlate with the measured fatigue crack size.
|
|
| 10. |
- Kovářík, Ondrej, et al.
(author)
-
Resonance bending fatigue testing with simultaneous damping measurement and its application on layered coatings
- 2016
-
In: International Journal of Fatigue. - : Elsevier BV. - 0142-1123 .- 1879-3452. ; 82, Part 2, s. 300-309
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract The use of specimen loss factor as fatigue damage indicator of Hastelloy-X substrates with different surface treatments was investigated together with other fatigue damage indicators, namely resonance frequency and crack mouth length. The tested surface treatments included grit-blasting and plasma spraying of NiCoCrAlY bond coat and yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) top coat. The loss factors of fatigue test specimens were measured repeatedly during the resonance bending fatigue test using the conventional free decay method. The analysis of the damping spectra, i.e. the model describing the relation of loss factor to maximum macroscopic specimen strain εyy was drafted. The model is based on the combination of defect models developed by Göken and Riehemann (2004) and classical dislocation model of Granato and LÌcke (1956). It appears, that the damping spectra can be well approximated as a combination of two defect peaks (C1 and C2) and one dislocation peak (D1). The low strain defect peak (peak C1) is sensitive to the presence of fatigue cracks. The second defect peak (peak C2) can be attributed to the remaining substrate and coating defects such as embedded grit particles, coating porosity, surface roughness and sliding in the sample clamping area. The fatigue damage detection using the C1 peak magnitude was performed and its results were related to the crack length obtained by digital image correlation (DIC) method. In the crack initiation stage I., the C1 peak height shows different behavior than the resonance frequency and therefore provides new information. The underlying processes causing C1 peak changes need to be found yet, however. In the crack growth stage II., both resonance frequency and peak height C1 correlate with the measured fatigue crack size.
|
|
| 11. |
- Manzoni, Stefano, et al.
(author)
-
Optimal metabolic regulation along resource stoichiometry gradients
- 2017
-
In: Ecology Letters. - : Wiley. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 20, s. 1182-1191
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Most heterotrophic organisms feed on substrates that are poor in nutrients compared to their demand, leading to elemental imbalances that may constrain their growth and function. Flexible carbon (C)-use efficiency (CUE, C used for growth over C taken up) can represent a strategy to reduce elemental imbalances. Here, we argue that metabolic regulation has evolved to maximise the organism growth rate along gradients of nutrient availability and translated this assumption into an optimality model that links CUE to substrate and organism stoichiometry. The optimal CUE is predicted to decrease with increasing substrate C-to-nutrient ratio, and increase with nutrient amendment. These predictions are generally confirmed by empirical evidence from a new database of c. 2200 CUE estimates, lending support to the hypothesis that CUE is optimised across levels of organisation (microorganisms and animals), in aquatic and terrestrial systems, and when considering nitrogen or phosphorus as limiting nutrients.
|
|
| 12. |
- Manzoni, Stefano, et al.
(author)
-
Reviews and syntheses : Carbon use efficiency from organisms to ecosystems - definitions, theories, and empirical evidence
- 2018
-
In: Biogeosciences. - : COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH. - 1726-4170 .- 1726-4189. ; 15:19, s. 5929-5949
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The cycling of carbon (C) between the Earth surface and the atmosphere is controlled by biological and abiotic processes that regulate C storage in biogeochemical compartments and release to the atmosphere. This partitioning is quantified using various forms of C-use efficiency (CUE) - the ratio of C remaining in a system to C entering that system. Biological CUE is the fraction of C taken up allocated to biosynthesis. In soils and sediments, C storage depends also on abiotic processes, so the term C-storage efficiency (CSE) can be used. Here we first review and reconcile CUE and CSE definitions proposed for autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms and communities, food webs, whole ecosystems and watersheds, and soils and sediments using a common mathematical framework. Second, we identify general CUE patterns; for example, the actual CUE increases with improving growth conditions, and apparent CUE decreases with increasing turnover. We then synthesize > 5000CUE estimates showing that CUE decreases with increasing biological and ecological organization - from uni-cellular to multicellular organisms and from individuals to ecosystems. We conclude that CUE is an emergent property of coupled biological-abiotic systems, and it should be regarded as a flexible and scale-dependent index of the capacity of a given system to effectively retain C.
|
|
| 13. |
- Musalek, Radek, et al.
(author)
-
Fatigue Performance of TBCs on Hastelloy X Substrate During Cyclic Bending
- 2016
-
In: Journal of thermal spray technology (Print). - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1059-9630 .- 1544-1016. ; 25:1-2, s. 231-243
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Our previous experiments with low-cost steel substrates confirmed that individual steps of conventional thermal barrier coating (TBC) deposition may influence fatigue properties of the coated samples differently. In the presented study, testing was carried out for TBC samples deposited on industrially more relevant Hastelloy X substrates. Samples were tested after each step of the TBC deposition process: as-received (non-coated), grit-blasted, bond-coated (NiCoCrAlY), and bond-coated + top-coated yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ). Conventional atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) was used for deposition of bond coat and top coat. In addition, for one half of the samples, dual-layer bond coat was prepared by combination of high-velocity air-fuel (HVAF) and APS processes. Samples were tested in the as-sprayed condition and after 100 hours annealing at 980 °C, which simulated application-relevant in-service conditions. Obtained results showed that each stage of the TBC manufacturing process as well as the simulated in-service heat exposure may significantly influence the fatigue properties of the TBC coated part. HVAF grit-blasting substantially increased the fatigue performance of the uncoated substrates. This beneficial effect was suppressed by deposition of APS bond coat but not by deposition of dual-layer HVAF + APS bond coat. All heat-treated samples showed again enhanced fatigue performance. © 2015 ASM International
|
|
| 14. |
- Rappe George, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
Indications that long-term nitrogen loading limits carbon resources for soil microbes
- 2017
-
In: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 115, s. 310-321
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Microbial communities in the organic horizon (O-horizon) of forest soils play key roles in terrestrial nitrogen (N) cycling, but effects on them of long-term high N loading, by N deposition or experimental addition, are not fully understood. Thus, we investigated N-loading effects on soil microbial biomass N, carbon (C) and phosphorus stoichiometry, hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes, community composition (via phospholipid fatty acids, PLFA) and soil chemistry of the O-horizon in study plots of three well-studied experimental Norway spruce (Picea abies) forests in Sweden and the Czech Republic. These forests span substantial gradients in current N deposition, experimental N addition and nitrate (NO3 −) leaching. Current N deposition ranges from ∼3 kg ha−1 year−1 of N in central Sweden (Stråsan) to ∼15 kg ha−1 year−1 of N in SW Sweden (Skogaby) and Czech Republic (Čertovo). Furthermore, accumulated historical N loading during 1950–2000 (which include experimental N addition performed at Stråsan and Skogaby) ranged ∼200–∼2000 kg ha−1 of N. Across all sites and treatments, current NO3 − leaching ranged from low (∼0.1 kg ha−1 year−1 of N) at Stråsan, to high (∼15 kg ha−1 year−1 of N) at Skogaby and Čertovo. We found significantly lower C/N ratios and greater amounts of extractable inorganic N species in the forest soils’ O-horizons at the high N loading plots. Microbial biomass and basal respiration decreased under experimental N addition treatments and tended to decrease with increased N deposition. Similarly, activities of hydrolytic enzyme activity associated with N acquisition were lower, although differences in activities at specific sites with the highest and intermediate historical N deposition levels failed statistical significance. Conversely, activities of soil hydrolytic enzymes associated with C acquisition were greater in study plots exposed high N loading. PLFA profiles indicated shifts in microbial community composition induced by long-term N load, towards higher and lower relative abundance of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively (but no changes in fungal relative abundance). Taken together, our results suggest that long-term N loading of N-limited Norway spruce forests aggravates limitation of other resources, likely of C, for soil microbial communities. Although microbial variables in the soil O-horizon differed between plots exposed to low and high current N loading, microbial variables in plots that leached small amounts and large amounts of NO3 − exposed to high N load were similar. © 2017
|
|
| 15. |
- Thao, Thi, et al.
(author)
-
Fate of carbohydrates and lignin in north-east Siberian permafrost soils
- 2018
-
In: Soil Biology and Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-0717 .- 1879-3428. ; 116, s. 311-322
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Permafrost soils preserve huge amounts of organic carbon (OC) prone to decomposition under changing climatic conditions. However, knowledge on the composition of soil organic matter (OM) and its transformation and vulnerability to decomposition in these soils is scarce. We determined neutral sugars and lignin-derived phenols, released by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and CuO oxidation, respectively, within plants and soil density fractions from the active layer and the upper permafrost layer at three different tundra types (shrubby grass, shrubby tussock, shrubby lichen) in the Northeast Siberian Arctic. The heavy fraction (HF; > 1.6 g mL(-1)) was characterized by a larger enrichment of microbial sugars (hexoses vs. pentoses) and more pronotmced lignin degradation (acids vs. aldehydes) as compared to the light fraction (LF; < 1.6 g mL(-1)), showing the transformation from plant residue-dominated particulate OM to a largely microbial imprint in mineral-associated OM. In contrast to temperate and tropical soils, total neutral sugar contents and galactose plus mannose to arabinose plus xylose ratios (GM/AX) decreased in the HE with soil depth, which may indicate a process of effective recycling of microbial biomass rather than utilizing old plant materials. At the same dine, lignin-derived phenols increased and the degree of oxidative decomposition of lignin decreased with soil depth, suggesting a selective preservation of lignin presumably due to anaerobiosis. As large parts of the plant-derived pentoses are incorporated in lignocelluloses and thereby protected against rapid decomposition, this might also explain the relative enrichment of pentoses with soil depth. Hence, our results show a relatively large contribution of plant derived OM, particularly in the buried topsoil and subsoil, which is stabilized by the current soil environmental conditions but may become available to decomposers if permafrost degradation promotes soil drainage and improves the soil oxygen supply.
|
|
| 16. |
- Wild, Birgit, et al.
(author)
-
Plant-derived compounds stimulate the decomposition of organic matter in arctic permafrost soils
- 2016
-
In: Scientific Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2045-2322. ; 6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Arctic ecosystems are warming rapidly, which is expected to promote soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. In addition to the direct warming effect, decomposition can also be indirectly stimulated via increased plant productivity and plant-soil C allocation, and this so called “priming effect” might significantly alter the ecosystem C balance. In this study, we provide first mechanistic insights into the susceptibility of SOM decomposition in arctic permafrost soils to priming. By comparing 119 soils from four locations across the Siberian Arctic that cover all horizons of active layer and upper permafrost, we found that an increased availability of plant-derived organic C particularly stimulated decomposition in subsoil horizons where most of the arctic soil carbon is located. Considering the 1,035 Pg of arctic soil carbon, such an additional stimulation of decomposition beyond the direct temperature effect can accelerate net ecosystem C losses, and amplify the positive feedback to global warming.
|
|
