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1.	Andersson, Ola, et al. (author) COPE Staff – En utvärdering av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön och upplevelsen av att arbeta nära gravida, födande och nyfödda under COVID-19-pandemin 2020 In: Svenska Läkarsällskapet, State of the Art Covid-19. 15-16 december 2020, Abstract Book. Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
2.	Johnson, Magnus S.C. 1969, et al. (author) Interaction of scavenger receptor class B type I with peroxisomal targeting receptor Pex5p. 2003 In: Biochemical and biophysical research communications. - 0006-291X. ; 312:4, s. 1325-34 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) is an HDL receptor that mediates selective HDL lipid uptake. Peroxisomes play an important role in lipid metabolism and peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1)-containing proteins are translocated to peroxisomes by the peroxisomal targeting import receptor, Pex5p. We have previously identified a PTS1 motif in the intracellular domain of rat SR-BI. Here, we examine the possible interaction between Pex5p and SR-BI. Expression of a Flag-tagged intracellular domain of SR-BI resulted in translocation to the peroxisome as demonstrated by double labeling with anti-Flag IgG and anti-catalase IgG analyzed by confocal microscopy. Immunoprecipitation experiments with anti-SR-BI antibody showed that Pex5p co-precipitated with SR-BI. However, when an antibody against Pex5p was used for immunoprecipitation, only the 57kDa, non-glycosylated form, of SR-BI co-precipitated. We conclude that the PTS1 domain of SR-BI is functional and can mediate peroxisomal interaction via Pex5p, in vitro.
3.	Wadell, M., et al. (author) Challenges imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic on the Obstetrics and Gynecology residency program: a mixed-methods Swedish survey in the COPE Staff cohort study 2022 In: Bmc Medical Education. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1472-6920. ; 22:1 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background To outline how the training program and work situation of residents in Obstetrics and Gynecology (OB-GYN) was affected by the pandemic and to illuminate how residents experienced these changes. Methods As part of the COVID-19 in Pregnancy and Early Childhood Staff (COPE Staff) cohort study, between January and May 2021, all participating residents were invited to answer a 28-question online Resident Survey focusing on their specialist education, work situation and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Descriptive statistics were given in percentages for categorical variables and means and standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables. Univariate comparative analyses were performed with the use of the Pearson's Chi-2-test for dichotomous data. The association between residents' worry about the quality and length of their specialist training, with extra clinical hours and transfer to other healthcare institutions were assessed by multivariate logistic regression. Free text responses were analyzed by content analysis. Results Of the 162 participating OB-GYN residents, 69% expressed concern that the pandemic would have a negative impact on their training. Ninety-five (95%) reported cancellation/postponement of educational activities, 70% performed fewer surgeries and 27% had been transferred to other healthcare institutions where about half reported having gained more general knowledge as a physician. Working extra clinical hours was reported by 69% (7.4 +/- 5.3 hours per week) and 14% had considered changing their profession due to the pandemic. Senior residents, compared to junior residents, more often experienced cancelled/postponed clinical rotations (30% vs 15%, P=0.02) and reported performing fewer surgeries (P=0.02). The qualitative analysis highlighted the lack of surgical procedural training as a major concern for residents. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has strongly impacted the training program and work situation of OB-GYN residents in Sweden. Residents were concerned over the negative impact of the pandemic on their training program and senior residents reported more missed educational opportunities as compared to junior residents. Program directors, head of institutions and clinical supervisors can use the problem areas pinpointed by this study to support residents and compensate for missed educational opportunities. While hands-on-training and operating time cannot be compensated for, the authors hope that the findings of the study can help develop new strategies to minimize the negative impact of the current and future pandemics on resident education and work situation.
4.	Åkerström, Magnus, 1981, et al. (author) The COPE Staff study : Study description and initial report regarding job satisfaction, work-life conflicts, stress, and burnout among Swedish maternal and neonatal healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic 2023 In: International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0020-7292 .- 1879-3479. ; 162:3, s. 989-997 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract ObjectiveTo describe the study design of the COPE Staff cohort study on working conditions for maternal and neonatal healthcare workers (MNHCWs), and present baseline data regarding job satisfaction, work-life conflicts, stress, and burnout. MethodsBetween January and April 2021, 957 MNHCWs (administrative and medical staff) completed a baseline survey. Average levels of job satisfaction, work-life conflicts, stress, and burnout, and associations to perceived workload were assessed. ResultsThe average levels of job satisfaction, work-life conflicts, stress, and burnout were 68.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 64.3-72.8), 42.6 (95% CI 37.3-48.0), 42.0 (95% CI 37.7-46.3), and 1.9 (95% CI 1.6-2.2), respectively. The respondents scoring above critical values indicating clinical burnout ranged between 3% and 18%, respectively, for the four burnout sub-dimensions. Women reported significantly higher levels of stress and burnout. Younger participants had lower job satisfaction and higher levels of work-life conflicts, stress, and burnout. Higher perceived workload was significantly associated with lower job satisfaction levels and higher levels of work-life conflicts, stress, and burnout. ConclusionsOur results indicate associations between MNHCWs perceived workload and job satisfaction, work-life conflicts, stress, and burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eighteen percent scored above critical values for exhaustion.
5.	Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al. (author) Discriminatory cardiac arrest care? : Patients with low socioeconomic status receive delayed cardiopulmonary resuscitation and are less likely to survive an in-hospital cardiac arrest 2021 In: European Heart Journal. - : Oxford University Press. - 0195-668X .- 1522-9645. ; 42:8, s. 861-869 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Aims: Individuals with low socioeconomic status (SES) face widespread prejudice in society. Whether SES disparities exist in treatment and survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is unclear. The aim of the current retrospective registry study was to examine SES disparities in IHCA treatment and survival, assessing SES at the patient level, and adjusting for major demographic, clinical, and contextual factors.Methods and results: In total, 24 217 IHCAs from the Swedish Register of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation were analysed. Education and income constituted SES proxies. Controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, comorbidity, heart rhythm, aetiology, hospital, and year, primary analyses showed that high (vs. low) SES patients were significantly less likely to receive delayed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (highly educated: OR = 0.89, and high income: OR = 0.98). Furthermore, patients with high SES were significantly more likely to survive CPR (high income: OR = 1.02), to survive to hospital discharge with good neurological outcome (highly educated: OR = 1.27; high income: OR = 1.06), and to survive to 30 days (highly educated: OR = 1.21; and high income: OR = 1.05). Secondary analyses showed that patients with high SES were also significantly more likely to receive prophylactic heart rhythm monitoring (highly educated: OR = 1.16; high income: OR = 1.02), and this seems to partially explain the observed SES differences in CPR delay.Conclusion: There are clear SES differences in IHCA treatment and survival, even when controlling for major sociodemographic, clinical, and contextual factors. This suggests that patients with low SES could be subject to discrimination when suffering IHCA.
6.	Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al. (author) Intersected groups and discriminatory everyday behavior : Evidence from a lost email experiment 2021 In: Social Psychology. - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1864-9335 .- 2151-2590. ; 52:6, s. 351-361 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract De-racialization research suggests that depicting members of ethnic minority groups as gay leads to less stereotypic perceptions oftheir ethnic group. However, whether the consequences of de-racialization translate into real-world behavior is unclear. In a large “lost letter” field experiment (N = 6,654) where an email was ostensibly sent to the wrong recipient by mistake, we investigate whether the relative impact of signaling gayness (vs. heterosexuality) differs for Arab (minority) versus Swedish (majority) senders. The results show clear evidence of ethnic discrimination where Arab (minority) senders receive fewer replies (prosocial response) than Swedish (majority) senders. However, there is no evidence indicating that Arab senders would receive a lower penalty for revealing gayness. Implications for multiple categorization research are discussed.
7.	Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al. (author) The effect of social gender norms on parental leave uptake intentions : Evidence from two survey experiments on prospective fathers and mothers 2023 In: Applied Economics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 55:53, s. 6277-6293 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We investigate how social gender norms influence parental leave uptake intentions by conducting two separate survey experiments on prospective fathers (N = 877) and mothers (N = 882) in the UK. In a between-subjects design, we manipulate social gender norms by varying information on the average number of days that other fathers and mothers stay at home to take care of a child during the first year after childbirth. We find that when prospective parents (both genders) are exposed to the low staying-home-with-children norm, they plan less parental leave uptake compared to the control (no norm) group. When exposed to the high staying-home-with-children norm, men (but not women) plan more parental leave uptake compared to the control group. We discuss policy implications and suggest directions for future studies.
8.	Agerström, Jens, 1976-, et al. (author) Treatment and survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest : does patient ethnicity matter? 2021 In: European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1474-5151 .- 1873-1953. Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract AIMS : Previous research on racial/ethnic disparities in relation to cardiac arrest has mainly focused on black vs. white disparities in the USA. The great majority of these studies concerns out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The current nationwide registry study aims to explore whether there are ethnic differences in treatment and survival following in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), examining possible disparities towards Middle Eastern and African minorities in a European context.METHODS AND RESULTS: In this retrospective registry study, 24 217 patients from the IHCA part of the Swedish Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation were included. Data on patient ethnicity were obtained from Statistics Sweden. Regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of ethnicity on cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) delay, CPR duration, survival immediately after CPR, and the medical team's reported satisfaction with the treatment. Middle Eastern and African patients were not treated significantly different compared to Nordic patients when controlling for hospital, year, age, sex, socioeconomic status, comorbidity, aetiology, and initial heart rhythm. Interestingly, we find that Middle Eastern patients were more likely to survive than Nordic patients (odds ratio = 1.52).CONCLUSION: Overall, hospital staff do not appear to treat IHCA patients differently based on their ethnicity. Nevertheless, Middle Eastern patients are more likely to survive IHCA.
9.	Carlsson, Björn, 1975- (author) Adoptive T Cell Therapy of Viral Infection and Cancer : Ex vivo Expansion of Cytomegalovirus- and Prostate Antigen-specific T Cells 2005 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract The main focus of my thesis has been to develop protocols for generating antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and T helper cells (TH) for adoptive transfer to treat cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and prostate cancer. CMV viremia is a severe complication in immunocompromised stem cell transplanted patients. Prostate cancer is a leading cause of death for men in Western countries. Although different in nature, CMV-infected cells and prostate cancer cells can both be eliminated through specific activation of the adaptive immune system. To generate CMV pp65-specific T cells, I utilized dendritic cells (DCs) modified with an HLA-A0201/pp65495-503 peptide, a recombinant adenovirus coding for pp65, in vitro transcribed pp65 mRNA and a recombinant pp65 protein. Peptide stimulation yielded large numbers of peptide-specific CD8+ T cells with high lytic activity while adenovirus or mRNA stimulation resulted in the expansion of CTLs against multiple pp65 epitopes. The recombinant protein activated primarily CD4+ TH cells. Stimulation with DCs co-modified with pp65 mRNA and pp65 protein simultaneously generated both pp65-specific CTLs and TH cells. Such T cells would cover all pp65 epitopes while avoiding potential virus related biohazards. The mRNA/protein combinatory approach can be used to stimulate T cells ex vivo from virtually all stem cell donors for adoptive T cell transfer. I have identified two immunogenic HLA-A0201-restricted peptide epitopes from the prostate tissue antigen TARP. Repeated stimulations with TARP peptide-pulsed DCs yielded up to 20% TARP-directed CD8+ T cells even when starting from undetectable frequencies (<0.01%). The T cells could be sorted to 99% purity and expanded 1000-fold with retained specificity and activity. We also detected TARP-directed CD8+ T cells in the blood of prostate cancer patients. Therefore, TARP seems to have potential as antigen in DC vaccination or adoptive T cell therapy of prostate cancer.
10.	Carlsson, Diana, et al. (author) Fossilized endolithic microorganisms in pillowlavas from the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus 2019 In: Geosciences. - Basel : MDPI. - 2076-3263. ; 9:11 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The last decade has revealed the igneous oceanic crust to host a more abundant and diverse biota than previously expected. These underexplored rock-hosted deep ecosystems dominated Earth’s biosphere prior to plants colonized land in the Ordovician, thus the fossil record of deep endoliths holds invaluable clues to early life and the work to decrypt them needs to be intensified. Here, we present fossilized microorganisms found in open and sealed pore spaces in pillow lavas from the Troodos Ophiolite (91 Ma) on Cyprus. A fungal interpretation is inferred upon the microorganisms based on characteristic morphological features. Geochemical conditions are reconstructed using data from mineralogy, fluid inclusions and the fossils themselves. Mineralogy indicates at least three hydrothermal events and a continuous increase of temperature and pH. Precipitation of 1) celadonite and saponite together with the microbial introduction was followed by 2) Na and Ca zeolites resulting in clay adherence on the microorganisms as protection, and finally 3) Ca carbonates resulted in final fossilization and preservation of the organisms in-situ. Deciphering the fossil record of the deep subseafloor biosphere is a challenging task, but when successful, can unlock doors to life’s cryptic past.
11.	Carlsson, Kristoffer, 1989, et al. (author) A Comparison of Computational Formats of Gradient-Extended Crystal Viscoplasticity in the Context of Selective Homogenization 2016 In: Eccomas, 5-10 juni, Kreta, 2016 (1 page abstract). Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Crystal (visco)plasticity is the accepted model framework for incorporating microstructural information incontinuum theory with application to crystalline metals, where dislocations constitute the physicalmechanism behind inelastic deformation. In order to account for the size effects due to the existence ofgrain boundaries in a polycrystal, it is convenient to include some sort of gradient-extension of the flowproperties along the slip directions, either in the dragstress or backstress (from GND’s). Various explicitmodels based on this conceptual background have been proposed, e.g. Gurtin et al.[1], Gottschalk et al.[2];however, several modeling issues still await its resolution. A comprehensive unifying account of gradienttheory for a variety of application models was presented by Miehe[3]. When applied to a polycrystal, it isdesirable that the homogenization strategy will result in a standard continuum format on the macroscale,whereas micro-stresses are confined to the mesoscale and and automatically "suppressed" during theprocedure of (selective) homogenization. This can be achieved within a fairly general setting of variationallyconsistent homogenization. In this contribution we focus on issues related to the computational format ofgradient-extended crystal viscoplasticity that constitutes the RVE-problem. A few different variationalformats are thereby investigated. The so-called “primal” format exploits the slip on each slip system togetherwith the displacement field as the unknown global fields. An alternative format is coined the “semi-dualformat”, in which the slip variables are replaced by the microstresses as global fields, thereby defining amixed variational problem. For both the primal and semi-dual formulations, we establish variationalprinciples for the time incremental FE-problems which ensure symmetry of the corresponding tangentproblems. We note that a mixed method that bears strong resemblance with the semi-dual format has beenused extensively in our research group in recent years, e.g. Bargmann et al.[4]; however, without possessing awell-defined variational structure. We compare the primal and semi-dual variational formats in terms of prosand cons from various aspects. We also discuss the pertinent FE-spaces that appear as the natural/possiblechoices and assess the computational efficiency of the FE-approximations with the aid of numericalexamples pertaining to a single crystal as well as to a polycrystal in the homogenization context.References:[1] M. E. Gurtin, L. Anand, S. P. Lele, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 55, 1853, (2007)[2] D. Gottschalk, A. McBride, B.D. Reddy, A. Javili, P. Wriggers, C.B. Hirschberger, ComputationalMaterial Science, 111, 443, (2016)[3] C. Miehe, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 59 898, (2011)[4] S. Bargmann, M. Ekh, K. Runesson, B. Svendsen, Philosophical Magazine, 90, 1263, (2010)
12.	Carlsson, Kristoffer, 1989, et al. (author) A comparison of the primal and semi-dual variational formats of gradient-extended crystal inelasticity 2017 In: Computational Mechanics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1432-0924 .- 0178-7675. ; 60:4, s. 531-548 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In this paper we discuss issues related to the theoretical as well as the computational format of gradient-extended crystal viscoplasticity. The so-called primal format uses the displacements, the slip of each slip system and the dissipative stresses as the primary unknown fields. An alternative format is coined the semi-dual format, which in addition includes energetic microstresses among the primary unknown fields. We compare the primal and semi-dual variational formats in terms of advantages and disadvantages from modeling as well as numerical viewpoints. Finally, we perform a series of representative numerical tests to investigate the rate of convergence with finite element mesh refinement. In particular, it is shown that the commonly adopted microhard boundary condition poses a challenge in the special case that the slip direction is parallel to a grain boundary.
13.	Carlsson, Kristoffer, 1989, et al. (author) COMPUTATIONAL ISSUES OF GRADIENT-EXTENDED CRYSTAL INELASTICITY 2016 In: NSCM, 26 - 28 October, Göteborg, 2016 4 page extended abstract. Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract . In this paper we discuss issues related to the theoretical as well as the computationalformat of gradient-extended crystal viscoplasticity. The so-called “primal”format uses the internal variables and the displacements as the primary unknown fields.An alternative format is coined the “semi-dual format”, which in addition includes microstresses,thereby defining a mixed variational problem. We compare the primal andsemi-dual variational formats in terms of pros and cons from a modeling as well as anumerical viewpoint. We perform a set of numerical benchmarks to investigate the rateof convergence for errors in different norms.
14.	Carlsson, Kristoffer, 1989, et al. (author) Computational modeling issues of gradient-extended viscoplasticity 2015 In: Svenska Mekanikdagar, 10-12 juni, Linköping, 2015 (1 page abstract). Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Crystal (visco)plasticity is the accepted model framework for incorporating microstructural in-formation in continuum theory with application to crystalline metals where dislocations constitute thephysical mechanism behind inelastic deformation. In order to account for the size effects due to the ex-istence of grain boundaries in a polycrystal, it is convenient to include some sort of gradient-extensionof the flow properties along the slip directions, either in the dragstress or backstress (from GND, whichare generally of two types: edge and screw dislocations). Various explicit models based on this con-ceptual background have been proposed, not the least by Gurtin and coworkers 1 ; however, severalmodeling issues still await its resolution. An elegant way of unifying gradient theory for differentapplication models was presented by Miehe 2 .In this contribution we focus on issues related to the theoretical as well as the computationalformat, while (for the sake of clarity) restricting to gradient-extended viscoplasticity for a standardcontinuum. Thereby, we avoid the additional complications associated with the proper version ofcrystal (visco) plasticity, such as higher order boundary conditions. The so-called “primal” formatexploits the internal variables as the primary unknown field together with the displacement field. Analternative format is coined the “semi-dual format”, which exploits (in addition) the microstresses,thereby defining a mixed variational problem. We note that a mixed method that bears resemblancewith the semi-dual format has been used extensively in our research group in recent years 3 ; however,without possessing a well-defined variational structure.We compare the primal and semi dual variational formats in terms of pros and cons from variousaspects. We also discuss the pertinent FE-spaces that appear as the natural/possible choices. In partic-ular, for the semi-dual format we investigate the possibility to use a minimal degree of regularity thathas so far not been discussed in the literature.
15.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Age Discrimination in Hiring Decisions: Evidence from a Field Experiment in the Labor Market 2019 In: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 59, s. 173-183 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper shows the results of a field experiment in which over 6000 fictitious resumes with randomly assigned information about age (35–70 years) were sent to Swedish employers with vacancies in low- and medium-skilled occupations. We find that the callback rate begins to fall substantially for workers in their early 40s and becomes very low for workers close to the retirement age. The decline in the callback rate by age is steeper for women than for men. Employer stereotypes about the ability to learn new tasks, flexibility, and ambition seem to be an important explanation for age discrimination.
16.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) An Experimental Study of Sex Segregation in the Swedish Labor Market – Is Discrimination the Explanation? Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract This paper studies whether sex discrimination is the cause of sex segregation in the Swedish labor market. The correspondence testing (CT) method was used, which entails two qualitatively identical applications, one with a female name and one with a male name, being sent to employers advertising for labor. The results show that, on average, females have a somewhat higher callback rate to interview in female-dominated occupations, while in male-dominated occupations there is no evidence of any difference. This suggests that the bulk of the sex segregation prevailing in the Swedish labor market cannot be explained by discrimination in hiring. Instead, the explanation is likely to be found on the supply side.
17.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Are Politicians Biased Against Ethnic Minority Candidates? : Experimental Evidence from Norway 2024 In: Journal of Politics. - : University of Chicago Press. - 0022-3816 .- 1468-2508. ; 86:1, s. 126-140 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract To what extent is the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities in politics due to ethnic bias? While this question has interested researchers for a long time, direct evidence of ethnic bias in party-controlled nomination processes is scarce. We conducted survey experiments with politicians and voters in Norway, where parties control the nomination process, to examine bias against ethnic minority candidates. The politicians evaluated candidate profiles with randomly assigned information about the candidates’ ethnic backgrounds. Contrary to our expectations, we find that ethnic minority candidates receive higher quality scores and better rankings than ethnic majority candidates. However, the results of a list experiment with voters show that a substantial share of right-wing voters has reservations against voting for a party list with many ethnic minority candidates. Consequently, our study suggests that while the political elite wants ethnically diverse party lists, for some parties, such lists might have an electoral cost.
18.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Backlash in attitudes after the election of extreme political parties 2018 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Far-right and far-left parties by definition occupy the fringes of politics, with policy proposals outside the mainstream. This paper asks how public attitudes about such policies respond once an extreme party increases their political representation at the local level. We study attitudes towards the signature policies of two radical populist parties in Sweden, one from the right and one from the left, using panel data from 290 municipal election districts. To identify causal effects, we take advantage of large nonlinearities in the function which assigns council seats, comparing otherwise similar elections where a party either barely wins or loses an additional seat. We estimate that a one seat increase for the far-right, anti-immigration party decreases negative attitudes towards immigration by 4.1 percentage points, in opposition to the party’s policy position. Likewise, when a far-left, anti-capitalist party politician gets elected, support for a six hour workday falls by 2.7 percentage points. Mirroring these attitudinal changes, the far-right and far-left parties have no incumbency advantage in the next election. Exploring possible mechanisms, we find evidence that when the anti-immigrant party wins a marginal seat, they experience higher levels of politician turnover before the next election and receive negative coverage in local newspapers. These findings demonstrate that political representation can cause an attitudinal backlash as fringe parties and their ideas are placed under closer scrutiny.
19.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Backlash in policy attitudes after the election of an extreme political party 2021 In: Journal of Public Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0047-2727 .- 1879-2316. ; 204 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper studies how public attitudes towards reduced immigration, the signature policy of the far right Sweden Democrats, respond once the party increases their political representation at the local level. To identify causal effects, we use panel data from 290 municipal election districts and compare otherwise similar elections where the Sweden Democrats either barely win or lose an additional seat. We estimate that a one seat increase for this far-right, anti-immigration party decreases negative attitudes towards immigration by 1.8 or 4.1 percentage points (depending on which national survey we use), contrary to the party's policy position. Consistent with these attitudinal changes, we find suggestive evidence the Sweden Democrats lose the incumbency advantage experienced by other small parties in Sweden. Exploring possible mechanisms, we find evidence for higher politician turnover and a rise in negative newspaper coverage. These findings demonstrate that political representation can cause an attitudinal backlash as a fringe party and their ideas are placed under closer scrutiny.
20.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Coworker Peer Effects on Parental Leave Take-up 2022 In: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 124:4, s. 930-957 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract This paper investigates coworker peer effects in parental leave usage in Sweden. Weuse an instrumental variable approach labeled peers of peers in which parental leave usage byfamily peers (siblings and cousins) of coworkers is used as an instrument for coworkers’parental leave usage. For fathers, we find that a 10-day increase in average parental leave usageamong coworkers increases usage by approximately one and a half days, while for mothers,the increase is approximately one day. The results are robust to alternative model specifications.We explore possible mechanisms and discuss policy implications.
21.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Discrimination in the rental housing market for apartments 2013 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Discrimination in the housing market may create large inefficiencies, but is difficult to measure. To circumvent the problems with unobserved heterogeneity, most recent studies use the correspondence testing approach (i.e. sending fictitious applications to landlords). In this study, we extend the existing methodology by (i) randomly assigning all relevant applicant characteristics to the applications, and (ii) carefully taking into account the interactions between applicant, landlord, apartment and regional characteristics. Then, we demonstrate how this approach can be implemented by considering how an applicant’s gender, ethnicity, age and employment status affect the probability of being invited to an apartment viewing in the Swedish housing market. Our results confirm the existence of widespread discrimination, but also show that the degree of this discrimination varies substantially with applicant, landlord, apartment and regional characteristics. This heterogeneity highlights the importance of using of using a broad approach when conducting correspondence studies.
22.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Do attitudes expressed in surveys predict ethnic discrimination? 2017 In: Ethnic and Racial Studies. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0141-9870 .- 1466-4356. ; 40:10, s. 1739-1757 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Survey data on people’s reported attitudes towards ethnic minorities are sometimes used as a proxy for ethnic discrimination. However, there is weak empirical evidence of a link between reported attitudes and discrimination. In this article, we use survey data on people’s attitudes towards ethnic minorities combined with a direct measure of ethnic discrimination from a field experiment in the Swedish housing market to re-examine this policy-relevant issue. We find clear evidence of a link between reported attitudes towards ethnic minorities and the extent of ethnic discrimination: in regions where attitudes are more negative, there is more discrimination, and vice versa. Thus, in contrast to most prior studies, our results suggest that reported attitudes may be a useful predictor of ethnic discrimination.
23.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Do employers avoid hiring workers from poor neighborhoods? Experimental evidence from the real labor market? 2023 In: Scandinavian Journal of Economics. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0347-0520 .- 1467-9442. ; 125:2, s. 376-402 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We investigate if employers avoid hiring workers living in neighborhoods with low socioeconomic status and/or with long commuting times. In a large-scale field experiment in the Swedish labor market, we sent more than 4,000 fictitious resumes, with randomly assigned information about the applicants’ residential locations, to firms with advertised vacancies. Our findings show that commuting time has a negative effect on the likelihood of being contacted by an employer, while the socioeconomic status of a neighborhood does not appear to be important. These results offer guidance for policymakers responsible for reversing segregation patterns.
24.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Do Reported Attitudes towards Immigrants Predict Ethnic Discrimination? 2012 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Reported attitudes towards immigrants are sometimes used as a proxy for ethnic discrimination. However, there is little empirical evidence of a link between attitudes and discrimination. In this paper, we use survey data on people’s attitudes towards immigrants combined with data on ethnic discrimination from a field experiment in the Swedish housing market to re-examine this issue. We find clear evidence of a link between reported attitudes towards immigrants and the extent of ethnic discrimination at the municipality level. Thus, in contrast to most prior studies, our results suggest that reported attitudes may be a useful proxy for ethnic discrimination.
25.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Does the design of correspondence studies influence the measurement of discrimination? 2014 In: IZA Journal of Migration. - : Springer. - 2193-9039. ; 3:11 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Correspondence studies can identify the extent of discrimination in hiring as typically defined by the law, which includes discrimination against ethnic minorities and females. However, as Heckman and Siegelman (1993) show, if employers act upon a group difference in the variance of unobserved variables, this measure of discrimination may not be very informative. This issue has essentially been ignored in the empirical literature until the recent methodological development by Neumark (2012). We apply Neumark’s method to a number of already published correspondence studies. We find the Heckman and Siegelman critique relevant for empirical work and give suggestions on how future correspondence studies may address this critique.
26.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Employer attitudes, the marginal employer and the ethnic wage gap 2012 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Ethnic minorities have lower wages compared to the ethnic majority in most EU-countries. However, to what extent these wage gaps are the result of prejudice toward ethnic minority workers is virtually unknown. This study sets out to examine what role prejudice play in the creation of the ethnic wage gap in one of Europe's most egalitarian countries, Sweden. The analysis takes into account the important distinction between average employer attitudes and the attitude of the marginal employer. Our results confirm that the attitudes of the marginal employer – but not those of the average employer – are important for the ethnic wage gap. This relationship becomes even stronger when potential measurement error and other forms of endogeneity are accounted for by controlling for a rich set of variables and implementing instrumental variable techniques.
27.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975- (author) Employer Attitudes, the Marginal Employer and the Ethnic Wage Gap. 2011 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
28.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Employer Attitudes, the Marginal Employer, and the Ethnic Wage Gap 2016 In: Industrial & labor relations review. - : Sage Publications. - 0019-7939 .- 2162-271X. ; 69:1, s. 227-252 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In most EU countries, ethnic minorities have lower wages than does the ethnic majority. To what extent these wage gaps are the result of prejudice toward ethnic minority workers is virtually unknown. The authors examine the role that prejudice plays in the creation of the ethnic wage gap in one of Europe’s most egalitarian countries, Sweden. The analysis takes into account the important distinction between average employer attitudes and the attitude of the marginal employer (the attitude of the most prejudiced employer hiring the ethnic minority). Results confirm that the attitudes of the marginal employer—but not those of the average employer—are important for explaining the ethnic wage gap.
29.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975- (author) Essays on Discrimination in Hiring 2009 Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract This thesis consists of four self-contained essays on discrimination in hiring. Essay I (co-authored with Dan-Olof Rooth) present evidence of ethnic discrimination in the recruitment process by sending fictitious applications to real job openings. Applications with identical skills were randomly assigned Middle Eastern or Swedish-sounding names and applications with a Swedish name receive fifty percent more callbacks for an interview. We extend previous analyses by adding register and interview information on firms/recruiters to the experimental data. We find that male recruiters and workplaces with fewer than twenty employees less often call applications with a Middle Eastern name for an interview. Essay II extends previous field experiments that study ethnic discrimination in the labour market by comparing discrimination of first and second generation immigrants from the same ethnic group. Qualitatively identical resumes, belonging to first and second generation immigrants from the Middle East, were sent to employers in Sweden that had advertised for labour. The findings suggest, somewhat unexpectedly, that first and second generation immigrants have essentially the same probability of being invited to a job interview, which in turn is significantly lower than the probability of invitation to interview for natives. Accordingly, the factor leading to discrimination in employers responses appears to be ethnicity per se and not an applicant’s country of birth, foreign mother-tongue, and foreign education. Essay III (co-authored with Dan-Olof Rooth) utilizes the extensive media coverage that occurred when the data collection of essay I and II were only halfway finished. This informed the employers that their hiring practices were being monitored by such situation testing. These unique events and the data from the situation tests are utilized to perform a difference-in-differences analysis of whether discrimination decreased after the media coverage. The results reveal no sign that employers changed their hiring practices after they became aware of the risk of being included in such a situation test. The policy implication of this relates to the fact that EU countries vary in the extent to which they allow situation test results to constitute evidence of ethnic discrimination in court. Our results suggest that the detection risk alone is not sufficient, but must be combined with some penalty to become effective, if authorities wish to use situation testing as a discrimination prevention strategy. Essay IV studies whether sex discrimination is the cause of sex segregation in the Swedish labor market. The correspondence testing (CT) method was used, which entails two qualitatively identical applications, one with a female name and one with a male name, being sent to employers advertising for labor. The results show that, on average, females have a somewhat higher callback rate to interview in female-dominated occupations, while in male-dominated occupations there is no evidence of any difference. This suggests that the bulk of the sex segregation prevailing in the Swedish labor market cannot be explained by discrimination in hiring. Instead, the explanation is likely to be found on the supply side.
30.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975- (author) Ethnic discrimination and attitudes towards immigrants : Conference on immigration and labor market integration, IFAU, Uppsala, Sweden 2010 Conference paper (other academic/artistic)
31.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Ethnic discrimination in hiring, labour market tightness and the business cycle : evidence from field experiments 2018 In: Applied Economics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0003-6846 .- 1466-4283. ; 50:24, s. 2652-2663 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Several studies using observational data suggest that ethnic discrimination increases in downturns of the economy. We investigate whether ethnic discrimination depends on labour market tightness using data from correspondence studies. We utilize three correspondence studies of the Swedish labour market and two different measures of labour market tightness. These two measures produce qualitatively similar results, and, opposite to the observational studies, suggest that ethnic discrimination in hiring decreases in downturns of the economy.
32.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Ethnic discrimination in the London market for shared accommodation 2013 In: 28th annual congress of the European Economic Association, Gothenburg, August 26-30, 2013. - : European Economic Association & Econometric. Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Finding housing in London is a major challenge for most people. Therefore, it has become increasingly common to share an apartment or a house with others. For people with limited financial resources, such as students and even young professionals, this is often one of the few viable types of housing available. Shared accommodation clearly has the potential to mitigate some of the negative consequences that the housing shortage has created. However, studies of housing markets in other countries suggest that ethnic discrimination is common and, thus, a policy-relevant question for London is if shared accommodation is equally available to everyone. In this paper, we study discrimination in the market for shared accommodation against four of the most important ethnic minorities in London: People with Eastern European, Indian, Black African and Arabic backgrounds. To this end, we conducted a field experiment where we e-mailed applications, with a randomly assigned name signalling ethnicity, to more than 5,000 people advertising shared accommodations all over London. Our main finding is that ethnic discrimination is widespread against all the ethnic minorities that we consider: The situation is worst for applicants with an Arabic or Black African background, while applicants with an Eastern European background are least affected and applicants with an Indian background are found somewhere inbetween. Moreover, our results suggest that ethnic discrimination may reinforce the ethnic concentration in London, where ethnic minorities tend to live in certain areas and often separated from the ethnic majority. Finally, our results indicate that – at least a portion of – the discrimination that we find is statistical discrimination.
33.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Ethnic discrimination in the London market for shared housing 2013 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract Finding housing in London is a major challenge for many people. Therefore, it has become increasingly common to share an apartment or a house with others. Shared accommodation clearly has the potential to mitigate some of the negative consequences that the housing shortage has created. However, studies of housing markets in other countries suggest that ethnic discrimination is common and, thus, a policy-relevant question is if shared accommodation is equally available to everyone. In this paper, we study discrimination in the market for shared accommodation against four of the most important ethnic minorities in London: people with Eastern European, Indian, Black African and Arabic backgrounds. To this end, we conducted a field experiment where we e-mailed applications, with a randomly assigned name signalling ethnicity, to more than 5,000 room advertisers. Our main finding is that ethnic discrimination is widespread against all the ethnic minorities that we consider: The situation is worst for applicants with an Arabic background, while applicants with an Eastern European background are least affected and applicants with a Black African or Indian background are found somewhere in-between. Moreover, our results suggest that ethnic discrimination may reinforce the ethnic concentration in London, where ethnic minorities tend to live in certain areas and often separated from the ethnic majority. Finally, our results indicate that – at least a portion of – the discrimination that we find is statistical discrimination.
34.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Ethnic Discrimination in the London Market for Shared Housing 2015 In: Journal of ethnic and migration studies. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1369-183X .- 1469-9451. ; 41:8, s. 1276-1301 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract It is well documented that there exists ethnic discrimination in the regular housing market in European and US cities. However, the existing literature has so far neglected the informal market for shared housing. We use a field experiment to investigate ethnic discrimination in this market. We sent fictitious enquiries with a randomly assigned name signalling a British, Eastern European, Indian, African or Arabic/Muslim background to more than 5000 room advertisers in the Greater London Area. Our main finding is that ethnic discrimination is widespread. We also find that the degree of discrimination depends on the applicant's occupation and the ethnic residential concentration.
35.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Ethnic Discrimination in the Market for Shared Housing 2013 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract In major international cities, the difficulty of finding affordable housing has often resulted in an increased demand for shared housing, i.e. sharing an apartment/house with others. However, a policy-relevant question is if this very informal market is equally available to everyone regardless of ethnic background. To investigate this, we conduct a field experiment in the London market for shared housing. In the experiment, we send fictitious applications, with a randomly assigned name signalling a British, Eastern-European, Indian, African or Arabic background, to more than 5,000 room advertisers. Our main finding is that ethnic discrimination is widespread. The situation is worst for applicants with an Arabic name, while applicants with an Eastern-European name are least affected and applicants with an African or Indian name are found somewhere in-between. Moreover, the results indicate that a substantial fraction of these differences reflects statistical discrimination. Finally, we find that the degree of discrimination varies with the ethnic residential concentration. This suggests that discrimination contributes to maintaining the current situation in London, where ethnic minorities tend to live in certain areas and often separated from the ethnic majority.
36.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Evidence of ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labor market using experimental data 2007 In: Labour Economics. - : Elsevier. - 0927-5371 .- 1879-1034. ; 14:4, s. 716-729 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We present evidence of ethnic discrimination in the recruitment process by sending fictitious applications to real job openings. Applications with identical skills were randomly assigned Middle Eastern or Swedish-sounding names and applications with a Swedish name receive fifty percent more callbacks for an interview. We extend previous analyses by adding register and interview information on firms/recruiters to the experimental data. We find that male recruiters and workplaces with fewer than twenty employees less often call applications with a Middle Eastern name for an interview.
37.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975- (author) Experimental Evidence of Discrimination in the Hiring of 1st and 2nd Generation Immigrants Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract Previous field experiments that study ethnic discrimination in the labour market are extended in this paper, which outlines a study comparing discrimination of first and second generation immigrants from the same ethnic group. Qualitatively identical resumes, belonging to first and second generation immigrants from the Middle East, were sent to employers in Sweden that had advertised for labour. The findings suggest, somewhat unexpectedly, that first and second generation immigrants have essentially the same probability of being invited to a job interview, which in turn is significantly lower than the probability of invitation to interview for natives. Accordingly, the factor leading to discrimination in employers responses appears to be ethnicity per se and not an applicant’s country of birth, foreign mother-tongue, and foreign education.
38.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Gender Bias in Academic Recruitment? : Evidence from a Survey Experiment in the Nordic Region 2021 In: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 37:3, s. 399-410 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Gender disparities in top-level academic positions are persistent. However, whether bias in recruitment plays a role in producing these disparities remains unclear. This study examines the role of biasin academic recruitment by conducting a large-scale survey experiment among faculty in Economics,Law, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, and Sociology from universities in Iceland, Norway, andSweden. The faculty respondents rated CVs of hypothetical candidates—who were randomlyassigned either a male or a female name—for a permanent position as an Associate Professor in theirdiscipline. The results show that, despite the underrepresentation of women in all fields, the femalecandidates were viewed as both more competent and more hireable compared to their malecounterparts. Having children or a stronger CV do not change the overall result. Consequently, biasedevaluations of equally qualified candidates to Associate Professor positions do not seem to be the keyexplanation of the persistent gender gap in academia in the Nordic region.
39.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) In-Group Gender Bias in Hiring : Real-World Evidence 2019 In: Economics Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1765 .- 1873-7374. ; 185 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We investigate in-group gender bias in real-world hiring decisions by combining administrative data with data from a large-scale field experiment on hiring in which fictitious resumes with randomly assigned information about gender were sent to Swedish employers. Our results suggest that women (female recruiters or firms with a high share of female employees) favor women in the recruitment process. In contrast, we do not find much evidence that men (male recruiters or firms with a high share of male employees) favor men.
40.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Job search methods and wages : are natives and immigrants different? 2014 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Differences in job search behaviour and access to high quality informal networks may be an important reason why immigrants fare worse than natives in many European labour markets. In this study, we design and conduct a survey of newly hired workers in the Swedish labour market to analyse if there are ethnic differences in the choice of search intensity/methods and in the successful search method for finding the job. We also investigate if the wage and other characteristics of the new job differ depending on the search method resulting in a job. Our data includes very detailed information about the workers’ job search, their informal networks, and the characteristics of their new jobs.We find that immigrants use all search methods more than natives, but that they inparticular rely more on informal search. Moreover, we show that, for immigrants, the search method resulting in a job is more likely to be informal search through their relatives and friends. However, we also find that jobs obtained through this search channel are associated with lower wages.
41.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Job search methods and wages : are natives and immigrants different? 2014 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract In many European labour markets, workers born outside Europe are less successful than natives. A potential explanation for these differences is ethnic differences in job search behaviour and access to high-quality informal networks, but a lack of appropriate data makes it difficult to investigate the importance of this explanation. In this study, we use data from a survey conducted in the Swedish labour market to analyze if there are ethnic differences in the choice of search intensity/methods and in the search method that resulted in a job (the successful search method). Moreover, we investigate if the wage and other characteristics of the new job differ depending on the successful search method. Our data includes detailed information about the workers’ job search and the characteristics of the new job. We find that immigrants use all search methods more intensely than natives, but that they in particular rely more on informal search methods. Moreover, we find that, for immigrants, the successful search method is more likely to be informal search through relatives and friends. However, we also find that jobs found through this search channel are associated with lower wages. One interpretation of these results is that that immigrants perceive their chance of finding a job as so low that they are willing to accept low-paying jobs obtained through their family and friends.
42.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Job Search Methods and Wages : Are Natives and Immigrants Different? 2018 In: Manchester School. - : Wiley. - 1463-6786 .- 1467-9957. ; 86:2, s. 219-247 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We conduct a survey of newly hired workers in the Swedish labour market to analyse if there are differences between natives and immigrants in the choice of search intensity/methods and in the search method getting the job. We further investigate if the wage and other characteristics of the new job differ depending on the successful search method. We find that immigrants use all search methods more than natives, but they especially rely on informal search. Immigrants are more likely than natives to find a job using informal search through friends and relatives, and these jobs are associated with lower wages.
43.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Language Proficiency and Hiring of Immigrants : Evidence from a New Field Experimental Approach 2023 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Labor markets in advanced economies have undergone substantial change in recentdecades due to globalization, technological improvements, and organizational changes. Due tothese developments, oral and written language skills have become increasingly important evenin less skilled jobs. Immigrants – who often have limited skills in the host country languageupon arrival – are likely to be particularly affected by the increase in language requirements.Despite this increase in literacy requirements, little is known about how immigrants’ languageproficiency is rewarded in the labor market. However, estimating the causal effect ofimmigrants’ language skills on hiring is challenging due to potential biases caused by omittedvariables, reverse causality, and measurement error.To address identification problems, we conduct a large-scale field experiment, where wesend thousands of fictitious resumes to employers with a job opening. With the help of aprofessional linguist, we manipulate the cover letters by introducing common second-languagefeatures, which makes the resumes reflect variation in the language skills of real-worldmigrants. Our findings show that better language proficiency in the cover letter has a strongpositive effect on the callback rate for a job interview: moving from the lowest level of languageproficiency to a level similar to natives almost doubles the callback rate. Consistent with therecent development that language proficiency is also important for many low- and mediumskilledjobs, the effect of better language skills does not vary across the vastly different typesof occupations we study. Finally, the results from employer surveys suggest that it is improvedlanguage skills per se that is the dominant explanation behind the language proficiency effect,rather than language skills acting as a proxy for other unobserved abilities or characteristics.
44.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Neighborhood signaling effects, commuting time, and employment : evidence from a field experiment 2017 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract The question of whether and how living in a deprived neighborhood affects the labormarket outcomes of its residents has been a subject of great interest for both policy makers andresearchers. Despite this interest, empirical evidence of causal neighborhood effects on labormarket outcomes is scant, and causal evidence on the mechanisms involved is even more scant.The mechanism that this study investigates is neighborhood signaling effects. Specifically, weask whether there is unequal treatment in hiring depending on whether a job applicant signalsliving in a bad (deprived) neighborhood or in a good (affluent) neighborhood. To this end, weconducted a field experiment where fictitious job applications were sent to employers with anadvertised vacancy. Each job application was randomly assigned a residential address in either abad or a good neighborhood. The measured outcome is the fraction of invitations for a jobinterview (the callback rate). We find no evidence of general neighborhood signaling effects.However, job applicants with a foreign background have callback rates that are 42 percent lowerif they signal living in a bad neighborhood rather than in a good neighborhood. In addition, wefind that applicants with commuting times longer than 90 minutes have lower callback rates, andthis is unrelated to the neighborhood signaling effect. Apparently, employers view informationabout residential addresses as important for employment decisions.
45.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Neighborhood signaling effects, commuting time, and employment : Evidence from a field experiment 2018 In: International journal of manpower. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0143-7720 .- 1758-6577. ; 39:4, s. 534-549 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether there is unequal treatment in hiring depending on whether a job applicant signals living in a bad (deprived) neighborhood or in a good (affluent) neighborhood.Design/methodology/approach - The authors conducted a field experiment where fictitious job applications were sent to employers with an advertised vacancy. Each job application was randomly assigned a residential address in either a bad or a good neighborhood. The measured outcome is the fraction of invitations for a job interview (the callback rate).Findings - The authors find no evidence of general neighborhood signaling effects. However, job applicants with a foreign background have callback rates that are 42 percent lower if they signal living in a bad neighborhood rather than in a good neighborhood. In addition, the authors find that applicants with commuting times longer than 90 minutes have lower callback rates, and this is unrelated to the neighborhood signaling effect.Originality/value - Empirical evidence of causal neighborhood effects on labor market outcomes is scant, and causal evidence on the mechanisms involved is even more scant. The paper provides such evidence.
46.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) Revealing taste-based discrimination in hiring: a correspondence testing experiment with geographic variation 2012 In: Applied Economics Letters. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1350-4851 .- 1466-4291. ; 19:18, s. 1861-1864 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The standard Correspondence Testing Experiment (CTE) does not identify whether employer prejudice, as opposed to statistical discrimination, drives discriminatory behaviour when hiring. This article proposes a new methodology using geographic variation to explore the link between employer attitudes towards ethnic minorities and the ethnic difference in callbacks for a job interview. Using already existing Swedish data we find that a randomly selected employer is more likely to discriminate against a minority job applicant in regions where the average employer has more negative attitudes.
47.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) The effect of age and gender on labor demand : evidence from a field experiment 2017 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract In most countries, there are systematic age and gender differences in labor market outcomes. Older workers and women often have lower employment rates, and the duration of unemployment increases with age. These patterns may reflect age and gender differences in either labor demand (i.e. discrimination) or labor supply. In this study, we investigate the importance of demand effects by analyzing whether employers use information about a job applicant’s age and gender in their hiring decisions. To do this, we conducted a field experiment, where over 6,000 fictitious resumes with randomly assigned information about age (in the interval 35-70) and gender were sent to employers with a vacancy and the employers’ responses (callbacks) were recorded. We find that the callback rate starts to fall substantially early in the age interval we consider. This decline is steeper for women than for men. The negative age effect prevails in all seven occupations we include. These results indicate that age discrimination is a widespread phenomenon affecting workers already in their early 40s. Ageism and occupational skill loss due to aging are unlikely explanations of these effects. Instead, our employer survey suggests that employer stereotypes about other worker characteristics – ability to learn new tasks, flexibility/adaptability, and ambition – are important. We find no evidence of gender discrimination against women on average, but the gender effect is heterogeneous across occupations and firms. Women have a higher callback rate in female-dominated occupations and firms, and when the recruiter is a woman. These results suggest that an in-group bias affects hiring patterns, which may reinforce the existing gender segregation in the labor market.
48.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) The Effect of Schooling on Cognitive Skills 2015 In: Review of Economics and Statistics. - 0034-6535 .- 1530-9142. ; 97:3, s. 533-547 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract To identify the causal effect of schooling on cognitive skills, we exploit conditionally random variation in the date Swedish males take a battery of cognitive tests in preparation for military service. We find an extra 10 days of school instruction raises scores on crystallized intelligence tests (synonym and technical comprehension tests) by approximately one percent of a standard deviation, whereas extra nonschool days have almost no effect. In contrast, test scores on fluid intelligence tests (spatial and logic tests) do not increase with additional days of schooling, but do increase modestly with age.
49.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975-, et al. (author) The Impact of Being Monitored on Discriminatory Behavior among Employers – Evidence from a Natural Experiment Other publication (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract EU countries vary in the extent to which they allow situation test results to constitute evidence of ethnic discrimination in court. As part of this study, two situation tests were conducted to investigate ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labor market. Extensive media coverage occurred when both tests were only halfway finished. Consequently, employers became aware that their hiring practices were being monitored by such situation testing. These unique events and the data from the situation tests are utilized to perform a difference-in-differences analysis of whether discrimination decreased after the media coverage. The results reveal no sign that employers changed their hiring practices after they became aware of the risk of being included in such a situation test. This suggests that the detection risk alone is not sufficient, but must be combined with some penalty to become effective, if authorities wish to use situation testing as a discrimination prevention strategy.
50.	Carlsson, Magnus, 1975- (author) The Measured Degree of Hiring Discrimination and the Level of Standardization of the Job Applicants´ Qualifications in Field Experiments 2010 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract The idea with using field experiments for measuring discrimination in hiring is basically making all variables of a job applicant that are observable to the employer also observable to the researcher. This in turn should provide scope for measuring the true level of discrimination in hiring, which is very challenging if traditional ex post regression analysis of public microdata is used. However, most of the conducted field experiments have so far ignored that at what level the observable characteristics of the job candidates are standardized by the experiment might influence the measured degree of discrimination. In the current paper, a simple framework is first presented to illustrate the issue and then data from a field experiment conducted in the Swedish labor market is utilized to empirically analyze the question. The analysis show that the predicted difference in callback rate to a job interview between applicants with a typical Swedish and a typical Arabic name varies significantly over applications with different attributes attached. The conclusion is that studies which standardize the characteristics of the job applicants at a particular level might obtain very non generalizable results. At the end of the paper, we give some suggestions for how the field experimental methodology might be improved.

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