| 1. |
- Althoff, Daniel, 1991-, et al.
(author)
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Global patterns in water flux partitioning : Irrigated and rainfed agriculture drives asymmetrical flux to vegetation over runoff
- 2023
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In: One Earth. - 2590-3330 .- 2590-3322. ; 6:9, s. 1246-1257
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The partitioning of precipitation water input on land between green (evapotranspiration) and blue (runoff) water fluxes distributes the annually renewable freshwater resource among sectors and ecosystems. The patterns and main drivers of this partitioning are not fully understood around the global land area. We decipher the worldwide patterns and key determinants of this water flux partitioning and investigate its predictability based on a global machine learning model. Available data for 3,614 hydrological catchments and model application to the global land area agree in showing mostly larger green than blue water flux. Possible expansion/intensification of irrigated and/or rainfed agriculture to feed a growing human population, along with climate warming, will tend to increase this flux partitioning asymmetry, jeopardizing blue water security. The developed machine learning model presents a promising predictive tool for future blue and green water availability under various forthcoming climate and land-use change scenarios around the world.
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| 2. |
- Basu, Nandita B., et al.
(author)
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Managing nitrogen legacies to accelerate water quality improvement
- 2022
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In: Nature Geoscience. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1752-0894 .- 1752-0908. ; 15:2, s. 97-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Increasing incidences of eutrophication and groundwater quality impairment from agricultural nitrogen pollution are threatening humans and ecosystem health. Minimal improvements in water quality have been achieved despite billions of dollars invested in conservation measures worldwide. Such apparent failures can be attributed in part to legacy nitrogen that has accumulated over decades of agricultural intensification and that can lead to time lags in water quality improvement. Here, we identify the key knowledge gaps related to landscape nitrogen legacies and propose approaches to manage and improve water quality, given the presence of these legacies.
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| 3. |
- Cantoni, Jacopo, et al.
(author)
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Legacy contributions to diffuse water pollution : Data-driven multi-catchment quantification for nutrients and carbon
- 2023
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 879, s. 163092-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Legacy pollutants are increasingly proposed as possible reasons for widespread failures to improve water quality, de -spite the implementation of stricter regulations and mitigation measures. This study investigates this possibility, using multi-catchment data and relatively simple, yet mechanistically-based, source distinction relationships between water discharges and chemical concentrations and loads. The relationships are tested and supported by the available catch -ment data. They show dominant legacy contributions for total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC) across catchment locations and scales, from local to country-wide around Sweden. Consistently across the study catchments, close relationships are found between the legacy concentrations of TN and TOC and the land shares of agriculture and of the sum of agriculture and forests, respectively. The legacy distinction and quantification capabilities provided by the data-driven approach of this study could guide more effective pollution mitigation and should be tested in further research for other chemicals and various sites around the world.
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| 4. |
- Destouni, Georgia, 1961-, et al.
(author)
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Needs and means to advance science, policy and management understanding of the freshwater system : A synthesis report
- 2015
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Fragmented and inconsistent understanding of the freshwater system limits our ability to achieve water security and sustainability under the human-driven changes occurring in the Anthropocene. To advance system-level understanding of freshwater, gaps and inconsistencies in knowledge, data, representations and links of processes and subsystems need to be identified and bridged under consideration of the freshwater system as a continuous whole. Based on such identification, a freshwater system conceptualization is developed in this report, which emphasizes four essential, yet often neglected system aspects:i) Distinction of coastal divergent catchments.ii) Four main zones (surface, subsurface, coastal, observation) of different types of freshwater change.iii) Water pathways as system-coupling agents that link and partition water change among the four change zones.iv) Direct interactions with the anthroposphere as integral system pathways across the change zones.We explain and exemplify some key implications of these aspects, identifying in the process also distinct patterns of human-driven changes in large-scale water fluxes and nutrient loads.The present conceptualization provides a basis for common inter- and trans-disciplinary understanding and systematic characterization of the freshwater system function and its changes, and of approaches to their modeling and monitoring. This can be viewed and used as a unifying checklist that can advance science, policy and management of freshwater and related environmental changes across various scales and world regions.
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| 5. |
- Hambäck, Peter A., et al.
(author)
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Tradeoffs and synergies in wetland multifunctionality : A scaling issue
- 2023
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - Amsterdam : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 862
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Wetland area in agricultural landscapes has been heavily reduced to gain land for crop production, but in recent years there is increased societal recognition of the negative consequences from wetland loss on nutrient retention, biodiversity and a range of other benefits to humans. The current trend is therefore to re-establish wetlands, often with an aim to achieve the simultaneous delivery of multiple ecosystem services, i.e., multifunctionality. Here we review the literature on key objectives used to motivate wetland re-establishment in temperate agricultural landscapes (provision of flow regulation, nutrient retention, climate mitigation, biodiversity conservation and cultural ecosystem services), and their relationships to environmental properties, in order to identify potential for tradeoffs and synergies concerning the development of multifunctional wetlands. Through this process, we find that there is a need for a change in scale from a focus on single wetlands to wetlandscapes (multiple neighboring wetlands including their catchments and surrounding landscape features) if multiple societal and environmental goals are to be achieved. Finally, we discuss the key factors to be considered when planning for re-establishment of wetlands that can support achievement of a wide range of objectives at the landscape scale.
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| 6. |
- Kan, Jung-Ching, et al.
(author)
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Predicting agricultural drought indicators : ML approaches across wide-ranging climate and land use conditions
- 2023
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In: Ecological Indicators. - : Elsevier BV. - 1470-160X .- 1872-7034. ; 154
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Agricultural drought can severely reduce crop yields, lead to large economic losses and health impacts. Combined climate and land use variations determine key indicators of agricultural drought, including soil moisture and the Palmer drought severity index (PDSI). This study investigated the use of machine learning (ML) methods for predicting these indicators over Sweden, spanning steep climate and land use gradients. Three data arrangement methods (multi-features, temporal, and spatial) were used and compared in combination with seven ML/deep learning (DL) models (random forest (RF), decision tree, multivariate linear regression, support vector regression, autoregressive integrated moving average (AMIRA), artificial neural network, and convolutional neural network). Seven investigated features, obtained from Google Earth Engine, were used in the ML/DL modeling (soil moisture, PDSI, precipitation, evapotranspiration, elevation, slope and soil texture). The temporal ARIMA model (found most suitable for local scale prediction) and the multi-features RF model (more suitable for national-scale prediction) emerged as best performing for soil moisture prediction (with MAE of 9.1 and 11.95, and R2 of 0.79 and 0.59, respectively). All models generally performed better in predicting the soil moisture than the PDSI indicator of drought. For drought indicator prediction and mapping, previous-year average monthly soil moisture emerged as the most important feature, combined with the four additional corresponding features of PDSI, precipitation, evapotranspiration and elevation.
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| 7. |
- Kåresdotter, Elisie, et al.
(author)
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Navigating the Currents: Understanding Global Water Cooperation and Conflict Mitigation Dynamics
-
Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The demand for water is increasing rapidly due to growing populations and intensified human activities such as agriculture, industry, and energy production. This has led to increasing concerns about the availability and sustainable use of freshwater, as conflicts over water are reported to have increased while cooperation has declined over the past decade. Further research on water-related conflict and cooperation is needed to improve understanding of key factors and ways to mitigate the conflicts and counteract their escalating trend. This study investigates which main factors relate to and may have affected cooperation and conflict events worldwide in the last 70 years as a basis for understanding how to promote effective water-based cooperation and conflict reduction; investigated factors include, for example, hydro-climatic and socioeconomic ones, with the latter encompassing, e.g., wealth, export dependency, demographic, and water use factors. The study used panel data models and content analysis of reported event descriptions to achieve its aims of identifying main conflict-influencing factors and which of these may contribute to successful conflict mitigation. The results indicate that countries that cooperate experience significant subsequent decrease in conflicts. Cooperation is particularly effective in areas with low water stress, while in high-stress areas, diplomatic efforts combined with economic collaboration can boost resilience and increase conflict resolution effectiveness. Economic robustness and trade incentives to maintain peace are strongly correlated with fewer conflicts. Cooperation with less affluent countries also emerges as influential for fewer conflicts, and stability or even growth in GDP and exports. Cooperation efforts can thus be strategic investments for promoting diplomatic stability and improving a nation's economic standing. Understanding which measures can be successful for conflict mitigation can provide valuable insights to global policymakers and water management leaders, enabling them to avoid future conflicts based on current and projected water availability.
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| 8. |
- Kåresdotter, Elisie, et al.
(author)
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Water Conflicts under Climate Change: Research Gaps and Priorities
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Other publication (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Climate change is known to worsen conflicts, but its combination with other factors affecting water-related conflicts remains less explored. Using a scoping review, this study examined research in the climate-water-conflict nexus. The analysis identified key research gaps, priorities, and differences and similarities in studies across different regions. Most studies focused on Asia and Africa, with few exploring other parts of the world. Governance and livelihoods emerged as significant factors in water-related conflict responses worldwide, with responses varying across regions. For instance, farmer-herder conflicts were common in Africa, while agriculture was more related to governance and water management in Asia. Research priorities forward should diversify the range of studied water-related conflict subjects and regions and give special focus to regions vulnerable to hydroclimatic change. More focus on cooperation and non-violent conflicts is also vital for understanding and being able to project and mitigate future water-related conflict responses to climate change.
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| 9. |
- Kåresdotter, Elisie, 1987-
(author)
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Water in a Changing World : Unraveling the Complexities of Conflict and Cooperation
- 2024
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Water is a crucial resource that can unite or divide nations, but throughout history, people have generally cooperated to solve water-related issues. However, as freshwater scarcity intensifies due to climate shifts and escalating human demands, it is critical to identify water-related conflicts and cooperation dynamics. For instance, changes in water patterns, including floods, droughts, and dam construction to manage varying precipitation, could lead to increased competition and conflict over water resources. Effective water management and collaboration could help resolve these issues and foster peaceful water governance. The main aim of this thesis is to examine the connections between how humans, the climate, and changes in water have affected cooperation and conflicts over water. This research involves investigating the interactions between changes in freshwater availability, water-related events such as conflicts and cooperation, and changes in human activities and climate. The focus is mainly on global and regional large-scale levels, and the work comprises four parts: (i) a scoping review of previous scientific literature to identify important conflict factors and research gaps; (ii) hydrological modeling to determine the direction and magnitude of hydroclimatic change relating to human activities; (iii) creation of an updated water-related conflict and cooperation database and analysis of current trends; and (iv) analyses of how socio-economic and climatic factors affect water events and cooperation mechanisms behind successful conflict mitigation.The combined results from the four parts reveal that governance, policy, and climate change are important conflict factors worldwide. Agriculture emerges as particularly important in Africa and Asia, but there are regional variations in the importance of different conflict factors to these water conflicts. A significant research gap emerges for regions outside Africa and parts of Asia. This is problematic since influencing conflict factors appear to differ between regions. Scrutiny of the updated water event database showed that water events are increasing in frequency in most regions of the world but that cooperation is decreasing in parts of Africa, the Middle East, and South America. Changes in water events appear to be largely driven by climate change in Africa and by human activities in Asia. Changes in population density, urban-rural distribution, and precipitation have only small effects on conflict and cooperation outcomes, while economic factors such as gross domestic product (GDP) and export dependency have significant effects.The thesis reveals the interplay between human activities, climate change, and water governance, shedding light on the global dynamics that shape water conflicts and cooperation. The results underscore the critical need for adaptive water management strategies informed by comprehensive, region-specific insights. Future studies should, therefore, seek to develop innovative governance frameworks, predictive models for conflict prevention, and resilient water-sharing agreements that can withstand the challenges posed by global environmental changes. Such work will require an integrated approach, combining socio-economic, hydrological, and climate perspectives, to foster sustainable water management and peacebuilding efforts in an era of increasing uncertainty.
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| 10. |
- Li, Wantong, et al.
(author)
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Contrasting Drought Propagation Into the Terrestrial Water Cycle Between Dry and Wet Regions
- 2023
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In: Earth's Future. - 2328-4277. ; 11:7
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Drought's intensity and duration have increased in many regions over the last decades. However, the propagation of drought-induced water deficits through the terrestrial water cycle is not fully understood at a global scale. Here we study responses of monthly evaporation (ET) and runoff to soil moisture droughts occurring between 2001 and 2015 using independent gridded datasets based on machine learning-assisted upscaling of satellite and in-situ observations. We find that runoff and ET show generally contrasting drought responses across climate regimes. In wet regions, runoff is strongly reduced while ET is decoupled from soil moisture decreases and enhanced by sunny and warm weather typically accompanying soil moisture droughts. In drier regions, ET is reduced during droughts due to vegetation water stress, while runoff is largely unchanged as precipitation deficits are typically low in these regions and ET decreases are buffering runoff reductions. While these water flux drought responses are controlled by the large-scale climate regimes, they are additionally modulated by local vegetation characteristics. Land surface models capture the observed water cycle responses to drought in the case of runoff, but not for ET where the ET deficit (surplus) is overestimated (underestimated), related to a misrepresentation of the general soil moisture-evaporation interplay. In summary, our study illustrates how the joint analysis of machine learning-enhanced Earth observations can advance the understanding of global eco-hydrological processes, as well as the validation of land surface models.
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| 11. |
- Lindberg, Fredrik, 1974, et al.
(author)
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Observations and modelling of mosquito prevalence within urban areas – A case study from Uppsala, Sweden
- 2024
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In: Urban Ecosystems. - 1083-8155 .- 1573-1642.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Urban green–blue infrastructure (GBI) can provide important benefits to urban residents but may also affect mosquito abundance, with associated negative nuisance and infection transmission impacts. This study addresses important knowledge and quantification gaps for the relationships between mosquito prevalence and GBI features within cities. This is done for the city of Uppsala in Sweden as an urban case example, where mosquitos were captured and ambient air temperature and humidity were observed at seven different locations in the summer of 2022. A weighted multi-critera analysis (WMCA) model was developed based on relevant open data and open tools for resolving the mosquito (Culex pipiens) variations based on geographical variables, such as land cover/use, leaf area index, and building and green (vegetation) area fractions, within the city. The results show a clear relationship between mosquito prevalence and green-area fraction (of grass and trees), indicating that urban GBI extension can enhance mosquito prevalence, with possible associated negative impacts. This relationship is supported directly by data, showing significantly higher mosquito prevalence with higher ambient humidity, which in turn is related to larger green-area fraction. The developed WMCA model emerges as a promising tool, e.g., for urban development planning that needs to account for and seek relevant trade-off balances between positive and negative effects of urban GBI changes.
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| 12. |
- Miao, Chiyuan, et al.
(author)
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Hydrological Research Evolution: A Large Language Model-Based Analysis of 310,000 Studies Published Globally Between 1980 and 2023
- 2024
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In: Water resources research. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0043-1397 .- 1944-7973. ; 60:6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Hydrology plays a crucial role in understanding Earth's intricate water system and addressing water-related problems, including against the backdrop of ongoing climate change. A retrospective review of the evolution of hydrology up to the current state of research is of great importance for understanding this role. While there have been some quantitative reviews of large numbers of hydrological publications, there still remains a lack of overarching hydrological research assessment, particularly with the focus on hydrological basins as fundamental spatial-geographic units of hydrological analysis. Large language models, represented by OpenAI's ChatGPT, have demonstrated powerful textual understanding capabilities, making it possible to extract such overarching and basin information from hydrological publications. Here, we considered publications related to hydrology from Web of Science spanning January 1980 to October 2023, and parsed the information from this extensive body of literature by integrating a large language model and geocoding. These techniques enable quantitative analysis of research characteristics across different spatio-temporal scales, focusing on hotspot topics, collaboration networks, and various basins worldwide. Our study revealed an increase in hydrological research since the 1990 s, with shifts in research priorities from groundwater and nutrients to climate change and ecohydrology. Some basins in North America and Europe have consistently been hotspots for hydrological research. Since the 2010s, there has been a noteworthy increase in interest toward basins in China and South Asia, but attention to many regions with frequent extreme rainfall remains insufficient. Geographical patterns show different preferred research topics for different basins, but climate change has emerged as the most prominent topic across all regions in the last decade. In conclusion, our study provides an effective approach to quantitative analysis of research trends, offering a fresh view on the evolution of hydrology as a research field, its focus on various hydrological basins around the world, and the emergence of overarching and basin-specific hot topics over time.
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| 13. |
- Page, Jessica Faye, 1991-
(author)
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Sustainable Urban and Regional Development and Related Ecosystem Services and Water-Climate Interactions
- 2023
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- To accommodate a growing global population while mitigating climate change, urban areas must grow while minimising environmental impacts. To achieve this, a city must be treated as a complex socio-ecological system in which many actors and subsystems act in unclear and unpredictable ways. This thesis explores the workings and interactions of this complex socio-ecological system by assessing how urban and regional planning and policy decisions affect the contributions of cities to climate change, and whether appropriate planning and policy tools can minimise these contributions. Computer models were developed to investigate and couple planning and policy decisions and their potential impacts on the environment, particularly in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. The models were then employed for generation of scientific knowledge and for converting this knowledge into practical planning tools and recommendations.Methods used in developing models that reflect complex urban systems included cooperation with experienced county planners to improve model accuracy; coupling of sub-system models in a socio-ecological framework for scenario analysis of the outcomes of planning and policy decisions in terms of GHG emissions; systems breakdown analysis of green-blue contributions to the urban carbon cycle; and modelling to identify how these contributions could be harnessed to reduce net urban emissions. The main study area was Stockholm County, Sweden, with later extension of the modelling approach to 54 major European cities. Cooperation with Stockholm County planners during model development resulted in an improved tool for scientific research that was also suited to practical planning, increasing the potential for knowledge developed through scientific research to be applied in reality. Scenario analysis of policies for Stockholm County revealed that zoning reduced the extra GHG emissions associated with necessary urban growth by 72% compared with a baseline scenario. Analysis of the urban carbon cycle in Stockholm County showed that vegetative carbon sequestration helped offset GHG emissions locally, but that re-emissions via surface waters compromised the potential to reach ‘net-zero’ emissions from Stockholm County. However, climate action goals for Stockholm could still be achieved if its ambitious emissions reduction plans are realised and if the current sequestration capacity of Stockholm County’s many green areas can be maintained in coming decades. Extensive modelling of urban emissions in multiple European cities showed potential for green-space sequestration and revealed that nature-based solutions (NbS) applied at city scale could help reduce urban emissions. Incorporation of NbS into climate action plans for these cities would maximise the associated GHG emissions reduction and increase the likelihood of the cities achieving their climate action goals. In conclusion, the climate change impacts of future urban expansion could be mitigated by incorporating planning and policy tools such as zoning, protection of green-blue spaces and NbS into whole-system urban and regional development plans. This could bring cities closer to achieving truly sustainable urban development.
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| 14. |
- Panahi, Davood Moshir, et al.
(author)
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Distinction of driver contributions to wetland decline and their associated basin hydrology around Iran
- 2022
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In: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-5818. ; 42, s. 101126-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Study region: Six wetland sites around Iran (Gavkhoni and Hur al-Azim wetlands, Gorgan Bay, and Namak, Urmia, and Maharloo & Bakhtegan lakes) and their associated hydrological basins. Study focus: The aim was to distinguish the contributions of climatic and non-climatic changes (including land-use/land-cover, LULC) to areal decline in six Iranian wetlands. This was done using data-driven quantification methodology that combined comparative change correlation and Budyko-based analyses of evapotranspiration (ETb), and runoff (Rb) changes in the hydrological basin of each wetland, extended to consider explicitly climate-driven change in evaporation rate (Ew) from the wetland area and the shift from previous Ew to ETb caused by the wetland decline itself. New hydrological insights for the region: Comparative correlation analysis revealed an overall stronger correlation of wetland decline with LULC changes (mainly cropland, urban land) than with changes in temperature (T) or precipitation (P) across all wetland sites. The extended Budyko-based analysis revealed that the predominant cause of wetland decline across all sites was increased ETb, with related decrease in Rb from basin to wetland, whereas changes in Ew and in wetland decline shifting Ew to ETb had only a weak influence. In line with the correlation analysis results, non-climatic drivers were revealed as causing ETb increases and Rb decreases, leading to wetland decline to a greater degree than climate change (T, P).
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| 15. |
- Panahi, Mahdi, et al.
(author)
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A Country Wide Evaluation of Sweden's Spatial Flood Modeling With Optimized Convolutional Neural Network Algorithms
- 2023
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In: Earth's Future. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2328-4277. ; 11:11
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Flooding is one of the most serious and frequent natural hazards affecting human life, property, and the environment. This study develops and tests a deep learning approach for large-scale spatial flood modeling, using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and optimized versions combined with the Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO) or the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA). With Sweden as an application case for nation-wide flood susceptibility mapping, this modeling approach considers ten geo-environmental input factors (slope, elevation, aspect, plan curvature, length of slope, topographic wetness index, distance from river, distance from wetland, rainfall, and land use). The GWO and ICA optimization improves model prediction by 12% and 8%, respectively, compared with the standalone CNN model performance. The results show 40% of the land area, 45% of the railroad, and 43% of the road network of Sweden to have high or very high flood susceptibility. They also show the aspect to have the highest input factor impact on flood susceptibility prediction while, for example, rainfall ranks only seven of the total 10 considered geo-environmental input factors. In general, accurate nation-wide flood susceptibility prediction is essential for guiding flood management and mitigation efforts. This study's approach to such prediction has emerged as well-performing and cost-effective for the case of Sweden, calling for further application and testing in other world regions.
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| 16. |
- Persson, Klas, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Propagation of water pollution uncertainty and risk from the subsurface to the surface water system of a catchment :
- 2009
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In: Journal of Hydrology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1694 .- 1879-2707. ; 377:3-4, s. 434-444
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper investigates the propagation of quantifiable probability and quantification uncertainty of water pollution from local pollutant sources at and below the land surface, through the groundwater system, to downstream surface water recipients. Methodologically, the study shows how the risk and uncertainty of surface water pollution within a catchment may be assessed by a combined methodology of a Lagrangian stochastic advective-reactive modelling approach, which accounts for the quantifiable pollutant transport randomness, and a scenario analysis approach, which accounts for different quantification uncertainties. The results show that, in general, unambiguous risk assessment requires at least a reliable order-of-magnitude quantification of the prevailing relation between the average rate of physical pollutant transport from source to recipient and the average rate of pollutant attenuation. If this average relation can be reliably estimated to fall within two identified, relatively wide open value ranges, the assessment of pollution risk to surface waters from localised sources at or below the soil surface may be unambiguous even under otherwise large quantification uncertainty. For a relatively narrow, closed value range of this average rate relation, however, risk assessment must either rely on conservative assumptions, or else be based on a more detailed and resource demanding quantification of pollutant transport.
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| 17. |
- Vigouroux, Guillaume, 1991-, et al.
(author)
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Gap identification in coastal eutrophication research - Scoping review for the Baltic system case
- 2022
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In: Science of the Total Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 839
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Coastal eutrophication is a major issue worldwide, also affecting the Baltic Sea and its coastal waters. Effective management responses to coastal eutrophication require good understanding of the interacting coastal pressures from land, the open sea, and the atmosphere, and associated coastal ecosystem impacts. In this study, we investigate how research on Baltic coastal eutrophication has handled these interactions so far and what key research gaps still remain. We do this through a scoping review, identifying 832 scientific papers with a focus on Baltic coastal eutrophication. These are categorized in terms of study focus, methods, and consideration of coastal system components and land-coast-sea interactions. The coastal component categories include coastal functions (including also socio-economic driver aspects), pressures that are natural (or mediated by a natural process or system) or directly anthropogenic, and management responses.The classification results show that considerably more studies focus on coastal eutrophication pressures (52%) or impacts (39%) than on characterizing the coastal eutrophication itself (20%). Moreover, few studies investigate pressures and impacts together, indicating that feedbacks are understudied. Regarding methods, more studies focus on data collection (62%) than on linking and synthetic methods (44%; e.g., modelling), and very few studies use remote sensing (6%) or participatory (3%) methods. Coastal links with land and open sea are mentioned but much less investigated. Among the coastal functions, studies considering ecological aspects are dominant, but much fewer studies investigate human aspects and the coastal filter function. Among the coastal pressures, studies considering nutrient loads are dominant, but much fewer studies investigate the sources of these loads, especially long-lived legacy sources and possible solutions for their mitigation. Overall, few studies investigate synergies, trade-offs and incentives for various solutions to address cross-scale multi-solution management.
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| 18. |
- Åhlén, Imenne, et al.
(author)
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Wetland position in the landscape : Impact on water storage and flood buffering
- 2022
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In: Ecohydrology. - : Wiley. - 1936-0584 .- 1936-0592. ; 15:7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- On-going climatic changes and land-use changes may impact water storage dynamics within wetlandscapes (defined as the entire hydrological catchments of interconnected wetland systems). These dynamics are closely linked to many wetland ecosystem services including flood buffering, nutrient retention and biodiversity support. Here, we investigate if and how current water storage dynamics can differ between wetlands within the same wetlandscape. Based on continuous monitoring of water levels in multiple wetlands throughout a growing season (spring, summer, autumn) in Vattholma, Sweden, we show that there are two distinct storage behaviours depending on the position of the wetland within the landscape. Headwater wetland regions were active in temporary storage of surplus water from regular summer rains while water levels of downstream wetlands dropped to seasonal low values without responding to individual summer precipitation events. Thereby, the downstream wetlands maintained capacity to buffer extreme floods. We also found that headwater wetlands were associated with complex and patchy inundation, which causes habitat conditions to vary over short time scales both within and among these wetlands, in contrast to the prolonged low-water state of the downstream wetlands. These differences between headwater-downstream wetlands imply that the functionality of an entire wetlandscape cannot be assessed by simple extrapolation of data from monitoring stations that typically are located downstream of headwater regions. Increased understanding of these differences can support wetland management practices that target location-specific nature-based solutions and ecosystem services.
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