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1.
  • Abbasi, R., et al. (author)
  • Citizen science for IceCube: Name that Neutrino
  • 2024
  • In: European Physical Journal Plus. - 2190-5444. ; 139:6
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Name that Neutrino is a citizen science project where volunteers aid in classification of events for the IceCube Neutrino Observatory, an immense particle detector at the geographic South Pole. From March 2023 to September 2023, volunteers did classifications of videos produced from simulated data of both neutrino signal and background interactions. Name that Neutrino obtained more than 128,000 classifications by over 1800 registered volunteers that were compared to results obtained by a deep neural network machine-learning algorithm. Possible improvements for both Name that Neutrino and the deep neural network are discussed.
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2.
  • Correa, D. F., et al. (author)
  • Geographic patterns of tree dispersal modes in Amazonia and their ecological correlates
  • 2023
  • In: Global Ecology and Biogeography. - : Wiley. - 1466-822X .- 1466-8238. ; 32:1, s. 49-69
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Aim To investigate the geographic patterns and ecological correlates in the geographic distribution of the most common tree dispersal modes in Amazonia (endozoochory, synzoochory, anemochory and hydrochory). We examined if the proportional abundance of these dispersal modes could be explained by the availability of dispersal agents (disperser-availability hypothesis) and/or the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits (resource-availability hypothesis). Time period Tree-inventory plots established between 1934 and 2019. Major taxa studied Trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) >= 9.55 cm. Location Amazonia, here defined as the lowland rain forests of the Amazon River basin and the Guiana Shield. Methods We assigned dispersal modes to a total of 5433 species and morphospecies within 1877 tree-inventory plots across terra-firme, seasonally flooded, and permanently flooded forests. We investigated geographic patterns in the proportional abundance of dispersal modes. We performed an abundance-weighted mean pairwise distance (MPD) test and fit generalized linear models (GLMs) to explain the geographic distribution of dispersal modes. Results Anemochory was significantly, positively associated with mean annual wind speed, and hydrochory was significantly higher in flooded forests. Dispersal modes did not consistently show significant associations with the availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits. A lower dissimilarity in dispersal modes, resulting from a higher dominance of endozoochory, occurred in terra-firme forests (excluding podzols) compared to flooded forests. Main conclusions The disperser-availability hypothesis was well supported for abiotic dispersal modes (anemochory and hydrochory). The availability of resources for constructing zoochorous fruits seems an unlikely explanation for the distribution of dispersal modes in Amazonia. The association between frugivores and the proportional abundance of zoochory requires further research, as tree recruitment not only depends on dispersal vectors but also on conditions that favour or limit seedling recruitment across forest types.
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3.
  • Fresard, Laure, et al. (author)
  • Identification of rare-disease genes using blood transcriptome sequencing and large control cohorts
  • 2019
  • In: Nature Medicine. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 1078-8956 .- 1546-170X. ; 25:6, s. 911-919
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • It is estimated that 350 million individuals worldwide suffer from rare diseases, which are predominantly caused by mutation in a single gene(1). The current molecular diagnostic rate is estimated at 50%, with whole-exome sequencing (WES) among the most successful approaches(2-5). For patients in whom WES is uninformative, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has shown diagnostic utility in specific tissues and diseases(6-8). This includes muscle biopsies from patients with undiagnosed rare muscle disorders(6,9), and cultured fibroblasts from patients with mitochondrial disorders(7). However, for many individuals, biopsies are not performed for clinical care, and tissues are difficult to access. We sought to assess the utility of RNA-seq from blood as a diagnostic tool for rare diseases of different pathophysiologies. We generated whole-blood RNA-seq from 94 individuals with undiagnosed rare diseases spanning 16 diverse disease categories. We developed a robust approach to compare data from these individuals with large sets of RNA-seq data for controls (n = 1,594 unrelated controls and n = 49 family members) and demonstrated the impacts of expression, splicing, gene and variant filtering strategies on disease gene identification. Across our cohort, we observed that RNA-seq yields a 7.5% diagnostic rate, and an additional 16.7% with improved candidate gene resolution.
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4.
  • Hudson, Lawrence N, et al. (author)
  • The database of the PREDICTS (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems) project
  • 2017
  • In: Ecology and Evolution. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 2045-7758. ; 7:1, s. 145-188
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The PREDICTS project-Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems (www.predicts.org.uk)-has collated from published studies a large, reasonably representative database of comparable samples of biodiversity from multiple sites that differ in the nature or intensity of human impacts relating to land use. We have used this evidence base to develop global and regional statistical models of how local biodiversity responds to these measures. We describe and make freely available this 2016 release of the database, containing more than 3.2 million records sampled at over 26,000 locations and representing over 47,000 species. We outline how the database can help in answering a range of questions in ecology and conservation biology. To our knowledge, this is the largest and most geographically and taxonomically representative database of spatial comparisons of biodiversity that has been collated to date; it will be useful to researchers and international efforts wishing to model and understand the global status of biodiversity.
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7.
  • Yan, C., et al. (author)
  • Size-dependent influence of NOx on the growth rates of organic aerosol particles
  • 2020
  • In: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 6:22
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Atmospheric new-particle formation (NPF) affects climate by contributing to a large fraction of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) drive the early particle growth and therefore substantially influence the survival of newly formed particles to CCN. Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is known to suppress the NPF driven by HOMs, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, we examine the response of particle growth to the changes of HOM formation caused by NOx. We show that NOx suppresses particle growth in general, but the suppression is rather nonuniform and size dependent, which can be quantitatively explained by the shifted HOM volatility after adding NOx. By illustrating how NOx affects the early growth of new particles, a critical step of CCN formation, our results help provide a refined assessment of the potential climatic effects caused by the diverse changes of NOx level in forest regions around the globe.
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8.
  • Brinkman, M J, et al. (author)
  • Decay from a superdeformed band in Pb-194
  • 1996
  • In: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 53:4, s. R1461-R1464
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Three experiments using the (174) Yb(Mg-25,5n)Pb-194 reaction have been undertaken at the Early Implementation of Gammasphere to study the decay of known superdeformed states in Pb-194. A single discrete transition with an energy of 2.746(2) MeV carrying 6(2)% of the full superdeformed band intensity has been identified. A discussion of our results and the assignment of the 2.746-MeV transition as a discrete gamma ray directly connecting the superdeformed 8(+) and low-lying 6(+) levels will be presented.
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9.
  • Householder, John Ethan, et al. (author)
  • One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains
  • 2024
  • In: NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION. - 2397-334X.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Amazonia's floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region's floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon's tree diversity and its function.
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10.
  • Luize, Bruno Garcia, et al. (author)
  • Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities
  • 2024
  • In: JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY. - 0305-0270 .- 1365-2699.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and v & aacute;rzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igap & oacute; and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R-2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R-2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions.
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11.
  • ter Steege, Hans, et al. (author)
  • Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora
  • 2023
  • In: COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY. - 2399-3642. ; 6:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution. A study mapping the tree species richness in Amazonian forests shows that soil type exerts a strong effect on species richness, probably caused by the areas of these forest types. Cumulative water deficit, tree density and temperature seasonality affect species richness at a regional scale.
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12.
  • Adewumi, Oluseun, et al. (author)
  • Characterization of human embryonic stem cell lines by the International Stem Cell Initiative
  • 2007
  • In: Nature Biotechnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1087-0156 .- 1546-1696. ; 25:7, s. 803-816
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The International Stem Cell Initiative characterized 59 human embryonic stem cell lines from 17 laboratories worldwide. Despite diverse genotypes and different techniques used for derivation and maintenance, all lines exhibited similar expression patterns for several markers of human embryonic stem cells. They expressed the glycolipid antigens SSEA3 and SSEA4, the keratan sulfate antigens TRA-1-60, TRA-1-81, GCTM2 and GCT343, and the protein antigens CD9, Thy1 (also known as CD90), tissue- nonspecific alkaline phosphatase and class 1 HLA, as well as the strongly developmentally regulated genes NANOG, POU5F1 (formerly known as OCT4), TDGF1, DNMT3B, GABRB3 and GDF3. Nevertheless, the lines were not identical: differences in expression of several lineage markers were evident, and several imprinted genes showed generally similar allele-specific expression patterns, but some gene-dependent variation was observed. Also, some female lines expressed readily detectable levels of XIST whereas others did not. No significant contamination of the lines with mycoplasma, bacteria or cytopathic viruses was detected.
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13.
  • Bonamy, AKE, et al. (author)
  • Wide variation in severe neonatal morbidity among very preterm infants in European regions
  • 2019
  • In: Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. - : BMJ. - 1468-2052 .- 1359-2998. ; 104:1, s. F36-F45
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • To investigate the variation in severe neonatal morbidity among very preterm (VPT) infants across European regions and whether morbidity rates are higher in regions with low compared with high mortality rates.DesignArea-based cohort study of all births before 32 weeks of gestational age.Setting16 regions in 11 European countries in 2011/2012.PatientsSurvivors to discharge from neonatal care (n=6422).Main outcome measuresSevere neonatal morbidity was defined as intraventricular haemorrhage grades III and IV, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, surgical necrotizing enterocolitis and retinopathy of prematurity grades ≥3. A secondary outcome included severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), data available in 14 regions. Common definitions for neonatal morbidities were established before data abstraction from medical records. Regional severe neonatal morbidity rates were correlated with regional in-hospital mortality rates for live births after adjustment on maternal and neonatal characteristics.Results10.6% of survivors had a severe neonatal morbidity without severe BPD (regional range 6.4%–23.5%) and 13.8% including severe BPD (regional range 10.0%–23.5%). Adjusted inhospital mortality was 13.7% (regional range 8.4%–18.8%). Differences between regions remained significant after consideration of maternal and neonatal characteristics (P<0.001) and severe neonatal morbidity rates were not correlated with mortality rates (P=0.50).ConclusionSevere neonatal morbidity rates for VPT survivors varied widely across European regions and were independent of mortality rates.
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14.
  • Cuttini, M, et al. (author)
  • Breastfeeding outcomes in European NICUs: impact of parental visiting policies
  • 2019
  • In: Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. - : BMJ. - 1468-2052 .- 1359-2998. ; 104:2, s. F151-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The documented benefits of maternal milk for very preterm infants have raised interest in hospital policies that promote breastfeeding. We investigated the hypothesis that more liberal parental policies are associated with increased breastfeeding at discharge from the neonatal unit.DesignProspective area-based cohort study.SettingNeonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in 19 regions of 11 European countries.PatientsAll very preterm infants discharged alive in participating regions in 2011–2012 after spending >70% of their hospital stay in the same NICU (n=4407).Main outcome measuresWe assessed four feeding outcomes at hospital discharge: any and exclusive maternal milk feeding, independent of feeding method; any and exclusive direct breastfeeding, defined as sucking at the breast. We computed a neonatal unit Parental Presence Score (PPS) based on policies regarding parental visiting in the intensive care area (range 1–10, with higher values indicating more liberal policies), and we used multivariable multilevel modified Poisson regression analysis to assess the relation between unit PPS and outcomes.ResultsPolicies regarding visiting hours, duration of visits and possibility for parents to stay during medical rounds and spend the night in unit differed within and across countries. After adjustment for potential confounders, infants cared for in units with liberal parental policies (PPS≥7) were about twofold significantly more likely to be discharged with exclusive maternal milk feeding and exclusive direct breastfeeding.ConclusionUnit policies promoting parental presence and involvement in care may increase the likelihood of successful breastfeeding at discharge for very preterm infants.
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  • Lunnan, R., et al. (author)
  • PS1-14bj : A HYDROGEN-POOR SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA WITH A LONG RISE AND SLOW DECAY
  • 2016
  • In: Astrophysical Journal. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 831:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present photometry and spectroscopy of PS1-14bj, a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova (SLSN) at redshift z = 0.5215 discovered in the last months of the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey. PS1-14bj stands out because of its extremely slow evolution, with an observed rise of greater than or similar to 125 rest-frame days, and exponential decline out to similar to 250 days past peak at a measured rate of 0.01 mag day(-1), consistent with fully trapped Co-56 decay. This is the longest rise time measured in an SLSN to date, and the first SLSN to show a rise time consistent with pair-instability supernova (PISN) models. Compared to other slowly evolving SLSNe, it is spectroscopically similar to the prototype SN 2007bi at maximum light, although lower in luminosity (L-peak similar or equal to 4.6 x 10(43) erg s(-1) ) and with a flatter peak than previous events. PS1-14bj shows a number of peculiar properties, including a near-constant color temperature for > 200 days past peak, and strong emission lines from [O III] lambda 5007 and [O III] lambda 4363 with a velocity width of similar to 3400 km s(-1) in its late-time spectra. These both suggest there is a sustained source of heating over very long timescales, and are incompatible with a simple Ni-56-powered/PISN interpretation. A modified magnetar model including emission leakage at late times can reproduce the light curve, in which case the blue continuum and [O III] features are interpreted as material heated and ionized by the inner pulsar wind nebula becoming visible at late times. Alternatively, the late-time heating could be due to interaction with a shell of H-poor circumstellar material.
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  • Aubert, Salome, et al. (author)
  • Global Matrix 3.0 Physical Activity Report Card Grades for Children and Youth: Results and Analysis From 49 Countries
  • 2018
  • In: Journal of Physical Activity and Health. - : HUMAN KINETICS PUBL INC. - 1543-3080 .- 1543-5474. ; 15, s. S251-S273
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: Accumulating sufficient moderate to vigorous physical activity is recognized as a key determinant of physical, physiological, developmental, mental, cognitive, and social health among children and youth (aged 5-17 y). The Global Matrix 3.0 of Report Card grades on physical activity was developed to achieve a better understanding of the global variation in child and youth physical activity and associated supports. Methods: Work groups from 49 countries followed harmonized procedures to develop their Report Cards by grading 10 common indicators using the best available data. The participating countries were divided into 3 categories using the United Nations human development index (HDI) classification (low or medium, high, and very high HDI). Results: A total of 490 grades, including 369 letter grades and 121 incomplete grades, were assigned by the 49 work groups. Overall, an average grade of "C-," "D+," and "C-" was obtained for the low and medium HDI countries, high HDI countries, and very high HDI countries, respectively. Conclusions: The present study provides rich new evidence showing that the situation regarding the physical activity of children and youth is a concern worldwide. Strategic public investments to implement effective interventions to increase physical activity opportunities are needed.
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20.
  • Callaghan, D. A., et al. (author)
  • Geographic range and population size of the habitat specialist Codonoblepharon forsteri in a changing climate
  • 2022
  • In: Journal of Bryology. - 0373-6687 .- 1743-2820. ; 44:1, s. 35-40
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Introduction: Codonoblepharon forsteri is a rare epiphytic moss characteristically associated with water-filled holes in trees. This study aims to review its range and population and assess effects of climate change.Methods: An inventory of sites from where C. forsteri has been recorded was compiled. Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO) were calculated. Population size was estimated, using an occupied tree as an ‘individual-equivalent’ of the moss. Climatic conditions of its current distribution were characterised, and an ensemble model of its distribution generated. The latter was projected onto present and future climatic layers.Results: C. forsteri has been recorded from 205 sites in 18 countries, in Europe, N Africa and SW Asia. It has been undergoing an overall decline. Most sites have few occupied trees, and a world population of 1000–10,000 individual-equivalents is estimated. Model projections suggest the species will experience a range increase of +0.27–0.78 by 2050 and +0.34–0.97 by 2070, especially in the NW, in particular across France and the UK. Range loss is predicted to be -0.16–0.23 in 2050 and -0.18–0.32 in 2070, affecting the driest areas of the current range around the Mediterranean, especially in N Africa.Conclusions: C. forsteri has a relatively large EOO but a relatively small AOO, likely the product of its habitat specialism. A major reason for recent declines appears to be widespread abandonment of traditional ‘pollarding’ of trees. The potential climatic range of the species will shift significantly northwards over the next few decades
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  • Draper, Catherine E., et al. (author)
  • Cross-sectional associations of physical activity and gross motor proficiency with adiposity in South African children of pre-school age
  • 2019
  • In: Public Health Nutrition. - : Cambridge University Press. - 1368-9800 .- 1475-2727. ; 22:4, s. 614-623
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objective: The study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical activity, gross motor skills and adiposity in South African children of pm-school age.Design: Cross-sectional study.Setting: High-income urban, and low-income urban and rural settings in South Africa.Participants: Children (3-6 years old, n 268) were recruited from urban high-income (n 46), urban low-income (n 91) and rural low-income (n 122) settings. Height and weight were measured to calculate the main outcome variables: BMI and BMI-for-age Z-score (BAZ). Height-for-age and weight-for-age Z-scores were also calculated. Actigraph GT3X+ accelerometers were used to objectively measure physical activity; the Test of Gross Motor Development (Version 2) was used to assess gross motor skills.Results: More children were overweight/obese and had a higher BAZ from urban low-income settings compared with urban high-income settings and rural low-income settings. Being less physically active was associated with thinness, but not overweight/obesity. Time spent in physical activity at moderate and vigorous intensities was positively associated with BMI and BAZ. Gross motor proficiency was not associated with adiposity in this sample.Conclusions: The findings of this research highlight the need for obesity prevention particularly in urban low-income settings, as well as the need to take into consideration the complexity of the relationship between adiposity, physical activity and gross motor skills in South African pre-school children.
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  • Draper, Catherine E., et al. (author)
  • Developing Intervention Strategies to Optimise Body Composition in Early Childhood in South Africa
  • 2017
  • In: BioMed Research International. - : HINDAWI LTD. - 2314-6133 .- 2314-6141.
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Purpose. The purpose of this research was to collect data to inform intervention strategies to optimise body composition in South African preschool children. Methods. Data were collected in urban and rural settings. Weight status, physical activity, and gross motor skill assessmentswere conducted with 341 3-6-year-old children, and 55 teachers and parents/caregivers participated in focus groups. Results. Overweight and obesity were a concern in low-income urban settings (14%), but levels of physical activity and gross motor skills were adequate across all settings. Focus group findings from urban and rural settings indicated that teachers would welcome input on leading activities to promote physical activity and gross motor skill development. Teachers and parents/caregivers were also positive about young children being physically active. Recommendations for potential intervention strategies include a teacher-training component, parent/child activitymornings, and a home-based component for parents/caregivers. Conclusion. The findings suggest that an intervention focussed on increasing physical activity and improving gross motor skills per se is largely not required but that contextually relevant physical activity and gross motor skills may still be useful for promoting healthy weight and a vehicle for engaging with teachers and parents/caregivers for promoting other child outcomes, such as cognitive development.
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  • Lunnan, Ragnhild, et al. (author)
  • Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey
  • 2018
  • In: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 852:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present light curves and classification spectra of 17 hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey (PS1 MDS). Our sample contains all objects from the PS1. MDS sample with spectroscopic classification that are similar to either of the prototypes SN 2005ap or SN 2007bi, without an explicit limit on luminosity. With a redshift range 0.3 < z < 1.6, PS1. MDS is the first SLSN sample primarily probing the high-redshift population; our multifilter PS1 light curves probe the rest-frame UV emission, and hence the peak of the spectral energy distribution. We measure the temperature evolution and construct bolometric light curves, and find peak luminosities of (0.5-5) x 10(44) erg s(-1) and lower limits on the total radiated energies of (0.3-2) x 10(51) erg. The light curve shapes are diverse, with both rise and decline times spanning a factor of similar to 5 and several examples of double-peaked light curves. When correcting for the flux-limited nature of our survey, we find a median peak luminosity at 4000 angstrom of M-4000 = -21.1 mag and a spread of sigma = 0.7 mag.
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  • Rae, Dale E., et al. (author)
  • Sleep and BMI in South African urban and rural, high and low-income preschool children
  • 2021
  • In: BMC Public Health. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2458. ; 21:1
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Background: The extent to which income setting or rural and urban environments modify the association between sleep and obesity in young children is unclear. The aims of this cross-sectional observational study were to (i) describe and compare sleep in South African preschool children from rural low-income (RL), urban low-income (UL) and urban high-income (UH) settings; and (ii) test for associations between sleep parameters and body mass index (BMI).Methods: Participants were preschoolers (5.2 ± 0.7y, 49.5% boys) from RL (n = 111), UL (n = 65) and UH (n = 22) settings. Height and weight were measured. Sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity were assessed using accelerometery.Results: UL children had higher BMI z-scores (median: 0.39; interquartile range: − 0.27, 0.99) than the UH (− 0.38; − 0.88, 0.11) and RL (− 0.08; − 0.83, 0.53) children (p = 0.001). The UL children had later bedtimes (p < 0.001) and wake-up times (p < 0.001) and shorter 24 h (p < 0.001) and nocturnal (p < 0.001) sleep durations than the RL and UH children. After adjusting for age, sex, setting, SB and PA, for every hour less sleep obtained (24 h and nocturnal), children were 2.28 (95% CI: 1.28–4.35) and 2.22 (95% CI: 1.27–3.85) more likely, respectively, to belong to a higher BMI z-score quartile.Conclusions: Shorter sleep is associated with a higher BMI z-score in South African preschoolers, despite high levels of PA, with UL children appearing to be particularly vulnerable.
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  • Scolnic, D. M., et al. (author)
  • The Complete Light-curve Sample of Spectroscopically Confirmed SNe Ia from Pan-STARRS1 and Cosmological Constraints from the Combined Pantheon Sample
  • 2018
  • In: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 0004-637X .- 1538-4357. ; 859:2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We present optical light curves, redshifts, and classifications for 365 spectroscopically confirmed Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) discovered by the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) Medium Deep Survey. We detail improvements to the PS1 SN photometry, astrometry, and calibration that reduce the systematic uncertainties in the PS1 SN Ia distances. We combine the subset of 279 PS1 SNe Ia (0.03 < z < 0.68) with useful distance estimates of SNe Ia from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), SNLS, and various low-z and Hubble Space Telescope samples to form the largest combined sample of SNe Ia, consisting of a total of 1048 SNe Ia in the range of 0.01 < z < 2.3, which we call the Pantheon Sample. When combining Planck 2015 cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements with the Pantheon SN sample, we find Omega(m) = 0.307 +/- 0.012 and w = -1.026 +/- 0.041 for the wCDM model. When the SN and CMB constraints are combined with constraints from BAO and local H-0 measurements, the analysis yields the most precise measurement of dark energy to date: w(0) = -1.007 +/- 0.089 and w(a) = -0.222 +/- 0.407 for the w(0)w(a) CDM model. Tension with a cosmological constant previously seen in an analysis of PS1 and low-z SNe has diminished after an increase of 2x in the statistics of the PS1 sample, improved calibration and photometry, and stricter light-curve quality cuts. We find that the systematic uncertainties in our measurements of dark energy are almost as large as the statistical uncertainties, primarily due to limitations of modeling the low-redshift sample. This must be addressed for future progress in using SNe Ia to measure dark energy.
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  • Tomaz, S. A., et al. (author)
  • Gross motor skills of South African preschool-aged children across different income settings
  • 2019
  • In: Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. - : Elsevier. - 1440-2440 .- 1878-1861. ; 22:6, s. 689-694
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objectives: No studies have investigated gross motor skill (GMS) proficiency of preschool-aged children across different income settings in South Africa. Research from high-income countries suggests that children from low-income settings display poorer GMS proficiency compared to higher-income peers. This study aimed to (1) describe GMS proficiency of preschool-aged children in urban high-income (UH), urban low-income (UL) and rural low-income (RL) settings; and (2) explore differences in proficiency between income settings and sex.Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study.Methods: The Test of Gross Motor Development-Edition 2 (TGMD-2) was used to assess GMS. The TGMD-2 gross motor quotient, standardised scores and raw scores were used to describe proficiency.Results: GMS proficiency was assessed in n = 259 3-6-year-old children (n = 46 UH, n = 91 UL, n =122 RL). Overall, 93% of the children were classified as having 'average' or better GMS. According to TGMD-2 standardised scores, the RL children performed significantly better than UH and UL children (p = 0.028 and p= 0.009, respectively). RL children were significantly more proficient than UH and UL children in the strike and horizontal jump when comparing raw scores. Overall, boys performed significantly better than girls in the strike, stationary dribble, kick and leap when comparing raw scores (all p <0.001).Conclusions: This study reports high GMS proficiency in preschool-aged children across income settings in South Africa. The factors associated with higher GMS in low-income settings are not immediately obvious. Thus, future research should explore potential factors and identify opportunities to ensure that GMS proficiency is capitalised on as preschool-aged children enter formal schooling. (C) 2018 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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28.
  • Tomaz, Simone A., et al. (author)
  • Objectively Measured Physical Activity in South African Children Attending Preschool and Grade R : Volume, Patterns, and Meeting Guidelines
  • 2020
  • In: Pediatric Exercise Science. - : Human Kinetics. - 0899-8493 .- 1543-2920. ; 32:3, s. 150-156
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Purpose: To assess physical activity (PA) and determine the proportion of preschoolers meeting PA recommendations in different income settings in South Africa.Methods: Preschoolers from urban high-income (UH), urban low-income (UL), and rural low-income (RL) settings wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer for 7 days. PA variables of interest included volume moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) and total PA (light- to vigorous-intensity PA), hourly PA patterns, and percentage of children meeting guidelines (180 min/d of total PA, inclusive of 60 min/d of MVPA). Between-sex differences were assessed using t tests and Mann–Whitney U tests; between-setting differences assessed using 1-way analyses of variance and Kruskal–Wallis tests.Results: For all children (n = 229, aged 5.17 [0.69] y), average MVPA was 124.4 (37.5) minutes per day and total PA was 457.0 (61.1) minutes per day; 96.9% of children met guidelines. Boys did significantly more MVPA than girls (136.7 [39.37] vs 111.5 [30.70] min/d, P < .001), and UH preschoolers were significantly less active than UL and RL preschoolers (UH 409.1 [48.4] vs UL 471.1 [55.6] and RL 461.6 [61.4], P < .001).Conclusion: In both practice and research, it is necessary to explore ways to ensure that South African preschoolers from all income settings continue to engage in and benefit from healthy volumes of PA. This is especially important as preschoolers transition to a formal school environment.
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29.
  • BERNSTEIN, LA, et al. (author)
  • ONSET OF COLLECTIVITY IN NEUTRON-DEFICIENT PO-196,PO-198
  • 1995
  • In: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 52:2, s. 621-627
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • We have studied via in-beam gamma-ray spectroscopy Po-196 and Po-198, which are the first neutron-deficient Po isotopes to exhibit a collective low-lying structure. The ratios of yrast state energies and the E2 branching ratios of transitions from non-yrast to yrast states are indicative of a low-lying vibrational structure. The onset of collective motion in these isotopes can be attributed to the opening of the neutron i(13/2) orbital at N approximate to 112 and the resulting large overlap between the two valence protons in the h(9/2) orbital and the valence neutrons in the i(13/2) orbital.
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30.
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31.
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32.
  • Kariippanon, Katharina E., et al. (author)
  • Levels and Correlates of Objectively Measured Sedentary Behavior in Young Children : SUNRISE Study Results from 19 Countries
  • 2022
  • In: Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. - : Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. - 0195-9131 .- 1530-0315. ; 54:7, s. 1123-1130
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Purpose There is a paucity of global data on sedentary behavior during early childhood. The purpose of this study was to examine how device-measured sedentary behavior in young children differed across geographically, economically, and sociodemographically diverse populations, in an international sample. Methods This multinational, cross-sectional study included data from 1071 children 3-5 yr old from 19 countries, collected between 2018 and 2020 (pre-COVID). Sedentary behavior was measured for three consecutive days using activPAL accelerometers. Sedentary time, sedentary fragmentation, and seated transport duration were calculated. Linear mixed models were used to examine the differences in sedentary behavior variables between sex, country-level income groups, urban/rural settings, and population density. Results Children spent 56% (7.4 h) of their waking time sedentary. The longest average bout duration was 81.1 +/- 45.4 min, and an average of 61.1 +/- 50.1 min center dot d(-1) was spent in seated transport. Children from upper-middle-income and high-income countries spent a greater proportion of the day sedentary, accrued more sedentary bouts, had shorter breaks between sedentary bouts, and spent significantly more time in seated transport, compared with children from low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Sex and urban/rural residential setting were not associated with any outcomes. Higher population density was associated with several higher sedentary behavior measures. Conclusions These data advance our understanding of young childrens sedentary behavior patterns globally. Country income levels and population density appear to be stronger drivers of the observed differences, than sex or rural/urban residential setting.
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33.
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34.
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35.
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36.
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37.
  • Tomaz, Simone Annabella, et al. (author)
  • Physical activity in early childhood education and care settings in a low-income, rural South African community : an observational study
  • 2019
  • In: Rural and remote health. - : James Cook University. - 1445-6354. ; 19:4
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Introduction: Research has not been conducted on physical activity in early child education and care (ECEC) settings in low- income, rural communities in South Africa. This study aimed to describe the physical activity environment of these settings and identify child and contextual factors associated with physical activity in these settings. By understanding physical activity in this environment, it will be possible to identify context-specific opportunities, including with teachers, to overcome potential challenges and maximise physical activity in a low- and middle- income country setting. Methods: The study was conducted in rural Bushbuckridge, Mpumalanga in 2014. Preschool-aged children (n=55) were recruited from five ECEC settings, including three preschools and two primary schools, where preschool-aged children are in their reception year, grade R. Preschool environment characteristics were assessed using an observational tool adapted from existing tools. Children's physical activity was assessed using the Observational System for Recording Physical Activity in Children- Preschool Version. Differences between preschool and grade R settings were assessed using chi(2) analyses, and multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with physical activity in the ECEC settings. Results: The physical activity environment differed between preschool and grade R ECEC settings in terms of space (preschoolp<0.001) and fixed equipment (preschool>grade R, p<0.001). On average, children spent 28.7% of their day in the ECEC settings engaged in physical activity, of which 22.3% was moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Children spent the greatest proportion of the day in sedentary activities (69.9%) and this differed significantly between preschool (63.2%) and grade R children (81.3%, p< 0.001). Preschool children were significantly more active than grade R children, and spent greater proportions of time in light-intensity physical activity (8.6% v 2.7%, p<0.001) and MVPA (25.4% v 15.3%, p<0.001). Irrespective of ECEC setting, children were significantly more likely to participate in MVPA if they were outdoors (p=0.001), and significantly less likely to do MVPA if they were overweight/obese (p=0.006). Conclusion: These findings provide insight into child-level and contextual factors associated with preschool-aged children's physical activity within ECEC settings in a low-income, rural community in South Africa. Particularly, the physical and social features of ECEC settings are important in the promotion of physical activity. Findings from this study suggest that it is necessary to upskill and encourage teachers in ECEC settings to maximise opportunities for physical activity in rural low-income communities in South Africa.
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38.
  • Zeitlin, J, et al. (author)
  • Authors' reply to Page and Rafi
  • 2016
  • In: BMJ (Clinical research ed.). - : BMJ. - 1756-1833. ; 354, s. i4671-
  • Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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39.
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40.
  • Achcar, JA, et al. (author)
  • 25 years of applied statistics
  • 1998
  • In: JOURNAL OF APPLIED STATISTICS. - : CARFAX PUBL CO. - 0266-4763. ; 25:1, s. 3-22
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)
  •  
41.
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42.
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43.
  • Cederwall, Bo, et al. (author)
  • NEW OBLATE BAND IN HG-196 WITH QUENCHED M1 STRENGTH
  • 1993
  • In: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 47:6, s. R2443-R2446
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • High-spin states in the nucleUs Hg-196 were populated in the reaction (Os(Be,5n))-Os-192 at a beam energy of 65 MeV. A regular rotational-like DELTAI = 1 band has been observed up to an excitation energy of E* almost-equal-to 8.7 MeV and spin I almost-equal-to 30hBAR. This is the second observation of a band of this character in a mercury isotope. The experimental results are compared with mean field calculations and semiclassical estimates based on the Donau-Frauendorf formalism. The mercury bands show significantly lower B(M1)/B(E2) branching ratios as compared with similar bands in light lead nuclei. This difference may be more readily explained by a difference in single-particle structure rather than by large differences in deformation between the lead and mercury configurations.
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44.
  • Cederwall, Bo, et al. (author)
  • PROPERTIES OF SUPERDEFORMED BANDS IN DY-153
  • 1995
  • In: Physics Letters B. - : Elsevier BV. - 0370-2693 .- 1873-2445. ; 346:3-4, s. 244-250
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Two new superdeformed (SD) bands in Dy-153, in addition to the three previously observed, have been studied with the GAMMASPHERE detector array. Assignments to single-neutron orbits in the SD potential are made based on the band properties. Evidence for a band interaction at very high spins, possibly involving the first N = 7 proton intruder orbital, is observed in the strongest populated SD band. Furthermore, evidence far a Delta I = 2 staggering is also found in this SD band.
  •  
45.
  • Cook, Caylee J., et al. (author)
  • Associations of physical activity and gross motor skills with executive function in preschool children from low-income South African settings
  • 2019
  • In: Developmental Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 22:5, s. 1-13
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Executive function is foundational for cognitive development. Previous research has shown both gross motor skills and physical activity to be related to executive function. However, evidence for these relationships in the preschool years, as well as in low- and middle-income countries is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationships between components of executive function (inhibition, shifting and working memory) and gross motor skills (locomotor skills and object control skills) in a sample of preschool children from urban and rural low-income settings in South Africa. Results revealed that inhibition and working memory, but not shifting, were associated with gross motor skills. More specifically: inhibition was associated with both locomotor [beta = 0.20, p = 0.047] and object control skills [beta = 0.24, p = 0.024], whereas working memory was only associated with locomotor skills [beta = 0.21, p = 0.039]. Physical activity was not associated with inhibition and shifting but was negatively associated with working memory. These results elaborate a growing evidence base linking executive function and gross motor skills in the early years, and it is the first to look at specific associations of locomotor and object control skills with executive function in the South African context (a low- and middle-income country).
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46.
  • Draper, ES, et al. (author)
  • EPICE cohort: two-year neurodevelopmental outcomes after very preterm birth
  • 2020
  • In: Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. - : BMJ. - 1468-2052 .- 1359-2998. ; 105:4, s. F350-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • To determine whether the variation in neurodevelopmental disability rates between populations persists after adjustment for demographic, maternal and infant characteristics for an international very preterm (VPT) birth cohort using a standardised approach to neurodevelopmental assessment at 2 years of age.DesignProspective standardised cohort study.Setting15 regions in 10 European countries.PatientsVPT births: 22+0–31+6 weeks of gestation.Data collectionStandardised data collection tools relating to pregnancy, birth and neonatal care and developmental outcomes at 2 years corrected age using a validated parent completed questionnaire.Main outcome measuresCrude and standardised prevalence ratios calculated to compare rates of moderate to severe neurodevelopmental impairment between regions grouped by country using fixed effects models.ResultsParent reported rates of moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment for the cohort were: 17.3% (ranging 10.2%–26.1% between regions grouped by country) with crude standardised prevalence ratios ranging from 0.60 to 1.53. Adjustment for population, maternal and infant factors resulted in a small reduction in the overall variation (ranging from 0.65 to 1.30).ConclusionThere is wide variation in the rates of moderate to severe neurodevelopmental impairment for VPT cohorts across Europe, much of which persists following adjustment for known population, maternal and infant factors. Further work is needed to investigate whether other factors including quality of care and evidence-based practice have an effect on neurodevelopmental outcomes for these children.
  •  
47.
  • Dudhia, Jayesh, et al. (author)
  • Aging enhances a mechanically-induced reduction in tendon strength by an active process involving matrix metalloproteinase activity
  • 2007
  • In: Aging Cell. - : Wiley. - 1474-9726 .- 1474-9718. ; 6:4, s. 547-556
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Age-associated and degenerative loss of functional integrity in soft tissues develops from effects of cumulative and subtle changes in their extracellular matrix (ECM). The highly ordered tendon ECM provides the tissue with its tensile strength during loading. As age and exercise collude in the high incidence of tendinopathies, we hypothesized that aged tendons fail due to cumulative damage resulting from a combination of diminished matrix repair and fragmentation of ECM proteins induced by prolonged cyclical loading, and that this is an active cell-mediated process. We developed an equine tendon explant model to examine the effect of age on the influence of prolonged cyclical loading at physiologically relevant strain rates (5% strain, 1 Hz for 24 h) on tissue mechanical properties, loss of ECM protein and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. We show significantly diminished mechanical strength of cyclically loaded tissue compared to controls (39.7 +/- 12%, P <= 0.05) this reduction was dependent on the presence of both viable cells and metalloproteinase activity. Furthermore, tendon from older specimens was more susceptible to weakening (11-30 years, 50% P <= 0.05) compared to immature and young mature tissue (1-3 years, 34%; 4-10 years, 35%, respectively). Cyclical load also induced release of degraded cartilage oligomeric matrix protein, an integral ECM protein, an effect that could be mimicked by culture with fibronectin fragments. These findings indicate prolonged cyclical loading of physiological magnitude decreases tendon tensile strength by an active process, and that MMPs may contribute to loss of functional competence, exaggerated by age, via load-induced proteolytic disruption of the ECM.
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48.
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49.
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50.
  • El Rafei, R, et al. (author)
  • Postnatal growth restriction and neurodevelopment at 5 years of age: a European extremely preterm birth cohort study
  • 2023
  • In: Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition. - : BMJ. - 1468-2052 .- 1359-2998. ; 108:5, s. F492-F498
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • To investigate whether extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) during the neonatal hospitalisation by sex among extremely preterm (EPT) infants is associated with cerebral palsy (CP) and cognitive and motor abilities at 5 years of age.Study designPopulation-based cohort of births <28 weeks of gestation with data from obstetric and neonatal records and parental questionnaires and clinical assessments at 5 years of age.Setting11 European countries.Patients957 EPT infants born in 2011–2012.Main outcomesEUGR at discharge from the neonatal unit was defined as (1) the difference between Z-scores at birth and discharge with <−2 SD as severe, −2 to −1 SD as moderate using Fenton’s growth charts (Fenton) and (2) average weight-gain velocity using Patel’s formula in grams (g) per kilogram per day (Patel) with <11.2 g (first quartile) as severe, 11.2–12.5 g (median) as moderate. Five-year outcomes were: a CP diagnosis, intelligence quotient (IQ) using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence tests and motor function using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, second edition.Results40.1% and 33.9% children were classified as having moderate and severe EUGR, respectively, by Fenton and 23.8% and 26.3% by Patel. Among children without CP, those with severe EUGR had lower IQ than children without EUGR (−3.9 points, 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=−7.2 to −0.6 for Fenton and −5.0 points, 95% CI=−8.2 to −1.8 for Patel), with no interaction by sex. No significant associations were observed between motor function and CP.ConclusionsSevere EUGR among EPT infants was associated with decreased IQ at 5 years of age.
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