| 1. |
- Call, Elsa, et al.
(author)
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Museomics : Phylogenomics of the Moth Family Epicopeiidae (Lepidoptera) Using Target Enrichment
- 2021
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In: Insect Systematics and Diversity. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2399-3421. ; 5:2
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Billions of specimens can be found in natural history museum collections around the world, holding potential molecular secrets to be unveiled. Among them are intriguing specimens of rare families of moths that, while represented in morphology-based works, are only beginning to be included in genomic studies: Pseudobistonidae, Sematuridae, and Epicopeiidae. These three families are part of the superfamily Geometroidea, which has recently been defined based on molecular data. Here we chose to focus on these three moth families to explore the suitability of a genome reduction method, target enrichment (TE), on museum specimens. Through this method, we investigated the phylogenetic relationships of these families of Lepidoptera, in particular the family Epicopeiidae. We successfully sequenced 25 samples, collected between 1892 and 2001. We use 378 nuclear genes to reconstruct a phylogenetic hypothesis from the maximum likelihood analysis of a total of 36 different species, including 19 available transcriptomes. The hypothesis that Sematuridae is the sister group of Epicopeiidae + Pseudobistonidae had strong support. This study thus adds to the growing body of work, demonstrating that museum specimens can successfully contribute to molecular phylogenetic studies.
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| 2. |
- Espeland, Marianne, et al.
(author)
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A new species of Goera Stephens : 1829 (Goeridae Trichoptera) from the Solomon Islands
- 2011
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In: Aquatic Insects. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0165-0424 .- 1744-4152. ; 33:2, s. 185-189
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Male and female of Goera pitisopai sp. nov. from the Solomon Islands are illustrated and described based on recently collected material. This is the first species of the family Goeridae reported from the Solomon Islands, and the sixth from the Australasian region.
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| 3. |
- Espeland, Marianne, et al.
(author)
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Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)
- 2023
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In: Systematic Entomology. - 0307-6970. ; 48:4, s. 498-570
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The diverse, largely Neotropical subtribe Euptychiina is widely regarded as one of the most taxonomically challenging groups among all butterflies. Over the last two decades, morphological and molecular studies have revealed widespread paraphyly and polyphyly among genera, and a comprehensive, robust phylogenetic hypothesis is needed to build a firm generic classification to support ongoing taxonomic revisions at the species level. Here, we generated a dataset that includes sequences for up to nine nuclear genes and the mitochondrial COI ‘barcode’ for a total of 1280 specimens representing 449 described and undescribed species of Euptychiina and 39 out-groups, resulting in the most complete phylogeny for the subtribe to date. In combination with a recently developed genomic backbone tree, this dataset resulted in a topology with strong support for most branches. We recognize eight major clades that each contain two or more genera, together containing all but seven Euptychiina genera. We provide a summary of the taxonomy, diversity and natural history of each clade, and discuss taxonomic changes implied by the phylogenetic results. We describe nine new genera to accommodate 38 described species: Lazulina Willmott, Nakahara & Espeland, gen.n., Saurona Huertas & Willmott, gen.n., Argentaria Huertas & Willmott, gen.n., Taguaiba Freitas, Zacca & Siewert, gen.n., Xenovena Marín & Nakahara, gen.n., Deltaya Willmott, Nakahara & Espeland, gen.n., Modica Zacca, Casagrande & Willmott, gen.n., Occulta Nakahara & Willmott, gen.n., and Trico Nakahara & Espeland, gen.n. We also synonymize Nubila Viloria, Andrade & Henao, 2019 (syn.n.) with Splendeuptychia Forster, 1964, Macrocissia Viloria, Le Crom & Andrade, 2019 (syn.n.) with Satyrotaygetis Forster, 1964, and Rudyphthimoides Viloria, 2022 (syn.n.) with Malaveria Viloria & Benmesbah, 2020. Overall, we revised the generic placement of 79 species (74 new generic combinations and five revised combinations), and as a result all but six described species of Euptychiina are accommodated within 70 named, monophyletic genera. For all newly described genera, we provide illustrations of representative species, drawings of wing venation and male and (where possible) female genitalia, and distribution maps, and summarize the natural history of the genus. For three new monotypic genera, Occulta gen.n., Trico gen.n. and Xenovena gen.n. we provide a taxonomic revision with a review of the taxonomy of each species and data from examined specimens. We provide a revised synonymic list for Euptychiina containing 460 valid described species, 53 subspecies and 255 synonyms, including several new synonyms and reinstated species.
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| 4. |
- Espeland, Marianne, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Dichlorvos exposure impedes extraction and amplification of DNA from insects in museum collections
- 2010
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In: Frontiers in Zoology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1742-9994. ; 7:2, s. 1-8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The insecticides dichlorvos, paradichlorobenzene and naphthalene have been commonly used to eradicate pest insects from natural history collections. However, it is not known how these chemicals affect the DNA of the specimens in the collections. We thus tested the effect of dichlorvos, paradichlorobenzene and naphthalene on DNA of insects (Musca domestica) by extracting and amplifying DNA from specimens exposed to insecticides in two different concentrations over increasing time intervals. Results: The results clearly show that dichlorvos impedes both extraction and amplification of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA after relatively short time, whereas paradichlorobenzene and naphthalene do not. Conclusion: Collections treated with paradichlorobenzene and naphthalene, are better preserved concerning DNA, than those treated with dichlorvos. Non toxic pest control methods should, however, be preferred due to physical damage of specimens and putative health risks by chemicals.
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| 5. |
- Espeland, Marianne, 1981-
(author)
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Diversification on an ancient Darwinian island : Evolutionary history of caddisflies (Trichoptera) and other organisms on New Caledonia
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Islands are either of continental or oceanic origin, and the biota of such islands are a result of vicariance and dispersal, respectively. New Caledonia, in the South Pacific, is a part of former Gondwana, but the origin of its biota is heavily debated. Geological studies show that the island was submerged in the Eocene, and that oceanic crust was obducted onto New Caledonia leaving a thick layer of ultramafic rocks on top of the island. We tested the null hypothesis that New Caledonian biota are a result of old Gondwanan vicariance by fitting diversification models on phylogenies from the literature and calculating the gamma statistic. According to the null hypothesis diversification is gradual over time. If on the other hand the biota are a result of recent dispersal or have survived in refugia we would expect slowing of diversification over time. Based on our results we can reject the null hypothesis of old vicariance for the New Caledonian biota. The caddisfly (Trichoptera) fauna on New Caledonia is exceptionally rich with around 600 species, and more than 99.9% are endemic. Molecular phylogenetic hypotheses for three monophyletic caddisfly radiations, Xanthochorema, Caledopsyche et al. and Agmina, are presented. Age estimates agrees with the geological evidence. Three new species of Xanthochorema are described and more than 63% of the Agmina species are new to science. The ultramafic rock substrate, with high heavy metal concentration, has led to high levels of plant adaptation on New Caledonia. We show that caddisflies adapted early to this substrate and subsequently dispersed to non-ultramafic substrate several times, with significantly fewer dispersal events back to the toxic substrate, indicating that adaptation to ultramafic substrate is required and recolonization is difficult when this adaptation has been lost. Ultramafic substrate and other environmental factors have been important in driving the diversification of New Caledonian caddisflies.
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| 6. |
- Espeland, Marianne, et al.
(author)
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Diversity dynamics in New Caledonia : towards the end of the museum model?
- 2011
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In: BMC Evolutionary Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2148. ; 11, s. 254-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The high diversity of New Caledonia has traditionally been seen as a result of its Gondwanan origin, old age and long isolation under stable climatic conditions (the museum model). Under this scenario, we would expect species diversification to follow a constant rate model. Alternatively, if New Caledonia was completely submerged after its breakup from Gondwana, as geological evidence indicates, we would expect species diversification to show a characteristic slowdown over time according to a diversity-dependent model where species accumulation decreases as space is filled. Results: We reanalyze available datasets for New Caledonia and reconstruct the phylogenies using standardized methodologies; we use two ultrametrization alternatives; and we take into account phylogenetic uncertainty as well as incomplete taxon sampling when conducting diversification rate constancy tests. Our results indicate that for 8 of the 9 available phylogenies, there is significant evidence for a diversification slowdown. For the youngest group under investigation, the apparent lack of evidence of a significant slowdown could be because we are still observing the early phase of a logistic growth (i.e. the clade may be too young to exhibit a change in diversification rates). Conclusions: Our results are consistent with a diversity-dependent model of diversification in New Caledonia. In opposition to the museum model, our results provide additional evidence that original New Caledonian biodiversity was wiped out during the episode of submersion, providing an open and empty space facilitating evolutionary radiations.
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| 7. |
- Espeland, Marianne, et al.
(author)
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Early Xanthochorema (Trichoptera, Insecta) radiations in New Caledonia originated on ultrabasic rocks.
- 2008
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In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. - : Elsevier BV. - 1055-7903 .- 1095-9513. ; 48:3, s. 904-17
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The toxic and nutrient poor ultrabasic rock substrate covering one-third of New Caledonia greatly influenced on the biogeography and diversity of plants in the island. Studies on the effect of ultrabasic substrate on fauna are almost entirely absent. In this paper we examine whether the diversification of Trichoptera of the New Caledonian endemic genus Xanthochorema Kimmins, 1953 was related to the presence of ultrabasic substrate. The analysis is based on data from a phylogeny derived from DNA sequences of mitochondrial COX1, COX2 and 16S, and nuclear EF1a genes. The study of the relationships between ancestral species and substrate was carried out using dispersal-vicariance analysis and tracing the history of substrate association with ultrabasic and non-ultrabasic distributions representing the terminals in the fully resolved phylogenetic tree. Our results show that (1) the ancestor of all Xanthochorema species was present on ultrabasic substrate, (2) early speciation events were restricted to ultrabasic substrate, (3) younger ancestral species dispersed into non-ultrabasic substrates, and (4) late speciation events were restricted to non-ultrabasic substrate. These results correspond to the hypothesis that New Caledonia once was more extensively covered by ultrabasic rocks than at present.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Espeland, Marianne, et al.
(author)
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The diversity and radiation of the largest monophyletic animal group on New Caledonia (Trichoptera: Ecnomidae: Agmina)
- 2010
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In: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - : Wiley. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 23:10, s. 2112-2122
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In area, New Caledonia is the smallest of the world's 25 official biodiversity hotspots, but in many taxonomic groups, the island has the highest concentration of species on earth, particularly so in the freshwater insect order Trichoptera. This study aims at applying molecular data and morphology for estimating the real species diversity of the genus Agmina on New Caledonia and investigating potential effects of ultramafic rock substrate on diversification. A dated molecular phylogeny was applied to study diversity and diversification related to geological substrate using the dispersal-extinction-cladogenesis model, diva and Bayesian ancestral character reconstruction. More than 47 species (> 63%) were unknown to science. Initial radiation occurred on ultramafic substrate followed by several independent dispersal events to nonultramafic substrate. The rate of shift from ultramafic to nonultramafic substrate was significantly higher than the rate of shift in the opposite direction, indicating a possible cost associated with living on ultramafic substrate.
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| 12. |
- Espeland, Marianne, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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The effect of environmental diversification on species diversification in New Caledonian caddisflies (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae)
- 2010
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In: Journal of Biogeography. - : Wiley. - 0305-0270 .- 1365-2699. ; 37:5, s. 879-890
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim To test whether environmental diversification played a role in the diversification of the New Caledonian Hydropsychinae caddisflies. Location New Caledonia, south-west Pacific. Methods The phylogeny of the New Caledonian Hydropsychinae caddisflies was hypothesized using parsimony and Bayesian methods on molecular characters. The Bayesian analysis was the basis for a comparative analysis of the correlation between phylogeny and three environmental factors: geological substrate (ultrabasic, non-ultrabasic), elevation and precipitation. Phylogenetic divergence times were estimated using a relaxed clock method, and environmental factors were mapped onto a lineage-through-time plot to investigate the timing of environmental diversification in relation to species radiation. The correlation between rainfall and elevation was tested using independent contrasts, and the gamma statistic was calculated to infer the diversification pattern of the group. Results The diversification of extant Orthopsyche–Caledopsyche species began in the Middle–Late Oligocene, when much of the island of New Caledonia was covered by ultrabasic substrate and mountain forming was prevalent. Most lineages originated in the Middle–Late Miocene, a period associated with long-term climate oscillation. Optimization of environmental factors on the phylogeny demonstrated that the New Caledonian Hydropsychinae group adapted to ultrabasic substrate early in its evolutionary history. The clade living mostly on ultrabasic substrate was far more species-rich than the clade living mostly on non-ultrabasic substrate. Elevation and rainfall were significantly correlated with each other. The lineage-through-time plot revealed that the main environmental diversification preceded species diversification. A constant speciation through time was rejected, and the negative gamma indicates that most of the diversification occurred early in the history of the clade. According to the inferred phylogeny, the genus Orthopsyche McFarlane is a synonym under Caledopsyche Kimmins, and Abacaria caledona Oláh & Barnard should also be included in Caledopsyche. Main conclusions The age of the radiation does not support a vicariance origin of New Caledonian Hydropsychinae caddisflies. Environmental diversification pre-dates lineage diversification, and thus environmental heterogeneity potentially played a role in the diversification of the group, by providing a variety of fragmented habitats to disperse into, promoting speciation. The negative gamma indicates that the speciation rate slowed as niches started to fill.
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| 13. |
- Johanson, Kjell Arne, et al.
(author)
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Description of new Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) species from the Solomon Islands
- 2010
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In: Zootaxa. - 1175-5326 .- 1175-5334. ; :2638, s. 25-43
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nine new species of Chimarra (Philopotamidae) are described from the Solomon Islands. Chimarra maculata, C. veveensis, C. babarensis, and C. ventrospina are described from Kolombangara Island; and C. talinensis, C. kolombangensis, C. vitapinensis, C. solomonensis, and C. rosavensis were described from both Guadalcanal Island and Kolombangara Island. Chimarra biramosa Kimmins was collected from both Kolombangara Island and Guadalcanal Island.
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| 14. |
- Johanson, Kjell Arne, 1966-, et al.
(author)
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Molecular phylogeny of Sericostomatoidea(Trichoptera) with the establishment of three newfamilies
- 2017
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In: Systematic Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6970 .- 1365-3113. ; 42, s. 240-266
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We inferred the phylogenetic relationships among 58 genera of Sericostom-atoidea, representing all previously accepted families as well as genera that were notplaced in established families. The analyses were based on ve fragments of the proteincoding genes carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPSase of CAD), isocitrate dehydroge-nase (IDH), Elongation factor 1a (EF-1a), RNA polymerase II (POL II) and cytochromeoxidase I (COI). The data set was analysed using Bayesian methods with a mixedmodel, , and parsimony. The various methods generated slightly different resultsregarding relationships among families, but the shared results comprise support for: (i)a monophyletic Sericostomatoidea; (ii) a paraphyletic Parasericostoma due to inclusionof Myotrichia murina, leading to synonymization of Myotrichia with Parasericostoma;(iii) a polyphyletic Sericostomatidae, which is divided into two families, Sericostom-atidae sensu stricto and Parasericostomatidae fam.n.; (iv) a polyphyletic Helicophidaewhich is divided into Helicophidae sensu stricto and Heloccabucidae fam.n.; ( v) hypoth-esized phylogenetic placement of the former incerta sedis genera Ngoya, Seselpsycheand Karomana; (vi) a paraphyletic Costora (Conoesucidae) that should be divided intoseveral genera after more careful examination of morphological data; (vii) reinstatementof Gyrocarisa as a valid genus within Petrothrincidae. A third family, Ceylanopsychi-dae fam.n., is established based on morphological characters alone. A hypothesis ofthe relationship among 14 of the 15 families in the superfamily is presented. A key tothe families is presented based on adults (males). Taxonomic history, diagnosis, habitatpreference and distribution data for all sericostomatoid families are presented.
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| 15. |
- Johanson, Kjell Arne, et al.
(author)
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Phylogeny of the Ecnomidae (Insecta: Trichoptera)
- 2010
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In: Cladistics. - : Wiley. - 0748-3007 .- 1096-0031. ; 26:1, s. 36-48
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ecnomidae are a family of seven previously accepted extant genera having a typical Gondwanan distribution, except one genus (Ecnomus) being widely distributed also in the Oriental and Palearctic regions. We analysed a molecular data set of 3379 characters representing the sum of four different protein-coding genes (COI, CAD, EF-1a and POL-II). Six equally most parsimonious trees were generated from the combined data set, distributed into two distinct islands. In all maximum parsimony (MP) trees the Ecnomidae is monophyletic when the genus Zelandoptila (Psychomyiidae) is included. The sister group to Ecnomidae including Zelandoptila is Pseudoneureclipsis, previously classified in the other families. This sister-group relationship contradicts earlier findings that the Polycentropodidae are the sister group to Ecnomidae. A Bayesian analysis resulted in a monophyletic Ecnomidae when accepting inclusion of Pseudoneureclipsis, which contradicts the results from the MP analysis by leaving Zelandoptila as the sister group to Ecnomidae including Pseudoneureclipsis. In the majority rule tree from this analysis Polycentropodidae form the sister group to Ecnomidae. We were not able to obtain a monophyletic Ecnomus due to the inclusion of Psychomyillodes. We conclude that the genus Zelandoptila or Pseudoneureclipsis probably belongs to the Ecnomidae, and that Psychomyiellodes and Ecnomus are synonyms. Three additional, as yet undescribed monotypic genera from Australia and New Caledonia remain to be erected in Ecnomidae.
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| 16. |
- Johanson, Kjell Arne, et al.
(author)
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The Trichoptera of Vanuatu
- 2011
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In: Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. - : Wiley. - 0012-0073 .- 1435-1951. ; 58:2, s. 279-320
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Trichoptera diversity of Vanuatu is reviewed based on earlier and recently collected material. Altogether, 20 species in 12 genera and 8 families are now recognized for the country, of which 12 species are described as new to science in the families Hydrobiosidae (1 species), Hydroptilidae (5 species), Philopotamidae (3 species) and Leptoceridae (3 species). The previously known species from Vanuatu are re-described with illustrations and photographs. A key to adults of the Trichoptera fauna of Vanuatu is provided.
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| 17. |
- Mayer, Christoph, et al.
(author)
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Adding leaves to the Lepidoptera tree : capturing hundreds of nuclear genes from old museum specimens
- 2021
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In: Systematic Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6970 .- 1365-3113. ; 46:3, s. 649-671
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Museum collections around the world contain billions of specimens, including rare and extinct species. If their genetic information could be retrieved at a large scale, this would dramatically increase our knowledge of genetic and taxonomic diversity information, and support evolutionary, ecological and systematic studies. We here present a target enrichment kit for 2953 loci in 1753 orthologous nuclear genes + the barcoding region of cytochrome C oxidase 1, for Lepidoptera and demonstrate its utility to obtain a large number of nuclear loci from dry, pinned museum material collected from 1892 to 2017. We sequenced enriched libraries of 37 museum specimens across the order Lepidoptera, many from higher taxa not yet included in high-throughput molecular studies, showing that our kit can be used to generate comparable data across the order, and provides resolution both for shallower and deeper nodes. The filtered datasets (172 taxa, 234 464 amino acid positions and corresponding nucleotides from 1835 CDS regions) were used to infer a phylogeny of Lepidoptera, which is largely congruent in topology to recent phylogenomic studies, but with the addition of some key taxa. We furthermore present our TEnriAn (Target Enrichment Analysis) workflow for processing and combining target enrichment, transcriptomic and genomic data.
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| 18. |
- Podsiadlowski, Lars, et al.
(author)
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The Genome Assembly and Annotation of the Apollo Butterfly Parnassius apollo, a Flagship Species for Conservation Biology
- 2021
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In: Genome Biology and Evolution. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1759-6653. ; 13:8
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Conservation genomics has made dramatic improvements over the past decade, leveraging the power of genomes to infer diverse parameters central to conservation management questions. However, much of this effort has focused upon vertebrate species, despite insects providing similar flagship status with the added benefit of smaller genomes, shorter generation times and extensive historical collections in museums. Here we present the genome of the Apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo, Papilionidae), an iconic endangered butterfly, which like many species in this genus, needs conservation genomic attention yet lacks a genome. Using 68.7 Gb of long -read data (N50 = 15.2 kb) we assembled a 1.4 Gb genome for the Apollo butterfly, making this the largest sequenced Lepidopteran genome to date. The assembly was highly contiguous (N50 = 7.1 Mb) and complete (97% of Lepidopteran BUSCOs were single-copy and complete) and consisted of 1,707 contigs. Using RNAseq data and Arthropoda proteins, we annotated 28.3K genes. Alignment with the closest-related chromosome-level assembly, Papilio bianor, reveals a highly conserved chromosomal organization, albeit genome size is highly expanded in the Apollo butterfly, due primarily to a dramatic increase in repetitive element content. Using this alignment for superscaffolding places the P. apollo genome in to 31 chromosomal scaffolds, and together with our functional annotation, provides an essential resource for advancing conservation genomics in a flagship species for insect conservation.
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| 19. |
- Pyrcz, Tomasz Wilhelm, et al.
(author)
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A new genus in the diverse Andean Pedaliodes complex uncovered using target enrichment (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
- 2023
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In: Systematic Entomology. - : Wiley. - 0307-6970 .- 1365-3113. ; 48:1, s. 163-177
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A new genus of Neotropical Satyrinae butterflies, Viloriodes Pyrcz & Espeland gen. n. is described in the Pedaliodes Butler complex comprising 11–13 genera and more than 400 species. Support for the new genus is provided by a phylogenetic analysis based on target enrichment (TE) data including 618 nuclear loci with a total of 248,940 nucleotides, and the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI). Five species, whose DNA sequences were obtained by TE during this study, form a strongly supported clade sister to the large clade comprising Pedaliodes and four other genera. Complementary COI analysis confirms the monophyly of Viloriodes gen. n., with the above five plus eight other species clustering in highly supported clades in both Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood analyses, and a TE + COI concatenated tree. Based on molecular and morphological data, 30 species are assigned to Viloriodes gen. n. The new genus can be recognized by a set of subtle morphological characteristics of colour patterns and male and female genitalia. An analysis of divergence times indicates that Viloriodes gen. n. and Steromapedaliodes Forster separated around 5.9 Mya. Viloriodes gen. n. has a wider geographic distribution than any other genus of the Pedaliodes complex, being found from central Mexico to northern Argentina and to the Guyana Shield, typically occurring at lower elevations than Pedaliodes.
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| 20. |
- Pyrcz, Tomasz W., et al.
(author)
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Diversity and relationships between Andean shrubland puna butterflies in the genus Punargentus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)
- 2023
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In: European Journal of Entomology. - 1210-5759. ; 120, s. 324-337
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two new species and two new subspecies of the satyrine butterfly genus Punargentus Heimlich, P. atusparia sp. n., P. heimlichi sp. n., P. blanchardi libertas ssp. n. and P. atusparia yupania ssp. n., are described from north-central Peru (Ancash, Huánuco and La Libertad). The affinities of the new taxa are evaluated based on molecular data obtained using target enrichment and COI barcoding. Punargentus is fully supported and consists of two branches, the P. lamna clade with four species and P. blanchardi clade with three species, two of which are described here. Species in the P. blanchardi clade occur in Andean shrubland, at altitudes between 2800–3600 m, whereas those in the P. lamna clade occur in puna grassland at 3600–4600 m, with occasional overlaps. Based on their habitat preferences, none of the newly described species are in need of immediate conservation measures. The genus Etcheverrius Herrera is reinstated, with E. chiliensis (Guérin-Méneville) and E. tandilensis (Köhler), comb. n.
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| 21. |
- Wahlberg, Emma, et al.
(author)
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Seven new species of Chimarra (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from Malawi
- 2014
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In: Zootaxa. - : Magnolia Press. - 1175-5326 .- 1175-5334. ; 3796:3, s. 579-593
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- For the first time species of caddisflies in the genus Chimarra Stephens 1829 are reported from Malawi. The following new species are described: Chimarra zombaensis, C. flaviseta, C. chichewa, C. circumverta, C. mulanjae, C. psittacus and C. calidopectoris. The descriptions add to the knowledge of Afrotropical diversity in the order Trichoptera.
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