| 1. |
- Allegrini, Andrea G, et al.
(author)
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Gene × Environment contributions to autonomic stress reactivity in youth
- 2019
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In: Development and psychopathology (Print). - : Cambridge University Press. - 0954-5794 .- 1469-2198. ; 31:1, s. 293-307
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Dysregulated physiological stress reactivity has been suggested to impact the development of children and adolescents with important health consequences throughout the life span. Both environmental adversity and genetic predispositions can lead to physiological imbalances in stress systems, which in turn lead to developmental differences. We investigated genetic and environmental contributions to autonomic nervous system reactivity to a psychosocial stressor. Furthermore, we tested whether these effects were consistent with the differential susceptibility framework. Composite measures of adverse life events combined with socioeconomic status were constructed. Effects of these adversity scores in interaction with a polygenic score summarizing six genetic variants, which were hypothesized to work as susceptibility factors, were tested on autonomic nervous system measures as indexed by heart rate and heart rate variability. Results showed that carriers of more genetic variants and exposed to high adversity manifested enhanced heart rate variability reactivity to a psychosocial stressor compared to carriers of fewer genetic variants. Conversely, the stress procedure elicited a more moderate response in these individuals compared to carriers of fewer variants when adversity was low.
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| 2. |
- Arnison, Tor, Filosofie doktor, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Adolescent girls' musculoskeletal pain is more affected by insomnia than boys', and through different psychological pathways
- 2024
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In: Journal of Pain. - : Elsevier. - 1526-5900 .- 1528-8447.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prior research has established that insomnia is predctive of pain in adolescents and that psychological mechanisms have a crucial role in this relationship. Adolescent girls report more insomnia and pain than boys, yet little is known of gender differences in how insomnia influences pain. This study assessed gender differences in levels and trajectories of insomnia and pain during adolescence, and whether rumination and negative mood mediated the effect of insomnia on pain. Longitudinal survey data measured on 5 annual occasions (Nbaseline = 2,767) were analyzed in a multigroup longitudinal serial mediation model. A final model was generated with insomnia as the predictor, rumination and depressed mood as mediators, pain as the outcome, and gender the grouping variable. The results showed that insomnia predicted pain in adolescents, with an effect 3.5 times larger in girls than boys. Depressed mood was the main mediator in boys. In girls, rumination was the only significant mediator. There were significant gender differences in the effects of insomnia on rumination and pain, and in the effects of rumination on depressed mood and pain, with stronger effects in girls. These results highlight that girls and boys should be considered separately when studying the relationship between insomnia and pain. PERSPECTIVE: Levels of insomnia and pain are progressively higher in adolescent girls than boys, across adolescence. The predictive strength of insomnia symptoms for future pain is 3.5 times greater in girls, with distinct gender-specific underlying pathways: rumination partially mediates this effect in girls, while depressed mood does so in boys.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Bertoldi, Bridget M., et al.
(author)
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Relationship between resting heart rate and law enforcement involvement : The moderating role of socioeconomic status in a sample of urban youth
- 2022
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In: Journal of criminal justice. - : Elsevier. - 0047-2352 .- 1873-6203. ; 82
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: Resting heart rate (RHR) is a well-established biological risk factor for criminal behavior. However, potential moderating effects of social risk factors like socioeconomic status on this relationship remain unclear. The current study sought to clarify the moderating impact of socioeconomic status on the relation between low RHR in childhood and adolescence and subsequent legal system involvement by young adulthood.Methods: A subset of twins and triplets from the Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior (RFAB) project (N = 347) were utilized to test hypotheses. Logistic regression analyses were performed to test for a moderating effect of socioeconomic status on the relationship between RHR and later law enforcement involvement (trouble with police, arrest).Results: Resting HR and SES were individually associated with an increased likelihood of being in trouble with the police and being arrested. In addition, RHR and SES in adolescence interacted to predict trouble with the police and arrest history by young adulthood, such that low RHR predicted these outcomes among adolescents who remained in low SES backgrounds.Conclusions: Adolescents who remain in low socioeconomic backgrounds from childhood will be a particularly important group to target in terms of treatment efforts to prevent criminal behavior.
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| 5. |
- Euser, Anja S, et al.
(author)
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Blunted feedback processing during risky decision making in adolescents with a parental history of substance use disorders
- 2013
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In: Development and psychopathology (Print). - : Cambridge University Press. - 0954-5794 .- 1469-2198. ; 25:4 Pt 1, s. 1119-1136
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Risky decision making, a hallmark phenotype of substance use disorders (SUD), is thought to be associated with deficient feedback processing. Whether these aberrations are present prior to SUD onset or reflect merely a consequence of chronic substance use on the brain remains unclear. The present study investigated whether blunted feedback processing during risky decision making reflects a biological predisposition to SUD. We assessed event-related potentials elicited by positive and negative feedback during performance of a modified version of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) among high-risk adolescents with a parental history of SUD (HR; n = 61) and normal-risk controls (NR; n = 91). HR males made significantly more risky and faster decisions during the BART than did NR controls. Moreover, HR adolescents showed significantly reduced P300 amplitudes in response to both positive and negative feedback as compared to NR controls. These differences were not secondary to prolonged substance use exposure. Results are discussed in terms of feedback-specific processes. Reduced P300 amplitudes in the BART may reflect poor processing of feedback at the level of overall salience, which may keep people from effectively predicting the probability of future gains and losses. Though conclusions are tentative, blunted feedback processing during risky decision making may represent a promising endophenotypic vulnerability marker for SUD.
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| 6. |
- Euser, Anja S, et al.
(author)
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Diminished error-related brain activity as a promising endophenotype for substance-use disorders : evidence from high-risk offspring
- 2013
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In: Addiction Biology. - : Routledge. - 1355-6215 .- 1369-1600. ; 18:6, s. 970-984
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- One of the core features of individuals with a substance-use disorder (SUD) is the reduced ability to successfully process errors and monitor performance, as reflected by diminished error-related negativities (ERN). However, whether these error-related brain abnormalities are caused by chronic substance use or rather predates it remains unclear. The present study elucidated whether hypoactive performance monitoring represents an endophenotypic vulnerability marker for SUD by using a high-risk paradigm. We assessed the behavioral components of error-processing, as well as the amplitude of the ERN in the event-related brain potential (ERP) during performance of the Eriksen Flanker Task among high-risk adolescents of parents with a SUD (HR; n = 28) and normal-risk controls (NR; n = 40). Results revealed that HR offspring were characterized by a higher prevalence of internalizing symptoms and more frequent cannabis use, the latter having a significant influence on the ERN. Interestingly, risk group uniquely predicted the negativity amplitude in response to error trials above and beyond confounding variables. Moreover, we found evidence of smaller ERN amplitudes in (cannabis use-naïve) HR offspring, reflecting impaired early processing of error information and suboptimal performance monitoring, whereas no robust group differences were found for overall behavioral performance. This effect was independent of an overall reduction in brain activity. Taken together, although we cannot rule out alternative explanations, the results of our study may provide evidence for the idea that diminished error-processing represents a promising endophenotype for SUD that may indicate a vulnerability to the disorder.
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| 7. |
- Euser, Anja S, et al.
(author)
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Multifactorial determinants of target and novelty-evoked P300 amplitudes in children of addicted parents
- 2013
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In: PLOS ONE. - : PLOS. - 1932-6203. ; 8:11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Although P300 amplitude reductions constitute a persistent finding in children of addicted parents, relatively little is known about the specificity of this finding. The major aim of this study was to investigate the association between parental rearing, adverse life events, stress-reactivity, substance use and psychopathology on the one hand, and P300 amplitude in response to both target and novel distracter stimuli on the other hand. Moreover, we assessed whether risk group status (i.e., having a parental history of Substance Use Disorders [SUD]) uniquely contributed to P300 amplitude variation above and beyond these other variables.METHODS: Event-related potentials were recorded in high-risk adolescents with a parental history of SUD (HR;n=80) and normal-risk controls (NR;n=100) while performing a visual Novelty Oddball paradigm. Stress-evoked cortisol levels were assessed and parenting, life adversities, substance use and psychopathology were examined by using self-reports.RESULTS: HR adolescents displayed smaller P300 amplitudes in response to novel- and to target stimuli than NR controls, while the latter only approached significance. Interestingly, the effect of having a parental history of SUD on target-P300 disappeared when all other variables were taken into account. Externalizing problem behavior was a powerful predictor of target-P300. In contrast, risk group status uniquely predicted novelty-P300 amplitude reductions above and beyond all other factors.CONCLUSION: Overall, the present findings suggest that the P300 amplitude reduction to novel stimuli might be a more specific endophenotype for SUD than the target-P300 amplitude. This pattern of results underscores the importance of conducting multifactorial assessments when examining important cognitive processes in at-risk adolescents.
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| 8. |
- Euser, Anja S, et al.
(author)
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Parental rearing behavior prospectively predicts adolescents' risky decision-making and feedback-related electrical brain activity
- 2013
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In: Developmental Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 16:3, s. 409-427
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study examined the role of parental rearing behavior in adolescents' risky decision-making and the brain's feedback processing mechanisms. Healthy adolescent participants (n = 110) completed the EMBU-C, a self-report questionnaire on perceived parental rearing behaviors between 2006 and 2008 (T1). Subsequently, after an average of 3.5 years, we assessed (a) risky decision-making during performance of the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART); (b) event-related brain potentials (ERPs) elicited by positive (gain) and negative feedback (loss) during the BART; and (c) self-reported substance use behavior (T2). Age-corrected regression analyses showed that parental rejection at T1 accounted for a unique and significant proportion of the variance in risk-taking during the BART; the more adolescents perceived their parents as rejecting, the more risky decisions were made. Higher levels of perceived emotional warmth predicted increased P300 amplitudes in response to positive feedback at T2. Moreover, these larger P300 amplitudes (gain) significantly predicted risky decision-making during the BART. Parental rearing behaviors during childhood thus seem to be significant predictors of both behavioral and electrophysiological indices of risky decision-making in adolescence several years later. This is in keeping with the notion that environmental factors such as parental rearing are important in explaining adolescents' risk-taking propensities.
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| 9. |
- Euser, Anja S, et al.
(author)
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The P300 event-related brain potential as a neurobiological endophenotype for substance use disorders : a meta-analytic investigation
- 2012
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In: Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. - : Pergamon Press. - 0149-7634 .- 1873-7528. ; 36:1, s. 572-603
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Endophenotypes are intermediate phenotypes on the putative causal pathway from genotype to phenotype and can aid in discovering the genetic etiology of a disorder. There are currently very few suitable endophenotypes available for substance use disorders (SUD). The amplitude of the P300 event-related brain potential is a possible candidate. The present study determined whether the P300 amplitude fulfils two fundamental criteria for an endophenotype: (1) an association with the disorder (disease marker), and (2) presence in unaffected biological relatives of those who have the disorder (vulnerability marker). For this purpose, two separate meta-analyses were performed. Meta-analysis 1 investigated the P300 amplitude in relation to SUD in 39 studies and Meta-analysis 2 investigated P300 amplitude in relation to a family history (FH+) of SUD in 35 studies. The findings indicate that a reduced P300 amplitude is significantly associated with SUD (d=0.51) and, though to a lesser extent, with a FH+ of SUD (d=0.28). As a disease maker, the association between reduced P300 amplitude and SUD is significantly larger for participants that were exclusively recruited from treatment facilities (d=0.67) than by other methods (i.e., community samples and family studies; d=0.45 and 0.32, respectively), and larger for abstinent SUD patients (d=0.71) than for current substance users (d=0.37). Furthermore, in contrast to FH+ males, a P300 amplitude reduction seems not to be present in FH+ females (d=-0.07). Taken together, these results suggest that P300 amplitude reduction can be both a useful disease and vulnerability marker and is a promising neurobiological endophenotype for SUD, though only in males. Implications and future directions are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Evans, Brittany, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Blunted Heart Rate Response as a Potential Endophenotype of Substance Use Disorders : Evidence from High-Risk Youth
- 2015
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In: Frontiers in Pediatrics. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2360. ; 3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Children of parents with a substance use disorder (CPSUD) are at increased risk for developing problematic substance use later in life. Endophenotypes may help to clarify the mechanism behind this increased risk. However, substance use and externalizing symptoms may confound the relation between dysregulated physiological stress responding and familial risk for substance use disorders (SUDs).METHODS: We examined whether heart rate (HR) responses differed between CPSUDs and controls. Participants (aged 11-20 years) were CPSUDs (N = 75) and controls (N = 363), semi-matched on the basis of sex, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity. HR was measured continuously during a psychosocial stress procedure. Substance use and externalizing symptoms were self-reported and mother-reported, respectively.RESULTS: A piecewise, mixed-effects model was fit for HR across the stress procedure, with fixed effects for HR reactivity and HR recovery. CPSUDs showed a blunted HR recovery. CPSUDs reported drinking more frequently, were more likely to use tobacco daily, were more likely to report ever use of cannabis and used cannabis more frequently, and exhibited more externalizing symptoms. These variables did not confound the relation between familial risk for SUDs and a blunted HR recovery.CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest dysregulated autonomic nervous system (ANS) responding in CPSUDs and contribute to the accumulating evidence for ANS dysregulation as a potential endophenotype for SUDs.
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| 11. |
- Evans, Brittany E, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Alcohol and tobacco use and heart rate reactivity to a psychosocial stressor in an adolescent population
- 2012
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In: Drug And Alcohol Dependence. - : Elsevier. - 0376-8716 .- 1879-0046. ; 126:3, s. 296-303
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Few studies have investigated physiological stress (re)activity in relation to substance use, especially in adolescents. Using substances is one way to stimulate physiological arousal, therefore inherent hypo-arousal may be associated with substance use in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity with alcohol and tobacco use in adolescents.METHODS: ANS activity and perceived stress during a social stress procedure were examined in relation to substance use. 275 Dutch adolescents from a general population study provided complete data. Heart rate was recorded continuously during a pre-task rest period, a stressful task period and a post-task recovery period. Alcohol and tobacco use were self-reported.RESULTS: Adolescents who consumed a medium and high number of alcoholic drinks per week (more than two) exhibited lower heart rates during the entire stress procedure as compared to those who consumed a low number of alcoholic drinks. Adolescents who smoked every day portrayed blunted heart rate reactivity to stress as compared to adolescents who smoked less frequently or not at all. Perceived stress was not related to alcohol or tobacco use.CONCLUSIONS: Overall lower heart rate in adolescents who drank more and blunted heart rate reactivity to stress in those who used tobacco every day may indicate inherent hypo-arousal of the ANS system in those vulnerable to use substances more often. These adolescents may actively seek out substances in order to achieve a more normalized state of arousal.
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| 12. |
- Evans, Brittany E, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Cortisol levels in children of parents with a substance use disorder
- 2013
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In: Psychoneuroendocrinology. - : Pergamon Press. - 0306-4530 .- 1873-3360. ; 38:10, s. 2109-2120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Children of parents with a substance use disorder (CPSUDs) are at increased risk for the development of substance use disorders later in life, and therefore may manifest vulnerability markers for these disorders at a higher level than children from the general population. Our aim was to examine hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity as a potential vulnerability marker in CPSUDs as compared to healthy controls. We further examined whether having experienced more adverse life events (ALEs) accounted for differences in cortisol levels between CPSUDs and controls.METHODS: 83 CPSUDs were matched to 83 controls on the basis of age, sex and socioeconomic status. Salivary cortisol was assessed at four time points during a normal day and at six time points during a psychosocial stress procedure, during which perceived stress was also measured. We implemented piecewise multilevel growth curve modeling to examine group differences in diurnal and stress-evoked cortisol levels.RESULTS: Diurnal cortisol levels of CPSUDs did not differ from those of controls. Only stress-evoked cortisol levels at onset of the experiment were explained by group status, such that CPSUDs exhibited lower cortisol levels at onset of the stress procedure. CPSUDs reported experiencing significantly more ALEs, yet number of ALEs was not related to cortisol levels. CPSUDs furthermore reported less perceived stress than controls at onset of the procedure.CONCLUSIONS: HPA axis dysregulation may be a vulnerability marker for substance use disorders, as CPSUDs show blunted activation in anticipation of stress. These blunted cortisol levels were not the result of having experienced more stressful experiences during their lifetimes, thus might reflect an inborn vulnerability to substance use disorders.
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| 13. |
- Evans, Brittany E, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Determinants of physiological and perceived physiological stress reactivity in children and adolescents
- 2013
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In: PLOS ONE. - : PLOS. - 1932-6203. ; 8:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIMS: Abnormal physiological stress reactivity is increasingly investigated as a vulnerability marker for various physical and psychological health problems. However, studies are inconsistent in taking into account potential covariates that may influence the developing stress system. We systematically tested determinants (individual, developmental, environmental and substance use-related) of physiological and perceived physiological stress reactivity. We also examined the relation between physiological and perceived physiological stress reactivity.METHOD: In a stratified sample of 363 children (7-12 years) and 344 adolescents (13-20 years) from the general population, we examined cortisol, heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia and perceived physiological stress reactivity to a psychosocial stress procedure.RESULTS: Using multivariate linear regression models, we found that individual, developmental, environmental and substance use-related factors were related to each of the stress response indices. These determinant factors were different for each of the stress reactivity indices, and different in children versus adolescents. Perceived physiological stress reactivity predicted cortisol reactivity in adolescents only. All other relations between perceived physiological and physiological stress reactivity were not significant.CONCLUSIONS: As physiological stress variables are often examined as vulnerability markers for the development of health problems, we maintain that it is essential that future studies take into consideration factors that may account for found relations. Our study provides an overview and indication of which variables should be considered in the investigation of the relation between physiological stress indices and illness.
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| 14. |
- Evans, Brittany E, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Neuroticism and extraversion in relation to physiological stress reactivity during adolescence.
- 2016
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In: Biological Psychology. - : Elsevier. - 0301-0511 .- 1873-6246. ; 117, s. 67-79
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The current study examined mean level and change in extraversion and neuroticism across adolescence in relation to physiological stress reactivity to social evaluation. Adolescents (n=327) from the Dutch general population reported on personality measures at five annual assessments. At age 17 years, adolescents participated in a psychosocial stress procedure characterized by social evaluation during which cortisol, heart rate, pre-ejection period (PEP) and heart rate variability were assessed. Dual latent growth curve models were fitted in which the intercepts (mean level) and slopes (change) of personality across adolescence predicted the intercepts (baseline) and slopes (reactivity) of the physiological stress measures. Most comparisons revealed no relation between personality and stress reactivity. Adolescents with higher mean level scores on extraversion did show lower cortisol reactivity. Adolescents with higher mean level neuroticism scores showed higher PEP reactivity. Our findings lend partial support for a relation between personality and physiological stress reactivity.
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| 15. |
- Evans, Brittany E, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Stress Reactivity as a Prospective Predictor of Risky Substance Use During Adolescence
- 2016
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In: Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs. - : Alcohol Research Documentation. - 1937-1888 .- 1938-4114. ; 77:2, s. 208-219
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Youth who report risky substance use and who have a familial history of substance use disorders (SUDs) are at increased risk for developing SUDs themselves later in life. Physiological stress reactivity may be a potential biological mechanism underlying this increased risk. In the current study, we examined (a) whether physiological stress reactivity to a psychosocial stressor was prospectively related to risky substance use later in adolescence and (b) whether this relation was moderated by a familial history of SUDs.METHOD: Youth from the general population (n = 220) and the children of a parent/parents with an SUD (CPSUDs; n = 60) participated in a psychosocial stress procedure at Time 1. Cortisol and heart rate reactivity were measured during the procedure. Four years later, on average, risky substance use was self-reported (Time 2).RESULTS: Logistic regression analyses showed that youth who had lower cortisol reactivity at Time 1 were more likely to report risky substance use at Time 2. Heart rate reactivity was not related to risky substance use at Time 2, and the relation between stress reactivity and risky substance use was not more pronounced in CPSUDs compared with youth from the general population. These analyses were controlled for alcohol use at Time 1.CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest hyporeactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in youth who are more likely to engage in risky substance use later in adolescence. These individuals may be inherently hypoaroused, which leads them to seek out substances in order to achieve a more normalized level of arousal.
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| 16. |
- Evans, Brittany E, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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The relation between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and age of onset of alcohol use
- 2012
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In: Addiction. - : Blackwell Publishing. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 107:2, s. 312-322
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AIMS: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity may prove a viable biomarker for identifying those susceptible to alcohol use disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the relation of the age at which adolescents begin drinking with diurnal and stress cortisol.DESIGN: Adolescents' diurnal cortisol levels on a normal day and cortisol levels during a stress procedure were examined in relation to the age of onset of alcohol use.SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: All adolescents (aged 14-20 years) were part of a general population study in the Netherlands (n = 2286).MEASUREMENTS: Ten assessments of salivary cortisol taken on a normal day (diurnal cortisol), as well as during a social stress procedure (stress cortisol) were used as indicators of HPA axis activity.FINDINGS: The age at which the first alcoholic drink was consumed varied as a function of cortisol levels at the onset of as well as during the stress procedure. Those who began drinking at an earlier age showed lower cortisol levels at the onset of the stressful tasks (r(2) = 0.14, P < 0.001) and during the stressful tasks (r(2) = 0.10, P < 0.05), although not after the tasks (cortisol recovery). Effects were strongest for anticipatory pre-task cortisol levels. Differences in diurnal cortisol levels did not explain variance in the age at which adolescents had begun drinking.CONCLUSIONS: Lessened activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis at the onset of and during a stress procedure is present in adolescents who begin drinking at an early age.
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| 17. |
- Evans, Brittany E., 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Urban living and mental health
- 2023
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In: Nature Medicine. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1078-8956 .- 1546-170X. ; 29:6, s. 1322-1323
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Golovchanova, Nadezhda, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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Older and feeling unsafe? Differences in underlying vulnerability, anxiety and life satisfaction among older adults
- 2023
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In: Aging & Mental Health. - : Routledge. - 1360-7863 .- 1364-6915. ; 27:8, s. 1636-1643
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: Feeling safe in the daily environment is important in late life. However, research on configuration of vulnerability factors for perceived unsafety in older adults is scarce. The current study aimed to identify latent subgroups of older adults based on their vulnerability for perceived unsafety.Method: We analyzed the data from a cross-sectional survey of residents in senior apartments in a mid-sized Swedish municipality (N = 622).Results: The results of the latent profile analysis based on frailty, fear of falling, social support, perceived neighborhood problems, and trust in others in the neighborhood indicated the presence of three profiles. These profiles were labelled as compromised body and social networks (7.2%), compromised context (17.9%) and non-vulnerable (74.9%). Profile membership was statistically predicted by age, gender, and family status and profiles differed in perceived unsafety, anxiety and life satisfaction.Conclusion: Overall, the study findings suggested the existence of latent subgroups of older people based on patterns of vulnerability.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Huizink, Anja C, et al.
(author)
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Youth in the Netherlands study (JOiN) : study design
- 2012
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In: BMC Public Health. - : BioMed Central. - 1471-2458. ; 12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a critical developmental period regarding exposure to substances. Therefore, it is important to be able to identify those adolescents who are most vulnerable to substance abuse in the (near) future. The JOiN study was specifically designed to examine two endophenotypes of adolescent substance use in a normal risk (NR) and high risk (HR) sample of adolescents: (1) behavioural disinhibition, and (2) individual differences in stress sensitivity.METHODS: The NR adolescents were part of a longitudinal general population study at the Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands of children and adolescents initially aged 6 to 18 years old. Three assessment waves have been nearly completed, and data are available of N = 711 participants for stress sensitivity measures, and of a subsample of N = 110 for electroencephalography (EEG) measures. Added to this study, HR adolescents who had at least one parent with a substance use disorder and who were treated by an outpatient clinic of a primary addiction care provider were approached via their parent(s). In total, N = 83 adolescents formed this HR sample. NR and HR adolescents participated in standardized stress procedure and EEG procedures in our laboratory. Questionnaires were filled out on background variables, behavioural and emotional problems, and substance use, and a diagnostic interview was conducted with adolescents and parents to assess psychopathology symptoms. DNA was collected through saliva or blood samples.DISCUSSION: The design of the JOiN study is optimal for examining the predictive role of endophenotypes of adolescent substance use. The combination of different methods, i.e. stress physiology, electrophysiology, genetics, and questionnaire data from several informants on a range of behaviours and environmental factors enables the investigation of the multifactorial nature of adolescent substance use.
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| 22. |
- Isakovic, Belma, 1994-, et al.
(author)
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsivity during adolescence in relation to psychopathic personality traits later in life
- 2023
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In: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 241
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Psychopathic personality traits have been linked to low physiological arousal, particularly among high risk and forensic samples. A core indicator of physiological arousal is the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis; however, findings of a link between HPA axis functioning and psychopathic personality traits have been inconsistent. Furthermore, given sex differences in both HPA axis responsivity and psychopathic personality traits, the association may be expected to differ between men and women. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between HPA axis responsivity in mid-adolescence and psychopathic personality traits in early adulthood and determine whether the association was moderated by sex. We examined this link in a general population sample of twins (N = 556). Adolescents participated in a psychosocial stress task during which samples of salivary cortisol were collected (11-15 years) and reported psychopathic personality traits using the Triarchic Psychopathy Measure (19-20 years). Multilevel linear regression models were estimated in which psychopathic personality traits (boldness, meanness and disinhibition), and their interactions with sex, were regressed on HPA axis responsivity. The study was pre-registered on the Open Science Framework (osf.io/gs2a8). Preliminary analyses showed that cortisol levels did not increase significantly during the stressor task but decreased during recovery. Results showed that there was no association between HPA axis responsivity in mid-adolescence and psychopathic personality traits in early adulthood. The associations were not moderated by sex. Findings suggest that HPA axis responsivity in mid-adolescence did not serve as a biological marker for psychopathic personality traits among young adults from the general population.
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| 23. |
- Ma, Li, 1970-, et al.
(author)
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The association between screen time and reported depressive symptoms among adolescents in Sweden
- 2021
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In: Family practice. - Oxford : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2229 .- 0263-2136. ; 38:6, s. 773-779
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: How screen use is associated with adolescents' mental health has been widely debated in public media during the last decade, but there is still lack of information about if and how the associations vary between types of electronic media. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine how time spent on types of screen use (social media, gaming alone, gaming in groups and watching TV) was associated with depressive symptoms among adolescents in Sweden, and whether gender moderated these associations. METHODS: We analysed data from the Swedish section of the Children of Immigrants: Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries. The final sample consisted of 3556 eighth grade adolescents in 2011 (51% girls). We used logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratio of feeling depressed often versus less often/not at all using time spent on different types of screen use as predictor variables. Additionally, we tested interaction effects between gender and the predictor variables. RESULTS: Our results showed that spending more than 2 hours on social media was associated with higher odds of feeling depressed often compared with spending 2 hours or less. Not watching TV was associated with higher odds of feeling depressed often compared with watching TV. These patterns did not differ across genders. Gaming alone and gaming in groups were not associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that more frequent social media use and not watching TV were associated with a higher level of depressive symptoms. © The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press. This study examined how time spent on four types of screen use including social media, gaming alone, gaming in groups and watching TV was associated with depressive symptoms among adolescents in Sweden, and whether these associations differed for girls and boys. We analysed data from the Swedish section of the Children of Immigrants: Longitudinal Survey in Four European Countries. The final sample consisted of 3556 eighth grade adolescents in 2011 (51% girls). We used logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratio of feeling depressed often versus less often/not at all using time spent on different types of screen use as predictor variables. In addition, we tested interaction effects between gender and the predictor variables. Our results showed that social media use and not watching TV was associated with higher odds of feeling depressed often. Gaming alone and gaming in groups were not associated with higher level of depressive symptoms. These patterns did not differ across genders.
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| 24. |
- Meyers, Robert J, et al.
(author)
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Reasons for entering treatment reported by initially treatment-resistant patients with substance use disorders
- 2014
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In: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy. - : Routledge. - 1650-6073 .- 1651-2316. ; 43:4, s. 299-309
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many individuals with substance use disorders are resistant to entering formal treatment, despite the negative consequences that plague their own lives and the lives of concerned significant others (CSOs). Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) has been developed as an effective strategy for helping family members who are concerned about the alcohol/drug use of a loved one who refuses to seek treatment. The present study explored reasons and feelings that played a part in these resistant individuals' (identified patients [IPs]) decision to begin treatment. Written statements and feelings of 36 initially treatment-refusing IPs, who were engaged into treatment via their CRAFT-trained CSOs, were examined upon entering treatment. Self-report forms assessed three complementary domains about entering treatment: (1) feelings about coming for treatment, (2) important reasons for entering treatment, and (3) reasons for entering treatment narratives. It was shown that the occurrences of self-reported positive emotions and statements that expressed a positive wish for change outweighed negative feelings and statements. Although conceivably these CRAFT-exposed IPs may have provided different responses than other treatment-seeking populations, the current study's strong IP reports of positive feelings, reasons, and narrative statements regarding treatment entry nonetheless address potential concerns that treatment-refusing IPs might only enter treatment if felt coerced by family members and while experiencing salient negative feelings overall.
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| 25. |
- Oskarsson, Sofi, et al.
(author)
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Interaction of resting heart rate with empathy in predicting externalizing behavior
- 2024
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In: Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. - : Springer. - 0882-2689 .- 1573-3505.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Biopsychosocial criminological theories suggest that it is important to consider interactions between risk factors from different domains in the prediction of externalizing behavior. Lower resting heart rate is considered the best replicated biological risk factor for externalizing behavior. The psychological construct of empathy has also shown to be predictive of such behavior, but little is known about the potential interaction between these two different risk factors in predicting externalizing behavior. We examined the moderating role of empathy on the association between resting heart rate in childhood and adolescence with externalizing behavior by young adulthood using two subsets of participants from the Longitudinal Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior project: Subsample 1 (n = 697) at ages 9–10 and 19–20 years and Subsample 2 (n = 394) at ages 14–15 and 19–20 years. Linear and logistic regressions showed that empathy moderated the association between resting heart rate in adolescence and externalizing behavior by young adulthood. Among individuals with low but not high levels of empathy, increased resting heart rate predicted lower levels of externalizing behavior. Interventions enhancing empathic skills in individuals with psychophysiological risk profiles could be beneficial.
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| 26. |
- Oskarsson, Sofi, 1989-, et al.
(author)
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Lower autonomic arousal as a risk factor for criminal offending and unintentional injuries among female conscripts
- 2024
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In: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 19:3
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Lower autonomic arousal is a well-known correlate of criminal offending and other risk-taking behaviors in men, but few studies have investigated this association in women.AIM: To test associations between autonomic arousal and criminal offending as well as unintentional injuries among female conscripts.METHODS: All women born 1958-1994 in Sweden who participated in voluntary military conscription (n = 12,499) were identified by linking Swedish population-based registers. Predictors were resting heart rate (RHR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). Covariates were height, weight, and physical energy capacity. Main outcomes were criminal convictions (any, violent, and non-violent) from the National Crime Register. Secondary outcome was unintentional injuries requiring medical treatment or causing death. We used survival analyses to test for associations between predictors and outcomes.RESULTS: Low RHR, relative to high RHR, was associated with an increased risk of any criminal conviction, non-violent criminal convictions, and unintentional injuries. Low SBP, relative to high SBP, was associated with an increased risk of violent criminal convictions.CONCLUSIONS: Results support lower autonomic arousal, particularly lower RHR, as a correlate of criminal offending among women that warrants further examination, as the reported findings have potential implications for the prediction of future female crime.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Oskarsson, Sofi, 1989-, et al.
(author)
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Resting Heart Rate and Empathy Interacts in Predicting Law Enforcement Involvement
- 2023
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lower resting heart rate and lower levels of empathy have independently been associated with an increased risk of antisocial behavior. However, little is known about the potential interaction between resting heart rate and empathy in predicting antisocial behavior. The aim of the current project was to examine the moderating role of empathy in young adulthood on the association between resting heart rate in childhood and antisocial behavior in young adulthood. We utilized two subsamples from the University of Southern California Risk Factors for Antisocial Behavior Project (n=707, n=616), a longitudinal project with data from five waves. Resting heart rate was measured using disposable electrodes attached to the torso. Empathy was measured using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index with four subscales. Antisocial behavior was defined as law enforcement involvement. After adjusting for potential confounds, results suggest that lower resting heart rate in childhood and lower empathy in young adulthood predict antisocial behavior in young adulthood. Most importantly, empathy in young adulthood moderated the association between resting heart rate in childhood and antisocial behavior in young adulthood. Results indicate that at lower levels of empathy, a lower resting heart rate was associated with increased probability of being in trouble with the police.
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| 29. |
- Oskarsson, Sofi, 1989-, et al.
(author)
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The startle reflex as an indicator of psychopathic personality from childhood to adulthood : A systematic review
- 2021
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In: Acta Psychologica. - : Elsevier. - 0001-6918 .- 1873-6297. ; 220
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The startle reflex has been suggested to operate as a psychophysiological marker of psychopathic personality, based on findings from studies using a range of different methodologies and participant samples. The present review aims at synthesizing existing evidence of the relationship between psychopathy and the startle reflex across task paradigms, psychopathic personality subtypes and subdimensions, participant samples (i.e., incarcerated/ clinical or non-offenders), and age groups using the triarchic model of psychopathy as a frame of reference. Systematic literature searches were conducted up until the 24th of March 2020 in PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. A total of 2311 potential studies were identified, out of which 40 met relevancy and quality criteria. Results indicate that reduced aversive startle potentiation is associated with psychopathic personality in general, but clusters of traits relating to the triarchic model constructs of boldness and meanness in particular. Available evidence suggest that startle paradigms could be meaningful for differentiating individuals with and without psychopathic personality. Findings support suggestions of psychopathic personality as a multifaceted, rather than a unitary construct. Reduced aversive startle potentiation has also been found in relation to psychopathic features in child-aged samples but work of this kind is limited and more research is needed. Future studies should focus on greater consistency in task paradigms and analytic strategies to enhance the capacity to compare and integrate findings across studies.
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| 30. |
- Roozen, Henrik G., et al.
(author)
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The influence of extraversion on preferences and engagement in pleasant activities in patients with substance use disorders : one size fits all?
- 2009
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In: Journal of behavior analysis in health, sports, fitness and medicine. - : Behaviour Analyst Online. - 1946-7079. ; 2:1, s. 55-66
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A hallmark of the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) is its emphasis on getting individuals to increase their engagement in healthy old and new rewarding activities that can compete with substance use. The personality dimension extraversion seems to be an important mechanism underlying activity engagement. A median split classified 265 patients with substance use disorders as high or low on NEO-FFI extraversion scores. Group comparisons indicated that patients with low NEO-FFI extraversion scores reported lower pleasant activity levels in general, and lower intensity of social interactions in particular. The disparity between conditions as far as what they valued was relative, since both groups pinpointed a wealth of potentially pleasant activities that could play a role in achieving non-substance related positive reinforcement for sobriety.
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| 31. |
- Siponen, Rebecca, 1993-, et al.
(author)
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A population-based study of unintentional injury and premature death among non-imprisoned and imprisoned youth offenders
- 2023
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In: Journal of criminal justice. - : Elsevier. - 0047-2352 .- 1873-6203. ; 84
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Youth offenders have a high risk of being injured or dying prematurely. However, few studies have considered the role of imprisonment and potential childhood risk factors for these high rates.Aim: To examine the risk of unintentional injury and premature death in non-imprisoned and imprisoned youth offenders, and to examine the role of parental criminal convictions and psychiatric disorders and own childhood psychiatric disorders.Methods: All individuals (N = 1,839,711) born in Sweden between 1978 and 1996 were identified using Swedish population-based registers. The exposure was criminal conviction between ages 15-20 years of age.Results: Imprisoned youth offenders had the highest risk for unintentional injury (HR = 2.29 [2.19-2.40]) and premature death (HR = 10.76 [9.52-12.16]), followed by nonimprisoned youth offenders, compared to non -convicted youth. All childhood risk factors increased the risk for these outcomes among non-imprisoned youth offenders. Among imprisoned youth offenders, parental criminal convictions and parental psychiatric disorders increased the risk for unintentional injury, and parental psychiatric disorders and own childhood psychiatric disorders increased the risk for premature death.Conclusions: Our study shows there are robust modifiable childhood risk factors for injury and mortality among youth offenders. However, the importance of them to assess risk may differ between non-imprisoned and imprisoned youth offenders.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Siponen, Rebecca, 1993-, et al.
(author)
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Psychiatric diagnoses and criminal convictions in youth : A population-based study of comorbidities of diagnoses
- 2023
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In: Journal of criminal justice. - : Elsevier. - 0047-2352 .- 1873-6203. ; 88
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Psychiatric diagnoses are important risk factors for criminal convictions, but few longitudinal studies have examined comorbidity patterns in relation to youth criminal convictions.Aim: To explore associations between specific psychiatric diagnoses (substance use disorder (SUD), ADHD, depression, PTSD, intellectual disabilities (ID), and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)) and comorbidities of internalizing, externalizing, or neurodevelopmental diagnoses (NDD) in relation to risk of non-violent or violent criminal convictions in youth, including potential sex differences.Methods: Data on 1,411,538 individuals born in Sweden (1985–1998) were obtained from national population-based registers. Exposure was psychiatric diagnoses and outcome was criminal convictions between ages 15 and 20.Results: 17% of individuals had a psychiatric diagnosis, of whom 20% were convicted of a crime. All diagnoses, except ID and ASD, increased the risk of non-violent and violent crimes. Comorbidities of externalizing and internalizing diagnoses heightened the risk compared to single diagnoses. NDD increased the risk among SUD, depression, and PTSD, while NDD comorbid with another NDD decreased the risk for criminal convictions.Conclusion: Of the three comorbidity categories, externalizing disorders heightened risk the most, followed by internalizing disorders. This study highlights specific risk patterns for criminal convictions related to comorbidities, and to crime type and sex.
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| 34. |
- Siponen, Rebecca, 1993-
(author)
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The role of psychiatric diagnoses among youth offenders : An investigation of crime and later adverse outcomes
- 2024
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- There is a strong tradition in criminological research to uncover risk factors for crime in youth and, more recently, to examine risk factors for subsequent adverse outcomes among youth offenders. This knowledge serves not only for crime prevention but also to mitigate future harm resulting from youth crime. Psychiatric diagnoses are recognized as important risk factors for youth crime, yet questions persist regarding their extent and nature of association with crime and later adverse outcomes in youth offenders.In this dissertation, the overarching aim was to expand the knowledge about the role of psychiatric diagnoses in the risk of crime in youth and later injuries, mortality, and reoffending among youth offenders. Study I examined the association between psychiatric diagnoses, including comorbidities, and risk of criminal conviction in youth. Study II examined the association between psychiatric diagnoses and risk of unintentional injuries and premature death among non-imprisoned and imprisoned youth offenders. Lastly, study III examined the role of psychiatric diagnoses in the association between violent victimization and reoffending among youth offenders.The overall findings of the present dissertation suggest that psychiatric diagnoses are important risk factors for crime in youth and later adverse outcomes, but their significance and magnitude vary depending on type of diagnosis, presence of comorbidities, type of crime committed, sex, crime history, and presence of other important risk factors such as violent victimization. This dissertation highlights the heterogeneity in risk patterns among youth offenders, which is highly important to consider in both risk assessments and prevention strategies to better target youth at risk of these outcomes.
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| 35. |
- van Toor, Désie, et al.
(author)
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The effects of psychiatric distress, inhibition, and impulsivity on decision making in patients with substance use disorders : A matched control study
- 2011
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In: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1380-3395 .- 1744-411X. ; 33:2, s. 161-168
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the present study, the decision making abilities of patients with substance use disorders were compared to those of healthy controls and, subsequently, the impact of psychiatric distress, behavioral inhibition, and impulsivity on Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) performance were evaluated. A total of 31 patients and 31 matched healthy controls performed the IGT and completed the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R) and the Behavioral Inhibition System/Behavioral Activation System (BIS/BAS). The results confirmed that the patient group had severe impairments on the IGT relative to the controls, which appeared to be virtually unrelated to the employed measures. It is concluded that self-reported psychiatric symptoms, behavioral inhibition, and impulsivity have no impact on the IGT performance in this patient sample.
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