| 1. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Analysis of accident data for test scenario definition in the ASSESS project
- 2010
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In: 4:th International Conference ESAR - Expert Symposium on Accident Research, Hannover, Germany.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The overall purpose of the ASSESS project is to develop a relevant and standardised set of test and assessment methods and associated tools for integrated vehicle safety systems, primarily focussing on currently available pre-crash sensing systems. The first stage of the project was to define casualty relevant accident scenarios so that the test scenarios will be developed based on accident scenarios which currently result in the greatest injury outcome, measured by a combination of casualty severity and casualty frequency. The first analysis stage was completed using data from a range of accident databases, including those which were nationally representative (STATS19, UK and STRADA, SE) and in-depth sources which provided more detailed parameters to characterise the accident scenarios (GIDAS, DE and OTS, UK). A common analysis method was developed in order to compare the data from these different sources, and while the data sets were not completely compatible, the majority of the data was aligned in such a way that allowed a useful comparison to be made. As the ASSESS project focuses on pre-crash sensing systems fitted to passenger cars, the data selected for the analysis was “injury accidents which involved at least one passenger car”. The accident data analysis yielded the following ranked list of most relevant accident scenarios:Rank Accident scenario1 Driving accident - single vehicle loss of control2 Accidents in longitudinal traffic (same and opposite directions)3 Accidents with turning vehicle(s) or crossing paths in junctions4 Accidents involving pedestriansThe ranked list highlights the relatively large role played by ‘accidents in longitudinal traffic’, and ‘accidents with turning vehicle(s) or crossing paths in junctions’ (the second and third most prevalent accident scenarios, respectively). The pre-crash systems addressed in ASSESS propose to yield beneficial safety outcomes with specific regard to these accident scenarios. This indicates that the ASSESS project is highly relevant to the current casualty crash problem. In the second stage of the analysis a selection of these accident scenarios were analysed further to define the accident parameters at a more detailed level [7]. This paper describes the analysis approach and results from the first analysis stage.
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| 2. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Development of an In-depth European Accident Causation Database and the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method, DREAM 3.0
- 2008
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In: 3rd International Conference ESAR (Expert Symposium on Accident Research). - Hannover, Tyskland.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The SafetyNet project was formulated in part to address the need for safety oriented European road accident data. One of the main tasks included within the project was the development of a methodology for better understanding of accident causation together with the development of an associated database involving data obtained from on-scene or “nearly on-scene” accident investigations. Information from these investigations was complemented by data from follow-up interviews with crash participants to determine critical events and contributory factors to the accident occurrence. A method for classification of accident contributing factors, known as DREAM 3.0, was developed and tested in conjunction with the SafetyNet activities. Collection of data and case analysis for some 1 000 individual crashes have recently been completed and inserted into the database and therefore aggregation analyses of the data are now being undertaken. This paper describes the methodology development, an overview of the database and the initial aggregation analyses.
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| 3. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Accident investigations for active safety at CHALMERS - new demands require new methodologies
- 2007
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In: Vehicle System Dynamics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5159 .- 0042-3114. ; 45:10, s. 881-894
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In order to develop efficient active safety systems, knowledge about what causes traffic accidents is required. One way to gather such knowledge is through traffic accident investigations. For the needs of active safety, most current accident investigation methodologies do not provide a sufficiently detailed or theoretically anchored analysis. Therefore, new studies need to be carried out using new theoretical frameworks and analysis methods. At CHALMERS, a new methodology called driving reliability and error analysis method has been developed and tried out during recent years. The methodology, as described and exemplified, shows good promise of meeting the needs of active safety accident investigation projects. Results from studies using the methodology also imply consequences for how benefit estimation of new active safety systems should be carried out.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Bálint, András, 1982, et al.
(author)
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A test-based method for the assessment of pre-crash warning and braking systems
- 2013
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 59, s. 192-199
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, a test-based assessment method for pre-crash warning and braking systems is presented where the effectiveness of a system is measured by its ability to reduce the number of injuries of a given type or severity in car-to-car rear-end collisions. Injuries with whiplash symptoms lasting longer than 1 month and MAIS2+ injuries in both vehicles involved in the crash are considered in the assessment. The injury reduction resulting from the impact speed reduction due to a pre-crash system is estimated using a method which has its roots in the dose–response model. Human–machine interaction is also taken into account in the assessment. The results reflect the self-protection as well as the partner-protection performance of a pre-crash system in the striking vehicle in rear-end collisions and enable a comparison between two or more systems. It is also shown how the method may be used to assess the importance of warning as part of a pre-crash system.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Bálint, András, 1982, et al.
(author)
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Correlation between truck combination length and injury risk
- 2013
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In: 2013 Australasian College of Road Safety Conference – “A Safe System: The Road Safety Discussion” Adelaide.
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Literature studies show that it is a very complex task to estimate how traffic safety is affectedby the introduction of longer truck combinations. Some studies indicate a slightly increased risk of crashes per vehicle kilometre and that the change in risk depends on the vehiclecombination. Other studies show that the difference in crash risk in comparison to conventional heavy goods vehicles is small, at least for trucks travelling on larger roads. In the current study, the effect of increased vehicle combination length on the rates of fatal orsevere injury crashes by vehicle kilometres travelled is investigated. The method uses Swedish national crash data from the period 2003 to 2012. Unlike most other countries in the European Union where an upper limit of 18.75 metres is in force, vehicle combinations up to 25.25m are permitted in Sweden. The aim is therefore to determine whether “long” truck combinations (with a combination length of 18.76 – 25.25m) have a higher associated rate ofsevere or fatal crashes by vehicle kilometres travelled than “medium” (12.01 – 18.75m) or “short” combinations (less than 12m). Different approaches for comparing the number of fatal or severe crashes in the three lengthgroups with the kilometres driven are discussed. The crash type distributions in the three length groups are compared and it is considered to what extent the observed differences can be explained by differencesin the exposure data.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Buendia, Ruben, 1982, et al.
(author)
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On scene injury prediction (OSISP) algorithm for car occupants
- 2015
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 81, s. 211-217
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many victims in traffic accidents do not receive optimal care due to the fact that the severity of their injuries is not realized early on. Triage protocols are based on physiological and anatomical criteria and subsequently on mechanisms of injury in order to reduce undertriage. In this study the value of accident characteristics for field triage is evaluated by developing an on scene injury severity prediction (OSISP) algorithm using only accident characteristics that are feasible to assess at the scene of accident. A multi-variate logistic regression model is constructed to assess the probability of a car occupant being severely injured following a crash, based on the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) database. Accidents involving adult occupants for calendar years 2003–2013 included in both police and hospital records, with no missing data for any of the model variables, were included. The total number of subjects was 29 128, who were involved in 22 607 accidents. Partition between severe and non-severe injury was done using the Injury Severity Score (ISS) with two thresholds: ISS > 8 and ISS > 15. The model variables are: belt use, airbag deployment, posted speed limit, type of accident, location of accident, elderly occupant (>55 years old), sex and occupant seat position. The area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUC) is 0.78 and 0.83 for ISS > 8 and ISS > 15, respectively, as estimated by 10-fold cross-validation. Belt use is the strongest predictor followed by type of accident. Posted speed limit, age and accident location contribute substantially to increase model accuracy, whereas sex and airbag deployment contribute to a smaller extent and seat position is of limited value. These findings can be used to refine triage protocols used in Sweden and possibly other countries with similar traffic environments.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
- Candefjord, Stefan, 1981, et al.
(author)
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On-Scene Injury Severity Prediction (OSISP) Algorithm for Truck Occupants
- 2015
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In: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 16, s. 190-196
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this study is to develop an on-scene injury severity prediction (OSISP) algorithm for truck occupants using only accident characteristics that are feasible to assess at the scene of the accident. The purpose of developing this algorithm is to use it as a basis for a field triage tool used in traffic accidents involving trucks. In addition, the model can be valuable for recognizing important factors for improving triage protocols used in Sweden and possibly in other countries with similar traffic environments and prehospital procedures.Methods:The scope is adult truck occupants involved in traffic accidents on Swedish public roads registered in the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) database for calendar years 2003 to 2013. STRADA contains information reported by the police and medical data on injured road users treated at emergency hospitals. Using data from STRADA, 2 OSISP multivariate logistic regression models for deriving the probability of severe injury (defined here as having an Injury Severity Score [ISS]>15)were implemented for light and heavy trucks; that is, trucks with weight up to 3,500 kg and ≥16,500 kg, respectively. A 10-fold cross-validation procedure was used to estimate the performance of the OSISP algorithm in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC).Results:The rate of belt use was low, especially for heavy truck occupants. The OSISP models developed for light and heavytrucks achieved cross-validation AUC of 0.81 and 0.74, respectively. The AUC values obtained when the models were evaluated on all data without cross-validation were 0.87 for both light and heavy trucks. The difference in the AUC values with and without use of cross-validation indicates overfitting of the model, which may be a consequence of relatively small data sets. Belt use stands out asthe most valuable predictor in both types of trucks; accident type and age are important predictors for light trucks.Conclusions:The OSISP models achieve good discriminating capability for light truck occupants and a reasonable performance for heavy truck occupants. The prediction accuracy may be increased by acquiring more data. Belt use was the strongest predictor of severe injury for both light and heavy truck occupants. There is a need for behavior-based safety programs and/or other means to encourage truck occupants to always wear a seat belt.
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| 19. |
- Candefjord, Stefan, 1981, et al.
(author)
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Prehospital transportation decisions for patients sustaining major trauma in road traffic crashes in Sweden
- 2016
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In: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 17:S1, s. 16-20
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the proportion and characteristics of patients sustaining major trauma in road traffic crashes (RTCs) who could benefit from direct transportation to a trauma center (TC).Methods: Currently, there is no national classification of TC in Sweden. In this study, 7 university hospitals (UHs) in Sweden were selected to represent a TC levelI or levelII. These UHs have similar capabilities as the definition for level I and level II TC in the United States. Major trauma was defined as Injury Severity Score (ISS) > 15. A total of 117,730 patients who were transported by road or air ambulance were selected from the Swedish TRaffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) database between 2007 to 2014. An analysis of the patient characteristics sustaining major trauma in comparison with patients sustaining minor trauma (ISS < 15) was conducted. Major trauma patients transported to a TC versus non-TC were further analysed with respect to injured body region and road user type.Results: Approximately 3% (n = 3, 411) of patients sustained major trauma. Thirty-eight percent of major trauma patients were transported to a TC, and 62% were transported to a non-TC. This results in large proportions of patients with Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3+ injuries being transported to a non-TC. The number of AIS 3+ head injuries for major trauma patients transported to a TC versus non-TC were similar, whereas a larger number of AIS 3+ thorax injuries were present in the non-TC group. The non-TC major trauma patients had a higher probability of traveling in a car, truck, or bus and to be involved in a crash in a rural location.Conclusions: Our results show that the majority of RTC major trauma patients are transported to a non-TC. This may cause unnecessary morbidity and mortality. These findings can guide the development of improved prehospital treatment guidelines, protocols and decision support systems.
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| 20. |
- del Pozo de Dios, Eduardo, et al.
(author)
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Towards a Global and Harmonized Database for In-Depth Accident Investigation in Europe: The Dacota Project
- 2013
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In: The 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV), Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The aim with this paper is to describe the procedure for the development of a common methodology for research accident investigation and identifying and training new research teams across Europe. In-depth accident investigation has a great potential to provide researchers, car manufacturers and road administrations with valuable information on how and why accidents and injuries occur. The data can be used to determine the issues where efforts must be focused when research studies are conducted, crash protection countermeasures are designed and policy decisions are taken. Existing European databases are mainly focused on regional or specific stakeholder interests due to the lack of an international network, and there are significant differences in the information collected and how the database variables are coded. This lack of harmonisation precludes any detailed global analysis on the whole EU accident situation. The EU co-funded the DaCoTA project - inspired by previous projects like SafetyNet and TRACE – intended to establish a Pan-European In-depth Accident Investigation Network and to create a European database that could include in-depth accident investigation cases from all the European countries. Built on earlier pilot investigations conducted by previous projects, and following consultation with the range of stakeholders, an in-depth accident investigation system has been developed to standardise and harmonise the data to be collected during the investigations. Based on the new methodology, accident investigation teams from across Europe have been trained to systematically produce high quality research data. A comprehensive, secure, web-based database has been created to centralise the information collected and to analyse the results from the cases. To ensure the harmonisation of the data collected, a pilot study and subsequent data quality reviews were performed. The DaCoTA project has developed a harmonised in-depth accident investigation methodology, openly available in an online manual. From 19 European countries, 22 organisations were trained in the DaCoTA accident investigation methodology. The web based database includes over 1,500 variables related to the road, vehicle, road-user, accident reconstruction and injury analysis. Over 450 of these variables are considered as essential “core variables”. In total, 99 on-scene and retrospective cases have been collected by 18 accident investigation teams using the standard methodology and these have been uploaded to the database for further analysis. Good relationships have been established between the network teams and their local authorities, including the police and hospitals. In some countries, efforts to obtain the necessary permissions to gain access to the accident scenes and to acquire sensitive medical or forensic data is continued. The DaCoTA project has developed the Pan-European in-depth accident investigation methodology, including a network of investigating teams, providing a viable means for the systematic collection of harmonised in-depth accident data for use by researchers, road and vehicle safety related industries and policy makers.
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| 21. |
- Elliman, Rachel, et al.
(author)
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Recommendations for establishing Pan European Transparent and Independent Road Accident Investigations
- 2008
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In: 3:rd International Conference ESAR - Expert Symposium on Accident Research, Hannover, Germany.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A set of recommendations for pan-European transparent and independent road accident investigations has been developed bythe SafetyNet project. The aim of these recommendations is to pave the way for future EU scale accident investigationactivities by setting out the necessary steps for establishing safety oriented road accident investigations in Member States.This can be seen as the start of the process for establishing road accident investigations throughout Europe which operateaccording to a common methodology.The recommendations propose a European Safety Oriented Road Accident Investigation Programme which sets out theprocedures that need to be put in place to investigate a sample of every day road accidents. They address four sets of issues;institutional addressing the characteristics of the programme; operational describing the conditions under which data iscollected; data storage and protection; and reports, countermeasures and the dissemination of data.
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| 22. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(author)
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A novel approach to study the health consequences of road crashes
- 2017
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In: Journal of Transport and Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-1405. ; 7, s. 280-287
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- INTRODUCTIONWhile an association between road crashes and health impairments is well documented, few studies have analysed impairments in relation to crash parameters. The aim of this paper is to describe a novel approach for studying the full complexity of road crashes which allows an analysis of the relationship between crash factors and longer-term health consequences. METHODSA multidisciplinary team investigated road crashes sampled in a Swedish region. The course of events, road environment and crash configuration were studied at the scene and telephone interviews were conducted with drivers. Road users were queried about their health status 1, 6, and 12 months after the crash. To illustrate a potential use of the collected data, the relationship between crash factors and impairments for car occupants after one month was explored using multiple logistic regression. RESULTSThe sampled data included 176 crashes, 310 vehicles and 430 people. The most common crash characteristics were: multiple vehicle crashes (62%); posted speed limit of ≥ 70km/h (65%); passenger cars (88%); driver age 25–54 years (60%); male drivers/riders (70%). The example analysis of passenger car occupants showed that having an injury with ISS ≥ 1 at the time of crash was a statistically significant predictor for impairment at one month (p
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| 23. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Does injury pattern among major road trauma patients influence prehospital transport decisions regardless of the distance to the nearest trauma centre? – a retrospective study
- 2019
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1757-7241. ; 27:1, s. 1-9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prehospital undertriage occurs when the required level of care for a major trauma patient is underestimated and the patient is transported to a lower-level emergency care facility. One possible reason is that the pattern of injuries exceeding a certain severity threshold is not easily recognizable in the field. The present study aims to examine whether the injury patterns of major road trauma patients are associated with trauma centre transport decisions in Sweden, controlling for the distance from the crash to the nearest trauma centre and other patient characteristics. The Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) database was queried from April 2011 to March 2017. Teaching hospitals with neurosurgery capabilities were classified as trauma centres (TC), all other hospitals were classified as other emergency departments (ED). Injury Severity Score ≥ 13 was used as the threshold for major trauma. Ten common injury patterns were derived from the STRADA data; six patterns included serious neuro trauma to the head or spine. The remaining four patterns were: other severe injuries, moderate to serious abdomen injuries, serious thorax injuries and all other remaining injury patterns. Logistic regression was used to analyse the effect of injury patterns, age, sex and distance from crash to nearest TC on transport decision (TC or ED). Of the 2542 patients, 38.0% were transported to a TC, equating to a prehospital undertriage of 62%. Over half (59.4%) of the patients had four or more Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ injuries. After controlling for age, sex and distance to nearest TC, only patients sustaining serious head injuries together with other severe injuries had significantly higher odds of being transported to a TC (OR = 4.18, 95% CI: 2.03, 8.73). The odds of being transported to a TC decreased by 5% with every kilometre further away the crash location was to the nearest TC. These results highlight that there is considerable prehospital undertriage in Sweden and suggest that distance to nearest TC is more influential in transport decisions than injury pattern. These results can be used to further develop prehospital transportation guidelines and designation of trauma centres.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Identifying individual-based injury patterns in multi-trauma road users by using an association rule mining method
- 2022
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 164
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In many road crashes the human body is exposed to high forces, commonly resulting in multiple injuries. This study of linked road crash data aimed to identify co-occurring injuries in multiple injured road users by using a novel application of a data mining technique commonly used in Market Basket Analysis. We expected that some injuries are statistically associated with each other and form Individual-Based Injury Patterns (IBIPs) and further that specific road users are associated with certain IBIPs. First, a new injury taxonomy was developed through a four-step process to allow the use of injury data recorded from either of the two major dictionaries used to document anatomical injury. Then data from the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition, which includes crash circumstances from the police and injury information from hospitals, was analysed for the years 2011 to 2017. The injury data was analysed using the Apriori algorithm to identify statistical association between injuries (IBIP). Each IBIP were then used as the outcome variable in logistic regression modelling to identify associations between specific road user types and IBIPs. A total of 48,544 individuals were included in the analysis of which 36,480 (75.1%) had a single injury category recorded and 12,064 (24.9%) were considered multiply injured. The data mining analysis identified 77 IBIPs in the multiply injured sample and 16 of these were associated with only one road user type. IBIPs and their relation to road user type are one step on the journey towards developing a tool to better understand and quantify injury severity and thereby improve the evidence-base supporting prioritisation of road safety countermeasures.
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| 26. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(author)
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INTACT - National Initiative for Enhanced Crash Investigations
- 2010
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In: 4:th International Conference ESAR - Expert Symposium on Accident Research, Hannover, Germany.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A national initiative from the vehicle manufacturers, safety system suppliers, the road administration and universities in Sweden took off in 2007. The aim was to develop a national investigation network and a methodology focusing on all phases of a crash (pre-crash, in-crash and post-crash) as well as all parts of the road transport system (road user, vehicle and road environment). The initiative is formally run as a project with the acronym INTACT (Investigation Network and Accident Collection Techniques). It was a three year pilot with the aim to develop methodologies for an extended national crash investigation activity. During the first year the INTACT partners agreed on the aim for the investigation and methods for retrieving the data were developed. During the second and third year the methodology was tested in real-world investigations and further refinement was made. The paper describes the methodology developed to obtain high qualitative in-depth road crash data.
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| 27. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Overview of Harmonized European Crash Investigations - From Focused Studies to a Holistic Approach
- 2013
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In: 2013 Road Safety and Simulation International Conference, RSS, Rome.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim with this paper is to describe the evolution of harmonized European crash investigations. The European Commission has during the past decade funded several specialized crash investigation studies focusing on: the cause of road crashes, child safety, crashes involving trucks and coaches; motorcycle crashes; rollover crashes; roadside infrastructure in run off road crashes; passive safety of passenger cars and fatal crashes. These projects included both methodology development and data collection and the databases comprises hundreds to a couple of thousand crashes each, from a nineteen countries in Europe. Due to the specific objective from study to study and the variation in the investigation methodology it is difficult to combine the existing data in a common analysis. To overcome these limitations and to enable aggregate analysis of in-depth data collected from different countries, a holistic crash investigation methodology was developed within the EU funded project DaCoTA. The holistic crash investigation methodology, further referred to as the Road Crash Information System (RCIS), has defined a common investigation procedure based on the previous studies. RCIS includes two useful tools. One is the on-line manual, publicly available on the internet, that in detail describes the procedures and the data variables collected. The other one is the web based open source application that, in a secure way, can be used to store, analyse and exchange data from different teams across Europe and further afield.
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| 28. |
- Fagerlind, Helen, 1975, et al.
(author)
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The hidden figures of major road trauma crashes
- 2018
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Major trauma (MT) from road traffic crashes is a great burden to global health. Analyses of MT using hospital-based samples are normally selected at the patient level using an Injury Severity Score (ISS) above 12 or 15, and in-hospital fatalities. This likely underestimates the number of injured people requiring medical care from MT crashes. The objective was to determine the true number of people injured in MT crashes in Sweden. Data from April 2011 to March 2017 was retrieved from the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) which is a matched hospital and police national database. First, MT patients were selected from emergency department (ED) data where at least one patient was transported by ambulance with an ISS >12 or died in hospital. Then, matched individuals in the same MT crashes were added to the sample. The sample was based on 2,542 MT patients from 2444 road crashes. An additional 1012 non-MT patients or fatalities were presented to the ED’s. Of these ED patients, 884 (87.4%) were transported by ambulance and 488 (48.2%) were admitted to hospital. The police reported 1,383 MT crash participants beyond those presenting to the ED. In total, there were 4937 road users exposed to a MT crash. The burden of MT crashes on the society and the health care system is much larger when including all road users from these crashes. The matched crash data revealed an increase of ED presentations by 39.8% and ambulance transportations by 34.8%. To understand the full extent of MT crashes, governments need to provide better opportunities for data linkage across authorities to better guide crash and injury prevention.
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| 29. |
- Flannagan, Carol. A. C., et al.
(author)
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Comparing motor-vehicle crash risk of EU and US vehicles
- 2018
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 117, s. 392-397
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the hypotheses that passenger vehicles meeting European Union (EU) safety standards have similar crashworthiness to United States (US) -regulated vehicles in the US driving environment, and vice versa. The first step involved identifying appropriate databases of US and EU crashes that include in-depth crash information, such as estimation of crash severity using Delta-V and injury outcome based on medical records. The next step was to harmonize variable definitions and sampling criteria so that the EU data could be combined and compared to the US data using the same or equivalent parameters. Logistic regression models of the risk of a Maximum injury according to the Abbreviated Injury Scale of 3 or greater, or fatality (MAIS3+F) in EU-regulated and US-regulated vehicles were constructed. The injury risk predictions of the EU model and the US model were each applied to both the US and EU standard crash populations. Frontal, near-side, and far-side crashes were analyzed together (termed "front/side crashes") and a separate model was developed for rollover crashes.For the front/side model applied to the US standard population, the mean estimated risk for the US-vehicle model is 0.035 (sd = 0.012), and the mean estimated risk for the EU-vehicle model is 0.023 (sd = 0.016). When applied to the EU front/side population, the US model predicted a 0.065 risk (sd = 0.027), and the EU model predicted a 0.052 risk (sd = 0.025). For the rollover model applied to the US standard population, the US model predicted a risk of 0.071 (sd = 0.024), and the EU model predicted 0.128 risk (sd = 0.057). When applied to the EU rollover standard population, the US model predicted a 0.067 risk (sd = 0.024), and the EU model predicted 0.103 risk (sd = 0.040).The results based on these methods indicate that EU vehicles most likely have a lower risk of MAIS3+F injury in front/side impacts, while US vehicles most likely have a lower risk of MAIS3+F injury in llroovers. These results should be interpreted with an understanding of the uncertainty of the estimates, the study limitations, and our recommendations for further study detailed in the report.
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| 30. |
- Flannagan, Carol A., et al.
(author)
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Comparing motor-vehicle crash risk of EU and US vehicles
- 2015
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This study examined the hypotheses that vehicles meeting EU safety standards perform similarly to US-regulated vehicles in the US driving environment, and vice versa. The analyses used three statistical approaches to “triangulate” evidence regarding differences in crash and injury risk. Separate analyses assessed crash avoidance technologies, including headlamps and mirrors. The results suggest that when controlling for differences in environment and exposure, vehicles meeting EU standards offer reduced risk of serious injury in frontal/side crashes and have driver‐side mirrors that reduce risk in lane-change crashes better, while vehicles meeting US standards provide alower risk of injury in rollovers and have headlamps that make pedestrians more conspicuous.
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| 31. |
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Kovaceva, Jordanka, 1980, et al.
(author)
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Contributing factors to car crashes related to driver inattention for different age groups
- 2015
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In: Proceedings of the 4th International Driver Distraction and Inattention Conference, Sydney, New South Wales, November 2015.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study aims to 1) identify the contributing factors in the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM) that can be linked to a standardised framework for driver inattention, and 2) to analyse the presence of these factors in various age groups. To address the first aim, results are reviewed from the Inattention Taxonomy project which developed a conceptual framework and taxonomy of driver inattention. The presence of factors in DREAMthat could be linked to inattention is analysed by aggregation of individual DREAM charts in the Swedish in-depth accident dataset Intact. Such factors are found for 30% of the drivers. Ten percent of these drivers have multiple factors related to inattention. The most common contributing factor for all ages is “Attention allocation”. The second most common contributing factor for the younger drivers (18-24, 25-34) is “Fatigue”, while in the remaining age groups (35-44, 45-54, 55+) it is “Physiological Stress”.The conclusion of this study is that the DREAM method is amenable to the standardised framework for driver inattention and that younger drivers’ crash contributingfactors differ to some extent from older drivers. Finally, the analysis shows a lower involvement of driver inattention for crash occurrence than previously published studies.
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| 34. |
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| 35. |
- Lemmen, Paul, et al.
(author)
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Assessment of integrated vehicle safety systems for improved vehicle safety
- 2012
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In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0428. ; 48, s. 1632-1641
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Road safety is a major societal issue. In 2009, more than 35,000 people died on the roads of the European Union, i.e. the equivalent of a medium town, and no fewer than 1,500,000 persons were injured. The cost for society is huge, representing approximately 130 billion Euros in 2009. In view of this the European road safety policy orientations up to 2020 new technologies that have high potential to improve road safety should be promoted. This includes Integrated Safety Systems (ISS) like pre-crash systems with collision warning or autonomous vehicle actions. For such systems it is stated that “Accelerated deployment and broad market take-up of such safety enhancing applications needs to be supported in order for their full potential to be unleashed”. The ASSESS project is directly responding to this by developing test and assessment procedures for the evaluation of pre-crash systems. Methods are being developed for driver behavioural aspects, pre-crash sensing performance and crash performance under conditions influenced by pre-crash driver and vehicle actions. The gained know-how will be implemented in proposals for test and assessment procedures that will be evaluated on the basis of actual systems currently offered to the market. The ASSESS project started in July 2009. This paper presents results achieved during the first two years of the project including activities on test scenario definition, test tool development and first test results on driver behavioural aspects and pre-crash performance evaluation.
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| 36. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Causation patterns and data collection blind spots for fatal intersection accidents in Norway
- 2010
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In: 4:th International Conference ESAR - Expert Symposium on Accident Research, Hannover, Germany.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Norwegian fatal intersection accidents from the years 2005-2007 were analysed to identify any causation patternsamong their underlying contributing factors, and also to evaluate whether the data collection and documentation proceduresused by the Norwegian in-depth investigation teams produces the information necessary to perform causation patternanalysis. A total of 28 fatal accidents were analysed. Details on crash contributing factors for each driver in each crash werefirst coded using the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM), and then aggregated based on whether thedriver was going straight or turning. Analysis results indicate that turning drivers to a large extent are faced with perceptiondifficulties and unexpected behaviour from the primary conflict vehicle, while at the same time trying to negotiate ademanding traffic situation. Drivers going straight on the other hand have less perception difficulties. Instead, their mainproblem is that they largely expect turning drivers to yield. When this assumption is violated, they are either slow to react ordo not react at all. Contributing factors often pointed to in literature, e.g. high speed, drugs and/or alcohol and inadequatedriver training, played a role in 12 of 28 accidents. While this confirms their prevalence, it also indicates that most driversend up in these situations due to combinations of less auspicious contributing factors.In terms of data collection and documentation, information on blunt end factors (those more distant in time/space, yetimportant for the development of events) was more limited than information on sharp end factors (those close in time/spaceto the crash). A possible explanation is that analysts may view some blunt end factors as event circumstances rather thancontributing factors in themselves, and therefore do not report them. There was also an asymmetry in terms of reportedobstructions to view due to signposts and vegetation. While frequently reported as contributing for turning drivers, they wererarely reported as contributing for their counterparts in the same accidents. This probably reflects an involuntary focus of theanalyst on identifying contributing factors for the driver legally held liable, while less attention is paid to the driver judgednot at fault. Since who to blame often is irrelevant from a countermeasure development point of view, this underlyinginvestigator mindset needs addressing to avoid future bias in crash investigation reports.
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| 37. |
- Ljung Aust, Mikael, 1973, et al.
(author)
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Fatal intersection crashes in Norway: Patterns in Contributing Factors and Data Collection Challenges
- 2012
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 45, s. 782-791
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Fatal motor vehicle intersection crashes occurring in Norway in the years 2005–2007 were analyzed to identify causation patterns among their underlying contributing factors, and also to assess if the data collection and documentation procedures used by the Norwegian in-depth investigation teams produces the information necessary to do causation pattern analysis. 28 fatal accidents were analyzed. Causation charts of contributing factors were first coded for each driver in each crash using the Driving Reliability and Error Analysis Method (DREAM). Next, the charts were aggregated based on a combination of conflict types and whether the driver was going straight or turning. Analysis results indicate that drivers who were performing a turning maneuver in these crashes faced perception difficulties and unexpected behavior from the primary conflict vehicle, while at the same time trying to negotiate a demanding traffic situation. Drivers who were going straight on the other hand had less perception difficulties but largely expect anyturning drivers to yield, which led to either slow reaction or no reaction at all. In terms of common contributing factors, those often pointed to in literature as contributing to fatal crashes, e.g. high speed, drugs and/or alcohol and inadequate driver training, contributed in 12 of 28 accidents. This confirmstheir prevalence, but also shows that most drivers end up in these situations due to combinations of less auspicious contributing factors. In terms of data collection and documentation, there was an asymmetry in terms of reported obstructions to view due to signposts and vegetation. These were frequently reported as contributing for turning drivers, but rarely reported as contributing for their counterparts in the same crashes. This probably reflects an involuntary focus of the analyst on identifying contributing factors for the driver held legally liable, while less attention is paid to the driver judged not at fault. Since who toblame often is irrelevant from a countermeasure development point of view, this underlying investigator approach needs to be addressed to avoid future bias in crash investigation reports.
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| 38. |
- Margaritis, Dimitris, et al.
(author)
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Pan-European In-depth Road Accident Database
- 2013
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In: 2013 Road Safety on Four Continents, RS4C, Beijing.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The large number of road accidents and casualties requires the development of a European approach for collecting data that will allow a harmonized and detailed investigation of accidents, while assuring the quality of the collected information. Within the project DaCoTA (Work Package 2), existing methodologies were examined in order for elements of them to form the content of a broader framework which was then developed and implemented in a pilot study involving 19 countries. The new database was based on existing systems, after an assessment of protocol adequacy. The database includes eight sections of data, such as “Road”, “Vehicle” and “Medical Information - Injury Mechanism”. The web-based application which includes the storage of the collected data allows teams cross Europe to upload and download data in a secure way. An on-line manual has been further developed and has been used for the first time on a European wide basis. The collection methodology and the database were tested by teams from 19 EU Member States or neighboring countries before the final version being made available for future use.
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| 39. |
- Morris, Andrew, et al.
(author)
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The development of a European fatal accident database
- 2010
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In: International Journal of Crashworthiness. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1358-8265 .- 1754-2111. ; 15:2, s. 201-209
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A lack of representative European accident data to aid the development of safety policy, regulation and technological advancement is a major obstacle in the European Union. Data are needed to assess the performance of road and vehicle safety and also to support the development of further actions by stakeholders. A recent analysis conducted by the European Transport Safety Council identified that there was no single system in place that could meet all of the needs and that there were major gaps including in-depth crash causation information. This paper describes the process of developing a data collection and analysis system designed to partly fill these gaps. A project team with members from seven countries was set up to devise appropriate variable lists to collect fatal crash data, using retrospective detailed police reports (n = 1300), under the following topic levels: accident, road environment, vehicle and road user. The typical level of detail recorded was a minimum of 150 variables for each accident. The project will enable multidisciplinary information on the circumstances of fatal crashes to be interpreted to provide information on a range of causal factors and events surrounding the collisions. This has major applications in the areas of active safety systems, infrastructure and road safety, as well as for tailoring behavioural interventions.
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Morris, A, et al.
(author)
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The Development of a Multidisciplinary System to Understand Causal Factors in Road Crashes
- 2006
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In: 42nd Annual Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Australia Conference 2006, HFESA 2006. - 9781622769599 ; , s. 31-38
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The persistent lack of crash causation data to help inform and monitor road and vehicle safety policy is a major obstacle. Data are needed to assess the performance of road and vehicle safety stakeholders and is needed to support the development of further actions. A recent analysis conducted by the European Transport Safety Council identified that there was no single system in place that could meet all of the needs and that there were major gaps including in-depth crash causation information. This paper describes the process of developing a data collection and analysis system designed to fill these gaps. A project team with members from 7 countries was set up to devise appropriate variable lists to collect crash causation information under the following topic levels: accident, road environment, vehicle, and road user, using two quite different sets of resources: retrospective detailed police reports (n=1300) and prospective, independent, on-scene accident research investigations (n=1000). Data categorisation and human factors analysis methods based on Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method (Hollnagel, 1998) were developed to enable the causal factors to be recorded, linked and understood. A harmonised, prospective "on-scene" method for recording the root causes and critical events of road crashes was developed. Where appropriate, this includes interviewing road users in collaboration with more routine accident investigation techniques. The typical level of detail recorded is a minimum of 150 variables for each accident. The project will enable multidisciplinary information on the circumstances of crashes to be interpreted to provide information on the causal factors. This has major applications in the areas of active safety systems, infrastructure and road safety, as well as for tailoring behavioural interventions. There is no direct model available internationally that uses such a systems based approach.
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| 42. |
- Naing, C. L., et al.
(author)
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Single-vehicle collisions in Europe: analysis using real-world and crash-test data
- 2008
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In: International Journal of Crashworthiness. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1358-8265 .- 1754-2111. ; 13:2, s. 219-229
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many European road casualties result from vehicles leaving the road, often impacting roadside obstacles. As part of the European Commission-funded project RISER (Roadside Infrastructure for Safer European Roads), several activities were undertaken to collate the type of real world crash data which is needed to understand single vehicle crash situations and relate this to crash-test data mandated in the European Union. Accident data were collected and used to create databases exclusively for single-vehicle collisions on major rural roads, simulation software was used to further understand impacts with roadside structures, and an inventory of crash-test data was collected for impacts with poles and safety barriers. The combination of accident data, simulations and crash-test data has provided a unique insight into the characteristics of single-vehicle collisions, helping those involved in the design and evaluation of the roadside environment to understand them better and make recommendations for consideration when drafting design guidelines.
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Talbot, Rachel, et al.
(author)
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Exploring inattention and distraction in the SafetyNet Accident Causation Database
- 2013
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In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575. ; 60, s. 445-455
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Distraction and inattention are considered to be very important and prevalent factors in the causation of road accidents. There have been many recent research studies which have attempted to understand the circumstances under which a driver becomes distracted or inattentive and how distraction/inattention can be prevented. Both factors are thought to have become more important in recent times partly due to the evolution of in-vehicle information and communication technology. This study describes a methodology that was developed to understand when factors such as distraction and inattention may have been contributors to crashes and also describes some of the consequences of distraction and inattention in terms of subsequent driver actions.The study uses data relating to distraction and inattention from the SafetyNet Accident Causation Database. This database was formulated as part of the SafetyNet project to address the lack of representative in-depth accident causation data within the European Union. Data were collected in 6 European countries using ‘on-scene’ and ‘nearly on-scene’ crash investigation methodologies. 32% of crashes recorded in the database, involved at least one driver, rider or pedestrian, who was determined to be ‘Inattentive’ or ‘Distracted’. 212 of the drivers were assigned ‘Distraction’ and 140 drivers were given the code ‘Inattention’. It was found that both distraction and inattention often lead to missed observations within the driving task and consequently ‘Timing’ or ‘Direction’ become critical events in the aetiology of crashes. In addition, the crash types and outcomes may differ according to the type and nature of the distraction and inattention as determined by the in-depth investigations. The development of accident coding methodology is described in this study as is its evolution into the Driver Reliability and Error Analysis Model (DREAM) version 3.0.
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| 50. |
- Talbot, Rachel, et al.
(author)
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Exploring Inattention and Distraction in the SafetyNet Accident Causation Database
- 2009
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In: Proceeding First International Conference on Driver Distraction and Inattention, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The SafetyNet Accident Causation Database was formulated as part of the SafetyNet Integrated Project. Data were collected in 6 European countries using ‘on scene’ and ‘nearly on scene’ crash investigation methods. 32% of crashes recorded in the Database, involved at least one driver, rider or pedestrian, which had been assigned the SNACS codes ‘Inattention’ and/or ‘Distraction’. 212 of the drivers were assigned ‘Distraction’ and 140 drivers were given the code ‘inattention’. Distraction and Inattention often leads to missed observations and ‘Timing’ or ‘Direction’ critical events. In addition, the type of distraction and inattention differs according to the crash type.
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