| 1. |
- Andersson, G-B, et al.
(author)
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Children with surgically corrected hand deformities and upper limb deficiencies: self-concept and psychological well-being.
- 2011
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In: The Journal of Hand Surgery, European Volume. - : SAGE Publications. - 0266-7681. ; 36:9, s. 795-801
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We studied self-concept and psychological well-being in children with hand deformities and upper limb deficiencies. Ninety-two children, 53 boys, 39 girls, aged 9-11 years were included. The children were divided into two subgroups - one with milder (less visible) deformities and one with severe (more complex and visible) finger-hand-arm deformities. Of the 92 children, 79 had received reconstructive surgery, and 13 had been treated with prostheses. The Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale (PHCSCS) was used to measure self-esteem and well-being. Overall PHCSCS scores showed that the whole hand deformity group had 'good' self-concept with mean scores in excess of 60 points, equal to a comparison group of healthy children. Within the hand deformity group, those with mild deformities had lower scores than those with severe deformities. This result was also found in the group of boys but not in the girls. The children with severe deformities had even higher scores than the comparison group regarding the subscale 'Intellectual and School Status'. The children with milder deformities had lower scores than the comparison group regarding the subscale 'Popularity'.
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| 2. |
- Aoki, Sayaka, et al.
(author)
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Development of a new screening tool for neuromotor development in children aged two - the neuromotor 5min exam 2-year-old version (N5E2).
- 2018
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In: Brain & development. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-7131 .- 0387-7604. ; 40:6, s. 445-451
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As a new screening tool for neuromotor development in children aged two, we developed the Neuromotor 5min Exam 2-year-old version (N5E2), which can be easily administered by pediatricians or primary care physicians. In this study, as an initial attempt to examine the utility of the N5E2, the inter-rater reliability on scoring for the individual items in this scale was assessed.The participants of the study were 29 children (aged 1-5years, mean age=2.79) diagnosed with a variety of neuromotor/developmental disorders/high-risk conditions. Inter-rater reliability was examined on the following 11 items in the N5E2: (1) Retrieving a rolling ball, (2) Gait, (3) Toe-walking, (4) Asymmetries of posture and/or movement, (5) Age at unsupported walking, (6) Speaking in two-word understandable sentences, (7) Hypotonus, (8) Hypertonus, (9) Eye movement, (10) Vision problem, (11) Hearing problem. The items were administered to children by two pediatricians with different expertise and clinical experience, separately.The results showed that among the eleven items in the N5E2 examined, a high level of agreement (κ≥0.60) was found on 4 items, and a moderate level of agreement (0.40≤κ<0.60) was found on 5 items. The level of agreement somewhat improved after the dichotomization of the score; using this format, a high level of rater agreement (κ≥0.60) was found on 6 out of 11 items. The analyses also revealed high inter-rater reliability on the sum score of the 11 items (r=0.84).The results suggest the possibility that this brief screening tool could be feasible in settings where clinicians' experience varies, based on its inter-rater reliability on individual items between the clinicians with different expertise and amount of clinical experiences.
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| 3. |
- Barnevik Olsson, Martina, et al.
(author)
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Autism before diagnosis : crying, feeding and sleeping problems in the first two years of life
- 2013
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 102:6, s. 635-639
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim To chart early registered regulatory problems (RP) in a representative group of young children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods The target group comprised 208 preschool children with ASD, whose records from the Child Health Centres (CHC) were reviewed regarding numbers of consultations for excessive crying, feeding and sleeping problems. The records from an age- and gender-matched comparison group were obtained from the same CHCs as those of the index children Results Significant differences between the ASD and comparison groups were found for each domain studied and when domains were collapsed. Two or more consultations had occurred in 44% of the children in the ASD group and in 16% of the comparison group (p<0.001). No correlations were found with regard to gender, later severity of autism, cognitive level or degree of hyperactivity. Conclusion Regulatory problems (RP) were much more common in children who later received a diagnosis of ASD. Children with many RP in infancy require attention from CHC and paediatric services and need to be followed with regard to development and family support.
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| 4. |
- Barnevik Olsson, Martina, et al.
(author)
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Children with borderline intellectual functioning and autism spectrum disorder : developmental trajectories from 4 to 11 years of age
- 2017
-
In: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. - 1176-6328 .- 1178-2021. ; 13, s. 2519-2526
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Studies on autism have tended to focus either on those with intellectual disability (ie, those with intellectual quotient [IQ] under 70) or on the group that is referred to as high-functioning, that is, those with borderline, average or above average IQ. The literature on cognition and daily functioning in autism spectrum disorder combined specifically with borderline intellectual functioning (IQ 70-84) is limited. Methods: From a representative group of 208 preschool children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, those 50 children in the group with borderline intellectual functioning at ages 4.5-6.5 years were targeted for follow-up at a median age of 10 years. A new cognitive test was carried out in 30 children. Parents were interviewed with a semi-structured interview together with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (n=41) and the Autism-Tics, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and other comorbidities inventory (A-TAC) (n=36). Results: Most children of interviewed parents presented problems within several developmental areas. According to A-TAC and the clinical interview, there were high rates of attention deficits and difficulties with regulating activity level and impulsivity. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales composite scores showed that at school age, a majority of the children had declined since the previous assessment at ages between 4.5 and 6.5 years. Almost half the tested group had shifted in their IQ level, to below 70 or above 84. Conclusion: None of the children assessed was without developmental/neuropsychiatric problems at school-age follow-up. The results support the need for comprehensive follow-up of educational, medical and developmental/neuropsychiatric needs, including a retesting of cognitive functions. There is also a need for continuing parent/family follow-up and support.
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| 5. |
- Barnevik Olsson, Martina, et al.
(author)
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Children with borderline intellectual functioning and autism spectrum disorder: developmental trajectories from 4 to 11 years of age
- 2017
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In: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1178-2021. ; 13, s. 2519-2526
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Studies on autism have tended to focus either on those with intellectual disability (ie, those with intellectual quotient [IQ] under 70) or on the group that is referred to as "high-functioning", that is, those with borderline, average or above average IQ. The literature on cognition and daily functioning in autism spectrum disorder combined specifically with borderline intellectual functioning (IQ 70-84) is limited. Methods: From a representative group of 208 preschool children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, those 50 children in the group with borderline intellectual functioning at ages 4.5-6.5 years were targeted for follow-up at a median age of 10 years. A new cognitive test was carried out in 30 children. Parents were interviewed with a semi-structured interview together with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (n=41) and the Autism-Tics, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and other comorbidities inventory (A-TAC) (n=36). Results: Most children of interviewed parents presented problems within several developmental areas. According to A-TAC and the clinical interview, there were high rates of attention deficits and difficulties with regulating activity level and impulsivity. Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales composite scores showed that at school age, a majority of the children had declined since the previous assessment at ages between 4.5 and 6.5 years. Almost half the tested group had shifted in their IQ level, to below 70 or above 84. Conclusion: None of the children assessed was without developmental/neuropsychiatric problems at school-age follow-up. The results support the need for comprehensive follow-up of educational, medical and developmental/neuropsychiatric needs, including a retesting of cognitive functions. There is also a need for continuing parent/family follow-up and support.
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| 6. |
- Barnevik Olsson, Martina, et al.
(author)
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Preschool to School in Autism : Neuropsychiatric Problems 8 Years After Diagnosis at 3 Years of Age
- 2016
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In: Journal of autism and developmental disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0162-3257 .- 1573-3432. ; 46:8, s. 2749-2755
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The study presents neuropsychiatric profiles of children aged 11 with autism spectrum disorder, assessed before 4.5 years, and after interventions. The original group comprised a community sample of 208 children with ASD. Parents of 128 participated-34 with average intellectual function, 36 with borderline intellectual function and 58 with intellectual disability. They were interviewed using the Autism-Tics, AD/HD and other Comorbidities interview. Criteria for a clinical/subclinical proxy of ASD were met by 71, 89 and 95 %, respectively. Criteria for at least one of ASD, AD/HD, Learning disorder or Developmental Coordination Disorder were met by 82, 94 and 97 %. More than 90 % of children with a preschool diagnosis of ASD have remaining neuropsychiatric problems at 11, despite early intervention.
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| 7. |
- Barnevik Olsson, Martina, et al.
(author)
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Prevalence of autism in children born to Somali parents living in Sweden: a brief report.
- 2008
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In: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. - : Wiley. - 0012-1622 .- 1469-8749. ; 50:8, s. 598-601
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In a geographical area of Stockholm, with a relatively large Somali immigrant population, parents as well as teachers in special schools and staff at habilitation centres have raised concerns over whether children with a Somali background are over-represented in the total group of children with autism. The aim of the study was, therefore, to investigate the prevalence of autism in children with parents from Somalia, living in Stockholm county, and to compare the prevalence in children of Somali background with that in the non-Somali group. We reviewed the records of 17 children (13 males, four females), born between 1988 and 1998 (age range 7-17y) and with a Somali background, who had a diagnosis of autistic disorder or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDDNOS) and were registered at either of the two autism habilitation centres for school-aged children. The prevalence of autistic disorder or PDDNOS was found to be three to four times higher than in the non-Somali group (0.7% vs 0.19%). All children also had learning disability.* Our findings warrant further investigations of possible aetiological factors behind the increased prevalence of autistic disorders in children of Somali origin found in this area in Sweden.
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| 8. |
- Barnevik Olsson, Martina, et al.
(author)
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Prevalence of autism in children of Somali origin living in Stockholm: brief report of an at-risk population.
- 2010
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In: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. - : Wiley. - 0012-1622. ; 52:12, s. 1167-1168
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This work was a follow-up study (birth years 1999–2003) of the prevalence of autism in children of Somali background living in the county of Stockholm, Sweden. In a previous study (birth years 1988–98), the prevalence of autismassociated with learning disability* was found to be three to four times higher among Somali children compared with other ethnicities in Stockholm. We examined all records of children of Somali background, born from 1999 to 2003, registered at the centre for schoolchildren with autism and learning disability. The census day was 31 December 2009. The prevalence of autismand PDDNOS (with learning disability) was 0.98% (18 ⁄ 1836) in the Somali group and 0.21% (232 ⁄ 111 555) in the group of children of non-Somali origin (p<0.001). The increased prevalence remained and was now between four and five times higher in children of Somali background. A clinical observation was that more than 80%, in addition to autismand learning disability, had a profound hyperactivity. The findings accord with many other studies reporting higher prevalence rates of autism in children of immigrantmothers.We discuss the need for further research of underlyingmechanisms.
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| 9. |
- Barnevik Olsson, Martina, et al.
(author)
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Recovery from the diagnosis of autism - and then?
- 2015
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In: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. - 1176-6328 .- 1178-2021. ; 11, s. 999-1005
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The aim of this study was to follow up the 17 children, from a total group of 208 children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), who recovered from autism. They had been clinically diagnosed with ASD at or under the age of 4 years. For 2 years thereafter they received intervention based on applied behavior analysis. These 17 children were all of average or borderline intellectual functioning. On the 2-year follow-up assessment, they no longer met criteria for ASD. Methods: At about 10 years of age they were targeted for a new follow-up. Parents were given a semistructured interview regarding the child's daily functioning, school situation, and need of support, and were interviewed using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS) and the Autism - Tics, Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), and other Comorbidities (A-TAC) telephone interview. Results: The vast majority of the children had moderate-to-severe problems with attention/activity regulation, speech and language, behavior, and/or social interaction. A majority of the children had declined in their VABS scores. Most of the 14 children whose parents were A-TAC-interviewed had problems within many behavioral A-TAC domains, and four (29%) had symptom levels corresponding to a clinical diagnosis of ASD, AD/HD, or both. Another seven children (50%) had pronounced subthreshold indicators of ASD, AD/HD, or both. Conclusion: Children diagnosed at 2-4 years of age as suffering from ASD and who, after appropriate intervention for 2 years, no longer met diagnostic criteria for the disorder, clearly needed to be followed up longer. About 3-4 years later, they still had major problems diagnosable under the umbrella term of ESSENCE (Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations). They continued to be in need of support, educationally, from a neurodevelopmental and a medical point of view. According to parent interview data, a substantial minority of these children again met diagnostic criteria for ASD.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Billstedt, Eva, 1961, et al.
(author)
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Cognitive functioning in a representative cohort of preschool children with febrile seizures
- 2020
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 109:5, s. 989-94
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim To analyse cognitive functioning in 4-5-year-old children who had experienced febrile seizures (FS) and to assess the importance of complex, recurrent and early vs late onset FS. Methods The sample consisted of 73 children, screen positive for FS, drawn from the general child population of 4-year-old children attending their health check-up at child healthcare centres in Gothenburg, Sweden. They were assessed as regards general cognitive ability, visual memory and attention and were contrasted with age norms and with results obtained in 20 children without FS from the same healthcare centres. Results Of the 73 children, two had a previously diagnosed intellectual disability (ID) (one mild, one moderate) and two further children tested within the study had results corresponding to mild ID. Children with early onset of FS (before age 12 months)-who often had recurrent FS-had lower full-scale, verbal and processing speed IQ than those who had later onset of FS. Conclusion Children with early onset of FS and particularly those with recurrent FS may be at increased risk for poorer verbal and processing speed functioning and therefore at risk of developing cognitive, executive dysfunctions. They would probably benefit from neuropaediatric and neuropsychological follow-up.
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| 12. |
- Blomqvist, My, et al.
(author)
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Cognitive ability and dental fear and anxiety
- 2013
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In: European Journal of Oral Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0909-8836 .- 1600-0722. ; 121:2, s. 117-120
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Dental fear and anxiety (DFA), as well as dental behavior management problems, are common in children and adolescents. Several psychological factors in the child, and parental DFA, have been studied and found to correlate to the child's DFA. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cognitive ability and DFA in a population-based group of children with identified behavior and learning problems. In conjunction with a dental examination at 11yr of age, 70 children were assessed with regard to DFA using the Children's Fear Survey Schedule Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS), and their cognitive ability was assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. In addition, parental DFA was measured using the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale. The results revealed that DFA was significantly correlated to verbal intelligence quotient (IQ) but not to any other cognitive index. A significant correlation was found between parental DFA and child DFA. The results indicate that the child's verbal capacity may be one factor of importance in explaining dental fear in children.
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| 13. |
- Blomqvist, My, et al.
(author)
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Dental caries in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a population-based follow-up study.
- 2011
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In: European Journal of Oral Sciences. - : Wiley. - 1600-0722 .- 0909-8836. ; 119:5, s. 381-385
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study tested the hypothesis that adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) exhibit a higher prevalence of caries than adolescents in a control group. Thirty-two adolescents with ADHD and a control group of 55 adolescents from a population-based sample, all 17yr of age, underwent a clinical and radiographic dental examination. The mean±SD number of decayed surfaces (DS) was 2.0±2.2 in adolescents with ADHD and 0.9±1.4 in adolescents of the control group. Thirty-one per cent of the adolescents in the ADHD group had no new caries lesions (DS=0) compared with 62% in the control group. Six per cent of the adolescents in the ADHD group were caries free [decayed, missing or filled surfaces (DMFS)=0] compared with 29% in the control group. Adolescents with ADHD also had a higher percentage of gingival sites that exhibited bleeding on probing compared with the control group: 35±39% vs. 16±24% (mean±SD), respectively. At 17yr of age, adolescents with ADHD exhibited a statistically significantly higher prevalence of caries compared with an age-matched control group. Adolescents with ADHD need more support regarding oral hygiene and dietary habits. They should be followed up with shorter intervals between dental examinations to prevent caries progression during adulthood.
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| 14. |
- Blomqvist, My, et al.
(author)
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How do children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder interact in a clinical dental examination? : A video analysis.
- 2005
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In: European Journal of Oral Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0909-8836 .- 1600-0722. ; 113:3, s. 203-209
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is currently the most common behavioural disorder in school-age children. The aim of this study was to perform a detailed analysis of behavioural interactions between the dentist and the child patient with ADHD. All children born in 1991(n=555) in one Swedish municipality were screened for attention and learning problems and assessed for ADHD: Twenty-two children with ADHD and a control group of 47 children without attention and learning problems were included in the study. The dental recall visit was recorded on video. The interaction between the dentist and the child was analyzed in detail and scored as verbal and nonverbal initiatives and responses. Compared to the children in the control group, the children with ADHD made significantly more initiatives, especially initiatives that did not focus on the eaxmination or the dentist. The children with ADHD had fewer verbal responses and more missing responses. In conclusion, the problems in communication resulted in less two-way communication between the dentist and the children with ADHD than the interaction between the dentist and the children in the control group. The children with ADHD had particular difficulties staying focused on the examination.
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| 15. |
- Blomqvist, My, et al.
(author)
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Oral health, dental anxiety, and behavior management problems in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
- 2006
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In: European Journal of Oral Science. - 0909-8836. ; 114:5, s. 385-390
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common developmental disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate whether children with ADHD have a higher caries prevalence, a higher degree of dental anxiety, or more dental behavior management problems (BMP) than children of a control group. Twenty-five children with ADHD and a control group of 58 children, all aged 11 yr, were included in the study. The children underwent a clinical dental examination, and bitewing radiographs were taken. The parents completed the Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS). Dental records from the subjects were obtained, and data regarding notes on behavior management problems (BMP) of the children when between 3 and 10 yr of age were compiled. Compared with controls, children with ADHD had significantly higher decayed, missing or filled surfaces (DMFS) (2.0 +/- 3.0 vs. 1.0 +/- 1.5) and significantly higher decayed surfaces (DS) (1.7 +/- 3.6 vs. 0.5 +/- 0.9). Differences between the groups regarding CFSS-DS scores were non-significant. In the ADHD group, the prevalence of BMP increased when the children were between 7 and 9 yr of age. In conclusion, children with ADHD exhibited a higher caries prevalence, did not exhibit a higher degree of dental anxiety, and had more BMP than children of a control group.
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Bremer, Anna, et al.
(author)
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Copy number variation characteristics in subpopulations of patients with autism spectrum disorders.
- 2011
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In: American Journal of Medical Genetics, Part B, Neuropsychiatric Genetics. - : Wiley. - 1552-4841. ; 156B156:2, s. 115-124
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with a complex genetic etiology. We used high-resolution whole genome array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) to screen 223 ASD patients for gene dose alterations associated with susceptibility for autism. Clinically significant copy number variations (CNVs) were identified in 18 individuals (8%), of which 9 cases (4%) had de novo aberrations. In addition, 20 individuals (9%) were shown to have CNVs of unclear clinical relevance. Among these, 13 cases carried rare but inherited CNVs that may increase the risk for developing ASDs, while parental samples were unavailable in the remaining seven cases. Classification of all patients into different phenotypic and inheritance pattern groups indicated the presence of different CNV patterns in different patient groups. Clinically relevant CNVs were more common in syndromic cases compared to non-syndromic cases. Rare inherited CNVs were present in a higher proportion of ASD cases having first- or second-degree relatives with an ASD-related neuropsychiatric phenotype in comparison with cases without reported heredity (P=0.0096). We conclude that rare CNVs, encompassing potential candidate regions for ASDs, increase the susceptibility for the development of ASDs and related neuropsychiatric disorders giving us further insight into the complex genetics underlying ASDs
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| 18. |
- de Verdier, Kim, et al.
(author)
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Blindness and Autism : Parents’ Perspectives on Diagnostic Challenges, Support Needs and Support Provision
- 2020
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In: Journal of autism and developmental disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0162-3257 .- 1573-3432. ; 50:6, s. 1921-1930
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with or without intellectual disability (ID), is common in children with congenital blindness. This complex combination of disabilities often involves many challenges for the family. This study explored parents’ experiences of having a child with blindness and ASD (with or without ID), their support needs and experiences of the support provided. Interviews with eight parents, representing six families, were performed. The parents emphasized that assessment and diagnostic procedures must be performed by professionals with expertise in blind children’s development, and ASD. The support was often perceived as fragmented and did not correspond to the families’ needs. The results suggest that national guidelines should be produced, to ensure a more coordinated and tailored support to these families.
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| 19. |
- de Verdier, Kim, et al.
(author)
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Challenges and Successful Pedagogical Strategies : Experiences from Six Swedish Students with Blindness and Autism in Different School Settings
- 2018
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In: Journal of autism and developmental disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0162-3257 .- 1573-3432. ; 48:2, s. 520-532
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The prevalence of autism in children with blindness is much higher than in the general population. There are many challenges regarding the school situation for children with this complex dual disability. This study explored challenges and successful strategies in school for a sample of six Swedish children with blindness and autism, with and without intellectual disability, through qualitative interviews with students, teachers and parents. All students displayed executive functioning deficits, and the teaching situation entailed several challenges. Our research points to the importance of adopting evidence-based practices for ASD, but adapted according to the students lack of vision. For this to be possible, close collaboration between teachers, parents and specialists in the field of visual impairment and autism is necessary.
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| 20. |
- de Verdier, Kim, 1973-
(author)
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Children with blindness: Developmental aspects, comorbidity and implications for education and support
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The overall aim of this research is to deepen the knowledge about developmental aspects, comorbidity and implications for education and support provision, regarding children with blindness. Special focus is directed towards children with blindness and autism spectrum disorder (ASD).The research comprises three different projects, reported in five papers. The studies adopt different designs; one is record-based and explores clinical characteristics and etiologies of Swedish children with blindness, one has a longitudinal design with collection of qualitative as well as quantitative data, and explores the school outcome for braille reading students in inclusive education; and one has a mainly qualitative design and explores diagnostic challenges and support to children with blindness and ASD and their families. Both children’s, parents’ and teachers’ perspectives are included in the research.The results show that children with blindness are very rare; in average seven blind children per year are born in Sweden. Moreover, isolated blindness is unusual in children, and the rate of multidisability is high. The comorbidity with ASD and intellectual disability (ID) is high, especially in certain etiological groups. Competence about children with blindness is necessary in assessment and diagnostic procedures, to differentiate between effects of blindness and possible additional disabilities. The results also highlight the fact that the support provided to children with blindness, with and without additional disabilities, is perceived as insufficient and does not correspond to the complex needs of the population. Teachers need more competence in braille and teaching methods, especially regarding blindness and additional disabilities such as ASD. Parents ask for a more coordinated support with a life-long scope, provided by professionals with expertise in children with blindness.The opinions about inclusive education differ in the studies; both students, parents and teachers point to advantages as well as challenges. However, for the schools to be able provide equal educational opportunities for children with blindness in the inclusive setting, the support must be further developed and the national responsibility for unusual disability groups must be extended.
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| 21. |
- de Verdier, Kim, et al.
(author)
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Children with blindness – major causes, developmental outcomes and implications for habilitation and educational support : a two‐decade, Swedish population‐based study
- 2018
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In: Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica. - : Wiley. - 1395-3907 .- 1600-0420 .- 1755-375X .- 1755-3768. ; 96:3, s. 295-300
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- PurposeThe aim was to describe the population of children with congenital or early infancy blindness in Sweden, with regard to causes of blindness and prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairments.MethodsMedical, psychological and pedagogical records of Swedish children with congenital or early infancy blindness (total blindness or light perception at the most) born in 1988–2008 were analysed regarding year of birth, gender, cause of blindness, gestational age, associated neurological disorders/syndromes, associated neurodevelopmental impairments, cognitive level and type of school placement.ResultsA total of 150 individuals, 80 girls and 70 boys, were identified, corresponding to a prevalence of 7/100 000. Five causes of blindness dominated, constituting 76% of all represented aetiologies: retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH), Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), optic nerve atrophy (ONA) and microphthalmia/anophthalmia. Nearly three of four children in the study population had at least one additional disability besides blindness; the most common being intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). More than half of the population had more than one additional disability. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was most common in children with ONH, ROP, LCA and microphthalmia/anophthalmia.ConclusionIn children born within the last decades, isolated blindness is uncommon and the rate of multidisabilities is high. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) seems to be more strongly associated with specific aetiological subgroups. Further development of the support to families and schools should be based on knowledge about the considerable heterogeneity of the population of children with blindness, and the common occurrence of coexisting neurodevelopmental disorders, especially ID and ASD.
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| 22. |
- Ek, Ulla, et al.
(author)
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An audit of teenagers who had not succeeded in elementary school : a retrospective case review
- 2012
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In: Clinical Audit. - : Dovepress. - 1179-2760. ; 4, s. 1-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The aim was to perform a retrospective case review of pupils who had not succeeded in elementary school, in order to analyze barriers at individual and system levels. Methods: Forty-five pupils, aged 16–20 years, who had not qualified for senior high school, were consecutively assessed within the school health unit to determine their cognitive function, school history, measures taken, previous assessments, and diagnoses given. Results: School health records revealed early problems with learning, reading, mathematics, and attention, but very few students had received an appropriate diagnosis. Our review and assessment when all the data had been compiled demonstrated that the vast majority (96%) of participants had clear developmental problems. Attention problems or full attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder dominated. About half of the students reported extensive truancy. Mean intelligence quotient in the study group was 83.9, about 1 standard deviation below the mean. Fluid intelligence was significantly superior to crystallized intelligence. Conclusion: Screening and identification are needed throughout the school years of children who present symptoms that could interfere with their academic achievement. Intervention needs to be based on skilled assessment, with consideration given to each individual's broad panorama of cognitive deficits and assets, as well as concomitant social adversities that may underlie their school failure. Since there can be a significant negative impact of limited educational opportunities on future socioeconomic outcomes, the question of who is at risk is important both for affected individuals and more generally for public health. Limitations: The study group was small and may not have been fully representative. In spite of limited confidence about generalizing from the results, the findings call for reflection.
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| 23. |
- Ek, Ulla, et al.
(author)
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Cognitive and behavioural characteristics in blind children with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia.
- 2005
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253. ; 94:10, s. 1421-1426
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: To describe cognitive and behavioural characteristics in a group of blind children with bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia (ONH). Methods: Data from records, parents, teachers, and repeated developmental assessments of 13 blind children with ONH born in 1988–1998 were analysed. All children had neuroimaging and/or hormonal evidence of midline malformations. They were all blind and able to communicate with speech. Results: Severe mood swings and temper tantrums were common, especially during the first years of life. Later in life, sluggish tempo, low frustration tolerance and a narrow range of interests were common. Autism had been diagnosed in 6/13 children, autistic-like condition (ALC) was found in another three. The behaviour of the remaining four children was not within the autism spectrum. Eight children had cognitive capacities within the normal or near-normal range; five had mental retardation. Autism/ALC was found in all cognitive subgroups. All children exhibited fluent speech and, of these, 12 had started to talk at the expected age, but had clear deficiencies in communicative ability. Conclusion: These children had a common pattern of behavioural characteristics including autism spectrum disorders independent of intellectual capacities.
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| 24. |
- Ek, Ulla, et al.
(author)
-
Cognitive strengths and deficits in schoolchildren with ADHD.
- 2007
-
In: Acta Paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992). - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 96:5, s. 756-761
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Few studies provide detailed analyses of the various aspects of the entire cognitive profile of children with ADHD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Cognitive test data were analysed for 10- to 11-year-old children with (1) ADHD, (2) subthreshold ADHD and (3) milder attention and/or learning problems, and compared with normative data. RESULTS: Thirty-two had ADHD and 10 met the criteria for subthreshold ADHD, prevalence rates of 5.4% and 1.6%, respectively. On a group level, children with ADHD/subthreshold ADHD, and those with milder attention and/or learning problems had almost identical cognitive profiles for the 13 subtests comprising the WISC III, with particularly low results on the arithmetic, coding, information and digit span subtests (ACID profile). When analyzed individually, a complete or incomplete ACID profile (three of four subtests) was equally common in children with ADHD/subthreshold ADHD and in children with milder problems, found in about 1/5. The relative strengths of both groups were in areas demanding logical thinking, reasoning and common sense. CONCLUSION: The specific ACID profile is as common in children with ADHD as in those with minor attention and/or learning problems. The cognitive weaknesses reflected in the ACID profile might play a role as an underlying factor in various developmental disorders.
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| 25. |
- Ek, Ulla, et al.
(author)
-
General versus executive cognitive ability in pupils with ADHD and with milder attention problems
- 2013
-
In: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. - 1176-6328 .- 1178-2021. ; 9, s. 163-168
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The aim of this study was to analyze two main types of cognitive domains in school children with different types and severities of attention-related problems. The cognitive domains examined were general cognitive ability and executive abilities. Methods: Three different clinical samples of pupils with school problems were analyzed to assess their cognitive Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children profiles. In particular, the general cognitive ability index and the executive markers (ie, verbal memory index and processing speed index) were of interest. Of the total sample (n = 198), two main groups were contrasted; one met the full criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/subthreshold ADHD, and one was comprised of those with milder attention problems, insufficient to meet the criteria for ADHD/subthreshold ADHD. Results: It could be demonstrated that both groups had a significantly higher score on the general cognitive ability index than on measures of working memory and processing speed. This difference was more pronounced for boys. Conclusion: These types of cognitive differences need to be considered in children with different kinds of learning, behavior, and attention problems; this is also true for children presenting with an average general intelligence quotient and with milder attention problems. Current educational expectations are demanding for children with mild difficulties, and such cognitive information will add to the understanding of the child's learning problems, hopefully leading to a better adapted education than that conventionally available.
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| 26. |
- Ek, Ulla, et al.
(author)
-
Relation between blindness due to retinopathy of prematurity and autistic spectrum disorders: a population-based study.
- 1998
-
In: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. - 0012-1622. ; 40:5, s. 297-301
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Children with blindness due to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)--who are at greatly increased risk of cerebral damage--have been noted to have a high rate of autistic symptoms, but systematic controlled studies have been lacking. A controlled population-based study was performed; one group was blind due to ROP (N=27) and the other was congenitally blind due to hereditary retinal disease (N=14). Fifteen of the 27 children with ROP had autistic disorder. All these children were mentally retarded and about one-third of them had cerebral palsy. In the comparison group, two of the 14 children had autistic disorder. It is concluded that there is a strong association between ROP and autistic disorder. The association is most probably mediated by brain damage and is largely independent of the blindness per se.
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| 27. |
- Ek, Ulla, et al.
(author)
-
Self-esteem in children with attention and/or learning deficits : the importance of gender
- 2008
-
In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 97:8, s. 1125-1130
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Our objective was to analyze self-esteem in children within a spectrum of attention disorders, that is, besides attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also children with subthreshold ADHD and even milder attention deficits and/or learning problems.Methods: From a population-based group of 10–11-year-old children in a Swedish municipality those with ADHD/subthreshold ADHD (n = 30) and those with milder attention and/or learning problems (n = 64) were targeted for the study. The children completed the 'I think I am' scale, reflecting physical appearance, scholastic competence, mental well-being, relationships to parents and to others and global self-esteem. Data from boys and girls were compared and related to the parents' and teachers' ratings on the two dimensions of the Conners' 10-item questionnaire (impulsive-restless behaviour and emotional lability) and to the children's cognitive levels.Results: Significant gender differences were found, girls reporting lower self-esteem concerning mental well-being and poorer relationships with parents and peers. However, children with ADHD/subthreshold ADHD did not report significantly lower global self-esteem when compared to a reference population.Conclusion: Self-esteem in children with attention, behaviour and/or learning problems has to be carefully evaluated, especially in girls, and measures are needed to prevent a trajectory towards adolescent psychopathology.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Ek, Ulla, 1948-, et al.
(author)
-
Teenage outcomes after speech and language impairment at preschool age
- 2012
-
In: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment. - 1176-6328 .- 1178-2021. ; 8, s. 221-227
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: Ten years ago, we published developmental data on a representative group of children (n = 25) with moderate or severe speech and language impairment, who were attending special preschools for children. The aim of this study was to perform a follow-up of these children as teenagers. Methods: Parents of 23 teenagers participated in a clinical interview that requested information on the child's current academic achievement, type of school, previous clinical assessments, and developmental diagnoses. Fifteen children participated in a speech and language evaluation, and 13 participated in a psychological evaluation. Results: Seven of the 23 teenagers had a mild intellectual disability, and another three had borderline intellectual functioning. Nine had symptoms of disorders on the autism spectrum; five of these had an autism spectrum disorder, and four had clear autistic traits. Six met criteria for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/subthreshold ADHD. Thirteen of 15 teenagers had a moderate or severe language impairment, and 13 of 15 had a moderate or severe reading impairment. Overlapping disorders were frequent. None of the individuals who underwent the clinical evaluation were free from developmental problems. Conclusion: A large number of children with speech and language impairment at preschool age had persistent language problems and/or met the criteria for developmental diagnoses other than speech and language impairment at their follow-up as teenagers. Language impairment in young children is a marker for several developmental disorders, particularly intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder.
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| 30. |
- Engman, Mona-Lisa, et al.
(author)
-
Prenatal acquired cytomegalovirus infection should be considered in children with autism
- 2015
-
In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 104:8, s. 792-795
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) in a representative sample of children with autism spectrum disorder. Methods: In a representative group of 115 preschool children with autism spectrum disorder, of whom 33 also had intellectual disability, the dried blood spots from the newborn metabolic screening were analysed for CMV DNA using TaqMan polymerase chain reaction. Results: One of the 33 children with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability - 3% of that group - had congenital CMV infection. The corresponding prevalence in newborn infants in Sweden is 0.2%. None of the 82 children without intellectual disability had congenital CMV. Conclusion: The finding lends some further support for congenital CMV being one of the many aetiologies underlying autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability. The rate of 3% of congenital CMV in children with autism spectrum disorder with intellectual disability has implications for the medical work-up. The finding of congenital CMV also indicates the need for repeated hearing assessments in the child. There is a need for similar studies with much larger samples.
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| 31. |
- Eriksson, Mats Anders, et al.
(author)
-
First-degree relatives of young children with autism spectrum disorders: some gender aspects.
- 2012
-
In: Research in Developmental Disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222 .- 1873-3379. ; 33:5, s. 1642-1648
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prenatal risk factors, with special focus on gender distribution of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions were analysed in first-degree relatives in a population-based group of young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Multiple information sources were combined. This group was contrasted with the general population regarding data from the Swedish Medical Birth register. In the ASD group, information was also obtained at parental interviews focusing on developmental and psychiatric disorders in the family. Compared to the general population, fathers of children with ASD were older and parents more often of non-European origin. Mothers of children with ASD had an increased rate of antidepressant and psychoactive medication use, and of scheduled caesarean sections. Fathers and brothers of children with ASD had high rates of ASD including the broader phenotype. Mothers of children with ASD had high rates of depression and other psychiatric disorders. These findings, hypothetically, could reflect a different ASD phenotype and difficulties diagnosing ASD in females or be an example of the close genetic relation between ASD and other psychiatric disorders. The results suggest that, in clinical and research settings, the familial background in ASD should be reviewed with a broader approach, and not be restricted to "looking out" only for diagnoses and symptoms traditionally accepted as being part of or typical of ASD. The high rate of parents of non-European origin has been noted in many Swedish studies of ASD, but the reason for this association, remains unclear.
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| 32. |
- Eriksson, Mats Anders, et al.
(author)
-
Medical conditions affect the outcome of early intervention in preschool children with autism spectrum disorders
- 2013
-
In: European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1018-8827 .- 1435-165X. ; 22:1, s. 23-33
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim was to explore the frequency of genetic and other medical conditions, including epilepsy, in a population-based group of 208 preschool children with early diagnosis of Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and to relate outcome at a 2-year follow-up to the co-existing medical findings. They had all received early intervention. The Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS-II) composite score served as the primary outcome measure. In the total group, 38/208 children (18 %) had a significant medical or genetic condition. Epilepsy was present in 6.3 % at the first assessment and in 8.6 % at follow-up and was associated with more severe intellectual impairment. A history of regression was reported in 22 %. Children with any medical/genetic condition, including epilepsy, as well as children with a history of regression had significantly lower VABS-II scores at the 2-year follow-up. Children with a medical/genetic condition, including epilepsy, had been diagnosed with ASD at an earlier age than those without such conditions, and early age at diagnosis also correlated negatively with adaptive functioning outcome. The results underscore the importance of considering medical/genetic aspects in all young children with ASD and the requirement to individualize and tailor interventions according to their specific needs.
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| 33. |
- Eriksson, Mats Anders, et al.
(author)
-
Rare copy number variants are common in young children with autism spectrum disorder
- 2015
-
In: Acta Paediatrica. - : Wiley. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 104:6, s. 610-618
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AimSeveral studies have suggested that rare copy number variants (CNVs) are an important genetic contributor to autism spectrum disorders. The aims of the study were to use chromosomal microarray to investigate the presence of rare copy number variants in a population-based cohort of well-characterised young children with autism spectrum disorders and to relate the genetic results to neurodevelopmental profiles and medical conditions. MethodsWe performed chromosomal microarray on samples from 162 children who had been referred to the Stockholm Autism Centre for Young Children in Sweden after being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder between 20 and 54months of age. ResultsPathogenic aberrations were detected in 8.6% of the children and variants of uncertain significance were present in another 8.6%. CNVs were more frequent in children with congenital malformations or dysmorphic features as well as in the subgroup with intellectual disability. ConclusionOur results support the use of chromosomal microarray methods for the first tier genetic analysis of autism spectrum disorder. However, it is likely in the near future that chromosomal microarray methods will probably be replaced by whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing technologies in clinical genetic testing.
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| 34. |
- Falck-Ytter, Terje, et al.
(author)
-
Face scanning distinguishes social from communication impairments in autism
- 2010
-
In: Developmental Science. - : Wiley. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 13:6, s. 864-875
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- How closely related are the social and communicative impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? Recent findings in typically developing children suggest that both types of impairment are highly heritable but have only moderate behavioural and genetic overlap. So far, their respective roles in social perception are poorly understood. Here we show that when looking at other people’s faces, children with ASD who are better at socio-emotional behaviours than non-verbal communication look more at the eyes, while those with the opposite profile look more at the mouth (Study 1). For the mouth area, a similar pattern was observed for inverted faces, suggesting that information from this area is perceived on a featural basis. In Study 2, we found that when shown a person performing manual actions, ‘eye-lookers’ from Study 1 tended to look most at the face of the actor, while ‘mouthlookers’ from Study 1 tended to look at the action itself (hand ⁄ objects). This result was found in both ASD and typical development. In Study 3, the main finding in Study 1 was replicated in a new sample. Taken together, we interpret these results as supporting the view that the neural systems underlying socio-emotional versus non-verbal communication skills are separable, a finding that has important theoretical and clinical implications. The results also suggest that a similar differentiation of looking behaviour may operate in normal development.
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| 35. |
- Falck-Ytter, Terje, et al.
(author)
-
Gaze performance in children with autism spectrum disorder when observing communicative actions.
- 2012
-
In: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0162-3257 .- 1573-3432. ; 42:10, s. 2236-2245
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main purpose of this eye tracking study was to map the correlates of gaze performance in a brief test of spontaneous gaze and point-gesture following in young children with autistic disorder (AD), Pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), or typical development (TD). Gaze measures included the children's spontaneous tendency to look at the correct (attended) toy, and the latency of their correct responses. In addition to group differences (AD vs. TD), we found that in AD, accuracy of performance was specifically related to adaptive communication skills. The study also indicated that the latency of correct gaze shifts is related to verbal intelligence. These results have direct implications for our understanding of (responsive) joint attention impairments in AD.
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| 36. |
- Falck-Ytter, Terje, et al.
(author)
-
Visualization and Analysis of Eye Movement Data from Children with Typical and Atypical Development
- 2013
-
In: Journal of autism and developmental disorders. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0162-3257 .- 1573-3432. ; 43:10, s. 2249-2258
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Looking at other children's interactions provides rich learning opportunities for a small child. How children with autism look at other children is largely unknown. Using eye tracking, we studied gaze performance in children with autism and neurotypical comparison children while they were watching videos of semi-naturalistic social interactions between young children. Using a novel, bottom-up approach we identified event-related measures that distinguished between groups with high accuracy. The observed effects remained in a subset of the total sample matched on IQ, and were replicated across several different stimuli. The described method facilitates the detection of meaningful patterns in complex eye tracking data. Also, the approach significantly improves visualization, which will help investigators understand, illustrate, and generate new hypotheses.
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| 37. |
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| 38. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, et al.
(author)
-
Aberrant amino acid transport in fibroblasts from children with autism
- 2007
-
In: Neuroscience Letters. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0304-3940 .- 1872-7972. ; 418:1, s. 82-86
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Autism is a developmental, cognitive disorder clinically characterized by impaired social interaction, communication and restricted behaviours. The present study was designed to explore whether an abnormality in transport of tyrosine and/or alanine is present in children with autism. Skin biopsies were obtained from 11 children with autism (9 boys and 2 girls) fulfilling the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for autistic disorder and 11 healthy male control children. Transport of amino acids tyrosine and alanine across the cell membrane of cultured fibroblasts was studied by the cluster tray method. The maximal transport capacity, Vmax and the affinity constant of the amino acid binding sites, Km, were determined. Significantly increased Vmax for alanine (p = 0.014) and increased Km for tyrosine (p = 0.007) were found in children with autism. The increased transport capacity of alanine across the cell membrane and decreased affinity for transport sites of tyrosine indicates the involvement of two major amino acid transport systems (L- and A-system) in children with autism. This may influence the transport of several other amino acids across the blood–brain-barrier. The significance of the findings has to be further explored. © 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved
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| 39. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948
(author)
-
ADHD, autismspektrumtillstånd och Tourettes syndrom
- 2012
-
In: Barn med funktionsnedsättning. Red. Bengt Lagerkvist; Carl Lindgren. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144071879 ; , s. 163-172
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 40. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948, et al.
(author)
-
ADHD bör uppmärksammas mer - tidiga insatser spar lidande.
- 2014
-
In: Läkartidningen. - 0023-7205. ; 111
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental/neuropsychiatric disorder affecting about 5 percent of children. About 2-3 percent meet diagnostic criteria in adulthood as well. The core symptoms include inattention with or without hyperactivity/restlessness and impulsivity. The main cognitive deficit involves executive functions, probably related to a weak reward system. Symptoms will affect daily functioning at home, among friends and at school/work. In girls and women particularly, a correct diagnosis of ADHD is often late, or is not at all appropriately considered. Co-existing disorders are common; dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder, emotional lability, conduct disorder, autistic symptoms, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression, bipolar disorder, Tourette syndrome, eating disorder, sleeping disorder, and substance abuse. Extensive research in ADHD has increased knowledge in genetics, neurobiology, neuropsychology, intervention, and treatment. Despite this, many individuals with ADHD are not offered a correct assessment, and accordingly, not given appropriate support and treatment.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948, et al.
(author)
-
Autism spectrum disorder and low vitamin D at birth : a sibling control study
- 2015
-
In: Molecular Autism. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2040-2392. ; 6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Insufficient vitamin D activity has attracted increasing interest as a possible underlying risk factor in disorders of the central nervous system, including autism.Methods: In this study, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D) was analysed in 58 Sweden-born sibling pairs, in which one child had autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the other did not. The study group consisted of two representative samples; 47 Gothenburg sibling pairs with mixed ethnicities and 11 Stockholm sibling pairs with Somali background. 25(OH) D levels were analysed in the stored dried blood spots taken in the neonatal period for metabolic screening.Results: The collapsed group of children with ASD had significantly lower vitamin D levels (M = 24.0 nM, SD = 19.6) as compared with their siblings (M = 31.9 nM, SD = 27.7), according to a paired samples t-test (P = 0.013). The difference was-most likely-not only accounted for by a difference in season of birth between ASD and non-ASD siblings since the mean 25(OH)D levels differed with similar effect size between the sibling pairs born during winter and summer, respectively. All children with African/Middle East background, both the children with ASD and their non-ASD siblings, had vitamin D deficiency.Conclusions: The findings suggest that low prenatal vitamin D may act as a risk factor for ASD, however, there is a need for replication with larger samples. Future research should study whether or not adequate supplementation of vitamin D to pregnant women might lower the risk for ASD in the offspring.
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| 43. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948, et al.
(author)
-
Autism spectrum disorder diagnoses in Stockholm preschoolers.
- 2010
-
In: Research in Developmental Disabilities. - : Elsevier BV. - 0891-4222. ; 31:3, s. 680-685
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aims of this study were to estimate prevalence rates of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses in a cohort of 6-year-old children with birth year 2002, referred to the Autism Centre for Young Children, serving the whole of Stockholm county and on the basis of the available data discuss clinical aspects of assessment, habilitation and follow-up. Records of 142 of a total of 147 (123 boys and 24 girls) identified children with ASD diagnoses were scrutinised with respect to type of diagnosis, cognitive level, other developmental disorders and medical/neurological disorders. The overall prevalence of such disorders was 6.2/1000 (95% confidence interval 5.2-7.2/1000). The rates of learning disability/mental retardation, developmental delay without a specified cognitive level and normal intelligence constituted about one third, respectively. AS and atypical autism tended to be diagnosed more often at age 5-6 years while AD with learning disability/mental retardation was more often diagnosed at age 3-4 years. The awareness of ASDs has resulted in increasing numbers of children being diagnosed at young ages. We conclude that it is important to take into account these children's broader developmental profiles, need for repeated assessment of cognitive functions and follow-up over time and also the requirement for medical/neurological consideration and work-up.
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| 44. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948, et al.
(author)
-
Autism under the umbrella of ESSENCE
- 2023
-
In: Frontiers in Psychiatry. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-0640. ; 14
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This brief article gives a short overview of "comorbidity" in autism. The most common co-occurring disorders will be presented and discussed within the context of ESSENCE (Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations), a concept that provides a holistic perspective for neurodevelopmental disorders. The ESSENCE concept also considers the heterogeneous and changing clinical panorama of developmental disorders over time, and also the multifactorial etiologies, including so called behavioral phenotype syndromes. Aspects on behavioral interventions in autism are presented-interventions that need to be adapted and take into account all non-autism associated ESSENCE, including intellectual disability and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The article also focuses on current research on pharmacological intervention based on the hypothesis of imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory transmitter systems in autism and some other ESSENCE.
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| 45. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948, et al.
(author)
-
Autistic disorders in children with CHARGE association
- 1999
-
In: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. - 0012-1622. ; 41:4, s. 270-272
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three children with CHARGE association (coloboma, heart defect, atresia of the choanae, retarded growth and development, genital hypoplasia, ear anomalies and hearing defects) as well as concomitant autistic disorder are reported. Two of the children also had mental retardation. Several types of cerebral maldevelopment/dysfunction have been reported in CHARGE association. With regard to aetiology, involvement of the neural crest has been suggested. Autism in CHARGE association may represent a neuro-endocrine dysfunction. Children with a CHARGE association have many medical problems and therefore autistic behaviour can easily be overlooked. A multidisciplinary approach with respect to assessment, treatment, and habilitation is of vital importance.
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| 46. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948, et al.
(author)
-
Autistic symptoms in children with infantile hydrocephalus.
- 1991
-
In: Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. - 0001-656X. ; 80:4, s. 451-457
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From a population-based series of children with Infantile Hydrocephalus (IH) 69 patients (mean age 11.7 years) were examined with respect to the occurrence of autistic symptoms. Autistic symptomatology was evaluated according to a modified short Swedish version of the so-called Autism Behavior Checklist. Sixteen of the 69 IH children (23%) reached a score which was considered indicative of autistic symptoms (AS) in the child. This group was compared with the remaining 53 IH children without autistic symptoms (non AS). Significant differences were found between these two groups with respect to aetiological and clinical data. In the AS group 44% were born preterm as compared to 9% in the non AS group. CT scan showed major abnormalities in 64% of the AS children while this was present in 28% in the non AS group. The occurrence of major neuroimpairments--epilepsy, mental retardation and cerebral palsy--was 50%, 88% and 50% in the AS group as compared to 9%, 23% and 19% respectively in the non AS group. It was concluded that the more severe the brain damage in children with IH the more likely that autistic symptomatology would ensue. This implies that specific neuropsychiatric services to these families are required.
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| 47. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948
(author)
-
Barn med inlärningssvårigheter
- 2014
-
In: Evidensbaserad elevhälsa. Redaktörer Josef Milerad och Carl Lindgren. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144089690 ; , s. 221-232
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sverige har en lång historia av politiska, sociala och medicinska åtgärder med syftet att främja ungas hälsa och välbefinnande. Vi var bland de första länderna som förbjöd barnaga och ratificerade FN:s Barnkonvention. Vi har en tillsynsmyndighet för barnens rätt – Barnombudsmannen. Trots alla goda initiativ upplever svenska elever att de har en sämre hälsa och välbefinnande än ungdomar i jämförbara länder och detta märks främst i de lägre tonåren. Denna åldersgrupp presterar även sämre i de kunskapsprov som ingår i de internationella PISA-undersökningarna.
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| 48. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948
(author)
-
Barn med utagerande beteende och barn som har svårigheter med det sociala samspelet
- 2014
-
In: Evidensbaserad elevhälsa. Red. Josef Milerad och Carl Lindgren. - Lund : Studentlitteratur. - 9789144089690 ; , s. 261-267
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Sverige har en lång historia av politiska, sociala och medicinska åtgärder med syftet att främja ungas hälsa och välbefinnande. Vi var bland de första länderna som förbjöd barnaga och ratificerade FN:s Barnkonvention. Vi har en tillsynsmyndighet för barnens rätt – Barnombudsmannen. Trots alla goda initiativ upplever svenska elever att de har en sämre hälsa och välbefinnande än ungdomar i jämförbara länder och detta märks främst i de lägre tonåren. Denna åldersgrupp presterar även sämre i de kunskapsprov som ingår i de internationella PISA-undersökningarna.
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| 49. |
|
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| 50. |
- Fernell, Elisabeth, 1948, et al.
(author)
-
Behavioural problems in children with infantile hydrocephalus.
- 1991
-
In: Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology. - : Wiley. - 0012-1622 .- 1469-8749. ; 33:5, s. 388-395
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The occurrence of behavioural problems in a population-based series of children with infantile hydrocephalus (non-spina bifida) was analysed, using parent questionnaires. Children with both infantile hydrocephalus and mental retardation had significantly more behavioural problems compared with those with no mental retardation and controls. Inattentiveness and hyperactivity were particularly typical. No differences were found between children with infantile hydrocephalus and no mental retardation and the control group.
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