| 1. |
- Bixby, H., et al.
(författare)
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Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 569:7755, s. 260-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities(.)(1,2) This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity(3-6). Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55% of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017-and more than 80% in some low- and middle-income regions-was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing-and in some countries reversal-of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Taddei, C, et al.
(författare)
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Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 582:7810, s. 73-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - : eLife Sciences Publications Ltd. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5–22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3– 19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8– 144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Bentham, James, et al.
(författare)
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A century of trends in adult human height
- 2016
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Ingår i: eLIFE. - 2050-084X. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.522.7) and 16.5 cm (13.319.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries.
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| 11. |
- Vieira-Silva, S., et al.
(författare)
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Statin therapy is associated with lower prevalence of gut microbiota dysbiosis
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 581:7808, s. 310-315
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbiome community typing analyses have recently identified the Bacteroides2 (Bact2) enterotype, an intestinal microbiota configuration that is associated with systemic inflammation and has a high prevalence in loose stools in humans1,2. Bact2 is characterized by a high proportion of Bacteroides, a low proportion of Faecalibacterium and low microbial cell densities1,2, and its prevalence varies from 13% in a general population cohort to as high as 78% in patients with inflammatory bowel disease2. Reported changes in stool consistency3 and inflammation status4 during the progression towards obesity and metabolic comorbidities led us to propose that these developments might similarly correlate with an increased prevalence of the potentially dysbiotic Bact2 enterotype. Here, by exploring obesity-associated microbiota alterations in the quantitative faecal metagenomes of the cross-sectional MetaCardis Body Mass Index Spectrum cohort (n=888), we identify statin therapy as a key covariate of microbiome diversification. By focusing on a subcohort of participants that are not medicated with statins, we find that the prevalence of Bact2 correlates with body mass index, increasing from 3.90% in lean or overweight participants to 17.73% in obese participants. Systemic inflammation levels in Bact2-enterotyped individuals are higher than predicted on the basis of their obesity status, indicative of Bact2 as a dysbiotic microbiome constellation. We also observe that obesity-associated microbiota dysbiosis is negatively associated with statin treatment, resulting in a lower Bact2 prevalence of 5.88% in statin-medicated obese participants. This finding is validated in both the accompanying MetaCardis cardiovascular disease dataset (n = 282) and the independent Flemish Gut Flora Project population cohort (n=2,345). The potential benefits of statins in this context will require further evaluation in a prospective clinical trial to ascertain whether the effect is reproducible in a randomized population and before considering their application as microbiota-modulating therapeutics. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
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| 12. |
- Zhou, Bin, et al.
(författare)
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Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: A pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants
- 2016
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Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 387:10027, s. 1513-1530
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: One of the global targets for non-communicable diseases is to halt, by 2025, the rise in the age standardised adult prevalence of diabetes at its 2010 levels. We aimed to estimate worldwide trends in diabetes, how likely it is for countries to achieve the global target, and how changes in prevalence, together with population growth and ageing, are aff ecting the number of adults with diabetes.Methods: We pooled data from population-based studies that had collected data on diabetes through measurement of its biomarkers. We used a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends in diabetes prevalence-defined as fasting plasma glucose of 7.0 mmol/L or higher, or history of diagnosis with diabetes, or use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic drugs-in 200 countries and territories in 21 regions, by sex and from 1980 to 2014. We also calculated the posterior probability of meeting the global diabetes target if post-2000 trends continue.Findings: We used data from 751 studies including 4372000 adults from 146 of the 200 countries we make estimates for. Global age-standardised diabetes prevalence increased from 4.3% (95% credible interval 2.4-17.0) in 1980 to 9.0% (7.2-11.1) in 2014 in men, and from 5.0% (2.9-7.9) to 7.9% (6.4-9.7) in women. The number of adults with diabetes in the world increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014 (28.5% due to the rise in prevalence, 39.7% due to population growth and ageing, and 31.8% due to interaction of these two factors). Age-standardised adult diabetes prevalence in 2014 was lowest in northwestern Europe, and highest in Polynesia and Micronesia, at nearly 25%, followed by Melanesia and the Middle East and north Africa. Between 1980 and 2014 there was little change in age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adult women in continental western Europe, although crude prevalence rose because of ageing of the population. By contrast, age-standardised adult prevalence rose by 15 percentage points in men and women in Polynesia and Micronesia. In 2014, American Samoa had the highest national prevalence of diabetes (>30% in both sexes), with age-standardised adult prevalence also higher than 25% in some other islands in Polynesia and Micronesia. If post-2000 trends continue, the probability of meeting the global target of halting the rise in the prevalence of diabetes by 2025 at the 2010 level worldwide is lower than 1% for men and is 1% for women. Only nine countries for men and 29 countries for women, mostly in western Europe, have a 50% or higher probability of meeting the global target.Interpretation: Since 1980, age-standardised diabetes prevalence in adults has increased, or at best remained unchanged, in every country. Together with population growth and ageing, this rise has led to a near quadrupling of the number of adults with diabetes worldwide. The burden of diabetes, both in terms of prevalence and number of adults aff ected, has increased faster in low-income and middle-income countries than in high-income countries.
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| 13. |
- Fromentin, S., et al.
(författare)
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Microbiome and metabolome features of the cardiometabolic disease spectrum
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1078-8956 .- 1546-170X. ; 28:2, s. 303-314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By studying individuals along a spectrum of cardiometabolic disease and adjusting for effects of lifestyle and medication, this investigation identifies alterations of the metabolome and microbiome from dysmetabolic conditions, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, to ischemic heart disease. Previous microbiome and metabolome analyses exploring non-communicable diseases have paid scant attention to major confounders of study outcomes, such as common, pre-morbid and co-morbid conditions, or polypharmacy. Here, in the context of ischemic heart disease (IHD), we used a study design that recapitulates disease initiation, escalation and response to treatment over time, mirroring a longitudinal study that would otherwise be difficult to perform given the protracted nature of IHD pathogenesis. We recruited 1,241 middle-aged Europeans, including healthy individuals, individuals with dysmetabolic morbidities (obesity and type 2 diabetes) but lacking overt IHD diagnosis and individuals with IHD at three distinct clinical stages-acute coronary syndrome, chronic IHD and IHD with heart failure-and characterized their phenome, gut metagenome and serum and urine metabolome. We found that about 75% of microbiome and metabolome features that distinguish individuals with IHD from healthy individuals after adjustment for effects of medication and lifestyle are present in individuals exhibiting dysmetabolism, suggesting that major alterations of the gut microbiome and metabolome might begin long before clinical onset of IHD. We further categorized microbiome and metabolome signatures related to prodromal dysmetabolism, specific to IHD in general or to each of its three subtypes or related to escalation or de-escalation of IHD. Discriminant analysis based on specific IHD microbiome and metabolome features could better differentiate individuals with IHD from healthy individuals or metabolically matched individuals as compared to the conventional risk markers, pointing to a pathophysiological relevance of these features.
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| 14. |
- Belda, E., et al.
(författare)
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Impairment of gut microbial biotin metabolism and host biotin status in severe obesity: effect of biotin and prebiotic supplementation on improved metabolism
- 2022
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Ingår i: Gut. - : BMJ. - 0017-5749 .- 1468-3288. ; 71:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives Gut microbiota is a key component in obesity and type 2 diabetes, yet mechanisms and metabolites central to this interaction remain unclear. We examined the human gut microbiome's functional composition in healthy metabolic state and the most severe states of obesity and type 2 diabetes within the MetaCardis cohort. We focused on the role of B vitamins and B7/B8 biotin for regulation of host metabolic state, as these vitamins influence both microbial function and host metabolism and inflammation. Design We performed metagenomic analyses in 1545 subjects from the MetaCardis cohorts and different murine experiments, including germ-free and antibiotic treated animals, faecal microbiota transfer, bariatric surgery and supplementation with biotin and prebiotics in mice. Results Severe obesity is associated with an absolute deficiency in bacterial biotin producers and transporters, whose abundances correlate with host metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes. We found suboptimal circulating biotin levels in severe obesity and altered expression of biotin-associated genes in human adipose tissue. In mice, the absence or depletion of gut microbiota by antibiotics confirmed the microbial contribution to host biotin levels. Bariatric surgery, which improves metabolism and inflammation, associates with increased bacterial biotin producers and improved host systemic biotin in humans and mice. Finally, supplementing high-fat diet-fed mice with fructo-oligosaccharides and biotin improves not only the microbiome diversity, but also the potential of bacterial production of biotin and B vitamins, while limiting weight gain and glycaemic deterioration. Conclusion Strategies combining biotin and prebiotic supplementation could help prevent the deterioration of metabolic states in severe obesity.
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| 15. |
- Bahram, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Structure and function of the global topsoil microbiome
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 560:7717, s. 233-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soils harbour some of the most diverse microbiomes on Earth and are essential for both nutrient cycling and carbon storage. To understand soil functioning, it is necessary to model the global distribution patterns and functional gene repertoires of soil microorganisms, as well as the biotic and environmental associations between the diversity and structure of both bacterial and fungal soil communities(1-4). Here we show, by leveraging metagenomics and metabarcoding of global topsoil samples (189 sites, 7,560 subsamples), that bacterial, but not fungal, genetic diversity is highest in temperate habitats and that microbial gene composition varies more strongly with environmental variables than with geographic distance. We demonstrate that fungi and bacteria show global niche differentiation that is associated with contrasting diversity responses to precipitation and soil pH. Furthermore, we provide evidence for strong bacterial-fungal antagonism, inferred from antibiotic-resistance genes, in topsoil and ocean habitats, indicating the substantial role of biotic interactions in shaping microbial communities. Our results suggest that both competition and environmental filtering affect the abundance, composition and encoded gene functions of bacterial and fungal communities, indicating that the relative contributions of these microorganisms to global nutrient cycling varies spatially.
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| 16. |
- Bel Lassen, P., et al.
(författare)
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Protein intake, metabolic status and the gut microbiota in different ethnicities: Results from two independent cohorts
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nutrients. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6643. ; 13:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Protein intake has been associated with the development of pre-diabetes (pre-T2D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The gut microbiota has the capacity to produce harmful metabolites derived from dietary protein. Furthermore, both the gut microbiota composition and metabolic status (e.g., insulin resistance) can be modulated by diet and ethnicity. However, to date most studies have predominantly focused on carbohydrate and fiber intake with regards to metabolic status and gut microbiota composition. Objectives: To determine the associations between dietary protein intake, gut microbiota composition, and metabolic status in different ethnicities. Methods: Separate cross-sectional analysis of two European cohorts (MetaCardis, n = 1759; HELIUS, n = 1528) including controls, patients with pre-T2D, and patients with T2D of Caucasian/non-Caucasian origin with nutritional data obtained from Food Frequency Questionnaires and gut microbiota composition. Results: In both cohorts, animal (but not plant) protein intake was associated with pre-T2D status and T2D status after adjustment for confounders. There was no significant association between protein intake (total, animal, or plant) with either gut microbiota alpha diversity or beta diversity, regardless of ethnicity. At the species level, we identified taxonomical signatures associated with animal protein intake that overlapped in both cohorts with different abundances according to metabolic status and ethnicity. Conclusions: Animal protein intake is associated with pre-T2D and T2D status but not with gut microbiota beta or alpha diversity, regardless of ethnicity. Gut microbial taxonomical signatures were identified, which could function as potential modulators in the association between dietary protein intake and metabolic status. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
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| 17. |
- Weghuber, D., et al.
(författare)
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A 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of weekly exenatide in adolescents with obesity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Pediatric Obesity. - 2047-6302 .- 2047-6310. ; 15:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Pharmacological treatment options for adolescents with obesity are very limited. Glucagon-like-peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist could be a treatment option for adolescent obesity.OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of exenatide extended release on body mass index (BMI)-SDS as primary outcome, and glucose metabolism, cardiometabolic risk factors, liver steatosis, and other BMI metrics as secondary outcomes, and its safety and tolerability in adolescents with obesity.METHODS: Six-month, randomized, double-blinded, parallel, placebo-controlled clinical trial in patients (n = 44, 10-18 years, females n = 22) with BMI-SDS > 2.0 or age-adapted-BMI > 30 kg/m2 according to WHO were included. Patients received lifestyle intervention and were randomized to exenatide extended release 2 mg (n = 22) or placebo (n = 22) subcutaneous injections given once weekly. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were conducted at the beginning and end of the intervention.RESULTS: Exenatide reduced (P < .05) BMI-SDS (-0.09; -0.18, 0.00), % BMI 95th percentile (-2.9%; -5.4, -0.3), weight (-3 kg; -5.8, -0.1), waist circumference (-3.2 cm; -5.8, -0.7), subcutaneous adipose tissue (-552 cm3 ; -989, -114), 2-hour-glucose during OGTT (-15.3 mg/dL; -27.5, -3.1), total cholesterol (11.6 mg/dL; -21.7, -1.5), and BMI (-0.83 kg/m2 ; -1.68, 0.01) without significant change in liver fat content (-1.36; -3.12, 0.4; P = .06) in comparison to placebo. Safety and tolerability profiles were comparable to placebo with the exception of mild adverse events being more frequent in exenatide-treated patients.CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of adolescents with severe obesity with extended-release exenatide is generally well tolerated and leads to a modest reduction in BMI metrics and improvement in glucose tolerance and cholesterol. The study indicates that the treatment provides additional beneficial effects beyond BMI reduction for the patient group.
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| 18. |
- Bengtsson-Palme, Johan, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Towards monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in the environment: For what reasons, how to implement it, and what are the data needs?
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environment International. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 178
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to human and animal health and well-being. To understand AMR dynamics, it is important to monitor resistant bacteria and resistance genes in all relevant settings. How-ever, while monitoring of AMR has been implemented in clinical and veterinary settings, comprehensive monitoring of AMR in the environment is almost completely lacking. Yet, the environmental dimension of AMR is critical for understanding the dissemination routes and selection of resistant microorganisms, as well as the human health risks related to environmental AMR. Here, we outline important knowledge gaps that impede implementation of environmental AMR monitoring. These include lack of knowledge of the 'normal' background levels of environmental AMR, definition of high-risk environments for transmission, and a poor understanding of the concentrations of antibiotics and other chemical agents that promote resistance selection. Furthermore, there is a lack of methods to detect resistance genes that are not already circulating among pathogens. We conclude that these knowledge gaps need to be addressed before routine monitoring for AMR in the environment can be implemented on a large scale. Yet, AMR monitoring data bridging different sectors is needed in order to fill these knowledge gaps, which means that some level of national, regional and global AMR surveillance in the envi-ronment must happen even without all scientific questions answered. With the possibilities opened up by rapidly advancing technologies, it is time to fill these knowledge gaps. Doing so will allow for specific actions against environmental AMR development and spread to pathogens and thereby safeguard the health and wellbeing of humans and animals.
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| 19. |
- Forslund, Sofia K., et al.
(författare)
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Combinatorial, additive and dose-dependent drug–microbiome associations
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 600:7889, s. 500-505
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the transition from a healthy state to cardiometabolic disease, patients become heavily medicated, which leads to an increasingly aberrant gut microbiome and serum metabolome, and complicates biomarker discovery1–5. Here, through integrated multi-omics analyses of 2,173 European residents from the MetaCardis cohort, we show that the explanatory power of drugs for the variability in both host and gut microbiome features exceeds that of disease. We quantify inferred effects of single medications, their combinations as well as additive effects, and show that the latter shift the metabolome and microbiome towards a healthier state, exemplified in synergistic reduction in serum atherogenic lipoproteins by statins combined with aspirin, or enrichment of intestinal Roseburia by diuretic agents combined with beta-blockers. Several antibiotics exhibit a quantitative relationship between the number of courses prescribed and progression towards a microbiome state that is associated with the severity of cardiometabolic disease. We also report a relationship between cardiometabolic drug dosage, improvement in clinical markers and microbiome composition, supporting direct drug effects. Taken together, our computational framework and resulting resources enable the disentanglement of the effects of drugs and disease on host and microbiome features in multimedicated individuals. Furthermore, the robust signatures identified using our framework provide new hypotheses for drug–host–microbiome interactions in cardiometabolic disease.
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| 20. |
- Horio, M., et al.
(författare)
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Three-Dimensional Fermi Surface of Overdoped La-Based Cuprates
- 2018
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - : American Physical Society. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 121:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a soft x-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy study of overdoped high-temperature superconductors. In-plane and out-of-plane components of the Fermi surface are mapped by varying the photoemission angle and the incident photon energy. No k(z) dispersion is observed along the nodal direction, whereas a significant antinodal k(z) dispersion is identified for La-based cuprates. Based on a tight-binding parametrization, we discuss the implications for the density of states near the van Hove singularity. Our results suggest that the large electronic specific heat found in overdoped La2-xSrxCuO4 cannot be assigned to the van Hove singularity alone. We therefore propose quantum criticality induced by a collapsing pseudogap phase as a plausible explanation for observed enhancement of electronic specific heat.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Vagstrand, K., et al.
(författare)
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Eating habits in relation to body fatness and gender in adolescents--results from the 'SWEDES' study
- 2007
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Ingår i: Eur J Clin Nutr. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0954-3007 .- 1476-5640. ; 61:4, s. 517-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To investigate if eating habits among adolescents are related to body fatness and gender. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Obesity Unit, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden, 2001-2002. SUBJECTS: Two hundred and seventy-five girls and 199 boys, aged 16-17 years. METHOD: Questionnaires were used for dietary intake and meal frequency, BodPod for measuring body fatness (BF%). In all, 169 girls and 128 boys were classified as adequate reporters (AR) of energy intake, and were used in the dietary analyses. The whole sample was used in the meal frequency analyses. RESULTS: The correlation between reported energy intake and weight in the AR group was 0.23 (P<0.01) for girls and 0.36 for boys (P<0.001). The correlations were inverse or not significant in the whole sample. The following variables correlated significantly with a high BF% (r (s)=+/-0.2): a low intake of milk in both girls and boys, a high intake of fibre and alcohol and a low intake of sugar in girls and a low intake of breakfast cereals in boys. Those with regular breakfast habits had healthier food choices than others, but this was not related to BF%. Boys had more meals per day (4.9 vs 4.6, P=0.02), especially early in the morning and late at night, whereas girls reported a higher relative intake of light meals and fruit and a lower intake of milk than boys. CONCLUSIONS: A few associations between eating habits and body fatness were found, but without any obvious patterns. The true differences in eating habits between lean and overweight adolescents are probably very small.
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| 26. |
- Berteus Forslund, Helene, 1952, et al.
(författare)
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Number of teeth, body mass index, and dental anxiety in middle-aged Swedish women
- 2002
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Ingår i: Acta Odontol Scand. - 0001-6357 .- 1502-3850. ; 60:6, s. 346-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Risk factors for poor dental health include obesity, low socio-economic status, poor dietary habits, and dental anxiety. The aim of this study was to explore the complex relation between body mass index (BMI) and number of teeth in middle-aged women taking education, dietary intake patterns, dental care utilization, and dental anxiety into account. Three groups of women (37-60 years): reference women (group I, BMI 23.8 +/- 3.1 kg/m2), obese women (group II, BMI 35.0 +/- 2.6 kg/m2), and severely obese women (group III, BMI 41.0 +/- 3.4 kg/m2) were included. Questionnaires were used to assess education, smoking, number of teeth, dental care utilization, dental anxiety, dietary intake, and meal patterns. Age, education, and smoking habits did not differ significantly between groups. However, there were significant global differences in number of teeth (27.2 +/- 3.4, 23.0 +/- 9.2, 24.7 +/- 5.9) and reported daily energy intake (9756 +/- 3363 kJ, 10344 +/- 3850 kJ, 11970 +/- 3786 kJ in groups I, II, and m, respectively). In a multiple regression model, a lower number of teeth was independently associated with higher age, higher BMI, lower education, irregular dental care, high dental anxiety, higher energy intake, and lower iron intake. These variables explained 25% of the variation in number of teeth. In conclusion, BMI is an independent predictor of number of teeth in middle-aged women when socio-economic, dietary, and psychological factors are taken into account.
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| 27. |
- Ciba, Iris, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalence of different states of glucose intolerance in Sri Lankan children and adolescents with obesity and its relation to other comorbidities.
- 2021
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Ingår i: Pediatric Diabetes. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1399-543X .- 1399-5448. ; 22:2, s. 168-181
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: South Asian adults have higher prevalence of obesity comorbidities than other ethnic groups. Whether this also is true for Sri Lankan children with obesity has rarely been investigated.OBJECTIVE: To investigate prevalence of glucose intolerance and other comorbidities in Sri Lankan children with obesity and compare them with Swedish children. To identify risk factors associated with glucose intolerance.SUBJECTS: A total of 357 Sri Lankan children (185 boys), aged 7 to 17 years with BMI-SDS ≥2.0 from a cross-sectional school screening in Negombo. A total of 167 subjects from this study population were matched for sex, BMI-SDS and age with 167 Swedish subjects from the ULSCO cohort for comparison.METHODS: After a 12 hour overnight fast, blood samples were collected and oral glucose tolerance test was performed. Body fat mass was assessed by bioelectrical impedance assay. Data regarding medical history and socioeconomic status were obtained from questionnaires.RESULTS: Based on levels of fasting glucose (FG) and 2 hours-glucose (2 hours-G), Sri Lankan subjects were divided into five groups: normal glucose tolerance (77.5%, n = 276), isolated impaired fasting glucose according to ADA criteria (9.0%, n = 32), isolated impaired glucose tolerance (8.4%, n = 30), combined impaired fasting glucose (IFG) + impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (3.1%, n = 11) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (2.0%, n = 7). FG, 2 hours-insulin and educational status of the father independently increased the Odds ratio to have elevated 2 hours-G. Sri Lankan subjects had higher percentage of body fat, but less abdominal fat than Swedish subjects.CONCLUSION: High prevalence in Sri Lankan children with obesity shows that screening for glucose intolerance is important even if asymptomatic.
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| 28. |
- Enqvist, M., et al.
(författare)
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Coordinated expression of DNAM-1 and LFA-1 in educated NK cells
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Immunology. - : The American Association of Immunologists. - 0022-1767 .- 1550-6606. ; 194:9, s. 4518-4527
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The functional capacity of NK cells is dynamically tuned by integrated signals from inhibitory and activating cell surface receptors in a process termed NK cell education. However, the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind this functional tuning is limited. In this study, we show that the expression of the adhesion molecule and activation receptor DNAX accessory molecule 1 (DNAM-1) correlates with the quantity and quality of the inhibitory input by HLA class I-specific killer cell Ig-like receptors and CD94/NKG2A as well as with the magnitude of functional responses. Upon target cell recognition, the conformational state of LFA-1 changed in educated NK cells, associated with rapid colocalization of both active LFA-1 and DNAM-1 at the immune synapse. Thus, the coordinated expression of LFA-1 and DNAM-1 is a central component of NK cell education and provides a potential mechanism for controlling cytotoxicity by functionally mature NK cells.
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| 29. |
- Huseinovic, Ena, et al.
(författare)
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Meal patterns across ten European countries - results from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Public Health Nutrition. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1368-9800 .- 1475-2727. ; 19:15, s. 2769-2780
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To characterize meal patterns across ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) calibration study. Design: Cross-sectional study utilizing dietary data collected through a standardized 24 h diet recall during 1995-2000. Eleven predefined intake occasions across a 24 h period were assessed during the interview. In the present descriptive report, meal patterns were analysed in terms of daily number of intake occasions, the proportion reporting each intake occasion and the energy contributions from each intake occasion. Results: Pronounced differences in meal patterns emerged both across centres within the same country and across different countries, with a trend for fewer intake occasions per day in Mediterranean countries compared with central and northern Europe. Differences were also found for daily energy intake provided by lunch, with 38-43% for women and 41-45% for men within Mediterranean countries compared with 16-27% for women and 20-26% for men in central and northern European countries. Likewise, a south-north gradient was found for daily energy intake from snacks, with 13-20% (women) and 10-17% (men) in Mediterranean countries compared with 24-34% (women) and 23-35% (men) in central/northern Europe. Conclusions: We found distinct differences in meal patterns with marked diversity for intake frequency and lunch and snack consumption between Mediterranean and central/northern European countries. Monitoring of meal patterns across various cultures and populations could provide critical context to the research efforts to characterize relationships between dietary intake and health.
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| 42. |
- Pedersen, Helle Krogh, et al.
(författare)
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A computational framework to integrate high-throughput '-omics' datasets for the identification of potential mechanistic links
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Protocols. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 1754-2189 .- 1750-2799. ; 13:12, s. 2781-2800
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We recently presented a three-pronged association study that integrated human intestinal microbiome data derived from shotgun-based sequencing with untargeted serum metabolome data and measures of host physiology. Metabolome and microbiome data are high dimensional, posing a major challenge for data integration. Here, we present a step-by-step computational protocol that details and discusses the dimensionality-reduction techniques used and methods for subsequent integration and interpretation of such heterogeneous types of data. Dimensionality reduction was achieved through a combination of data normalization approaches, binning of co-abundant genes and metabolites, and integration of prior biological knowledge. The use of prior knowledge to overcome functional redundancy across microbiome species is one central advance of our method over available alternative approaches. Applying this framework, other investigators can integrate various '-omics' readouts with variables of host physiology or any other phenotype of interest (e.g., connecting host and microbiome readouts to disease severity or treatment outcome in a clinical cohort) in a three-pronged association analysis to identify potential mechanistic links to be tested in experimental settings. Although we originally developed the framework for a human metabolome-microbiome study, it is generalizable to other organisms and environmental metagenomes, as well as to studies including other -omics domains such as transcriptomics and proteomics. The provided R code runs in ~1 h on a standard PC.
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| 43. |
- Stenlid, Rasmus, et al.
(författare)
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Adolescents with obesity treated with exenatide maintain endogenous GLP-1, reduce DPP-4, and improve glycemic control
- 2023
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Endocrinology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1664-2392. ; 14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are increasingly used to treat adolescent obesity. However, the effect on endogenous GLP-1 secretory patterns following treatment in adolescents is unknown. The GLP-1RA exenatide was shown to significantly lower BMI and 2-hour glucose in adolescents with obesity, in the placebo-controlled, randomized controlled trial Combat-JUDO. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of weekly injections of 2 mg exenatide extended release on secretory patterns of endogenous hormones during OGTT.Subjects and Measurements: This study was a pre-planned sub-study of the Combat-JUDO trial, set at the Pediatric clinic at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden and Paracelsus Medical University, Austria. 44 adolescents with obesity were included and randomized 1:1 to treatment:placebo. 19 patients in the treatment group and 18 in the placebo group completed the trial. Before and after treatment, GLP-1, glucose, insulin, glucagon and glicentin levels were measured during OGTT; DPP-4 and proinsulin were measured at fasting. A per-protocol approach was used in the analyses.Results: Exenatide treatment did not affect GLP-1 levels during OGTT. Treatment significantly lowered DPP-4, proinsulin and the proinsulin-to-insulin ratio at fasting, increased glicentin levels but did not affect insulin, C-peptide or glucagon levels during OGTT.Conclusion: Weekly s.c. injections with 2 mg of exenatide maintains endogenous total GLP-1 levels and lowers circulating DPP-4 levels. This adds an argument in favor of using exenatide in the treatment of pediatric obesity.
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| 44. |
- Sugiyama, J., et al.
(författare)
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Desorption reaction in MgH 2 studied with in situ μ + SR
- 2019
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Ingår i: Sustainable Energy & Fuels. - : Royal Society of Chemistry. - 2398-4902. ; 3:4, s. 956-964
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to study the mechanism determining the desorption temperature (T d ) of hydrogen storage materials, we have measured positive muon spin rotation and relaxation (μ + SR) in MgH 2 over a wide temperature range including its T d . The pressure in the sample cell due to desorbed H 2 was measured in parallel with the μ + SR measurements under static conditions. Such in situ μ + SR measurements revealed that hydrogen starts to diffuse in MgH 2 well below T d . This indicates the important role of hydrogen diffusion in accelerating the desorption reaction by removing the reaction product, i.e. H 2 , from the reaction system.
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| 45. |
- Van Doorslaer, Koenraad, et al.
(författare)
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ICTV virus taxonomy profile : Papillomaviridae
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of General Virology. - : Microbiology Society. - 0022-1317 .- 1465-2099. ; 99:8, s. 989-990
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Papillomaviridae is a family of small, non-enveloped viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes of 5 748 to 8 607 bp. Their classification is based on pairwise nucleotide sequence identity across the L1 open reading frame. Members of the Papillomaviridae primarily infect mucosal and keratinised epithelia, and have been isolated from fish, reptiles, birds and mammals. Despite a long co-evolutionary history with their hosts, some papillomaviruses are pathogens of their natural host species. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of the Papillomaviridae, which is available at http://www.ictv.global/report/papillomaviridae.
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| 46. |
- Warnakulasuriya, Loretta S., et al.
(författare)
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Metabolic Abnormalities in a Cohort of Overweight and Obese Children in an Urban Setting of Sri Lanka
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Endocrinology. - : Hindawi Publishing Corporation. - 1687-8337 .- 1687-8345. ; 2021
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Childhood obesity-related metabolic derangements are increasing among South Asian populations. Most of these changes persist to adulthood. This study aims to describe the distribution of metabolic abnormalities among 7- to 17-year-old overweight and obese children in the Gampaha District of Sri Lanka. Overweight children (age- and gender-adapted BMI>+1SD, WHO standards) were selected from a community survey carried out in the Negombo Education Zone of Gampaha District. After a 12-hour overnight fast, blood was drawn, and blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, insulin, and liver transaminases were measured. Two hours after a glucose load, blood was drawn for random blood glucose (RBG) and insulin. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was diagnosed using modified IDF criteria for children. Anthropometry, fat mass (FM), and blood pressure were measured. Hepatic fat pattern was assessed ultrasonically. The data of 403 children (210 boys) were analysed. Of the study population, 16.4% were overweight (BMI for age +1 to +2SD), 72% were obese (BMI for age >+2 to +3SD), and 11.6% were severely obese (BMI for age >+3SD). Insulin resistance was seen in 46.8%, and prevalence increased with age. Mean postprandial insulin ranged from 368 to 625 pmol/L and was elevated in 35%. Dysglycaemia was seen among 20.8%. MetS was present in 19.8%, and 84% had at least one metabolic abnormality. Different degrees of hepatic steatosis were observed in 32.5%, and elevated ALT/AST ratio was seen in 58% of the population. Overweight and obesity during childhood were associated with multiple metabolic abnormalities including MetS, and they occur from a young age. It is important to screen children for overweight/obesity early in life and intervene to prevent them from developing metabolic complications.
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