| 1. |
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Attachment Theory and Research : A Reader
- 2021
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Editorial collection (peer-reviewed)abstract
- As interest in attachment theory continues to grow, misconceptions of the theory are becoming increasingly common. Important texts on major theoretical and empirical contributions are often too extensive for non-specialist readers or not readily available to clinicians. Designed to address a significant gap in literature, Attachment Theory and Research: A Readerpresents a carefully curated selection of book chapters and journal articles on the subject—complemented by previously unpublished material by the founder of the theory. This valuable new resource provides practitioners, students, policymakers, and general readers an accessible and up-to-date view of the concepts, development, and diversity of attachment theory.The Reader comprises 15 succinct chapters by many of the most influential researchers in the theory, covering the basis of attachment theory and the current state of the field. The book brings together a wide range of works, many of which challenge common assumptions and offer intriguing new insights on attachment theory and research. Topics include psychoanalytic theories of separation anxiety, concepts of anxiety, stress, and homeostasis, the origins of disorganized attachment, cultural differences in caregiving practices, reactive attachment disorder (RAD) and disinhibited social engagement disorder (DSED), the future prospects of attachment theory, and more.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Brocki, Karin C., 1975-, et al.
(author)
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Do Individual Differences in Early Affective and Cognitive Self-Regulation Predict Developmental Change in ADHD Symptoms From Preschool to Adolescence?
- 2019
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In: Journal of Attention Disorders. - : SAGE Publications. - 1087-0547 .- 1557-1246. ; 23:13, s. 1656-1666
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The role of heterogeneous self-regulation deficits in ADHD has long been emphasized. Yet, longitudinal studies examining distinct self-regulation processes as prospective predictors of developmental change in ADHD symptoms spanning wide developmental periods are scarce. The aim of the current study was to examine affective and cognitive self-regulation as predictors of developmental change in ADHD symptoms from preschool to adolescence in a sample with one third of the children being at risk for developing an ADHD and/or ODD diagnosis.Method: At 5 years laboratory measures for hot and cool executive function (EF) and parental and teacher ratings were used for regulation of positive and negative emotionality. Symptoms of ADHD and ODD were measured at 5 and 13 years using parental and teacher ratings based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV).Results: Converging developmental paths in hyperactivity/impulsivity across time were found for those high versus low in early cognitive self-regulation, whereas the development of inattention symptoms diverged across time for those high versus low in early affective self-regulation.Conclusion: These results support the idea that different aspects of self-regulation are important for developmental change in the two separate ADHD symptom domains from preschool to adolescence.
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| 4. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Admissibility of attachment theory, research and assessments in child custody decision‐making? Yes and No!
- 2021
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In: New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1520-3247 .- 1534-8687. ; 2021:180, s. 125-140
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Attachment theory, research, and assessments have become increasingly applied to settle child custody cases. We discuss such applications in relation to admissibility criteria for scientific evidence and testimony proposed by Faigman et al. (2014). We argue that attachment theory and research can provide valid “framework evidence”; group-based attachment research has yielded general principles suitable as a frame of reference for pertinent court decisions. In particular, child custody decision-making should generally be guided by research indicating that children benefit from attachment networks. In contrast, assessments of attachment quality fall short of providing valid “diagnostic evidence”; information that a specific individual/dyad is a “true” instance of a general group-level principle. In particular, such assessments do not yield valid information about whether a particular caregiver has better caregiving skills than another caregiver and will better support child development. We conclude that attachment theory and research should be admissible for framework but not for diagnostic testimony.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Attachment goes to court : child protection and custody issues
- 2022
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In: Attachment & Human Development. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 24:1, s. 1-52
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. The article is divided into two parts. In the first, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child’s need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.
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| 9. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Diminished ability to identify facial emotional expressions in children with disorganized attachment representations
- 2017
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In: Developmental Science. - : Wiley. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 20:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The development of children's ability to identify facial emotional expressions has long been suggested to be experience dependent, with parental caregiving as an important influencing factor. This study attempts to further this knowledge by examining disorganization of the attachment system as a potential psychological mechanism behind aberrant caregiving experiences and deviations in the ability to identify facial emotional expressions. Typically developing children (N=105, 49.5% boys) aged 6-7years (M=6years 8months, SD=1.8months) completed an attachment representation task and an emotion identification task, and parents rated children's negative emotionality. The results showed a generally diminished ability in disorganized children to identify facial emotional expressions, but no response biases. Disorganized attachment was also related to higher levels of negative emotionality, but discrimination of emotional expressions did not moderate or mediate this relation. Our novel findings relate disorganized attachment to deviations in emotion identification, and therefore suggest that disorganization of the attachment system may constitute a psychological mechanism linking aberrant caregiving experiences to deviations in children's ability to identify facial emotional expressions. Our findings further suggest that deviations in emotion identification in disorganized children, in the absence of maltreatment, may manifest in a generally diminished ability to identify emotional expressions, rather than in specific response biases.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Forslund, Tommie, 1983-
(author)
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Disorganized Attachment Representations, Externalizing Behavior Problems, and Socio-Emotional Competences
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Disorganized attachment is a risk-factor for developmental maladaptation in the form of externalizing behavior problems, and for poor development of competences important for socio-emotional functioning. Concerns have however been raised regarding theoretical overextension, and there is consequently a need for multifactorial studies that examine which outcomes disorganized attachment is reliably important for. There is also a lack of research on the mechanisms that mediate the relation between disorganized attachment and externalizing problems. The present thesis therefore examined whether disorganized attachment is a specific risk-factor for symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or a non-specific risk factor for both types of problems. Several emotional and cognitive competences were investigated as mediators, with the question of whether disorganized attachment becomes associated with externalizing problems primarily through any specific mechanism, or through multiple mechanisms. Three studies were conducted. Children completed the separation anxiety test for attachment representations and laboratory tasks for distinct competences, and parents and teachers rated emotion regulation and ODD- and ADHD-symptoms. Study I was cross-sectional and found that disorganized attachment contributed specifically to conduct problems when accounting for ADHD-symptoms. However, disorganized attachment did not contribute to ADHD-symptoms when accounting for conduct problems. Study II found that children with disorganized attachment representations show deviations in identification of emotional expressions, in the form of a generally diminished ability to discriminate between expressions rather than in response biases. Study III was (short-term) longitudinal and replicated the results from Study I; disorganized attachment was primarily associated with ODD-symptoms, not ADHD-symptoms. Elevated emotional reactivity and poor regulation, particularly for anger and fear, mediated the relation between disorganized attachment and ODD-symptoms. Taken together, the present findings suggest that disorganized attachment may constitute a specific risk factor for externalizing problems pertaining to anger and aggression, such as oppositionality and misconduct, rather than ADHD-problems. Importantly, the findings caution against ideas of a pathway from disorganized attachment to ADHD-symptoms. The deviations in processing and regulation of anger and fear corroborate Bowlby´s proposal that these emotions are closely connected, central to disorganization, and a potential mediating mechanism in relation to externalizing problems.
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| 14. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Disorganized attachment representations, externalizing behavior problems, and socioemotional competences in early school-age
- 2020
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In: Attachment & Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 22:4, s. 448-473
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Multifactorial research must examine if disorganized attachment is specifically associated with either ODD- or ADHD-symptoms,and the mechanisms through which disorganization may become associated with externalizing problems. The present short-term longitudinal study therefore examined attachment representations, and several competences important for socio-emotional functioning, in relation to ODD- and ADHD-symptoms at T1 (N = 105, M age = 80 months) and T2 (N = 80, M age = 104 months). There was a main effect of disorganized attachment on ODD-symptoms at both time points but not on ADHD-symptoms. Disorganized children also showed lowered attention to facial expressions, a diminished ability to discriminate facial expressions, and elevated emotional reactivity. Emotional reactivity mediated the link between disorganization and ODD-symptoms at T1, but not at T2. The findings support disorganized attachment as a risk-factor for ODD-symptoms rather than ADHD-symptoms, and suggest that disorganization may become associated with ODD-symptoms through broad effects on multiple competences.
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| 15. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Effects of Attachment Quality and Organization
- 2017
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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-12
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 16. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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El Apego Va a Juicio: Problemas de Custodia y Protección Infantil : [Attachment goes to court: Child protection and custody issues]
- 2021
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In: Anuario de psicología jurídica. - : Colegio Oficial de la Psicologia de Madrid. - 1133-0740 .- 2174-0542. ; 32:1, s. 115-139
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Attachment theory and research are drawn upon in many applied settings, including family courts, but misunderstandings are widespread and sometimes result in misapplications. The aim of this consensus statement is, therefore, to enhance understanding, counter misinformation, and steer family-court utilisation of attachment theory in a supportive, evidence-based direction, especially with regard to child protection and child custody decision-making. This article is divided into two parts. In the first part, we address problems related to the use of attachment theory and research in family courts, and discuss reasons for these problems. To this end, we examine family court applications of attachment theory in the current context of the best-interest-of-the-child standard, discuss misunderstandings regarding attachment theory, and identify factors that have hindered accurate implementation. In the second part, we provide recommendations for the application of attachment theory and research. To this end, we set out three attachment principles: the child's need for familiar, non-abusive caregivers; the value of continuity of good-enough care; and the benefits of networks of attachment relationships. We also discuss the suitability of assessments of attachment quality and caregiving behaviour to inform family court decision-making. We conclude that assessments of caregiver behaviour should take center stage. Although there is dissensus among us regarding the use of assessments of attachment quality to inform child custody and child-protection decisions, such assessments are currently most suitable for targeting and directing supportive interventions. Finally, we provide directions to guide future interdisciplinary research collaboration.
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| 17. |
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Individual Variations in Attachment
- 2016
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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-10
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Individual variations in attachment denote interindividual variations in the organization or quality of attachment behavior in relation to the attachment figure, particularly observable when the attachment system is activated following external or internal cues of threat. Individual variations in attachment are typically described using two dimensions (secure/insecure, organized/disorganized) subsuming four distinct categories (secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-ambivalent/insecure-resistant, and insecure-disorganized/disoriented). Profound difficulties in forming attachments to others (i.e., reactive attachment disorder [RAD]) are typically reserved for children who have not had any consistently available caregiver (e.g., children growing up in some institutions). Variations in attachment quality are reliably predicted by the caregiver’s pattern of responding to the child’s signals (e.g., sensitivity), with characteristic forms of caregiving believed to be internalized as the child’s internal working models (IWMs, cognitive-affective representations) of self and others, particularly as regards the attachment figure’s availability for protection and support (Bowlby 1973).
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| 20. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Infant Survival
- 2017
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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 21. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Introduction
- 2021
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In: Attachment Theory and Research. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 9781119657903 - 9781119657880 ; , s. 1-10
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 22. |
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| 23. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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La prise en compte des liens d’attachement au tribunal: protection de l’enfance et décisions de résidence des enfants dans les situations de séparation parentale : [Attachment goes to court: Child protection and child custody issues]
- 2022
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In: Devenir. - : CAIRN. - 1015-8154. ; 34:1, s. 15-93
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- La théorie et les recherches sur l’attachement sont utilisées dans de nombreux cadres d’application, y compris dans les tribunaux compétents en matière familiale [1], mais les incompréhensions sont fréquentes et sources d’erreurs lorsqu’il s’agit de les mettre en pratique. L’objectif de cet article de consensus est donc d’accroître la compréhension, de lutter contre la désinformation et d’améliorer l’utilisation de la théorie de l’attachement dans les tribunaux compétents en matière familiale sur la base des données probantes, en particulier concernant la protection de l’enfance et les décisions relatives au mode de résidence des enfants de parents séparés. L’article est divisé en deux parties. Dans la première, nous abordons les problèmes liés à l’utilisation de la théorie et de la recherche sur l’attachement dans les tribunaux compétents en matière familiale, et nous évoquons les raisons qui en sont à l’origine. Pour cela, nous examinons les applications de la théorie de l’attachement dans les tribunaux compétents en matière familiale dans le contexte actuel de la norme relative à l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant ; nous discutons des incompréhensions concernant la théorie de l’attachement et nous identifions les facteurs qui ont pu entraver sa bonne utilisation. Dans la deuxième partie, nous formulons des recommandations pour une meilleure application de la théorie et de la recherche sur l’attachement. Dans ce but, nous énonçons trois principes fondamentaux à propos de l’attachement : le besoin de l’enfant d’avoir des caregivers [2]familiers et non abusifs ; la valeur de la continuité des soins suffisamment bons ; et les avantages inhérents à la construction d’un réseau de relations d’attachement. Nous discutons également de la pertinence des outils d’évaluation de la qualité de l’attachement et des comportements de caregiving [3] pour éclairer les décisions des tribunaux compétents en matière familiale. Nous concluons que l’évaluation des comportements de soin des parents ou de toute personne en position de donneur de soins à l’enfant (caregivers) devrait être au centre des préoccupations. Bien qu’il existe un désaccord entre nous concernant l’utilisation des outils d’évaluation de la qualité de l’attachement pour éclairer les décisions relatives à la résidence et à la protection des enfants, ces outils apparaissent actuellement comme les plus appropriés pour cibler et mettre en place des programmes de soutien à la parentalité. Pour conclure, nous fournissons quelques orientations afin de guider les chercheurs dans le développement de futures collaborations au niveau interdisciplinaire.
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| 24. |
- Forslund, Tommie
(author)
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L'attaccamento va in tribunale : protezione e affidamento dei minori
- 2022
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In: Quaderni di Psicoterapia Cognitiva. - : Franco Angeli. - 2281-6046. ; :50, s. 25-97
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In molti contesti professionali, compreso quello del Tribunale per i minorenni, si fa riferimento alla teoria dell'attaccamento e alla relativa ricerca, con fraintendimenti ampiamente diffusi che spesso si traducono in applicazioni scorrette. La finalità di questa dichiarazione di consenso è, pertanto, quella di migliorarne la comprensione, contrastare la disinformazione a riguardo e guidarne l'uso nel contesto del tribunale per i minorenni secondo una modalità basata sulle evidenze, considerando in particolare i processi decisionali circa la protezione e l'affidamento dei minori. L'articolo è diviso in due parti. Nella prima ci occupiamo dei problemi relativi all'utilizzo di teoria e ricerca sull'attaccamento nel contesto del Tribunale per i minorenni e ne discutiamo le ragioni. A questo proposito, esaminiamo le applicazioni della teoria che si ispirano al principio elettivo del superiore interesse del minore, discutiamo i fraintendimenti a riguardo e identifichiamo i fattori che ne hanno ostacolato un'accurata implementazione. Nella seconda parte, forniamo indicazioni per una sua adeguata e corretta applicazione. A tal fine, siamo partiti da tre principi di riferimento: il bisogno del bambino di caregiver familiari e non abusanti, il valore della continuità di cure sufficientemente buone e i benefici delle reti di relazioni di attaccamento. Discutiamo, inoltre, di quanto le valutazioni sulla qualità dell'attaccamento e sul comportamento di cura siano adeguate a ispirare i processi decisionali forensi rivolti ai minori. Concludiamo che la valutazione dei comportamenti di cura dovrebbe ricoprire un ruolo centrale. Nonostante non ci sia fra noi completo consenso riguardo all'utilizzo delle valutazioni sulla qualità dell'attaccamento nelle decisioni attinenti all'affidamento e alla protezione del minore, tali valutazioni si rivelano, al momento, le più adatte a individuare obiettivi e modalità degli interventi di sostegno. Infine, offriamo indicazioni per organizzare le future collaborazioni di ricerca interdisciplinare.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Offspring–Parent Attachment
- 2016
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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 27. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Organized-Insecure Attachment
- 2016
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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. ; , s. 1-5
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 28. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Parents with intellectual disability reporting on factors affecting their caregiving in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic : A qualitative study
- 2022
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In: JARID. - : Wiley. - 1360-2322 .- 1468-3148. ; 35:6, s. 1380-1389
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Parents with intellectual disability are vulnerable to parenting stress and overwhelming life events. The COVID-19 pandemic constitutes a potentially overwhelming event, but there is little knowledge concerning the effects on parents' caregiving. The present study aimed to fill this gap.Method: Semi-structured interviews with 10 Swedish parents with intellectual disability were analysed using thematic analysis.Results: One broad caregiving-related theme: increased caregiving demands and reduced resources for coping resulting in strained parent–child interactions and relationships. Four subthemes highlighted influential factors: pandemic information, professional support, social relationships and informal support, and children's school activities. Strained parent–child interactions were particularly common in the absence of adapted pandemic information, if professional and informal support were compromised, and if the parents had dealt with school-related changes.Conclusions: Findings support contextual models of caregiving and a stress-resources perspective, and emphasise the importance of adapted information and support to parents with intellectual disability during crises.
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| 29. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Psychodynamic Foundations
- 2016
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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Westen (1998) has defined psychodynamic theories with five postulates: (1) much of mental life is unconscious; (2) mental processes operate in parallel so that people can have conflicting feelings that motivate them in opposing ways; (3) stable personality patterns begin to form in childhood, and childhood experiences play an important role in the developing personality, particularly in shaping social relationships; (4) mental representations of the self, others, and relationships guide people’s interactions with others and influence psychological symptomatology; and (5) personality development involves learning to regulate sexual and aggressive feelings but also the move from an immature, socially dependent state to a mature, interdependent one. According to this definition, attachment theory is a psychodynamic theory. However, Bowlby explicitly demarcated his attachment theory from the drive principles.
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| 30. |
- Forslund, Tommie
(author)
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Psychodynamic Foundations
- 2016
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In: <em>Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science</em>. - : Springer.
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 31. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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Secure Attachment
- 2016
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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783319169996 ; , s. 1-5
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Forslund, Tommie, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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The Heterogeneity of ADHD Symptoms and Conduct Problems : Cognitive Inhibition, Emotion Regulation, Emotionality and Disorganized Attachment
- 2016
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In: British Journal of Developmental Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0261-510X .- 2044-835X. ; 34:3, s. 371-387
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the contributions of several important domains of functioning to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and conduct problems. Specifically, we investigated whether cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment made independent and specific contributions to these externalizing behaviour problems from a multiple pathways perspective. The study included laboratory measures of cognitive inhibition and disorganized attachment in 184 typically developing children (M age = 6 years, 10 months, SD = 1.7). Parental ratings provided measures of emotion regulation, emotionality, and externalizing behaviour problems. Results revealed that cognitive inhibition, regulation of positive emotion, and positive emotionality were independently and specifically related to ADHD symptoms. Disorganized attachment and negative emotionality formed independent and specific relations to conduct problems. Our findings support the multiple pathways perspective on ADHD, with poor regulation of positive emotion and high positive emotionality making distinct contributions to ADHD symptoms. More specifically, our results support the proposal of a temperamentally based pathway to ADHD symptoms. The findings also indicate that disorganized attachment and negative emotionality constitute pathways specific to conduct problems rather than to ADHD symptoms.
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| 34. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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The heterogeneity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and conduct problems : Cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment
- 2016
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In: British Journal of Developmental Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0261-510X .- 2044-835X. ; 34:3, s. 371-387
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the contributions of several important domains of functioning to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and conduct problems. Specifically, we investigated whether cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment made independent and specific contributions to these externalizing behaviour problems from a multiple pathways perspective. The study included laboratory measures of cognitive inhibition and disorganized attachment in 184 typically developing children (M age = 6 years, 10 months, SD = 1.7). Parental ratings provided measures of emotion regulation, emotionality, and externalizing behaviour problems. Results revealed that cognitive inhibition, regulation of positive emotion, and positive emotionality were independently and specifically related to ADHD symptoms. Disorganized attachment and negative emotionality formed independent and specific relations to conduct problems. Our findings support the multiple pathways perspective on ADHD, with poor regulation of positive emotion and high positive emotionality making distinct contributions to ADHD symptoms. More specifically, our results support the proposal of a temperamentally based pathway to ADHD symptoms. The findings also indicate that disorganized attachment and negative emotionality constitute pathways specific to conduct problems rather than to ADHD symptoms.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Frick, Matilda A., et al.
(author)
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Can reactivity and regulation in infancy predict inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior in 3-year-olds?
- 2019
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In: Development and psychopathology (Print). - 0954-5794 .- 1469-2198. ; 31:2, s. 619-629
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A need to identify early infant markers of later occurring inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behaviors has come to the fore in the current attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder literature. The purpose of such studies is to identify driving mechanisms that could enable early detection of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder liability and thus facilitate early intervention. Here we study independent and interactive effects of cognitive regulation (inhibition and sustained attention), temperament (reactive and regulatory aspects), and maternal sensitivity (as external regulation) in a sample of 112 typically developing 10-month-old infants (59 boys, 52.7%), in relation to inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior at 3 years. The results showed that infant temperamental regulation and maternal sensitivity made independent contributions to both inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, in that higher levels of temperamental regulation and maternal sensitivity were related to less inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior. In addition, the temperamental factor positive affectivity/surgency made a significant contribution to later hyperactivity/impulsivity, in that higher levels of positive affectivity/surgency were related to more hyperactive/impulsive behavior. No interaction effects were found. Our findings suggest temperament and parental regulation as potential and independent markers of later inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior.
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| 38. |
- Frick, Matilda A., et al.
(author)
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Does child verbal ability mediate the relationship between maternal sensitivity and later self-regulation? : A longitudinal study from infancy to 4 years
- 2019
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 60:2, s. 97-105
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a need to further examine the mechanisms by which maternal sensitivity influences the development of child self-regulation. This study investigated the role of maternal sensitivity when infants were 10 months old and child verbal ability at 18 months, in relation to various aspects of self-regulation at 48 months, in a sample of 95 typically developing children (46.3% girls). In particular, the study examined, from a Vygotskian perspective, whether child verbal ability, as measured by receptive and expressive language, mediated the relationship between maternal sensitivity and hot and cool aspects of self-regulation in the child. As hypothesized, maternal sensitivity predicted child verbal ability, as well as working memory, set shifting, and delay of gratification. Child receptive language predicted set shifting, inhibition, and delay of gratification. In addition, receptive language mediated the relationship between maternal sensitivity and inhibition only. Additive effects of maternal sensitivity and child receptive language in relation to set shifting were found, and a main effect of maternal sensitivity on child delay of gratification. The results add to the body of research suggesting that responsive parenting and child verbal ability are important for the development of self-regulation, and suggest that different mechanisms may be at work for different aspects of self-regulation.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Frick, Matilda A., et al.
(author)
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The role of sustained attention, maternal sensitivity, and infant temperament in the development of early self-regulation
- 2018
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In: British Journal of Psychology. - : WILEY. - 0007-1269 .- 2044-8295. ; 109:2, s. 277-298
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated infant predictors of early cognitive and emotional self-regulation from an intrinsic and caregiving environmental perspective. Sustained attention, reactive aspects of infant temperament, and maternal sensitivity were assessed at 10months (n=124) and early self-regulation (including executive functions, EF, and emotion regulation) was assessed at 18months. The results indicated that sustained attention predicted early EF, which provide empirical support for the hierarchical framework of EF development, advocating early attention as a foundation for the development of cognitive self-regulation. Maternal sensitivity and surgency predicted emotion regulation, in that infants of sensitive mothers showed more regulatory behaviours and a longer latency to distress, whereas high levels of surgency predicted low emotion regulation, suggesting both the caregiving environment and temperament as important in the development of self-regulation. Interaction effects suggested high sustained attention to be a protective factor for children of insensitive mothers, in relation to emotion regulation. In addition, high levels of maternal sensitivity seemed to foster development of emotion regulation among children with low to medium levels of sustained attention and/or surgency. In all, our findings point to the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in infant development of self-regulation.
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| 41. |
- Frick, Matilda, et al.
(author)
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The role of sustained attention, maternal sensitivity, and infant temperament in the development of early self-regulation
- 2017
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In: British Journal of Psychology. - 0007-1269 .- 2044-8295.
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated infant predictors of early cognitive and emotional self-regulation from an intrinsic and caregiving environmental perspective. Sustained attention, reactive aspects of infant temperament, and maternal sensitivity were assessed at 10 months (n = 124) and early self-regulation (including executive functions, EF, and emotion regulation) was assessed at 18 months. The results indicated that sustained attention predicted early EF, which provide empirical support for the hierarchical framework of EF development, advocating early attention as a foundation for the development of cognitive self-regulation. Maternal sensitivity and surgency predicted emotion regulation, in that infants of sensitive mothers showed more regulatory behaviours and a longer latency to distress, whereas high levels of surgency predicted low emotion regulation, suggesting both the caregiving environment and temperament as important in the development of self-regulation. Interaction effects suggested high sustained attention to be a protective factor for children of insensitive mothers, in relation to emotion regulation. In addition, high levels of maternal sensitivity seemed to foster development of emotion regulation among children with low to medium levels of sustained attention and/or surgency. In all, our findings point to the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in infant development of self-regulation.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Granqvist, Pehr, et al.
(author)
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Mothers with intellectual disability, their experiences of maltreatment and their children’s attachment representations : a small-group matched comparison study
- 2014
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In: Attachment & Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 16:5, s. 417-436
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Maternal intellectual disability (ID) is regarded a risk factor in child development, but there is no scientific evidence on maternal ID in relation to children’s attachment. Using a matched comparison design, a small group (n = 23) of mothers diagnosed with ID was studied to help fill this gap. Besides maternal ID, we examined the role of abuse/trauma/maltreatment (ATM) in the mothers’ biographies, along with potential confounds. Comparison group mothers (n = 25) had normal variations in intelligence and matched mothers with ID on residential area, income, child age, and sex. History of maternal ATM was assessed using a semi-structured interview and was found to be significantly more likely in the ID group mothers’ experience than the comparison group mothers. Children’s (M age = 77 months) attachment representations were assessed with the Separation Anxiety Test. Among children of mothers with ID, a substantial minority (35%) had a secure and the vast majority (>80%) an organized attachment representation. Mothers with ID who had suffered elevated ATM were significantly more likely to have children who were scored high on disorganization and insecurity. We discuss possible implications of our findings for societal considerations regarding parenting and child attachment in the context of parental ID status.
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| 45. |
- Hammarlund, Mårten, et al.
(author)
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Attachment in Adulthood
- 2020
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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319169996
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 46. |
- Hammarlund, Mårten, et al.
(author)
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Concepts travel faster than thought : an empirical study of the use of attachment classifications in child protection investigations
- 2022
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In: Attachment & Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 24:6, s. 712-731
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Scholarly discussion suggests prevalent, overconfident use of attachment classifications in child protection (CP) investigations but no systematic research has examined actual prevalence, the methods used to derive such classifications, or their interpretations. We aimed to cover this gap using survey data from a nationally representative sample of Swedish CP workers (N = 191). Three key findings emerged. First, the vast majority formed an opinion about young children's attachment quality in all or most investigations. Second, most did not employ systematic assessments, and none employed well-validated attachment methods. Third, there was overconfidence in the perceived implications of attachment classifications. For example, many believed that insecure attachment is a valid indicator of insufficient care. Our findings illustrate a wide researcher-practitioner gap. This gap is presumably due to inherent difficulties translating group-based research to the level of the individual, poor dissemination of attachment theory and research, and infrastructural pressures adversely influencing the quality of CP investigations.
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| 47. |
- Hammarlund, Mårten, et al.
(author)
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Experiences of Interpersonal Trauma Among Parents With Intellectual Disabilities : A Systematic Review
- 2023
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In: Trauma, Violence, & Abuse. - : Sage Publications. - 1524-8380 .- 1552-8324. ; 24:4, s. 2843-2862
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research has suggested highly elevated levels of interpersonal trauma (IPT) among parents with intellectual disabilities (ID), and that such experiences may contribute to the caregiving and child developmental problems often seen in this population. Conflicting results have however been reported, and there is no systematic review on this matter. This study therefore systematically reviewed the empirical evidence concerning (a) prevalence of IPT among parents with ID, and links with (b) caregiving-relevant and (c) child developmental outcomes, in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and PTSDpubs. Peer-reviewed empirical articles reporting exposure to any form of systematically assessed IPT (unspecified IPT, physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, neglect, prolonged childhood separations from caregivers, witnessing abuse in the family) among parents with ID were included, yielding a final selection of 20 studies. Findings consistently indicated markedly elevated levels of IPT among parents with ID, with a majority (>50%) having experienced some form of IPT. Estimates for both unspecified and specific forms were typically higher than corresponding estimates in other groups at elevated risk, and than meta-analytical general population estimates in comparable countries. Findings regarding caregiving-relevant outcomes were mixed but indicated links with adverse outcomes, particularly regarding parental mental health. Reports pertaining to child developmental outcomes were scant and inconsistent. We highlight important limitations in the extant literature and provide directions for future research and clinical practice.
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| 48. |
- Hammarlund, Mårten, et al.
(author)
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Mothers With Mild Levels of Intellectual Disability : Emotion-Interpretation, Traumatization, and Child Attachment Representations
- 2021
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In: American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. - : American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD). - 1944-7515 .- 1944-7558. ; 126:4, s. 341-356
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prior research indicates links between parents' experiences of interpersonal trauma and emotion-interpretation difficulties, and between such difficulties and child attachment insecurity and disorganization. Although mothers with mild levels of intellectual disability (ID) are at heightened risk for trauma and emotion-interpretation difficulties, and their children for attachment insecurity, corresponding links in this population have not been examined. We therefore investigated emotional interpretations among mothers with mild levels of ID (n = 23) and matched comparison mothers without ID (n = 25), in relation to mothers' experiences of trauma and their children's attachment representations. Mothers with mild levels of ID were not less accurate than comparison mothers with regard to general positive and negative emotion-interpretation accuracy, but they were significantly more likely to misinterpret shame and anger. Among mothers with mild levels of ID, misinterpretations of shame were positively related to maternal experiences of trauma, and to child attachment insecurity and disorganization.
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| 49. |
- Hammarlund, Mårten, 1986-
(author)
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Neglected ghosts of contested nurseries : The role of interpersonal trauma and psychosocial adversity for caregiving among parents with intellectual disability
- 2023
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Research on the general parent population has established that parental exposure to interpersonal trauma and psychosocial stressors may negatively influence caregiving and children’s development. Research also suggests that parents with intellectual disability (ID) are disproportionally exposed to interpersonal trauma and psychosocial stressors, and that such exposure may contribute to the elevated risk for caregiving and child developmental problems in this population. Conflicting findings have, however, also been reported, and there is no synthesized picture of the prevalence of interpersonal trauma among these parents, or of associated caregiving-related and child developmental outcomes. There is also a scarcity of research addressing these parents’ exposure to interpersonal trauma and psychosocial stressors, in relation to developmentally informed aspects of caregiving and child development. This thesis aims to counter these knowledge gaps. Study I systematically reviewed extant empirical reports on interpersonal trauma among parents with ID, and links with caregiving-related and child developmental outcomes. The review indicated that > 50% of these parents have been exposed to interpersonal trauma. Findings regarding caregiving-related outcomes overall indicated that interpersonal trauma increases caregiving-related risks. Reports on links with child developmental outcomes were scant and inconsistent. Studies II and III present empirical works, focused on parental social-cognitive capacities among mothers with ID. Study II involved a sample of mothers with ID (n = 30), and comparison mothers with ADHD (n = 61), and examined the mothers’ exposure to interpersonal trauma and psychosocial adversity in relation to their capacity for parental mentalizing. Mothers with ID had a heightened risk for mentalizing difficulties, in the form of prementalizing modes of relating to their children. Cumulative interpersonal trauma uniquely predicted prementalizing across groups, whereas psychosocial adversity added to the risk for prementalizing specifically among mothers with ID. Study III involved a second sample of mothers with ID (n = 23) and their children, and socioeconomically matched mothers without ID (n = 25) and their children. This study examined the mothers’ capacity for interpreting infants’ emotions, in relation to the mothers’ exposure to interpersonal trauma, and their children’s attachment. Mothers with ID had a heightened proclivity to misinterpret infants’ emotional expressions as expressions of anger and shame. Shame misinterpretations were also linked with these mothers’ cumulative interpersonal trauma, and with child attachment insecurity and disorganization. An addendum to Study III also addressed the mothers’ psychosocial situation, in relation to maternal sensitivity and the children’s attachment. In both study groups, psychosocial adversity was linked with lower maternal sensitivity. The analysis also suggested that psychosocial adversity contributed to child attachment disorganization specifically among children of mothers with ID. Overall, the thesis points to the importance of acknowledging the parents’ relational history and psychosocial situation, when attempting to understand caregiving-related and child developmental difficulties in families headed by parents with ID. The thesis also outlines important steps for future research, and discusses implications of the findings for practitioners and policy-makers.
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| 50. |
- Hammarlund, Mårten, et al.
(author)
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Pair Bonding
- 2020
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In: Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319169996
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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