| 1. |
- Enmark, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
A systematic investigation of algorithm impact in preparative chromatography with experimental verifications
- 2011
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In: Journal of Chromatography A. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1218:5, s. 662-672
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Computer-assisted optimization of chromatographic separations requires finding the numerical solution of the Equilibrium-Dispersive (ED) mass balance equation. Furthermore, the competitive adsorption isotherms needed for optimization are often estimated numerically using the inverse method that also solves the ED equations. This means that the accuracy of the estimated adsorption isotherm parameters explicitly depends on the numerical accuracy of the algorithm that is used to solve the ED equations. The fast and commonly used algorithm for this purpose, the Rouchon Finite Difference (RFD) algorithm, has often been reported not to be able to accurately solve the ED equations for all practical preparative experimental conditions, but its limitations has never been completely and systematically investigated. In this study, we thoroughly investigate three different algorithms used to solve the ED equations: the RFD algorithm, the Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements (OCFE) method and a Central Difference Method (CDM) algorithm, both for increased theoretical understanding and for real cases of industrial interest. We identified discrepancies between the conventional RFD algorithm and the more accurate OCFE and CDM algorithms for several conditions, such as low efficiency, increasing number of simulated components and components present at different concentrations. Given high enough efficiency, we experimentally demonstrate good prediction of experimental data of a quaternary separation problem using either algorithm, but better prediction using OCFE/CDM for a binary low efficiency separation problem or separations when the compounds have different efficiency. Our conclusion is to use the RFD algorithm with caution when such conditions are present and that the rule of thumb that the number of theoretical plates should be greater than 1000 for application of the RFD algorithm is underestimated in many cases
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| 2. |
- Enmark, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
A systematic investigation on the accuracy of computer simulations for optical isomers in industrial settings
- 2010
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Predicting the band profiles of typical chromatographic separations using the approach of the inverse method (IM) [2] requires finding the numerical solution of the Equilibrium-Dispersive (ED) mass balance equation [1]. The accuracy of the determination of the competitive adsorption isotherms is therefore explicitly dependent on the choice of algorithm to solve the ED model. Earlier studies have shown that the well known RFD algorithm [3] has limitations in its accuracy for certain simulated conditions such as column efficiency and adsorption isotherm type [5]. In this study, we thoroughly investigate three different algorithms, the rapid and well known Rouchon Finite Difference (RFD) algorithm [3], the Orthogonal Collocation on Finite Elements (OCFE) method [4] and the Central Difference Method (CDM) algorithm developed by us. Firstly, a systematic investigation is made, comparing the different algorithms under a broad range of different synthetic conditions. Secondly, we apply all three algorithms using the IM on real experimental systems; (I) one high efficiency quaternary separation and (II) one pharmaceutical industry application with a chiral intermediate separation. We have found discrepancies between the conventional (RFD) and the more accurate (OCFE and CDM) algorithms for several synthetic conditions such as low efficiency, increasing number of simulated components and components present at different concentrations. Given high enough efficiency, we experimentally demonstrate good prediction of experimental data of a quaternary separation problem using either algorithm but better prediction of OCFE/CDM for a binary low efficiency separation problem. Our conclusion is to use the RFD algorithm with caution when any of the particular conditions we have investigated is valid. When the highest accuracy is sought, there is no doubt that OCFE or CDM should be the algorithms of choice. However, given the computational speed of RFD, we also recommend it for preliminary parameter fitting. For conditions where we have shown the algorithms to produce practically identical solutions, RFD can be applied with greater certainty. It remains to be thoroughly investigated the effect on the particular shape of the adsorption isotherm on the obtained solution, for example type III having inflection points.
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| 3. |
- Enmark, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
Computer-assisted optimization in preparative SFC, Challenges, Pitfalls and Solutions
- 2010
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Preparative packed column SFC (pSFC) is an environmentally favorable alternative to normal phase HPLC. We are participating in a larger research project where the overreaching goal is to make an impact in the recovery of high-value compounds from agricultural byproducts and waste materials using environmentally sustainable techniques. Our specific task is to isolate large amounts of valuable compounds from discarded biomaterials using pSFC. It is still not possible to accurately model, simulate and optimize a preparative SFC proess, although SFC has been in use for almost fifty years. This is mainly because of the compressibility of the mobile phase and how this influences the physical parameters of the system. More particular, if pSFC is operated under combinations of back pressures and flow rates that give negligible pressure drop, it has been demonstrated and implied, that the tools developed and used within HPLC, can be transferred and used successfully [1, 2]. However, when the pressure drop becomes noticeable, the induced density gradient significantly increases the complexity. An earlier study has clearly described the effect of this pressure gradient on the retention factor, and also the column efficiency [3]. However, it remains to be investigated how the entire adsorption isotherm depends on the density.In this study we will investigate the use of the inverse and the perturbation peak methods, originally developed within LC, to determine the nonlinear adsorption isotherm for i) negligible, and ii) non-negligible pressure drop conditions respectively. To do this, we will use a simple racemic substance and a cellulose based CSP with a column equipped with pressure sensors at the inlet and outlet. Using obtained parameters we will validate the methods by simulating the separation using a variable coefficient version of the Equilibrium-Dispersive model for cases i and ii. [1] S. Ottiger, J. Kluge, A. Rajendran , M. Mazzotti, J. Chromatogr., A 1162 (2007) 74-82[2] C. Wenda, A. Rajendran, J. Chromatogr., A 1216 (2009) 8750-8758[3]A. Rajendran, O. Kräuchi, M. Mazzotti, M. Morbidelli, J Chromatogr., A, 1092 (2005) 149-160[4] G. Guiochon, A. Felinger, D. G. Shirazi, A. M. Katti, Fundamentals of Preparative and Nonlinear Chromatography 2nd Ed, Elsevier Academic Press (2006).
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| 4. |
- Enmark, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
Computer Assisted Optimization of Pharmaceutical Purification - The Impact of Algorithms and Experimental Approach
- 2010
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Computer assisted process optimization of chromatographic separations requires the selection of computer algorithms and measurement of relevant parameters. In this study, we will investigate how the choice of algorithms and the number of performed initial experiments affect the estimated optimal separations conditions. We will focus on conditions typically encountered for slurry packing coated 20 µm CSP in large-scale columns used for pharmaceutical intermediate purification.Probably the most essential for parameters in this context are the adsorption isotherm parameters for the components. The rapid "inverse method" is commonly used and this method requires that one numerically solve the mass balance equations describing the chromatographic process. Here we thoroughly investigate how different algorithms that solve the Equilibrium-Dispersive (ED) mass balance equations will affect the estimated adsorption isotherm parameters.Furthermore, we will investigate and compare how different strategies affect the prediction of the optimal separation conditions. First, we will use a more rapid approach that requires a minimum of experiments and uses standard algorithms to estimate optimal conditions. Secondly, we will use a more exact approach that requires more experiments and uses more advanced simulation- and optimization algorithms
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| 5. |
- Enmark, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
Enantioseparation of omeprazole effect of different packing particle size on productivity
- 2012
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In: Journal of Chromatography A. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0021-9673. ; 1240:1, s. 123-131
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Enantiomeric separation of omeprazole has been extensively studied regarding both product analysis and preparation using several different chiral stationary phases. In this study, the preparative chiral separation of omeprazole is optimized for productivity using three different columns packed with amylose tris (3,5-dimethyl phenyl carbamate) coated macroporous silica (5, 10 and 25 Όm) with a maximum allowed pressure drop ranging from 50 to 400 bar. This pressure range both covers low pressure process systems (50–100 bar) and investigates the potential for allowing higher pressure limits in preparative applications in a future. The process optimization clearly show that the larger 25 Όm packing material show higher productivity at low pressure drops whereas with increasing pressure drops the smaller packing materials have substantially higher productivity. Interestingly, at all pressure drops, the smaller packing material result in lower solvent consumption (L solvent/kg product); the higher the accepted pressure drop, the larger the gain in reduced solvent consumption. The experimental adsorption isotherms were not identical for the different packing material sizes; therefore all calculations were recalculated and reevaluated assuming identical adsorption isotherms (with the 10 Όm isotherm as reference) which confirmed the trends regarding productivity and solvent consumption.
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| 6. |
- Enmark, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
Preparative Separation of Chiral Pharmaceutical Compounds - The Effects of Packing Particle Size, Pressure Limit and Column Geometry on Productivity and Solvent Consumption
- 2011
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, omeprazole was used as a model compound. Omeprazole and other related sulfoxidebenzimidazolesare used against gastric ulcersand have been extensively studied regarding chromatographic resolution techniques using several different chiral stationary phases.First, AstraZeneca launched Losec, a racemic mixture of RS-omeprazole. Facing loss of patent, the more potent S-enantiomer was developed and marketed as Nexium. Now the patent of Nexium is close expiration why methods for isolation of the pure S-enantiomer will be of importance for the generic pharmaceutical companies.The experimental model separation system represents a system with good selectivity and high solubility of the solute in the eluent. In this investigation the productivity optima for three different particle sizes (5, 10 and 25 µm) at maximum system pressure ranging from 50 to 400 bars are studied. Two different optimizations cases were studied in depth. First,a process optimization with fixed column geometry is studied. The results clearly show that larger packing materials have higher productivity at low pressure drops on the analytical size column.With increasing allowed pressure drops, over 200 bar, the smaller packing materials have substantially higher productivity. The results also show that smaller packing material will always have much lower solvent consumption compared to larger particles.The second process optimization was performed with a fixed column volume, but the column geometry was variable. The results shows that the productivity obtained for the smaller packing particles materials was higher compared to the large for all allowed pressure drops. The productivity obtained for the small particle compared to the large increased by 25-300 % while maintaining 50-300 % less solvent consumption for the purification of the first enantiomer.The addition of TEA seems to be unfavorable for all tested conditions.In conclusion, the optimization of the enantioseparation of omeprazole has been shown to be dependent on column packing particle size as well as column geometry. It has been demonstrated that all parameters need to be simultaneously optimized to reach a global productivity optima.
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| 7. |
- Enmark, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
Preparative Separation of Omeprazole: Predictions of the Optimal Experimental Conditions by Computer Simulations
- 2011
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, omeprazole was used as a model compound. Omeprazole and other related sulfoxide benzimidazoles are used against gastric ulcers and have been extensively studied regarding chromatographic resolution techniques using several different chiral stationary phases.First, AstraZeneca launched Losec, a racemic mixture of RS-omeprazole. Facing loss of patent, the more potent S-enantiomer was developed and marketed as Nexium. Now the patent of Nexium is close expiration why methods for isolation of the pure S-enantiomer will be of importance for the generic pharmaceutical companies.The experimental model separation system represents a system with good selectivity and high solubility of the solute in the eluent. In this investigation the productivity optima for three different particle sizes (5, 10 and 25 µm) at maximum system pressure ranging from 50 to 400 bars are studied. Two different optimizations cases were studied in depth. First,a process optimization with fixed column geometry is studied. The results clearly show that larger packing materials have higher productivity at low pressure drops on the analytical size column.With increasing allowed pressure drops, over 200 bar, the smaller packing materials have substantially higher productivity.The results also show that smaller packing material will always have much lower solvent consumption compared to larger particles.The second process optimization was performed with a fixed column volume, but the column geometry was variable. The results shows that the productivity obtained for the smaller packing particles materials was higher compared to the large for all allowed pressure drops. The productivity obtained for the small particle compared to the large increased by 25-300 % while maintaining 50-300 % less solvent consumption for the purification of the first enantiomer.The addition of TEA seems to be unfavorable for all tested conditions.In conclusion, the optimization of the enantioseparation of omeprazole has been shown to be dependent on column packing particle size as well as column geometry. It has been demonstrated that all parameters need to be simultaneously optimized to reach a global productivity optima.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Fornstedt, Torgny, 1957-, et al.
(author)
-
Chapter 23 - Modeling of preparative liquid chromatography
- 2023. - 3
-
In: Liquid Chromatography. - : Elsevier. - 9780323999687 ; , s. 603-624
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Preparative chromatography is the best generic method currently available for purifying small drugs and valuable chemical components at the 10-kg level. Progress in computer technology, the development of new non-chiral/chiral stationary phases, and numerous improvements in reliability and economic performance have considerably increased the interest in modeling in academia and industry. This chapter introduces the modeling of preparative liquid chromatography in order to improve the purification process for valuable chemical components such as drugs and chiral components. We review the most important column and adsorption models and the methods for determining the essential thermodynamic adsorption data for both column characterization and process improvement. We also cover important operational modes (e.g., separation in gradient mode), cases involving additives or ion-pair reagents, and operational conditions sometimes neglected in the modeling process, for example, involving the impact of injection profiles.
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| 11. |
- Fornstedt, Torgny, 1957-, et al.
(author)
-
Chapter 24 - Modeling of preparative liquid chromatography
- 2017
-
In: Liquid Chromatography (Second Edition). - : Elsevier. - 9780128053935 ; , s. 573-592
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Preparative chromatography is the best generic method today for the purification of small drugs and valuable chemical components at <10-kg level. Recent progress in computer technology and the development of new nonchiral/chiral stationary phases, as well as numerous improvements in reliability and economic performance, have considerably increased the interest in modeling in academic and industrial communities. This chapter serves as an introduction to modeling of preparative liquid chromatography where the aim is to improve process purification of valuable chemical components, such as drugs and chiral components. We go through the most important column and adsorption models and methods for determination of the essential thermodynamic adsorption data for both column characterization and process improvement. We also cover important operational modes, such as separation in gradient mode and cases where additives are present, and operational conditions sometimes neglected in the modeling process, such as the impact of injection profiles.
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| 12. |
- Fornstedt, Torgny, 1957-, et al.
(author)
-
Injection profiles in liquid chromatography. I. A fundamental investigation
- 2010
-
In: Journal of Chromatography A. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1217:26, s. 4306-4312
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This is a fundamental experimental and theoretical investigation on how the injection profile depends on important experimental parameters. The experiments revealed that the injection profile becomes more eroded with increased (i) flow rate, (ii) viscosity of the eluent, (iii) size of the solute, (iv) injection volume and (v) inner diameter of the injection loop capillary. These observations cannot be explained by a 1D-convection-diffusion equation, since it does not account for the effect of the parabolic flow and the radial diffusion on the elution profile. Therefore, the 1D model was expanded into a 2D-convection-diffusion equation with cylindrical coordinates, a model that showed a good agreement with the experimental injection profiles dependence on the experimental parameters. For a deeper understanding of the appearance of the injection profile the 2D model is excellent, but to account for injection profiles of various injection volumes and flow rates in preparative and process-chromatography using computer-optimizations, a more pragmatic approach must be developed. The result will give guidelines about how to reduce the extra-column variance caused by the injection profile. This is important both for preparative and analytical chromatography; in particular for modern analytical systems using short and narrow columns
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| 13. |
- Fornstedt, Torgny, 1957-, et al.
(author)
-
Modeling of Preparative Liquid Chromatography
- 2013
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In: Liquid Chromatography. - : Elsevier. - 9780124158078 ; , s. 407-425
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Abstract Preparative chromatography is today the best generic method for the purification of small drugs and valuable chemical components at the <10 kg-level. Recent progress in computer technology and the development of new nonchiral and chiral stationary phases, as well as numerous improvements in reliability and economic performance, have considerably increased the interest in modeling in academic and industrial communities. This chapter serves as an introduction to the field of modeling preparative liquid chromatography in the classical batch mode, aiming at improved process purification of valuable chemical components, drugs, and chiral components. We go through the most important column and adsorption models and methods for determination of the essential thermodynamic adsorption data for both column characterization and process improvement. But, we also cover important operational conditions sometimes neglected in the modeling procedure, such as the impact of injection profiles and accounting for the additive in the modeling procedure.
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| 14. |
- Fornstedt, Torgny, 1957-, et al.
(author)
-
System peaks and their impact in liquid chromatography
- 2016
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In: TrAC. Trends in analytical chemistry. - : Elsevier. - 0165-9936 .- 1879-3142. ; 81, s. 42-50
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A sample injected into a chromatographic system can generate extra peaks, called "system peaks", which in general are undetectable. However, for small analytical injections, solute zones eluting with a system zone will often give strongly deformed solute peaks. But, if a solute zone is eluted in a particular region of the system zone it will instead be strongly compressed and well-shaped. For overloaded solute injections, another type of complex band deformation may take place due to large system peaks. This review will present results related to system peak distortions of both small analytical peaks and large preparative ones. Guidelines will be given on how to avoid unwanted distortions and how to utilize the distortions for increased detectability in analytical chromatography, or enhanced production rate in preparative chromatography. The works reviewed here were mainly made by Georges Guiochon, and some of his close colleagues, and is dedicated to his memory.
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| 15. |
- Forssén, Patrik, 1966-
(author)
-
Adsorption Isotherm Parameter Estimation in Nonlinear Liquid Chromatography
- 2005
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This thesis concerns the development and validation of methods for the industrially important area of adsorption isotherm parameter estimation in preparative, nonlinear high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Preparative chromatography is a powerful separation method to get pure compounds from more or less complex liquid mixtures, e.g., mixtures of mirror-image molecules. Computer simulations can be used to optimize preparative chromatography, but then competitive adsorption isotherm parameters are usually required. Here two methods to estimate adsorption isotherm parameters are treated: (i) the perturbation peak (PP) method and (ii) the inverse method (IM).A new theory for the PP method was derived and led to a new injection technique which was validated experimentally. This injection technique solved the severe problem with vanishing peaks and enabled us to use the PP method to estimate binary competitive adsorption isotherms valid over a broad concentration range. Also, the injection technique made it possible to estimate competitive adsorption isotherms for a quaternary mixture for the first time. Finally, an interesting perturbation peak phenomenon, known as the “Helfferich Paradox”, was experimentally verified for the first time.The IM is a relatively new method to determine adsorption isotherm parameters. It has the advantage of requiring very small samples, but also requires an advanced computer algorithm. An improved implementation of this computer algorithm was developed and tested experimentally. Also, a variant of the IM called “the inverse method on plateaus” was tested experimentally and the estimated adsorption isotherm parameters were shown to be valid over a broader concentration range than those estimated with the standard IM.
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| 16. |
- Forssén, Patrik, 1966-, et al.
(author)
-
Advanced Analysis of Biosensor Data for SARS-CoV-2 RBD and ACE2 Interactions
- 2020
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In: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 92:17, s. 11520-11524
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The traditional approach for analyzing interaction data from biosensors instruments is based on the simplified assumption that also larger biomolecules interactions are homogeneous. It was recently reported that the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) plays a key role for capturing SARS-CoV-2 into the human target body, and binding studies were performed using biosensors techniques based on surface plasmon resonance and bio-layer interferometry. The published affinity constants for the interactions, derived using the traditional approach, described a single interaction between ACE2 and the SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD). We reanalyzed these data sets using our advanced four-step approach based on an adaptive interaction distribution algorithm (AIDA) that accounts for the great complexity of larger biomolecules and gives a two-dimensional distribution of association and dissociation rate constants. Our results showed that in both cases the standard assumption about a single interaction was erroneous, and in one of the cases, the value of the affinity constant K-D differed more than 300% between the reported value and our calculation. This information can prove very useful in providing mechanistic information and insights about the mechanism of interactions between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 RBD or similar systems.
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| 17. |
- Forssén, Patrik, 1966-, et al.
(author)
-
Impact of column and stationary phase properties on the productivity in chiral preparative LC
- 2018
-
In: Journal of Separation Science. - : Wiley-VCH Verlagsgesellschaft. - 1615-9306 .- 1615-9314. ; 41:6, s. 1346-1354
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- By generating 1500 random chiral separation systems, assuming two-site Langmuir interactions, we investigated numerically how the maximal productivity (P-R,P-max) was affected by changes in stationary phase adsorption properties. The relative change in P-R,P-max, when one adsorption property changed 10%, was determined for each system and for each studied parameter the corresponding productivity change distribution of the systems was analyzed. We could conclude that there is no reason to have columns with more than 500 theoretical plates and larger selectivity than 3. More specifically, we found that changes in selectivity have a major impact on P-R,P-max if it is below similar to 2 and, interestingly, increasing selectivity when it is above similar to 3 decreases P-R,P-max. Increase in relative saturation capacity will have a major impact on P-R,P-max if it is below similar to 40%, but only modest above this percent. Increasing total monolayer saturation capacity, or decreasing the first eluting enantiomer's retention factor, will have a modest effect on P-R,P-max and increased efficiency will have almost no effect at all on P-R,P-max unless it is below similar to 500 theoretical plates. Finally, we showed that chiral columns with superior analytic performance might have inferior preparative performance, or vice versa. It is, therefore, not possible to assess columns based on their analytical performance alone.
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| 18. |
- Forssén, Patrik, 1966-, et al.
(author)
-
Injection profiles in liquid chromatography II : Predicting accurate injection-profiles for computer-assisted preparative optimizations
- 2011
-
In: Journal of Chromatography A. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1218:34, s. 5794-5800
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In computer assisted optimization of liquid chromatography it has been known for some years that it is important to use experimental injection profiles, instead of rectangular ones, in order to calculate accurate elution bands. However, the incorrectly assumed rectangular profiles are still mostly used especially in numerical optimizations. The reason is that the acquisition of injection profiles, for each injection volume and each flow rate considered in a computer-assisted optimization requires a too large number of experiments. In this article a new function is proposed, which enables highly accurate predictions of the injection profiles and thus more accurate computer optimizations, with a minimum experimental effort. To model the injection profiles for any injection volume at a constant flow rate, as few as two experimental injection profiles are required. If it is desirable to also take the effect of flow rate on the injection profiles into account, then just two additional experiments are required. The overlap between fitted and experimental injection profiles at different flow rates and different injection volumes were excellent, more than 90%, using experimental injection profiles from just four different injection volumes at two different flow rates. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the flow rate has a minor influence on the injection profiles and that the injection volume is the main parameter that needs to be accounted for.
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| 19. |
- Forssén, Patrik, 1966-, et al.
(author)
-
Optimization strategies accounting for the additive in preparative chiral liquid chromatography
- 2012
-
In: Journal of Chromatography A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9673 .- 1873-3778. ; 1269:SI, s. 279-286
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study is an in-depth investigation on how numerical optimization strategies that also account for the additive type and concentration, in preparative batch chromatography, should be performed. As a model system, the separation of Z-(R,S)-2-aminobutyric acid enantiomers on a quinidine carbamate-based chiral stationary phase in polar organic mode was used, with different additive strengths of acetic acid or hexanoic acid in methanol. The inverse method was used to determine the competitive adsorption isotherm parameters for the enantiomers and the additives. Three different optimization strategies were examined: (1) injection volume optimization, (2) optimization of injection volume and additive concentration, and (3) full optimization including injection volume, additive concentration, sample concentration and flow rate. It was concluded that (i) it is important to incorporate the additive concentration in the optimization procedure to achieve the highest production rates, (ii) the full optimization strategy had the overall best results, and (iii) the selection of additive is very important (here acetic acid additive was superior to the hexanoic acid additive). By including the additive in the adsorption model and in the numerical optimization it is not only possible to achieve higher production rates but also to properly select the additive that is most advantageous for the specific separation problem.
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| 20. |
- Forssén, Patrik, 1966-, et al.
(author)
-
Reliable Strategy for Analysis of Complex Biosensor Data
- 2018
-
In: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 90:8, s. 5366-5374
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When using biosensors, analyte biomolecules of several different concentrations are percolated over a chip with immobilized ligand molecules that form complexes with analytes. However, in many cases of biological interest, e.g., in antibody interactions, complex formation steady-state is not reached. The data measured are so-called sensorgram, one for each analyte concentration, with total complex concentration vs time. Here we present a new four-step strategy for more reliable processing of this complex kinetic binding data and compare it with the standard global fitting procedure. In our strategy, we first calculate a dissociation graph to reveal if there are any heterogeneous interactions. Thereafter, a new numerical algorithm, AIDA, is used to get the number of different complex formation reactions for each analyte concentration level. This information is then used to estimate the corresponding complex formation rate constants by fitting to the measured sensorgram one by one. Finally, all estimated rate constants are plotted and clustered, where each cluster represents a complex formation. Synthetic and experimental data obtained from three different QCM biosensor experimental systems having fast (close to steady-state), moderate, and slow kinetics (far from steady-state) were evaluated using the four-step strategy and standard global fitting. The new strategy allowed us to more reliably estimate the number of different complex formations, especially for cases of complex and slow dissociation kinetics. Moreover, the new strategy proved to be more robust as it enables one to handle system drift, i.e., data from biosensor chips that deteriorate over time.
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| 21. |
- Glenne, Emelie, et al.
(author)
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Systematic investigations of peak distortions due to additives in supercritical fluid chromatography
- 2020
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In: Journal of Chromatography & Separation Techniques. - : Elsevier. - 2157-7064. ; 1621, s. 1-12
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The impact of eluent components added to improve separation performance in supercritical fluid chromatography was systematically, and fundamentally, investigated. The model system comprised basic pharmaceuticals as solutes and eluents containing three amines (i.e., triethylamine, diethylamine, and isopropylamine) as additives with MeOH as the co-solvent. First, an analytical-scale study was performed, systematically investigating the impact of the additives/co-solvent on solute peak shapes and retentions, using a design of experiments approach; here, the total additive concentration in the eluent ranged between 0.021 and 0.105 % (v/v) and the total MeOH fraction in the eluent between 16 and 26 % (v/v). The co-solvent fraction was found to be the most efficient tool for adjusting retentions, whereas the additive fraction was the prime tool for improving column efficiency and peak analytical performance. Next, the impacts of the amine additives on the shapes of the so-called overloaded solute elution profiles were investigated. Two principal types of preparative peak deformations appeared and were investigated in depth, analyzed using computer simulation with mechanistic modeling. The first type of deformation was due to the solute eluting too close to the additive perturbation peak, resulting in severe peak deformation caused by co-elution. The second type of deformation was also due to additive–solute interactions, but here the amine additives acted as kosmotropic agents, promoting the multilayer adsorption to the stationary phase of solutes with bulkier aryl groups.
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| 22. |
- Gutgsell, Aspen Rene, et al.
(author)
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Biosensor-Enabled Deconvolution of the Avidity-Induced Affinity Enhancement for the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and ACE2 Interaction
- 2022
-
In: Analytical Chemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 94:2, s. 1187-1194
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Avidity is an effective and frequent phenomenon employed by nature to achieve extremely high-affinity interactions. As more drug discovery efforts aim to disrupt protein-protein interactions, it is becoming increasingly common to encounter systems that utilize avidity effects and to study these systems using surface-based technologies, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or biolayer interferometry. However, heterogeneity introduced from multivalent binding interactions complicates theanalysis of the resulting sensorgram. A frequently applied practice is to fit the data based on a 1:1 binding model, and if the fit does not describe the data adequately, then the experimental setup is changed to favor a 1:1 binding interaction. This reductionistic approach is informative but not always biologically relevant. Therefore, we aimed to develop an SPR-based assay that would reduce the heterogeneity to enable the determination of the kinetic rate constants for multivalent binding interactions using the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein and the human receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a model system. We employed a combinatorial approach to generate a sensor surface that could distinguish between monovalent and multivalent interactions. Using advanced data analysis algorithms to analyze the resulting sensorgrams, we found that controlling the surface heterogeneity enabled the deconvolution of theavidity-induced affinity enhancement for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and ACE2 interaction.
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| 23. |
- Liangsupree, Thanaporn, et al.
(author)
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Kinetics and interaction studies of anti-tetraspanin antibodies and ICAM-1 with extracellular vesicle subpopulations using continuous flow quartz crystal microbalance biosensor
- 2022
-
In: Biosensors & bioelectronics. - : Elsevier. - 0956-5663 .- 1873-4235. ; 206
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Continuous flow quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was utilized to study binding kinetics between EV subpopulations (exomere- and exosome-sized EVs) and four affinity ligands: monoclonal antibodies against tetraspanins (anti-CD9, anti-CD63, and anti-CD81) and recombinant intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) or CD54 protein). High purity CD9+, CD63+, and CD81+ EV subpopulations of <50 nm exomeres and 50–80 nm exosomes were isolated and fractionated using our recently developed on-line coupled immunoaffinity chromatography – asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation system. Adaptive Interaction Distribution Algorithm (AIDA), specifically designed for the analysis of complex biological interactions, was used with a four-step procedure for reliable estimation of the degree of heterogeneity in rate constant distributions. Interactions between exomere-sized EVs and anti-tetraspanin antibodies demonstrated two interaction sites with comparable binding kinetics and estimated dissociation constants Kd ranging from nM to fM. Exomeres exhibited slightly higher affinity compared to exosomes. The highest affinity with anti-tetraspanin antibodies was achieved with CD63+ EVs. The interaction of EV subpopulations with ICAM-1 involved in cell internalization of EVs was also investigated. EV – ICAM-1 interaction was also of high affinity (nM to pM range) with overall lower affinity compared to the interactions of anti-tetraspanin antibodies and EVs. Our findings proved that QCM is a valuable label-free tool for kinetic studies with limited sample concentration, and that advanced algorithms, such as AIDA, are crucial for proper determination of kinetic heterogeneity. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first kinetic study on the interaction between plasma-derived EV subpopulations and anti-tetraspanin antibodies and ICAM-1
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| 24. |
- Liangsupree, Thanaporn, et al.
(author)
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Rapid affinity chromatographic isolation method for LDL in human plasma by immobilized chondroitin-6-sulfate and anti-apoB-100 antibody monolithic disks in tandem
- 2019
-
In: Scientific Reports. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2045-2322. ; 9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is considered the major risk factor for the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVDs). A novel and rapid method for the isolation of LDL from human plasma was developed utilising affinity chromatography with monolithic stationary supports. The isolation method consisted of two polymeric monolithic disk columns, one immobilized with chondroitin-6-sulfate (C6S) and the other with apolipoprotein B-100 monoclonal antibody (anti-apoB-100 mAb). The first disk with C6S was targeted to remove chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, and their remnants including intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL) particles, thus allowing the remaining major lipoprotein species, i.e. LDL, lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to flow to the anti-apoB-100 disk. The second disk captured LDL particles via the anti-apoB-100 mAb attached on the disk surface in a highly specific manner, permitting the selective LDL isolation. The success of LDL isolation was confirmed by different techniques including quartz crystal microbalance. In addition, the method developed gave comparable results with ultracentrifugation, conventionally used as a standard method. The reliable results achieved together with a short isolation time (less than 30 min) suggest the method to be suitable for clinically relevant LDL functional assays.
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| 25. |
- Lin, G., et al.
(author)
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A regularizing Kohn-Vogelius formulation for the model-free adsorption isotherm estimation problem in chromatography
- 2018
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In: Applicable Analysis. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0003-6811 .- 1563-504X. ; 97:1, s. 13-40
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Competitive adsorption isotherms must be estimated in order to simulate and optimize modern continuous modes of chromatography in situations where experimental trial-and-error approaches are too complex and expensive. The inverse method is a numeric approach for the fast estimation of adsorption isotherms directly from overloaded elution profiles. However, this identification process is usually ill-posed. Moreover, traditional model-based inverse methods are restricted by the need to choose an appropriate adsorption isotherm model prior to estimate, which might be very hard for complicated adsorption behavior. In this study, we develop a Kohn-Vogelius formulation for the model-free adsorption isotherm estimation problem. The solvability and convergence for the proposed inverse method are studied. In particular, using a problem-adapted adjoint, we obtain a convergence rate under substantially weaker and more realistic conditions than are required by the general theory. Based on the adjoint technique, a numerical algorithm for solving the proposed optimization problem is developed. Numerical tests for both synthetic and real-world problems are given to show the efficiency of the proposed regularization method.
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| 26. |
- Multia, Evgen, et al.
(author)
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Thermodynamic and kinetic approaches for evaluation of monoclonal antibody - Lipoprotein interactions
- 2017
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In: Analytical Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309. ; 518, s. 25-34
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two complementary instrumental techniques were used, and the data generated was processed with advanced numerical tools to investigate the interactions between anti-human apoB-100 monoclonal antibody (anti-apoB-100 Mab) and apoB-100 containing lipoproteins. Partial Filling Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis (PF-ACE) combined with Adsorption Energy Distribution (AED) calculations provided information on the heterogeneity of the interactions without any a priori model assumptions. The AED calculations evidenced a homogenous binding site distribution for the interactions. Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) studies were used to evaluate thermodynamics and kinetics of the Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) and anti-apoB-100 Mab interactions. High affinity and selectivity were observed, and the emerging data sets were analysed with so called Interaction Maps. In thermodynamic studies, the interaction between LDL and anti-apoB-100 Mab was found to be predominantly enthalpy driven. Both techniques were also used to study antibody interactions with Intermediate-Density (IDL) and Very Low Density (VLDL) Lipoproteins. By screening affinity constants for IDL-VLDL sample in a single injection we were able to distinguish affinity constants for both subpopulations using the numerical Interaction Map tool.
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| 27. |
- Zhang, Ye, et al.
(author)
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A regularization method for the reconstruction of adsorption isotherms in liquid chromatography
- 2016
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In: Inverse Problems. - : IOP PUBLISHING LTD. - 0266-5611 .- 1361-6420. ; 32:10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Determining competitive adsorption isotherms is an open problem in liquid chromatography. Since traditional experimental trial-and-error approaches are too complex and expensive, a modern technique of obtaining adsorption isotherms is to solve the inverse problem so that the simulated batch separation coincides with actual experimental results. This is a typical ill-posed problem. Moreover, in almost all cases the observed concentration at the outlet is the total response of all components, which makes the problem more difficult. In this work, we tackle the ill-posedness with a new regularization method, which is based on the fact that the adsorption isotherms do not depend on the injection profile. The proposed method transfers the original problem to an optimization problem with a time-dependent convection-diffusion equation constraint. Iterative algorithms for solving constraint optimization problems for both the equilibrium-dispersive and the transport-dispersive models are developed. The mass transfer resistance is also estimated by the proposed inverse method. A regularization parameter selection method and the convergence property of the proposed algorithm are discussed. Finally, numerical tests for both synthetic problems and real-world problems are given to show the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed regularization method.
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| 28. |
- Zhang, Ye, 1984-, et al.
(author)
-
An adaptive regularization algorithm for recovering the rate constant distribution from biosensor data
- 2018
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In: Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering. - Oxon, UK : Taylor & Francis. - 1741-5977 .- 1741-5985. ; 26:10, s. 1464-1489
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We present here the theoretical results and numerical analysis of a regularization method for the inverse problem of determining the rate constant distribution from biosensor data. The rate constant distribution method is a modern technique to study binding equilibrium and kinetics for chemical reactions. Finding a rate constant distribution from biosensor data can be described as a multidimensional Fredholm integral equation of the first kind, which is a typical ill-posed problem in the sense of J. Hadamard. By combining regularization theory and the goal-oriented adaptive discretization technique, we develop an Adaptive Interaction Distribution Algorithm (AIDA) for the reconstruction of rate constant distributions. The mesh refinement criteria are proposed based on the a posteriori error estimation of the finite element approximation. The stability of the obtained approximate solution with respect to data noise is proven. Finally, numerical tests for both synthetic and real data are given to show the robustness of the AIDA.
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| 29. |
- Zhang, Ye, et al.
(author)
-
An adjoint method in inverse problems of chromatography
- 2017
-
In: Inverse Problems in Science and Engineering. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1741-5977 .- 1741-5985. ; 25:8, s. 1112-1137
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- How to determine adsorption isotherms is an issue of significant importance in chromatography. A modern technique of obtaining adsorption isotherms is to solve an inverse problem so that the simulated batch separation coincides with actual experimental results. In this work, as well as the natural least-square approach, we consider a Kohn-Vogelius type formulation for the reconstruction of adsorption isotherms in chromatography, which converts the original boundary fitting problem into a domain fitting problem. Moreover, using the first momentum regularizing strategy, a new regularization algorithm for both the Equilibrium-Dispersive model and the Transport-Dispersive model is developed. The mass transfer resistance coefficients in the Transport-Dispersive model are also estimated by the proposed inverse method. The computation of the gradients of objective functions for both of the two models is derived by the adjoint method. Finally, numerical simulations for both a synthetic problem and a real-world problem are given to show the robustness of the proposed algorithm.
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| 30. |
- Zhang, Ye, 1984-, et al.
(author)
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Estimating the rate constant from biosensor data via an adaptive variational Bayesian approach
- 2019
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In: Annals of Applied Statistics. - : Institute of Mathematical Statistics. - 1932-6157 .- 1941-7330. ; 13:4, s. 2011-2042
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The means to obtain the rate constants of a chemical reaction is a fundamental open problem in both science and the industry. Traditional techniques for finding rate constants require either chemical modifications of the reac-tants or indirect measurements. The rate constant map method is a modern technique to study binding equilibrium and kinetics in chemical reactions. Finding a rate constant map from biosensor data is an ill-posed inverse problem that is usually solved by regularization. In this work, rather than finding a deterministic regularized rate constant map that does not provide uncertainty quantification of the solution, we develop an adaptive variational Bayesian approach to estimate the distribution of the rate constant map, from which some intrinsic properties of a chemical reaction can be explored, including information about rate constants. Our new approach is more realistic than the existing approaches used for biosensors and allows us to estimate the dynamics of the interactions, which are usually hidden in a deterministic approximate solution. We verify the performance of the new proposed method by numerical simulations, and compare it with the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. The results illustrate that the variational method can reliably capture the posterior distribution in a computationally efficient way. Finally, the developed method is also tested on the real biosensor data (parathyroid hor-mone), where we provide two novel analysis tools—the thresholding contour map and the high order moment map—to estimate the number of interactions as well as their rate constants.
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