| 1. |
- McGill, Svena, et al.
(author)
-
Bartonella spp. seroprevalence in healthy Swedish blood donors
- 2005
-
In: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 37:10, s. 723-730
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Serum samples were collected from healthy blood donors in 5 regions in Sweden in 1999, i.e. from the local Blood Centres (collecting facilities) in Boden, Jönköping, Lund, Skövde, and Uppsala. In total, 498 serum samples (63% males, 37% females) were received and tested by immunofluorescence assay for antibodies against B. elizabethae, B. grahamii, B. henselae (Houston-1), B. henselae (Marseille), B. quintana, and B. vinsonii subsp. vinsonii. An overall Bartonella spp. seroprevalence of 16.1% was found, with a predominance of immunoreactivity to B. elizabethae, at 14.1%; B. grahamii, 2.6%; B. henselae (Houston-1), 1.2%; B. henselae (Marseille), 1.8%; B. quintana, 0.2%; and B. vinsonii subsp. vinsonii, 0.0%. Univariate and multivariate analyses of epidemiological and demographical information revealed an increased rate of B. elizabethae seropositivity in blood donors working outdoors, being out in the wild a minimum of once a week, hunting moose, having cat contact, and travelling to Eastern Europe. Living in the southern region of Sweden (Lund area) was associated with decreased seropositivity to B. elizabethae.
|
|
| 2. |
- Ahrén, Dag, et al.
(author)
-
Comparison of gene expression in trap cells and vegetative hyphae of the nematophagous fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum
- 2005
-
In: Microbiology. - : Microbiology Society. - 1465-2080 .- 1350-0872. ; 151:3, s. 789-803
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nematode-trapping fungi enter the parasitic stage by developing specific morphological structures called traps. The global patterns of gene expression in traps and mycelium of the fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum were compared. The trap of this fungus is a unicellular spherical structure called the knob, which develops on the apex of a hyphal branch. RNA was isolated from knobs and mycelium and hybridized to a cDNA array containing probes of 2822 EST clones of M. haptotylum. Despite the fact that the knobs and mycelium were grown in the same medium, there were substantial differences in the patterns of genes expressed in the two cell types. In total, 23(.)3% (657 of 2822) of the putative genes were differentially expressed in knobs versus mycelium. Several of these genes displayed sequence similarities to genes known to be involved in regulating morphogenesis and cell polarity in fungi. Among them were several putative homologues for small GTPases, such as rho1, rac1 and ras1, and a rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (rdi1). Several homologues to genes involved in stress response, protein synthesis and protein degradation, transcription, and carbon metabolism were also differentially expressed. In the last category, a glycogen phosphorylase (gph1) gene homologue, one of the most upregulated genes in the knobs as compared to mycelium, was characterized. A number of the genes that were clifferentially expressed in trap cells are also known to be regulated during the development of infection structures in plant-pathogenic fungi. Among them, a gas1 (mas3) gene homologue (designated gks1), which is specifically expressed in appressoria of the rice blast fungus, was characterized.
|
|
| 3. |
- Andersson, Karl-Magnus, et al.
(author)
-
Interspecific and host-related gene expression patterns in nematode-trapping fungi.
- 2014
-
In: BMC Genomics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1471-2164. ; 15:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nematode-trapping fungi are soil-living fungi that capture and kill nematodes using special hyphal structures called traps. They display a large diversity of trapping mechanisms and differ in their host preferences. To provide insights into the genetic basis for this variation, we compared the transcriptome expressed by three species of nematode-trapping fungi (Arthrobotrys oligospora, Monacrosporium cionopagum and Arthrobotrys dactyloides, which use adhesive nets, adhesive branches or constricting rings, respectively, to trap nematodes) during infection of two different plant-pathogenic nematode hosts (the root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla and the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii).
|
|
| 4. |
- Andersson, Karl-Magnus, et al.
(author)
-
Proteome of the nematode-trapping cells of the fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum.
- 2013
-
In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology. - 0099-2240. ; 79:16, s. 4993-5004
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Many nematophagous fungi use morphological structures called traps to capture nematodes by adhesion or mechanically. To better understand the cellular functions of adhesive traps, the trap cell proteome of the fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum was characterized. The trap of M. haptotylum consists of a unicellular structure called knob that develops at the apex of a hyphae. Proteins extracted from knobs and mycelia were analyzed using SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS. The peptide sequences were matched against predicted gene models from the recently sequenced M. haptotylum genome. In total, 336 proteins were identified, with 54 being expressed at significantly higher levels in the knobs than in the mycelia. The upregulated knob proteins included peptidases, small secreted proteins with unknown function and putative cell surface adhesins containing carbohydrate-binding domains including the WSC domain. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all upregulated WSC domain proteins belonged to a large, expanded cluster of paralogs in M. haptotylum. Several peptidases and homologs to experimentally verified proteins in other pathogenic fungi were also upregulated in the knob proteome. Complementary profiling of gene expression at the transcriptome level showed poor correlation between the upregulation of knob proteins and their corresponding transcripts. We propose that the traps of M. haptotylum contain many of the proteins needed in the early stages of infection, and that the trap cells can tightly control the translation and degradation of these proteins to minimize the cost of protein synthesis.
|
|
| 5. |
- Anselm, Jonas, et al.
(author)
-
Bannlys alla politiska beslut som ger mer klimatutsläpp
- 2014
-
In: Dagens Nyheter.
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Torftig valdebatt. Dagspolitiken klarar inte att hantera ödesfrågan om klimatet, vilket oroar oss. Vi föreslår därför ett ”utsläppsmoratorium”: inga beslut får tas som ökar utsläppen av växthusgaser. Principen måste kopplas till mål om exempelvis förnybar energi och grön infrastruktur, skriver 23 forskare och debattörer.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Boman, Anna
(author)
-
Ekonomisk tillväxtmotor : Mälardalsrådets konstruktion av regional utveckling
- 2008
-
Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- As current capital accumulates in more flexible ways and is more often than before distinguished from national states, the options and possibilities for governments to control these financial flows change. Establishing regions and regional cooperation are seen as ways for governments to ensure continued economic growth. At these regional levels significant discussions on the development of society in general, and on the idea of sustainable development in particular, take place. However, there are also academic concepts arguing that current economic growth is in fact unsustainable. These concepts suggest an expansion of the current economic order.In this licentiate thesis the reader will meet Mälardalsrådet, the Council of the Mälar Region, a non-profit association for regional cooperation in the region of Mälardalen. In this study the activity of the Council of the Mälar Region will be understood as communication including ideas, statements, views and arguments.Based on a critical social science point of view this study has been inspired by discourse analysis, where language is seen as a major force. The purpose of this study is to highlight how the Council of the Mälar Region communicate development ideas in areas of economy, environment and sustainable development. This is done by identifying and analysing the Council’s communication on regional development.Behind the vision of growth communicated by the Council of the Mälar Region there is a deeper dimension of uncertainty for the changed social and economical conditions, but maybe the insecurity ends right there. While we should not forget that sustainability has been included in the discussion of growth, the ecological dimension of sustainability has become increasingly anonymous and a part of the national and international dominating consensus of growth and the environment.
|
|
| 9. |
- Bussey, Marcus, et al.
(author)
-
Co-Creation Labs: Fostering Innovative Ways of Communicating for Sustainability
- 2023
-
In: International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. - 2220-8488 .- 2221-0989. ; 13:2, s. 49-59
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The growing attention to wicked sustainability issues5 has called for new approaches that go beyond traditional practice of producing and transferring knowledge from science to society. Thus, there has been an increasing interest in ‘co-creation labs’ as novel spaces for experimentation, social learning, and cross-sectoral collaboration. This paper discusses the rationale of a co-creation lab as a communication platform for joint construction of meaning and co-creation of knowledge to enhance our capability to navigate wicked situations. Part 1 of the paper explores the communicative context and outlines our theoretical position. Part 2 turns to conceptualizing the Mistra EC Co-Creation Lab and discussing the different methods and tools used in this setting.
|
|
| 10. |
- Eckerberg, Katarina, et al.
(author)
-
Varför brister politikerna när det gäller miljömålen?
- 2012
-
In: Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447.
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vad ska vi svara? Politikernas ambitiösa miljömål uppfylls sällan eller aldrig. När våra elever frågar oss varför blir vi ofta svaret skyldiga. Om politikerna inte vill att väljarna ska dra slutsatsen att de har misslyckats, måste de ange en realistisk väg att nå de uppsatta målen. Det skulle väcka respekt, skriver ledande forskare och samhällsplanerare.
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
| 12. |
- Edvinsson, Marie, 1976-
(author)
-
Chlamydophila pneumoniae in Cardiovascular Diseases : Clinical and Experimental Studies
- 2008
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) has been suggested as a stimulator of chronic inflammation in atherosclerosis. C. pneumoniae DNA was demonstrated in aortic biopsies in 50% of patients with stable angina pectoris or acute coronary syndrome undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. C. pneumoniae mRNA, a marker of replicating bacteria, was demonstrated in 18% of the aortic biopsies. Inflammation may have a role in the pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection and aortic valve stenosis. C. pneumoniae DNA was demonstrated in aortic biopsies in 26% of thoracic aortic aneurysm patients and in 11% of aortic dissection patients undergoing thoracic surgery and in 22% of stenotic aortic heart valves from patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. No bacterial mRNA was demonstrated in these aortic biopsies, nor in the valves, suggesting that the infection has passed into a persistent state. C. pneumoniae DNA was demonstrated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in only 5% of aortic valve stenosis patients and not in thoracic aortic aneurysm or aortic dissection patients, suggesting that the bacterium disseminated to the cardiovascular tissue long before the patient required surgery. The copper/zinc ratio in serum, a marker of infection/inflammation, was significantly elevated in thoracic aortic aneurysm patients, supporting an inflammatory pathogenesis. Patients positive for C. pneumoniae in the aortic valve had more advanced coronary atherosclerosis, further supporting a possible role for C. pneumoniae in atherosclerosis. Mice were infected with C. pneumoniae that disseminated to all organs investigated (i.e. lungs, heart, aorta, liver and spleen). Trace element concentrations were altered in infected animals with an increased copper/zinc ratio in serum, a progressively increased iron concentration in the liver and a progressively decreased iron concentration in serum. Iron is important for C. pneumoniae metabolism, and a changed iron homeostasis was noted in infected mice by alterations in iron-regulating proteins, such as DMT1 and hepcidin.
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
- Edvinsson, Marie, et al.
(author)
-
Persistent Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection in thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection?
- 2010
-
In: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. - : Uppsala Medical Society. - 0300-9734 .- 2000-1967. ; 115:3, s. 181-186
-
Journal article (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives. Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) has been associated with atherosclerosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm and is probably disseminated by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Viable and metabolically active bacteria can be demonstrated by the presence of bacterial mRNA and on-going dissemination by the presence of bacteria in PBMC. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of C. pneumoniae DNA and mRNA in aortic biopsies and C. pneumoniae DNA in PBMC in thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection patients. Design. Real-time PCR was used to detect C. pneumoniae DNA and mRNA in biopsies and C. pneumoniae DNA in PBMC. Results. C. pneumoniae DNA was found in biopsies in 26% (6/23) of aneurysm patients and 11% (2/18) of dissection patients but in none of the forensic autopsy controls. C. pneumoniae mRNA was not found in any biopsy, and all PBMC were C. pneumoniae-negative. Conclusions. Presence of C. pneumoniae DNA but not mRNA in aortic biopsies and no evidence of C. pneumoniae in PBMC suggest that the infection in the aorta has passed into a state of persistence.
|
|
| 15. |
- Edvinsson, Marie, et al.
(författare)
-
Presence of Chlamydophila pneumoniae DNA but not mRNA in stenotic aortic heart valves
- 2010
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Cardiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-5273 .- 1874-1754. ; 143:1, s. 57-62
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The pathogenesis of aortic valve stenosis may involve inflammation and we have previously demonstrated Chlamydophila pneumoniae (C. pneumoniae) DNA in stenotic aortic heart valves. Dissemination of these bacteria is probably mediated by alveolar macrophages. Bacterial DNA alone does not indicate whether the bacteria are viable and replicating. This study aimed to investigate the presence of C. pneumoniae mRNA, a marker of replicating bacteria, and C. pneumoniae DNA in stenotic aortic valves and the prevalence of C. pneumoniae in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).Methods: DNA was extracted from heart valves and PBMC and mRNA from heart valves from 76 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement surgery. C. pneumoniae DNA and mRNA were measured by real-time PCR targeting the ompA gene.Results: C. pneumoniae DNA was demonstrated in 22% of heart valves and in 5% of PBMC. C. pneumoniae mRNA was not detected in any valve. Patients positive for C. pneumoniae in the valve underwent coronary artery by-pass grafting more often (p = 0.01) and suffered from angina pectoris (p = 0.02) and arterial hypertension (p = 0.03) more often than patients negative for C. pneumoniae in the valve.Conclusions: These findings support a role for C. pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of aortic valve stenosis and indicate that the bacteria disseminate from the respiratory tract long before the patients were in need of surgery and that the valve infection thereafter entered into a persistent and non-replicative state. Moreover, patients positive for C. pneumoniae in the valve more often needed by-pass grafting because of more advanced coronary disease.
|
|
| 16. |
- Ehrenborg, Christian, 1970-
(författare)
-
Bartonella Infections in Sweden: : Clinical Investigations and Molecular Epidemiology
- 2007
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Characteristically, in infections that are caused by the zoonotic pathogen Bartonella naturally infected reservoir hosts are asymptomatic, where infected incidental, non-natural, hosts develop symptomatic disease. Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a well known example. Bartonella infections in humans may be self-limiting or fulminant and affect different organ systems. The objectives of the present thesis were to (1) identify and characterise Bartonella infection cases in Sweden, (2) to investigate certain human populations regarding Bartonella infections, and (3) compare natural populations of different Bartonella species. Cases with typical and atypical CSD were recognised by using a combination of PCR and serology. Gene sequence comparisons of different genes in B. henselae isolates from the United States and Europe showed that ftsZ gene variation is a useful tool for Bartonella genotyping. Myocarditis was a common finding among Swedish elite orienteers succumbing to sudden unexpected cardiac death (SUCD). The natural cycle of Bartonella spp., the life style of orienteers, elevated antibody titres to Bartonella antigens, Bartonella DNA amplified from myocardium and the lack of another feasible explanation make Bartonella a plausible aetiological factor. The first reported case of Bartonella endocarditis (B. quintana) was identified in an immunocompromised patient who underwent heart valve replacement. The patient had been body louse-infested during his childhood. It is hypothesised that a chronic B. quintana infection was activated by the immunosuppression. There was no evidence of an ongoing trench fever (TF) epidemic in a Swedish homeless population, although an increased risk for exposure to Bartonella antigens was demonstrated. The lack of louse infestation might explain the absence of B. quintana bacteremia and low B. quintana antibody titres. Comparisons of genetic loci and the whole genomes of environmental B. grahamii isolates from the Uppsala region, Sweden displayed variants that were not related to specific host species but to geographic locality. Natural boundaries seemed to restrict gene flow.
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
- Ehrenborg, Christian, et al.
(författare)
-
First known case of Bartonella quintana endocarditis in Sweden
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 41:1, s. 73-75
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this report, we present the first known case of Bartonella endocarditis in Sweden. IgG antibody titres to Bartonella spp. were elevated but blood cultures remained negative. Sequencing of a gltA fragment from DNA extracted from heart valve tissue specimens revealed sequence homology with B. quintana.
|
|
| 19. |
- Ehrenborg, Christian, et al.
(författare)
-
High Bartonella spp. seroprevalence in a Swedish homeless population but no evidence of trench fever
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 40:3, s. 208-215
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Blood samples and epidemiological data were collected from 50 homeless patients in central Stockholm, Sweden. Sera were analysed for antibodies to B. henselae, B. quintana, B. elizabethae and B. grahamii. Whole blood was cultured and used as substrate for a newly developed quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) specifically targeting Bartonella spp. DNA. 61 matched blood donor sera were used as controls. Homeless patients were significantly more often seropositive to Bartonella spp. than controls (OR 7.58 (3.30-17.39), p<0.05). Reactivity to the B. elizabethae antigen was dominating, although the difference between patients and controls was most significant in seroreactivity to the B. henselae antigen. There was no evidence of an ongoing B. quintana epidemic. The absence of louse infestation could explain the lack of B. quintana bacteraemia and the failure to amplify Bartonella DNA.
|
|
| 20. |
- Fekete, Csaba, et al.
(författare)
-
Paralysis of nematodes: shifts in the transcriptome of the nematode-trapping fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum during infection of Caenorhabditis elegans
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Environmental Microbiology. - : Wiley. - 1462-2920 .- 1462-2912. ; 10:2, s. 364-375
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The transcriptional response in the parasitic fungus Monacrosporium haptotylum and its nematode host Caenorhabditis elegans were analyzed during infection using cDNA microarrays. The array contained 2,684 fungal and 372 worm gene reporters. Dramatic shifts occurred in the transcriptome of M. haptotylum during the different stages of the infection. An initial transcriptional response was recorded after 1h of infection when the traps adhered to the cuticle, but before immobilization of the captured nematodes. Among the differentially expressed genes were two serine proteases (spr1 and spr2), and several homologues to genes known to be regulated in other pathogenic fungi. After 4 hours, when approximately 40 % of the nematodes were paralyzed, we identified an up-regulated cluster of 372 fungal genes which were not regulated during the other phases of the infection. This cohort contained a large proportion (79%) of genes that appear to be specific for M. haptotylum and closely related species. These genes were of two different classes; those translating into presumably functional peptides and those with no apparent protein coding potential (noncoding RNAs). Among the infection-induced C. elegans genes were those encoding antimicrobial peptides, protease inhibitors and lectins.
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
|
|
| 23. |
- Finnveden, Göran, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of integration of sustainable development in higher education in Sweden
- 2020
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1467-6370 .- 1758-6739. ; 21:4, s. 685-698
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Since 2006, higher education institutions (HEIs) in Sweden, should according to the Higher Education Act, promote sustainable development (SD). In 2016, the Swedish Government asked the Swedish higher education authority to evaluate how this study is proceeding. The authority chose to focus on education. This paper aims to produce a report on this evaluation. Design/methodology/approach All 47 HEIs in Sweden were asked to write a self-evaluation report based on certain evaluation criteria. A panel was appointed consisting of academics and representatives for students and working life. The panel wrote an evaluation of each HEI, a report on general findings and recommendations, and gave an overall judgement of each HEI in two classes as follows: the HEI has well-developed processes for integration of SD in education or the HEI needs to develop their processes. Findings Overall, a mixed picture developed. Most HEIs could give examples of programmes or courses where SD was integrated. However, less than half of the HEIs had overarching goals for integration of SD in education or had a systematic follow-up of these goals. Even fewer worked specifically with pedagogy and didactics, teaching and learning methods and environments, sustainability competences or other characters of education for SD. Overall, only 12 out of 47 got a higher judgement. Originality/value This is a unique study in which all HEIs in a country are evaluated. This provides unique possibilities for identifying success factors and barriers. The importance of the leadership of the HEIs became clear.
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
| 26. |
- Friman, Eva, 1967-
(författare)
-
No limits : the 20th century discourse of economic growth
- 2002
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The breakthrough of the concept of economic growth in economics marks a paradigm shift in thinking about the economy and its place in 'reality.' This thesis analyzes the 20th century discourse of economic growth, focusing its unlimited connotations. The thesis consists of four case studies, two introductory parts and a concluding discussion.Part II first gives an etymological outline of how the concept 'growth' transformed: from signifying natural processes, to become crucial within economics. The main focus is on the historiography around Adam Smith and the classical economists as 'fathers of growth.' It is argued that though Smith introduced new ideas on economic prosperity, it is anachronistic to view him as 'father of growth' in terms of modern economic discourse. The difference between conception of economic progress in classical economics - with a 'stationary state' - and the post-war concept of economic growth - without absolute limits - is interpreted by sketching four periods in economics regarding the issue of limits. Finally the label 'dismal,' often used for classical economics, is reinterpreted. The neoclassical 'Self and classical 'Other' is seen as a useful construction for legitimizing the growth discourse.Part III deals with economic thought at the turn of the century 1900. There were different ideas on what relative priority to address to individuals and communities as the basis of economy, as well as disagreements over how to organize economic policy to solve the 'social issue.' However, these differences did not result in different views on economic expansion per se. Neither to left- nor right-wing advocates was economic expansion an objective. Rather, economic expansion was a means to construct and manage a welfare state, and thus solve the social issue. If welfare could be distributed by expanding the total, there would be no sacrifices.The way economic growth was perceived in the early development discourse is studied in Part IV. The idea of unlimited growth is framed within a Western understanding of development and progress, and it is shown that hegemony on economic growth formed. Development economics made use of new and fashionable growth models, and thereby gained influence in policy. Development was reduced to economic development, which was reduced to economic growth. With a few modifications, this version of development and progress was to be implemented globally - 'no limits' became a master narrative.Part V analyzes the debate on economic growth in the 1960s and 70s. The environmental issue gave rise to thoughts on ecological limits, and thus had a key role in designating economic growth and growth ideology as a scapegoat within a longer tradition of civilization critique. As a response, professional economists put up a united defense for growth, and a polarized debate followed. Different basic assumptions underlying the polarized positions are analyzed, and the concept modernist economic ethos is introduced to explain the polarization at a fundamental level. In the dominant discourse, critics were called pessimists, and advocates were optimists. It is argued that these value-laden labels reveal the power of language and point at a trap of discourse.Economic growth and ecological sustainable development is analyzed in Part VI, and the focus is on crisis responsive economists. Two different conceptions of the economic system are found among these. The first is the economy as free-floating, which by technical inventions is minimally restricted by ecological boundaries. The second is the economy as a dependent subsystem restricted by fundamental ecological limits. Conception of the system is conclusive for understanding economic growth and its environmental effects. The free-floating approach allows the concept of 'sustainable growth,' while the subsystem approach makes it contradictory. Part VI includes a continued discussion on the power of language, and the dichotomy of pessimism and optimism. 'Optimism' is a eulogy, and works normatively. The pessimist label has functioned, at best, as a 'discourse trap;' at worst, as a means of exclusion.In Part VII results from the case studies are summarized, and general results with implications are presented. The post-war discourse on economic growth is connected to 'ecomodernism.' Three explanations for the introduction and strong appeal of the discourse of unlimited economic growth are introduced: the internal cause (economic theory), the external cause (context), and the professionalization cause (connecting the internal and external). The thesis ends in a discussion on growth, language and power in the context of modernism and progress.
|
|
| 27. |
- Friman, Eva, et al.
(författare)
-
Politicized Nature : Introduction
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Politicized Nature. - Uppsala : Centre for Environment and Development Studies, (Cemus). - 9789163302015 ; , s. 9-20
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 28. |
- Friman, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
-
Feeding silage to fattening pigs – effects on nitrogen utilization and ammonia losses from fresh manure
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Acta agriculturae Scandinavica. Section A, Animal science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0906-4702 .- 1651-1972. ; 72:3, s. 111-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the effect of feeding silage to pigs on nitrogen (N) utilization and ammonia (NH3) volatilization. In total, 128 Yorkshire ? Hampshire (30?110?kg) pigs were fed commercial feed (Control) or commercial feed mixed with dried, milled silage in pelleted form (Pellet-S), fresh, chopped silage (Silage-Ch) or intensively treated silage (Silage-Pr). Silage replaced 20% of the crude protein (g/kg). Diet affected daily N excretion, which was higher for pigs fed Silage-Ch and Silage-Pr than for pigs in the Pellet-S and Control treatments. Ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) content in the manure and NH3 volatilization from fresh manure were higher for Control pigs than for pigs in the other treatments. Overall, these results show that pre-treatment of silage influences N utilization and excretion. Furthermore, the results indicate that feeding silage to pigs can reduce NH3 volatilization from fresh manure.
|
|
| 29. |
|
|
| 30. |
- Funseth, Eva, et al.
(författare)
-
Effects of coxsackievirus B3 infection on the acute-phase protein metallothionein and on cytochrome P-4501A1 involved in the detoxification processes of TCDD in the mouse
- 2002
-
Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 284:1-3, s. 37-47
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During acute infections, the synthesis of acute-phase proteins and other proteins participating in the host defence are stimulated in the liver and kidney. In previous studies of coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) infection in mice, we found that cadmium (Cd) accumulates in the kidney, whereas 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) accumulates in the liver. To study if CB3 infection affects the synthesis of the Cd-binding protein metallothionein (MT) and the TCDD-binding/detoxifying cytochrome P-450 (CYP-450) isozyme CYP1A1, the basal and TCDD-induced levels of serum MT and liver CYP1A1 isozyme were determined in healthy and CB3-infected A/J mice. Furthermore, because interferons affect CYP450 activity, the serum levels of the interferons alpha (IFN-alpha) and -beta (IFN-beta) were measured in CB3-infected mice and in mice treated with the interferon-inducer polyinosinic/polycytidylic acid (poly I/C). Virus or poly I/C was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) on day 0 and 500 ng TCDD/kg bodyweight on day 1. On day 4, CB3 infection had induced MT approximately 10-fold, regardless of TCDD treatment (P < 0.01 in infected mice and P < 0.001 in infected, TCDD-treated mice). TCDD alone induced a 10-fold increase in CYP1A1 activity (P < 0.001), whereas infection alone suppressed the normal CYP1A1 activity by 75% (P < 0.001). Infection also suppressed the TCDD-induced CYP1A1 activity by approximately 30% (n.s.). Poly I/C suppressed CYP1A1 by 20-25% (n.s.) at both basal and TCDD-induced levels. Serum IFN-alpha and IFN-beta levels were undetectable in controls, in TCDD-treated and in the poly I/C-treated groups on day 4, probably because the short IFN peak is detectable only hours after injection. Conversely, on day 4 of the infection, IFN-alpha and IFN-beta were consistently raised in the TCDD-treated infected mice, whereas increased IFNs as a result of infection alone could be detected in only one individual. These results suggest that the normal host responses during acute infections down-regulate detoxifying processes in favour of acute-phase protein synthesis. This may explain the observed changed pattern of accumulation, excretion and toxicity of the environmental pollutants cadmium and TCDD during this common virus infection.
|
|
| 31. |
|
|
| 32. |
|
|
| 33. |
|
|
| 34. |
|
|
| 35. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
Küstennahe Commons in Chile : Kompetente Menschen, starke Institutionen, reiche Natur
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Commons. - Bielefeld : Verlag. - 9783837620368 ; , s. 1-528
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Als mit der Einführung der neoliberalen Wirtschaftspolitik in Chile Mitte der 1970er-Jahre die Ausfuhren der chilenischen Meeresschnecke Loco – der auf dem Markt begehrtesten Art – stark anstiegen, waren die Fischer rasch Teil des globalen Marktes geworden. Die »Anlandungen« bzw. Fangmengen der Loco (concholepas concholepas) erreichten rasch Rekordmengen, nur um bald darauf wieder stark einzubrechen – ein Zeichen für die exzessive Ausbeutung der Vorkommen. Daraufhin erließ der Staat Anfang der 1980er-Jahre eine Reihe von Schutzmaßnahmen – saisonale Sperrungen von Fanggebieten, nationale Fangquoten und Fangverbote –, die die Fischer wirtschaftlich schwer trafen. Zehn Jahre später, 1991, wurde schließlich ein neues Fischereigesetz erlassen, mit dem ein System »gebietsbezogener Nutzungsrechte in der Fischerei« (Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries, kurz: TURFs) eingeführt wurde. Die auf sogenannte »Bewirtschaftungszonen« aufgeteilten chilenischen TURFs sind in ein Verwaltungssystem eingebettet, in dem staatliche Regulationen und die von den Fischern selbst festgelegten Regeln zusammenkommen. Durch TURF können die Fischer ausschließliche, nicht übertragbare und erneuerbare Zugangs- und Nutzungsrechte zu bestimmten benthalen (meeresbodennahen) Ressourcen innerhalb des zugewiesenen Areals erhalten. Die Rechte werden ausschließlich an Fischervereinigungen vergeben. Mit einer Größe von 250 bis 600 Hektar liegen die Bewirtschaftungszonen in den für die Fischer reservierten ertragreichsten Fischgründen innerhalb der fünf Seemeilen breiten Küstenzone. Seit 1997 hat die Zahl der TURFs entlang der chilenischen Küste beständig zugenommen, im Jahr 2011 sind über 30.000 Fischer in Bewirtschaftungszonen zusammengeschlossen. Die Fischer landen nahezu den gesamten zum Verzehr bestimmten Fang in Chile an, während hochwertige Arten gewöhnlich in den Export gehen. Die Fischer sind nach sogenannten »Caletas« organisiert, rund 440 kleinen Fischerhäfen, die sich auf privatem, Staats- oder Gemeindeland befinden. In einigen ländlichen Gebieten befinden sich diese Caletas in den Fischerdörfern selbst, in anderen leben die Fischer in einiger Entfernung zu den Häfen. Eine Caleta besteht normalerweise aus einem Pier und einer Bootswerft sowie Hütten oder Schuppen, in denen die Fischer 314 K a p i t e l I I I — Commo n i n g — s o z i a l e I n n o v a t i o n e n w e l tw e i t übernachten, bzw. den Häusern der Fischer in ihrer Gemeinde. In vielen ländlichen Caletas gibt es keinen Strom, kein fließendes Wasser, keine Kanalisation und auch keine befestigten Straßen. Seit Inkrafttreten des neuen Fischereigesetzes müssen die Fischer an festgelegten Orten fischen, die Küste abzufahren ist nicht mehr erlaubt. Das ist eine Einschränkung, die vielen Fischern gegen den Strich geht. V o n R i v a l i t ä t z u k o l l e k t i v e m H a n d e l n Die Beantragung von Fischereirechten für ein Managementgebiet ist müh
|
|
| 36. |
- Gallardo Fernández, Gloria L., 1953-, et al.
(författare)
-
New marine commons along the Chilean coast : The Management areas (MAs) of Peñuelas and Chigualoco
- 2011
-
Ingår i: International Journal of the Commons. - : Ubiquity Press, Ltd.. - 1875-0281. ; 5:2, s. 433-458
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To halt degradation of benthic resources in Chile, management areas (MAs) were set up under the Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries (TURFs) framework in the late 1990s. Integrated into the global market, MAs have since expanded along the Chilean coast, involving thousands of small-scale artisanal fishers. This paper analyses how economic criteria relates to social and ecological performance of Chilean MAs, by applying TURFs, commons and co-management theory to two cases: MAs Peñuelas and Chigualoco. To collect and analyse data Participatory Rural Appraisal tools, interviews and official statistics and reports were used. Our results show that MAs’ economic benefits are connected to fluctuations on the global market. Adapting to changing world market prices then becomes paramount. TURFs’ main goal is ecological conservation, but achieving this seems to depend on meeting fishers’ livelihoods; failure to do so likely results in failure to meet conservation objectives. A serious weakness of the Chilean TURFs system is that it does not pay enough attention to fishers’ livelihoods or to the global market context. Furthermore, there is a strong relationship between good economic benefits and social sustainability. But irrespective of economic performance, fisher organizations have been empowered and gained increased resource control with the TURFs system. At policy level, a differentiated and more flexible system could be more suitable for existing heterogeneous MAs and their particular economic, social and ecological challenges. For improved economic sustainability and resource conservation, a system with multiple-species managing MAs could be promoted as well. Finally, to enhance theory of commons, co-management and TURFs, we argue for greater acknowledgement of TURFs’ social benefits in addition to economic assessments. More attention should also be paid to global market conditions of which MAs are dependent and in which they are embedded: macrostructures that are seldom considered in the analyses.
|
|
| 37. |
|
|
| 38. |
- Hjelm, Eva, et al.
(författare)
-
Antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae in young Swedish orienteers
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 33:8, s. 589-592
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During 1992-93 sera from 1790 Swedish elite orienteers were tested for antibodies to Chlamydia pneumoniae. The reason for this was that a cluster of 16 cases of sudden unexpected cardiac death had occurred among Swedish orienteers and DNA from C. pneumoniae had been found in the myocarditic heart and in the lung in 1 of 2 deceased athletes in whom testing was feasible; in addition, C. pneumoniae IgG was found in all 5 cases where serum was available. Among the orienteers, the prevalence rates of IgG antibodies in males and females were 54% (n = 1194) and 50% (n = 596), respectively. The corresponding figures for 319 male and female blood donors were 60% (n = 169) and 53% (n = 150), respectively. These differences are not statistically significant. Male orienteers had a lower prevalence of IgA antibodies than male blood donors (19% and 26%, respectively; p < 0.05), while no such difference was found in females (16% and 18%). The prevalence of IgM antibodies was < 1% in all groups. Neither the performance level of the orienteers nor the place of residence affected the antibody prevalence. In conclusion, Swedish orienteers do not show a higher prevalence of antibodies to C. pneumoniae than healthy blood donors.
|
|
| 39. |
- Holmberg, Martin, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of human seroreactivity to Bartonella species in Sweden
- 1999
-
Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. - 0095-1137 .- 1098-660X. ; 37:5, s. 1381-1384
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Among the species that compose the expanding genus Bartonella, thus far only B. henselae and B. quintana have reportedly been isolated from humans in Europe. To evaluate the prevalence of Bartonella infection in Sweden,we conducted a retrospective serological examination of 126 human serum samples. These samples were analyzed for antibodies to B. henselae, B. quintana, and B. elizabethae, Serum samples from 100 blood donors, who spanned the ages of 20 to 60 and had no apparent clinical signs of illness, were also studied as a control group. An immunoglobulin G indirect fluorescence antibody assay revealed 4 and 8.3% Bartonella positivity rates for the blood donor and patient group, respectively, when a cutoff titer of greater than or equal to 64 was chosen. Among the blood donors, four were seropositive to B, elizabethae; one of these also had concordant positive titer to B. henselae, In the patient group, 14 serum samples were positive against Bartonella spp, These serum specimens represented nine patients. In three of these seropositive patients, paired serum samples displayed a fourfold increase in antibody titer to at least one of the three antigens, These three patients are discussed. In this report we also present a case study of a 60-year-old Swedish male with fatal myocarditis, Postmortem serological analysis revealed a high titer against B. elizabethae, PCR and nucleotide sequencing of the myocardial tissue from this patient, and of Liver tissue from one of the other three patients, showed sequences similar to B. quintana, The age, geographical origin, animal contacts, and serological response pattern to the different Bartonella antigens differed among the four patients. This study substantiates the presence of Bartonella spp, in Sweden, documents the seroreactivity to three Bartonella antigens in Swedish patients, and reports the first two cases of B. quintana-like infections in Sweden.
|
|
| 40. |
- Hornborg, Alf, et al.
(författare)
-
Modernitet och ekologisk revolution
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Hela världen: Samhälleliga och kulturella perspektiv på miljökrisen. - 9144026978 ; , s. 317-328
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 41. |
- Kelkka, Tiina, et al.
(författare)
-
Mice Lacking NCF1 Exhibit Reduced Growth of Implanted Melanoma and Carcinoma Tumors
- 2013
-
Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:12, s. e84148-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex is a professional producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is mainly expressed in phagocytes. While the activity of the NOX2 complex is essential for immunity against pathogens and protection against autoimmunity, its role in the development of malignant tumors remains unclear. We compared wild type and Ncf1(m1J) mutated mice, which lack functional NOX2 complex, in four different tumor models. Ncf1(m1J) mutated mice developed significantly smaller tumors in two melanoma models in which B16 melanoma cells expressing a hematopoietic growth factor FLT3L or luciferase reporter were used. Ncf1(m1J) mutated mice developed significantly fewer Lewis Lung Carcinoma (LLC) tumors, but the tumors that did develop, grew at a pace that was similar to the wild type mice. In the spontaneously arising prostate carcinoma model (TRAMP), tumor growth was not affected. The lack of ROS-mediated protection against tumor growth was associated with increased production of immunity-associated cytokines. A significant increase in Th2 associated cytokines was observed in the LLC model. Our present data show that ROS regulate rejection of the antigenic B16-luc and LLC tumors, whereas the data do not support a role for ROS in growth of intrinsically generated tumors.
|
|
| 42. |
- Klingberg, Gunilla, 1960, et al.
(författare)
-
Caries-related saliva properties in individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome.
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology, oral radiology, and endodontics. - : Elsevier BV. - 1528-395X .- 1079-2104 .- 2212-4411. ; 103:4, s. 497-504
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVES: The aims were to compare saliva secretion rate, buffer capacity, cariogenic bacteria, total protein, IgA, and electrolytes between patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) and control subjects and to study correlations between saliva and serum levels of IgA and electrolytes in 22q11DS patients. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-nine consecutive 22q11DS patients (mean age 12.6 years) and matched healthy control subjects were clinically examined, and stimulated saliva samples were collected. RESULTS: Patients with 22q11DS had impaired salivary secretion rate (P < .01) and buffer capacity (P < .05), higher numbers of cariogenic bacteria (P < .01), increased saliva protein concentrations (P < .001), and reduced output of electrolytes (P < .001-.05) compared with control subjects. A correlation between concentration in serum and saliva was found only for IgA (r = .622; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Different salivary components were affected in patients with 22q11DS, which may explain the increased caries risk seen in these patients.
|
|
| 43. |
|
|
| 44. |
|
|
| 45. |
- Kuchler, Magdalena, 1979-
(författare)
-
Fields of Gold : The Bioenergy Debate in International Organizations
- 2012
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The concept of producing energy from biomass has, for the last two decades, occupied attention of policy-makers, private industries, researchers and civil societies around the world. The highly contested and contingent character of the biofuel production, its entanglement in the nexus of three problematic issues of energy, climate and agriculture, as well as its injection into the current socioeconomic arrangements, is what makes it timely to analyse.The thesis sheds light on the state of international debate on bioenergy by looking at deliberations of three major global institutions: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), International Energy Agency (IEA) and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The primary aim is to trace and analyse how the concept of bioenergy is conceptualized and contextualized in assessments, reports, policy papers and other documents issued by FAO, IEA and IPCC in the 1990-2010 period. The secondary aim of the thesis, based on results derived from the primary objective, is set to problematize and reflect upon currently dominating socioeconomic arrangements that the concept of biomass-derived energy is inserted into. The research questions are organized around four distinctively contentious issues in the debate: biofuel production in developing countries, the food vs. fuel dilemma, bioenergy as a win-win-win solution and the future role of the second-generation bioenergy technology. The research questions are operationalized by applying four theoretical perspectives: the world-economy, Michel Foucault’s genealogy, discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, and Fredric Jameson’s critical approach.The institutional debate illustrates that, while bioenergy appears to be an easy, plausible and thus attractive patch able to temporarily fix societal challenges of energy insecurity, climate change and agricultural crisis without changing much in the socioeconomic structure, its implementation exposes internal discrepancies of the hegemonic capitalist system. Whether bioenergy could actually function as a feasible win-win-win solution is of secondary importance. It is its economic feasibility expressed in the pressure on cost-effectiveness that matters the most but, at the same time, causes serious internal discrepancies in conceptualizations pursued by the organizations. The results point to two main conclusions. On the one hand, bioenergy is inevitably entrapped by the rules and arrangements of the hegemonic system that, in turn, cause internal contradictions. On the other hand, the institutional debate attempts to stabilize the shaky conceptualization of bioenergy, so that it can appear consistent and plausible, even if the possibility of reaching the closure of meaning fades away, with more conflicts on the rise. Furthermore, the results also show that the three international organizations exhibit uniform patterns of argumentations and the way they similarly discuss biomass-derived energy illustrates the objective to stabilize the meaning and adjust the concept of bioenergy to the hegemonic system.
|
|
| 46. |
|
|
| 47. |
- McGill, Svena, et al.
(författare)
-
A study on forensic samples of Bartonella spp. antibodies in Swedish intravenous heroin addicts
- 2003
-
Ingår i: Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica (APMIS). - : Wiley. - 0903-4641 .- 1600-0463. ; 111:4, s. 507-513
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Infection with Bartonella, an emerging bacterial pathogen which often affects immunodeficient patients, has been reported in Sweden over the past few years, with a high seroprevalence of B. elizabethae. A high prevalence of antibodies against B. elizabethae has also been found in urban intravenous drug users in the USA. Using immunofluorescence, we retrospectively examined serum samples taken at autopsy from 59 Swedish intravenous drug addicts from the Stockholm area for evidence of antibodies against 6 pathogenic strains of Bartonella. The 59 addicts died following heroin injection during the years 1987–1992 and include 24 individuals (41%) who were additionally HIV-positive. An overall seropositivity rate for Bartonella spp. of 39% (23/59) was found with the following antigenic reactivities: B. elizabethae, 39% (23/59); B. grahamii, 3% (2/59); B. henselae (Houston-1), 14% (8/59); and B. quintana, 3% (2/59). There were no positive reactions for B. henselae (Marseille) or B. vinsonii subsp. vinsonii. The Bartonella-seropositive cases included 11/23 (48%) individuals who were HIV-positive. Subacute to chronic myocarditis was seen in 2/11 microscopically investigated Bartonella-seropositive cases that were HIV-negative and in 1/14 seronegative cases. No cases of endocarditis or other common manifestations of Bartonella infection were found. An overall Bartonella seropositivity of 21% (9/44) was observed in control forensic autopsy samples.
|
|
| 48. |
|
|
| 49. |
- McGill, Svena, et al.
(författare)
-
Serological and epidemiological analysis of the prevalence of Bartonella spp. antibodies in Swedish elite orienteers 1992-93.
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 33:6, s. 423-428
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of the popular, physically demanding and highly nature-interactive sport of orienteering was marked in Sweden by an elevated rate of sudden unexpected cardiac deaths in young competitors during the years 1979-92, with a common underlying cause or causes suspected. Subsequently, sera were collected during 1992-93 from the elite segment of orienteers holding a nationally ranked position, and a survey compiling various epidemiological data was performed. In this study, a total of 1136 sera were analyzed by indirect-fluorescent antibody assay for the presence of IgG antibodies against 3 Bartonella spp.: B. henselae, B. elizabethae and B. quintana. In total, 31% (355/1136) were seropositive for at least 1 species of Bartonella, with titers ranging up to 1/512; 350/1136 (31%) had antibodies against B. elizabethae, 34/1136 (3.0%) against B. henselae and 16/1136 (1.4%) against B. quintana. Males and females showed equal rates of 31% seropositivity to Bartonella spp. (males 241/766; females 114/370). In comparison, 322 time-matched sera from healthy blood donors had antibodies to Bartonella spp. in 6.8% of cases (p < 0.001). The observed high prevalence of Bartonella spp. antibodies found in Swedish elite orienteers may be indicative of a connection with risk factors for the development of myocarditis and sudden unexpected cardiac death.
|
|
| 50. |
- Meerupati, Tejashwari, et al.
(författare)
-
Genomic Mechanisms Accounting for the Adaptation to Parasitism in Nematode-Trapping Fungi
- 2013
-
Ingår i: PLoS Genetics. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7404. ; 9:11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Orbiliomycetes is one of the earliest diverging branches of the filamentous ascomycetes. The class contains nematode-trapping fungi that form unique infection structures, called traps, to capture and kill free-living nematodes. The traps have evolved differently along several lineages and include adhesive traps (knobs, nets or branches) and constricting rings. We show, by genome sequencing of the knob-forming species Monacrosporium haptotylum and comparison with the net-forming species Arthrobotrys oligospora, that two genomic mechanisms are likely to have been important for the adaptation to parasitism in these fungi. Firstly, the expansion of protein domain families and the large number of species-specific genes indicated that gene duplication followed by functional diversification had a major role in the evolution of the nematode-trapping fungi. Gene expression indicated that many of these genes are important for pathogenicity. Secondly, gene expression of orthologs between the two fungi during infection indicated that differential regulation was an important mechanism for the evolution of parasitism in nematode-trapping fungi. Many of the highly expressed and highly upregulated M. haptotylum transcripts during the early stages of nematode infection were species-specific and encoded small secreted proteins (SSPs) that were affected by repeat-induced point mutations (RIP). An active RIP mechanism was revealed by lack of repeats, dinucleotide bias in repeats and genes, low proportion of recent gene duplicates, and reduction of recent gene family expansions. The high expression and rapid divergence of SSPs indicate a striking similarity in the infection mechanisms of nematode-trapping fungi and plant and insect pathogens from the crown groups of the filamentous ascomycetes (Pezizomycotina). The patterns of gene family expansions in the nematode-trapping fungi were more similar to plant pathogens than to insect and animal pathogens. The observation of RIP activity in the Orbiliomycetes suggested that this mechanism was present early in the evolution of the filamentous ascomycetes.
|
|
