| 1. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
A Current Swedish Survey on Attitudes to Science-and-Religion
- 2002
-
In: Studies in science and theology : yearbook of the European society for the study of science and theology. - 8798774131 ; 8, s. 341-350
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Artikeln presenterar resultat från en enkätundersökning bland 2000 personer bosatta i Sverige. I enkäten ställdes bland annat frågor om synen på förhållandet mellan naturvetenskap och religion. Resultaten ger vid handen att man uppfattar naturvetenskap och religion som kompletterande varandra, och att denna uppfattning är vanligare med högre utbildning. Uttalade ateister uppfattar i hög utsträckning relationen naturvetenskap–religion som präglad av konflikt eller kontaktlöshet. Endast en minoritet har påverkats i sin religiösa tro av nyheter i naturvetenskaperna.
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Introduction
- 2002
-
In: Design and disorder : perspectives from science and theology. - 0567088685 ; , s. 1-10
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Artikeln introducerar bokens tematik. Några exempel: I traditionell kristen skapelsetro manifesteras Guds godhet genom ordning, medan kaos, synd och död är uttryck för onda makter. Också vetenskapen uppfattar traditionellt verkligheten som ordnad i betydelsen regelbunden. Aktuella trender i såväl vetenskap som teologi utmanar dessa tolkningar. Kaosteori visar att vår traditionella tolkning av såväl deteminism som slump är alltför begränsad. Vad betyder detta för religiösa föreställningar om Guds försyn, förutvetande och predestination? Behöver teologin integrera föreställningar om slump? Artikeln diskuterar vidare om design är en egenskap hos verkligheten eller betraktaren, och om ordning med nödvändighet är harmonisk. Biologer har traditionellt avvisat föreställningar om intentionalitet men accepterat tanken på funktion. Men hur långt ifrån varandra ligger egentligen funktion, design, intentionalitet och teleologi?
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Ahlgren, Jennie, et al.
(author)
-
Consumers on the Internet : ethical and legal aspects of commercialization of personalized nutrition
- 2013
-
In: Genes & Nutrition. - : Springer. - 1555-8932 .- 1865-3499. ; 8:4, s. 349-355
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Consumers often have a positive attitude to the option of receiving personalized nutrition advice based upon genetic testing, since the prospect of enhancing or maintaining one’s health can be perceived as empowering. Current direct-to-consumer services over the Internet, however, suffer from a questionable level of truthfulness and consumer protection, in addition to an imbalance between far-reaching promises and contrasting disclaimers. Psychological and behavioral studies indicate that consumer acceptance of a new technology is primarily explained by the end user’s rational and emotional interpretation as well as moral beliefs. Results from such studies indicate that personalized nutrition must create true value for the consumer. Also, the freedom to choose is crucial for consumer acceptance. From an ethical point of view, consumer protection is crucial, and caution must be exercised when putting nutrigenomic-based tests and advice services on the market. Current Internet offerings appear to reveal a need to further guaranty legal certainty by ensuring privacy, consumer protection and safety. Personalized nutrition services are on the borderline between nutrition and medicine. Current regulation of this area is incomplete and undergoing development. This situation entails the necessity for carefully assessing and developing existing rules that safeguard fundamental rights and data protection while taking into account the sensitivity of data, the risks posed by each step in their processing, and sufficient guarantees for consumers against potential misuse.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Ahlgren, Jennie, et al.
(author)
-
Ethical considerations in relation to personalised nutrition : An overview of Work Package 5, with respect to ethics
- 2015
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The objectives of Food4Me work package 5 included a baseline assessment of the ethical and legal aspects of personalised nutrition at the start of the project in 2011, as well as a final assessment at the end of the project (2015), taking into account results achieved in other work packages. The initial assessment made a number of ethical issues visible, most of them relating to the consumer of personalised nutrition service. The results depicted in this publication indicate that many of the questions raised in relation to these issues remain unsolved, and in some cases they seem to be neglected in relation to the services offered by internet companies.
|
|
| 9. |
- Ahlgren, Jennie, et al.
(author)
-
Ska generna styra vad vi äter?
- 2008
-
In: Miljöforskning: Formas tidning för ett uthålligt samhälle. ; :3
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)
|
|
| 10. |
|
|
| 11. |
- Ahlgren, Jennie, et al.
(author)
-
Ska generna styra vad vi äter?
- 2005
-
In: Miljöforskning : Formas tidning för ett uthålligt samhälle. - 1650-4925. ; 2005:3, s. 16-17
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This article gives an overview of some ethical problems raised in connection to nutritional genomics, especially the use of knowledge from nutrigenomics as a basis for personalised nutrition after a genetic test.
|
|
| 12. |
- Andersson, Kerstin, 1968-
(author)
-
Människan, naturen och Gud : En studie av miljöetiken i nutida kristen teologi
- 2007
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This study has three aims. The first aim is to analyse and clarify three models of theological environmental ethics. A second aim is to critically examine and compare the environmental ethical models of the three theologians. The third aim is to present a reasonable model of a theological environmental ethic. The overall problem of the study is how an acceptable theological environmental ethic can be constructed.The method used in the study is a content analysis of ideas, allowing the author to reconstruct a model of theological environmental ethics and clarify some important problems which a reasonable theological ethics must relate to. It is argued that a view of life perspective in environmental ethics gives an important complement to philosophical environmental ethics when analysing and constructing environmental ethical models.The theologians analysed in this study represent three different models of theological environmental ethics. Larry Rasmussen provides a communitarian virtue ethical and biocentric model with community, love and justice as central values. Leonardo Boff provides an ecocentric model characterised by his liberation theological standpoint combined with ecology. Boff’s model holds justice as a central value and argues for a responsibility for creating fair relations between humans and between humans and nature. Rosemary Radford Ruether’s model is characterised by ecofeminist theory and feminist theology. Ruether’s model is ecocentric and based on the idea that distorted gender relations are primary causes of the ecological crisis. All theologians in the study use the Bible and the Christian tradition as well as resources from natural and social science when constructing their models.The author of the study proposes her own biocentric model of theological environmental ethics grounded in an awareness of the existential vulnerability of human beings, a principle of ecological justice, a critique of hierarchical relations and the Christian idea of loving your neighbour.
|
|
| 13. |
-
Att forma vår framtid : bioteknikens möjligheter och problem
- 2007
-
Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Boken är producerad inom Etikforskningsprogrammet i anslutning till Swegene och Wallenberg Consortium North (WCN). 24 författare diskuterar olika aspekter av biotekniken, framför allt genteknik, stamcellsforskning och nanoteknik, under följande huvudrubriker: Frontlinjer och framtidsperspektiv, Biotekniken och samhället, Etiska frågor, Rättsliga frågor, Genetisk kunskap och information i sjukvården, Forskning, marknad och utvecklingsländer, Biotekniken och ett förlängt liv.
|
|
| 14. |
- Bergmann, Manuela M., et al.
(author)
-
Bioethical considerations for human nutrigenomics
- 2008
-
In: Annual Review of Nutrition. - : Annual Reviews. - 0199-9885 .- 1545-4312. ; 28, s. 447-467
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article gives an overview of the ethical issues in nutrigenomics; research and personalized nutrition. The principles of research ethics, i.e., autonomy, beneficence, nonmalfeasance, and justice, are challenged by rapidly growing cross-border research activities utilizing existing and upcoming biobanks for studies of the interaction of genes with diet on risk of common diseases. We highlight the ethical issues, some unresolved, in international collaborative projects of which researchers should be aware. Personalized nutrition (tailoring diet on the basis of genotype) is one possible application of nutrigenomics research. However, until the scientific evidence concerning diet-gene interactions is much more robust, the provision of personalized dietary advice on the basis of specific genotype remains questionable. From the ethical and social perspective, nutrigenomics offers significant opportunities to improve public health by enhancing understanding of the mechanisms through which diet can be used to reduce the risk of common polygenic diseases.
|
|
| 15. |
-
Creating Techno S@piens? Values and Ethical Issues in Theology, Science and Technology.
- 2004
-
Editorial proceedings (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Denna antologi presenterar ett urval av 20 artiklar, efter peer-review-granskning och revision, från ESSSATs konferens i Nijmegen våren 2002 med samma tema som boken. Bidragen belyser följande områden: Homo Sapiens and Nature, Anthropology and Technology, Theory of Science and Science & Religion, Ethical Decision Making in an Age of Technology.
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
-
Design and disorder : perspectives from science and theology
- 2002
-
Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Artiklarna i denna antologi belyser hur nutida forskningsrön och vetenskaplig diskussion om frågor som kaos och komplexitet, förutsägbarhet och kausalitet, emergens och ordning påverkar traditionella religiösa och vetenskapliga tankar om oförutsägbarhet, slump, ändamål och skapelse. Teologer och naturvetare från sekulär, protestantisk, katolsk och ortodox tradition visar hur ordning och oordning hänger samman och tilllsammans utgör förutsättning för livets framväxt och utveckling, och hur komplexitet, instabilitet och förgänglighet utgör en källa för teologisk reflexion. Bidragen i denna bok är i huvudsak föredrag och ett urval av papers som presenterades vid ESSSATs (European Society for the Study of Science and Theology) konferens i Lyon våren 2000.
|
|
| 18. |
-
Etik och genteknik. Filosofiska och religiösa perspektiv på genterapi, stamcellsforskning och kloning
- 2004
-
Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Boken är producerad inom Etikforskningsprogrammet i anslutning till Swegene och Wallenberg Consortium North (WCN). Birgitta Forsman skriver om sekulära perspektiv på människan och gentekniken. Tre olika religiösa förhållningssätt beskrivs och analyseras: judiska (Karin Hedner Zetterholm), kristna (Axel Carlberg), och muslimska (Jonas Svensson). Ställningstagandena till de aktuella bioetiska frågorna belyses mot bakgrund av historiska ståndpunkter.
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Ferguson, Lynnette R., et al.
(author)
-
Guide and Position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on Personalised Nutrition : Part 1 - Fields of Precision Nutrition
- 2016
-
In: Journal of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-6499. ; 9:1, s. 12-27
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Diversity in the genetic profile between individuals and specific ethnic groups affects nutrient requirements, metabolism and response to nutritional and dietary interventions. Indeed, individuals respond differently to lifestyle interventions (diet, physical activity, smoking, etc.). The sequencing of the human genome and subsequent increased knowledge regarding human genetic variation is contributing to the emergence of personalized nutrition. These advances in genetic science are raising numerous questions regarding the mode that precision nutrition can contribute solutions to emerging problems in public health, by reducing the risk and prevalence of nutrition-related diseases. Current views on personalized nutrition encompass omics technologies (nutrigenomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, foodomics, metabolomics, metagenomics, etc.), functional food development and challenges related to legal and ethical aspects, application in clinical practice, and population scope, in terms of guidelines and epidemiological factors. In this context, precision nutrition can be considered as occurring at three levels: (1) conventional nutrition based on general guidelines for population groups by age, gender and social determinants; (2) individualized nutrition that adds phenotypic information about the person's current nutritional status (e.g. anthropometry, biochemical and metabolic analysis, physical activity, among others), and (3) genotype-directed nutrition based on rare or common gene variation. Research and appropriate translation into medical practice and dietary recommendations must be based on a solid foundation of knowledge derived from studies on nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. A scientific society, such as the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics (ISNN), internationally devoted to the study of nutrigenetics/nutrigenomics, can indeed serve the commendable roles of (1) promoting science and favoring scientific communication and (2) permanently working as a 'clearing house' to prevent disqualifying logical jumps, correct or stop unwarranted claims, and prevent the creation of unwarranted expectations in patients and in the general public. In this statement, we are focusing on the scientific aspects of disciplines covering nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics issues. Genetic screening and the ethical, legal, social and economic aspects will be dealt with in subsequent statements of the Society.
|
|
| 21. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Christian Ethics and the Moral Psychologies
- 2006
-
In: ESSSAT-News. - 1385-3473. ; 16:4, s. 11-12
-
Review (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Browning offers rich information on theories in current moral psychology. He criticizes these theories and states the superiority of the Christian narrative for the understanding and grounding of morality. This short text is a critical comment to his standpoint.
|
|
| 22. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Co-creation or hubris? Responses to biotechnology in Christianity, Judaism and Islam
- 2005
-
In: Creative Creature. Values and Ethical Issues in Theology, Science and Technology, edited by Ulf Görman, Willem B. Drees and Hubert Meisinger. - 056703089X
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This book chapter discusses the reactions within a few Christian churches, Judaism and Islam to a number of recent biotechnological interventions: assisted reproduction, embryonic stem cells, genetic intervention, cloning, and organ transplantation.
|
|
| 23. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Do we know enough? A scientific and ethical analysis of the basis for genetic-based personalized nutrition
- 2013
-
In: Genes & Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1555-8932 .- 1865-3499. ; 8:4, s. 373-381
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article discusses the prospects and limitations of the scientific basis for offering personalized nutrition advice based upon individual genetic information. Two divergent scientific positions are presented, with an ethical comment. The crucial question is whether the current knowledge base is sufficiently strong for taking an ethically responsible decision to offer personalized nutrition advice based upon gene–diet–health interaction. According to the first position, the evidence base for translating the outcomes of nutrigenomics research into personalized nutritional advice is as yet immature. There is also limited evidence that genotype-based dietary advice will motivate appropriate behavior changes. Filling the gaps in our knowledge will require larger and better randomized controlled trials. According to the second position, personalized nutrition must be evaluated in relation to generally accepted standard dietary advice—partly derived from epidemiological observations and usually not proven by clinical trials. With personalized nutrition, we cannot demand stronger evidence. In several specific cases of gene–diet interaction, it may be more beneficial for individuals with specific genotypes to follow personalized advice rather than general dietary recommendations. The ethical comment, finally, considers the ethical aspects of deciding how to proceed in the face of such uncertainty. Two approaches for an ethically responsible way forward are proposed. Arguing from a precautionary approach, it is suggested that personalized dietary advice should be offered only when there is strong scientific evidence for health effects, followed by stepwise evaluation of unforeseen behavioral and psychological effects. Arguing from theoretical and applied ethics as well as psychology, it is also suggested that personalized advice should avoid paternalism and instead focus on supporting the autonomous choice of each person.
|
|
| 24. |
- Görman, Ulf, 1943-
(author)
-
Editorial
- 2013
-
In: Genes & Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1555-8932 .- 1865-3499. ; 8:4, s. 345-347
-
Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This special section of Genes and Nutrition presents a baseline analysis of ethical and legal issues undertaken within the EU FP7 research project Food4Me, which investigates the feasibility today of the vision for delivering personalized nutrition. Four major topics are addressed: Do we know enough for offering personalized nutritional advice? How can personal, cultural, and scientific perspectives on food and health be integrated? How does personalized nutrition affect individual autonomy? Which urgent ethical and legal matters stand out when personalized nutrition is commercialized?
|
|
| 25. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Editorial
- 2013
-
In: Genes & Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1555-8932 .- 1865-3499. ; 8:4, s. 345-347
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This special section of Genes and Nutrition presents a baseline analysis of ethical and legal issues undertaken within the EU FP7 research project Food4Me, which investigates the feasibility today of the vision for delivering personalized nutrition. Four major topics are addressed: Do we know enough for offering personalized nutritional advice? How can personal, cultural, and scientific perspectives on food and health be integrated? How does personalized nutrition affect individual autonomy? Which urgent ethical and legal matters stand out when personalized nutrition is commercialized?
|
|
| 26. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Ethical Considerations in Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics
- 2020
-
In: Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics : Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition - Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition. - London : Elsevier. - 9780128045725 - 9780128045879 ; , s. 543-548
-
Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Ethics is the study of the normative dimensions of human relations and experiences. This chapter discusses such questions in relation to basic values in modern society. The normative foundations for the analysis are the values of human dignity, autonomy, freedom, equality, and solidarity, as well as the responsibilities of society toward its citizens, including freedom, security, and justice. The questions that are brought up touch on how implementing nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics in personalized nutrition services relates to these values.Health and food are primary human needs. The choice of food can contribute to the support of health, but it can also come into conflict with health. Personalized nutrition may be seen as part of a wider trend toward early preventive actions to treat susceptibility to disease. If personalization of nutrition can contribute to eating habits that support health instead of threatening it, this will be beneficial for the individual, but it may also be good for society as a whole. As a consequence, pressure on societal expenses for health care may be reduced.Personalized nutrition, as well as the wider concept of precision nutrition, have stimulated expectations and are often described as having great potential, but it has also been difficult to realize them. Studies indicate that there is widespread optimism among researchers engaged in nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics regarding at least its long-term benefits, whereas there are divergent viewpoints within the wider research community. In this situation, ethical concerns need to receive attention.
|
|
| 27. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Ethical Issue: Genetic tests for advice on diet?
- 2009
-
In: Sustainability, Journal from the Swedish Research Council Formas. - 1654-8329. ; :1
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- This article gives a short presentation of my research on ethical aspects of nutritional genomics and its application for personalised nutrition.
|
|
| 28. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Ethical Issues raised by Personalized Nutrition based on Genetic Information
- 2006
-
In: Genes & Nutrition. - 1555-8932. ; 1:1, s. 13-22
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Four principles are taken as basis for the ethical analysis: autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. Health is understood as a limited aspect of wellbeing. Food is understood as an aspect of wellbeing, not only an instrument for health. Modern society is characterized by a tendency to identify wellbeing with external rather than subjective circumstances, to identify wellbeing with health, and to create exaggerated health expectations. Based upon this understanding, aspects of personalized nutrition are discussed: genetic testing, counselling, and fabrication of special dietary products. Today the predictive value of genetic tests for personal nutrition is limited, and experimental at best. Recommendations for the future: Personalized nutrition must be based on solid knowledge. Phenotypic analyses should be used when adequate. When a genetic test can have a clear advantage, this should be preferred. Opportunistic screening should only be used when clearly beneficial. Information concerning genetic tests, and counselling, should be made on a personal basis by specially trained persons. Marketing of genetic tests directly sold to the public should be discouraged. Fabrication of special products for personalized nutrition may be necessary in some cases. However, this may also lead to a medicalization of diet.
|
|
| 29. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Etiskt problem skräddarsy mat efter gen
- 2008
-
In: Miljöforskning : Formas tidning för ett uthålligt samhälle. - 1650-4925. ; 4, s. 16-16
-
Journal article (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Artikeln presenterar kortfattat min forskning om etiska frågor kring nutritionell genomik och dess tillämpning i personaliserad nutrition.
|
|
| 30. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Five Studies in Ethics and Gene Technology
- 2003
-
In: Theology and Science. - 1474-6700. ; 1:2, s. 241-245
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- I denna artikel kommenterar jag fem arbeten som alla behandlar modern genteknik ur etisk synpunkt, med hjälp av såväl teologisk som filosofisk etik. Böckerna tas som intäkt för att kortfattat diskutera några etiska problem i anslutning till genteknikens möjligheter, bland annat: Bör vi med genteknik skapa framtida människor med evigt liv? Hur kan vi fatta moraliskt välgrundade beslut som berör framtida personer? Hur bör samhället få använda genetisk information? Vad kan begreppet ”visdom” bidra med som instrument för en kristen etik jämfört med begrepp som ”förvaltarskap” eller ”medskapare”?
|
|
| 31. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Introductory remarks
- 2003
-
In: 1. International conference: Christian Anthropology and biotechnological Progress, Orthodox Academy of Crete, Colymbari, chania, 26th–29th September 2002. ; , s. 9-12
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Boken är en rapport från en konferens på Kreta september 2002. I inledningsanförandet introducerar jag några i den moderna västliga diskussionen vanliga uppfattningar av betydelse för relationen mellan naturvetenskap och religion, bland andra panenteism och kritisk realism. Två exempel illustrerar frågor som berör relationen mellan bioteknologi och kristen antropologi: Möjligheten att med hjälp av genetisk modifiering förlänga det individuella mänskliga livet utmanar såväl kristendomens som medicinens värdering av ett gott mänskligt liv. Motsättningen mellan ambitionen att bevara eller förhoppningen att förändra ekologiska system relateras till kristna föreställningar om människan som förvaltare respektive medskapare. Avslutningsvis frågas: Vad betyder skillnaden mellan den ortodoxa och den västerländska kristna tolkningen av människan som guds avbild för att hantera frågor som dessa?
|
|
| 32. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Konversion
- 2008
-
In: Religion i Sverige. - 9789175041995 ; , s. 63-65
-
Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- This book chapter is a short presentation of different understandings of the concept of conversion, research on conversion, and the complexity of using this concept to describe religious mobility today. This applies not least to conversion where religions other than Christianity are involved. Conversion is also discussed in relation to secularisation and individualisation of religion.
|
|
| 33. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Kuhn, Thomas
- 2001
-
In: Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart : Handwörterbuch für Theologie und Religionswissenschaft. - 3161469445 ; 4, s. 1798-1798
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Kuhns betydelse för vetenskapsteorin beskrivs kortfattat, från introduktionen av idén om paradigmskiften till hans senare utarbetade uppfattning om vetenskapen som en evolutionär process och skilda vetenskapliga språk som inkommensurabla. Hans inflytande på teologin, särskilt diskussionen om naturvetenskap och teologi, tecknas.
|
|
| 34. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Kuhn, Thomas Samuel
- 2009
-
In: Religion Past and Present. Encyclopedia of Theology and Religion. - 9789004146914 ; 7, s. 255-255
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Kuhns betydelse för vetenskapsteorin beskrivs kortfattat, från introduktionen av idén om paradigmskiften till hans senare utarbetade uppfattning om vetenskapen som en evolutionär process och skilda vetenskapliga språk som inkommensurabla. Hans inflytande på teologin, särskilt diskussionen om naturvetenskap och teologi, tecknas.
|
|
| 35. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Model: 1. Natural Sciences
- 2010
-
In: Religion Past and Present : Encyclopedia of Theology and Religion. - 9789004146921 ; 8, s. 451-451
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Mångfalden i användningen av modeller i betydelsen analogier i vetenskapligt språk beskrivs: visualiseringar, typexempel, och (vanligast) begreppsliga och teoretiska konstruktioner. En annan användning är när vetenskapliga teorier som sådana uppfattas som modeller. De betraktas då som något annat än bokstavliga beskrivningar av verkligheten, som i exv. i instrumentalismen och den kritiska realismen. I denna mening har begreppet modell kommit att användas som verktyg av teologer som studerar teologins förhållande till naturvetenskaperna.
|
|
| 36. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Modell: I. Naturwissenschaftlich
- 2002
-
In: Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart : Handwörterbuch für Theologie und Religionswissenschaft. - 3161469453 ; 5, s. 1374-1375
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Mångfalden i användningen av modeller i betydelsen analogier i vetenskapligt språk beskrivs: visualiseringar, typexempel, och (vanligast) begreppsliga och teoretiska konstruktioner. En annan användning är när vetenskapliga teorier som sådana uppfattas som modeller. De betraktas då som något annat än bokstavliga beskrivningar av verkligheten, som i exv. i instrumentalismen och den kritiska realismen. I denna mening har begreppet modell kommit att användas som verktyg av teologer som studerar teologins förhållande till naturvetenskaperna.
|
|
| 37. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Never Too Late to Live a Little Longer? The Quest for Extended Life and Immortality – Some Ethical Considerations
- 2006
-
In: Future Perfect? God, Medicine and Human Identity, edited by Celia Deane-Drummond and Peter Manley Scott. - 0567030792
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This book chapter discusses and evaluates four different efforts to extend human life: Normalize ageing, Optimize ageing, Retard ageing and postpone death, and Eliminate or overcome ageing and death. I suggest that improved treatment of disease and handicap at all ages should be welcomed. As a secondary effect, this may in many cases result in an extension of individual lives. However, the direct aim at life extension through modification of certain basic human properties, such as genetic enhancement, should be looked at with suspicion. It may involve exaggerated risks, but the main argument is that it may diminish the existential character of what it is to be human, involving relation to others as a central aspect. To intentionally produce humans so that they become immortal is a violation against these individuals, because they lack an important existential dimension of human life.
|
|
| 38. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Organ transplantation and views of life
- 2004
-
In: How to best teach bioethics. Report form a workshop March 2003 organised by The Nordic Committee on Bioethics and NorFA. (TemaNord 2004:519) Utg av Jakob Elster och Helena von Troil.. - 9289310057 ; TemaNord 2004:519, s. 116-120
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vid den nordiska konferensen ”Teaching bioethics” illustrerade transplantationskirurgen Nils H. Persson och jag hur en dialogpedagogisk metod kan belysa en frågeställning på ett sätt som är svårt för en ensam lärare. Nils H. Persson diskuterade bland annat den stora skillnaden i frekvens av organdonationer mellan de nordiska länderna, mindre än 15 PMP (per million population), och Spanien, mer än 30 PMP. Jag belyste hur olikheter i livsåskådning och livsåskådningstraditioner kan bidra till att förstå denna skillnad. Artikeln sammanfattar några huvudtankar i min argumentering. Skillnader i religiös tradition kan delvis förklara dagens situation. Godhetsprincipen i katolsk tradition, jämfört med en mera individualistisk etik i luthersk tradition, kan bidra till den högre villigheten att donera organ i Spanien. I Spanien utförs livsuppehållande behandling längre än i de nordiska länderna, vilket leder till högre frekvens av hjärndöd, ca. 60 PMP i Spanien mot 30 PMP i Norden, och fler organ som är användbara för transplantation. Detta kan delvis förstås mot bakgrund av olika syn på livets helgd och värde.
|
|
| 39. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Paradigma: I. In den Naturwissenschaften
- 2003
-
In: Religion in Geschichte und Gegenwart : Handwörterbuch für Theologie und Religionswissenschaft. - 3161469461 ; 6, s. 919-920
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Olika användningar av begreppet paradigm beskrivs: Föredömliga experiment, argumentationsstrategier, inflytelserika teorier, betydelsefulla arbeten, respektive ett system av förutsättningar eller utgångspunkter. Kuhns betydelse för den nutida användningen av begreppet paradigm markeras. Han använde det för att uttrycka en viss grad av relativism och icke-rationalitet i förståelsen av vetenskapligt arbete. Skilda paradigm uppfattas av honom som konkurrerande och ojämförliga övergripande modeller för vetenskapligt arbete. Den idag rikligt förekommande användningen av termen paradigm är ett resultat av Kuhns inflytande, men har också medfört en försvagning av termens innebörd och implikationer.
|
|
| 40. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Religious responses to biotechnology
- 2002
-
In: Science and Religion dialogues. - 9738571138 ; , s. 114-138
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I artikeln presenterar och diskuterar jag religiösa ställningstaganden inom kristna konfessioner, judendom och islam, till frågor som aktualiseras av några användningar av bioteknologi. Till sådana hör assisterad befruktning, hantering av embryon och stamceller, prenatal genetisk diagnostik och selektiv abort, organtransplantation och genterapi. Inom varje religiös tradition finner man ett spektrum av konservativa, liberala och radikala ståndpunkter. Jag argumenterar för att de skilda religösa reaktionerna är svåra att förstå som resultat av principiella överväganden, och att de lättare kan förstås som resultat av kasuistiska överväganden baserade i för respektive religiös tradition karakteristiska profilståndpunkter.
|
|
| 41. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
RELIGIOZNYE OTVETY SOVREMENNYM BIOTEXNOLOGIJAM
- 2002
-
In: DVA GRADA. DIALOG NAUKI I RELIGII: VOSTOTJNO- I ZAPADNOEVROPEJSKAJA TRADITSII. (Två strömmar. Dialoger mellan naturvetenskap och religion: Öst- och Västeuropeiska traditioner). - 5895520685 ; , s. 358-379
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I artikeln presenterar och diskuterar jag religiösa ställningstaganden inom kristna konfessioner, judendom och islam, till frågor som aktualiseras av några användningar av bioteknologi. Till sådana hör assisterad befruktning, hantering av embryon och stamceller, prenatal genetisk diagnostik och selektiv abort, organtransplantation och genterapi. Inom varje religiös tradition finner man ett spektrum av konservativa, liberala och radikala ståndpunkter. Jag argumenterar för att de skilda religösa reaktionerna är svåra att förstå som resultat av principiella överväganden, och att de lättare kan förstås som resultat av kasuistiska överväganden baserade i för respektive religiös tradition karakteristiska profilståndpunkter.
|
|
| 42. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Religiösa reaktioner på gentekniken
- 2007
-
In: Att forma vår framtid : bioteknikens möjligheter och problem. - 9789189116900
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- I bokkapitlet diskuteras reaktionerna inom judendom, islam och några kristna samfund på ett antal bioteknologiska interventioner: assisterad befruktning, embryonala stamceller, genmodifiering, kloning och organtransplantation.
|
|
| 43. |
- Görman, Ulf
(author)
-
Some ethical issues raised by personalized nutrition
- 2007
-
In: Genes & Nutrition. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1555-8932 .- 1865-3499. ; 2:1, s. 55-58
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This short article is a summary of a lecture at the 3rd International Nutrigeonomics Conference ”From Nutrigenomics to Personalized Nutrition”. Starting points are the principles in biomedical ethics, the relation between health and welfare, and the relation between food, personalized nutrition and quality of life. The following aspects of personalized nutrition are discussed: genetic testing, genetic counselling, and products fabricated for personalized nutrition.
|
|
| 44. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Theodicy
- 2003
-
In: Encyclopedia of science and religion. - 0028657063 ; , s. 880-882
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Klassiska uppfattningar om teodicéproblemet i kristendomen och andra religioner presenteras kortfattat. Några vanliga argumentlinjer för en teodicé presenteras: modifierad allmakt, denna värld som en skola för evigheten, och människans fria vilja. Argumentationens moraliska aspekter betonas. Särskilt uppmärksammas de nya infallsvinklar på teodicéproblemet som baseras i modern vetenskap. Exempelvis är smärta en del av ett livsuppehållande varningssystem. Ängslan kan ses som en ofrånkomlig följd av människans förmåga till fantasi. Evolutionsbiologin ser individens död som en nödvändig del av livet och förutsättning för evolutionen. Sådana iakttagelser har inspirerat till nya infallsvinklar på teodicéproblemet.
|
|
| 45. |
- Görman, Ulf, et al.
(author)
-
Universal Ethics – a Futile Effort? A Contractual Analysis of the Search for a Universal Ethics
- 2002
-
In: Universal Ethics : Perspectives and Proposals from Scandinavian Scholars. - 9041119337 ; , s. 23-31
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Artikeln diskuterar en föga uppmärksammad paradox inom etiken: Etiska teorier söker övervinna moralisk oenighet och bristande efterlevnad, men de lever på sitt misslyckande att åstadkomma detta. Om alla skulle handla efter universellt accepterade moraliska principer blev moralen ointressant. Kontraktsetiska teorier kan bidra till att förstå denna aspekt av etiken. Enligt dessa uppstår etiska problem genom intressekonflikter, och de löses genom att finna modeller som är acceptabla för alla inblandade. Eftersom skilda intressen ständigt fortlever och förändras, finns det anledning att vänta sig en oupphörlig spänning eller ambivalens mellan divergerande intressen och strävan efter en universell etik.
|
|
| 46. |
- Ideland, Malin, et al.
(author)
-
Framtidens människa? Ett medialt drama om bioteknologi
- 2007
-
In: Att forma vår framtid. Bioteknikens möjligheter och problem.. - : Nordic Academic Press. - 9789189116900 ; , s. 56-68
-
Book chapter (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vilken framtida människa kommer modern bioteknik att leda till? Den massmediala kristallkulan bjuder på åtminstone två möjliga scenarion. Å ena sidan presenteras en mardröm, biotekniken, med fosterdiagnostik och kloning i spetsen, kommer att bidra till ett samhälle där människovärdet har urholkats och endast ”perfekta människor” har rätt att leva. Å andra sidan visar kristallkulan en vision om ett samhälle där cancerns gåta är löst, parkinsonpatienter behandlas framgångsrikt och människor är friskare. Hot och hopp, mardrömmar och drömmar karaktäriserar med andra ord massmediernas berättelser om vilken framtida människa bioteknologin kan leda till. Med utgångspunkt i dessa mediala berättelser diskuteras i artikeln hur bilder av bioteknologins möjligheter och hot speglar kulturella föreställningar om naturens godhet, vetenskapens trovärdighet, arv och miljö samt människan som oersättlig.
|
|
| 47. |
|
|
| 48. |
- Johansson, Veronica, et al.
(author)
-
Beyond Blind Optimism and Unfounded Fears : Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment Resistant Depression
- 2013
-
In: Neuroethics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1874-5504 .- 1874-5490. ; 6:3, s. 457-471
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The introduction of new medical treatments based on invasive technologies has often been surrounded by both hopes and fears. Hope, since a new intervention can create new opportunities either in terms of providing a cure for the disease or impairment at hand; or as alleviation of symptoms. Fear, since an invasive treatment involving implanting a medical device can result in unknown complications such as hardware failure and undesirable medical consequences. However, hopes and fears may also arise due to the cultural embeddedness of technology, where a therapy due to ethical, social, political and religious concerns could be perceived as either a blessing or a threat. While Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) for treatment resistant depression (TRD) is still in its cradle, it is important to be proactive and try to scrutinize both surfacing hopes and fears. Patients will not benefit if a promising treatment is banned or avoided due to unfounded fears, nor will they benefit if DBS is used without scrutinizing the arguments which call for caution. Hence blind optimism is equally troublesome. We suggest that specificity, both in terms of a detailed account of relevant scientific concerns as well as ethical considerations, could be a way to analyse expressed concerns regarding DBS for TRD. This approach is particularly fruitful when applied to hopes and fears evoked by DBS for TRD, since it can reveal if our comprehension of DBS for TRD suffer from various biases which may remain unnoticed at first glance. We suggest that such biases exist, albeit a further analysis is needed to explore this issue in full.
|
|
| 49. |
- Joost, Hans-Georg, et al.
(author)
-
Personalised nutrition : status and perspectives
- 2007
-
In: British Journal of Nutrition. - 1475-2662. ; 98:01, s. 26-31
-
Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Personalised, genotype-based nutrition is a concept that links genotyping with specific nutritional advice in order to improve the prevention of nutrition-associated, chronic diseases. This review describes the current scientific basis of the concept and discusses its problems. There is convincing evidence that variant genes may indeed determine the biological response to nutrients. The effects of single-gene variants on risk or risk factor levels of a complex disease are, however, usually small and sometimes inconsistent. Thus, information on the effects of combinations of relevant gene variants appears to be required in order to improve the predictive precision of the genetic information. Furthermore, very few associations between genotype and response have been tested for causality in human intervention studies, and little is known about potential adverse effects of a genotype-derived intervention. These issues need to be addressed before genotyping can become an acceptable method to guide nutritional recommendations.
|
|
| 50. |
- Kohlmeier, Martin, et al.
(author)
-
Guide and Position of the International Society of Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics on Personalized Nutrition : Part 2 - Ethics, Challenges and Endeavors of Precision Nutrition
- 2016
-
In: Journal of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-6499. ; 9:1, s. 28-46
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Nutrigenetics considers the influence of individual genetic variation on differences in response to dietary components, nutrient requirements and predisposition to disease. Nutrigenomics involves the study of interactions between the genome and diet, including how nutrients affect the transcription and translation process plus subsequent proteomic and metabolomic changes, and also differences in response to dietary factors based on the individual genetic makeup. Personalized characteristics such as age, gender, physical activity, physiological state and social status, and special conditions such as pregnancy and risk of disease can inform dietary advice that more closely meets individual needs. Precision nutrition has a promising future in treating the individual according to their phenotype and genetic characteristics, aimed at both the treatment and prevention of disease. However, many aspects are still in progress and remain as challenges for the future of nutrition. The integration of the human genotype and microbiome needs to be better understood. Further advances in data interpretation tools are also necessary, so that information obtained through newer tests and technologies can be properly transferred to consumers. Indeed, precision nutrition will integrate genetic data with phenotypical, social, cultural and personal preferences and lifestyles matters to provide a more individual nutrition, but considering public health perspectives, where ethical, legal and policy aspects need to be defined and implemented.
|
|
