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| 5. |
- Bergmanson, J P G, et al.
(author)
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The Lacrimal System
- 2009. - 16
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In: Clinical Ocular Anatomy and Physiology. - Houston, TX, USA : University of Houston Texas Eye Research and Technology Center. - 9780980070811 ; , s. 43-56
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 6. |
- Boström, Johanna, et al.
(author)
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Meibography: Inter-rater reliability
- 2016
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In: 8th International Conference on the Tear Film & Ocular Surface: Basic Science and Clinical Relevance. ; , s. 47-
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose. The tear film lipid layer holds an important role in maintaining the integrity and health of the anterior surface of the eye. The meibomian glands found in eyelids are responsible for producing most of the lipids of the tear film. Dysfunction of the meibomian glands leads to increased evaporation of tears, which may lead to dry eye. Meibography is a method used for assessing the drop out of meibomian glands. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability between two different examiners when rating meibography images. Methods. The Sirius 3D scheimpflug camera (C.S.O., Florence, Italy) was used to photograph the everted upper and lower eyelids of the right and left eye of 52 subjects. The grade of meibomian gland loss was subjectively graded using the five-grade Meiboscale (Pult, 2012) and the percentage of gland loss was calculated using Phoenix Meibography software (version 3.0.1.021, bon Optic VertriebsGmbH, Lübeck, Germany). Data was analyzed using MedCalc for Windows (version 16.4.3, MedCalc Software, Ostend, Belgium). Results. The inter-rater reliability for the Meiboscale grade of meibomian gland loss was calculated using weighted Cohen’s kappa (linear weights). The result for all 208 images was Kw = 0.542 (95 % CI 0.454 to 0.630), which indicates a moderate agreement. The inter-rater reliability for the percentage of meibomian gland loss was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient. The result for all 208 images was ICC = 0.794 (95 % CI 0.737 to 0.839), which indicates a substantial agreement. Conclusions. Imaging is an invaluable tool when managing patients in clinical practice. When performing meibography to evaluate meibomian gland loss, using software to calculate the percentage of gland loss gives a better inter-rater agreement than subjective grading of the images.
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| 7. |
- Carlsson, Stina K., et al.
(author)
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Adenosine A2 receptor presence and synergy with cholinergic stimulation in rabbit lacrimal gland.
- 2010
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In: Current eye research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1460-2202 .- 0271-3683. ; 35:6, s. 466-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Secretion from the lacrimal gland is an important part of the well-being of the eye, and a central part in the search for treatment of dry eye syndrome. Adenosine has stimulatory effects on the lacrimal gland, and can potentiate the effect of the cholinergic agonist carbachol (Cch). The aim of the present study is to investigate the presence of the adenosine A(2) receptor subtypes A(2A) and A(2B) in the rabbit lacrimal gland, and to characterize their role in regulated acinar cell secretion.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Stina K., 1982-
(author)
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Effects of adenosine and acetylcholine on the lacrimal gland
- 2011
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A balanced tear film is essential for a healthy ocular surface. Insufficient tear production may result in dry eye, a common disorder in the elderly population. Dry eye causes significant discomfort in the patients and may lead to visual impairment and ocular infections. The lacrimal gland secretes water, proteins and electrolytes to the aqueous layer of the tear film. Lacrimal gland secretion is tightly regulated by e.g. neuronally released acetylcholine. The effect of acetylcholine on lacrimal gland secretion was recently found to be potentiated by adenosine. Adenosine is an important signaling molecule acting upon the adenosine receptors: A1, A2A, A2B and A3.The aim of this thesis was to study effects of adenosine and acetylcholine on intracellular signaling pathways and lacrimal gland secretion. Cholinergic stimulation of secretion was shown to be regulated by the mitogen activated protein kinase p38, a protein previously not known to be involved in exocrine secretion. p38 was activated in response to cholinergic stimulation and inhibition of p38 significantly diminished cholinergic secretion.When investigating adenosine effects, potentiation of cholinergic secretion was observed by activation of the A2B receptor in addition to the previously studied A1 receptor. An A2 receptor agonist increased cholinergic rabbit lacrimal gland protein secretion at several concentrations. The increase was inhibited by antagonism of the A2B receptor, but not the A2A receptor. When investigating the intracellular signaling pathways following adenosine and acetylcholine receptor activation, adenosine was shown to increase of cAMP levels. An additional increase in cAMP levels was observed after parallel adenosine and cholinergic receptor activation. Inhibition of Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum had inhibitory effects of cholinergic stimulation of secretion. In addition, the expression of adenosine receptors in a mouse model of autoimmune dry eye was investigated. The results showed a lymphocyte dependent upregulation of A2A receptors in diseased mice compared to controls.In conclusion, the results in this thesis provide significant contributions in the search of dry eye therapeutics through studies of adenosine and acetylcholine receptor activation.
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| 10. |
- Carlsson, Stina K., et al.
(author)
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p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase modulates exocrine secretion in rabbit lacrimal gland
- 2012
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In: Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters (Druk). - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 1425-8153 .- 1689-1392. ; 17:1, s. 1-10
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The lacrimal gland (LG) is an exocrine gland important for secretion of the tear film. The kinase p38 has important signal transduction functions, e.g. in gene transcription, but has previously not been known to modulate exocrine secretion. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of p38 in carbachol (Cch)-induced LG secretion in LG acinar cells in vitro. Western blotting was used to determine the phosphorylation status of p38 and p42/44 and determine expression of p38 isoforms. To determine the effect of p38 inhibition on LG secretion, PD 169316, a general p38 inhibitor, and SB 239063, an inhibitor of p38α and β, were added to the cells prior to secretion measurements. The results revealed activation of p38 mediated by Cch stimulation and inhibition of Cch-induced secretion as a result of p38 inhibition. The inhibition was observed with PD 169316 isoforms, but not with SB 239063. The p38δ isoform was shown to have robust expression both by Western blotting of acinar cells and immunofluorescence of the whole gland. In conclusion, p38 activation mediates secretion in cholinergic stimulation of rabbit LG cells.
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- Demir, Pelsin, 1994-, et al.
(author)
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Refractive error, axial length, environmental and hereditary factors associated with myopia in Swedish children
- 2021
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In: Clinical and experimental optometry. - : Taylor & Francis Group. - 0816-4622 .- 1444-0938. ; 104:5, s. 595-601
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Clinical relevance: Investigation of refractive errors amongst Swedish schoolchildren will help identify risk factors associated with myopia development.Background: Genetic and hereditary aspects have been linked with the development of myopia. Nevertheless, in the case of ‘school myopia’ some authors suggest that environmental factors may affect gene expression, causing school myopia to soar. Additional understanding about which environmental factors play a relevant role can be gained by studying refractive errors in countries like Sweden, where prevalence of myopia is expected to be low.Methods: Swedish schoolchildren aged 8-16 years were invited to participate. Participants underwent an eye examination, including cycloplegic refraction and axial length (AL) measurements. Predictors such as time spent in near work, outdoor activities and parental myopia were obtained using a questionnaire. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ −0.50D and hyperopia as SER ≥ +0.75D.Results: A total of 128 children (70 females and 58 males) participated in this study with mean age of 12.0 years (SD = 2.4). Based on cycloplegic SER of the right eye, the distribution of refractive errors was: hyperopia 48.0% (CI95 = 38.8-56.7), emmetropia 42.0% (CI95 = 33.5-51.2) and myopia 10.0%. (CI95 = 4.4-14.9). The mean AL was 23.1 mm (SD = 0.86), there was a correlation between SER and AL, r = −0.65 (p < 0.001). Participants with two myopic parents had higher myopia and increased axial length than those with one or no myopic parents. The mean time spent in near work, outside of school, was 5.3 hours-per-day (SD = 3.1), and mean outdoor time reported was 2.6 hours-per-day (SD = 2.2) for all the participants. The time spent in near work and outdoor time were different for different refractive error categories.Conclusion: The prevalence of myopia amongst Swedish schoolchildren is low. Hereditary and environmental factors are associated with refractive error categories. Further studies with this sample are warranted to investigate how refractive errors and environmental factors interact over time.
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| 15. |
- Edman, Maria C, et al.
(author)
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Functional expression of the adenosine A1 receptor in rabbit lacrimal gland.
- 2008
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In: Experimental eye research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0014-4835. ; 86:1, s. 110-7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It has become increasingly clear that purine compounds play a mediator role in exocrine secretion. Therefore, the present study was aimed at examining the presence of the adenosine A1 receptor in rabbit lacrimal gland and to evaluate the role of the A1 receptor in regulated secretion. The expression of the A1 receptor was investigated with reverse transcriptase PCR, cyto- and histochemistry as well as with pharmacological methods. Acinar cells were isolated, cultured in a serum-free medium for 2 days and thereafter treated with purinergic agonists/antagonists and/or carbachol and VIP. Secretory response was assessed by measuring secreted beta-hexosaminidase enzymatic activity. Microscopical evaluation of the immunocyto- and histochemistry specimens indicated that the adenosine A1 receptor is expressed in the rabbit lacrimal gland, which was also supported by reverse transcriptase PCR resulting in a sequence 100% identical with the previously published sequence for the rabbit A1 receptor gene. Incubation of acinar cells with adenosine and the A1 specific agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA) resulted in a fourfold increase of secretion at the determined optimal concentrations. Incubation with carbachol alone resulted in a 10- to 15-fold increase. Carbachol combined with either adenosine or CPA increased the secretion 20-fold or more, demonstrating a synergistic effect. Our data provides evidence for the presence of adenosine A1 receptors in both tissue and cultured cells. Even though adenosine and CPA alone had only a moderate effect on secretion, the observed synergistic effect with carbachol suggests a modulatory role for the adenosine A1 receptor in the lacrimal gland.
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| 18. |
- Ekblad, Lars, et al.
(author)
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Purification of rabbit lacrimal gland plasma membranes by aqueous two-phase affinity partitioning
- 2000
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In: Journal of Chromatography. B. - 1387-2273. ; 743:1-2, s. 397-401
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We describe the purification of lacrimal gland plasma membranes by affinity partitioning using a two-phase system containing polyethylene glycol and dextran in which wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to dextran is used as affinity ligand. When partitioning a microsomal fraction, the plasma membrane marker 5'-nucleotidase was obtained in the affinity ligand-containing bottom phase, whereas the endoplasmic reticulum marker NADH-ferricyanide reductase remained in the top phase. The affinity partitioning behaviour of components involved in exocytosis and cellular signalling was also examined.
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| 23. |
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| 26. |
- Gierow, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Fractionation of rat liver plasma membrane regions by two-phase partitioning
- 1986
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In: Biochemical journal. ; 235, s. 685-691
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Rat liver plasma membranes, enriched in blood-sinusoidal or bile-canalicular regions by differential andsucrose-gradient centrifugation, were further purified by partitioning in an aqueous polymer two-phasesystem. This method separates membranes according to differences in surface properties rather than size anddensity. A several-fold increase in the ratio of leucine aminopeptidase (a bile-canalicular marker) and5'-nucleotidase to asialo-orosomucoid binding (a blood-sinusoidal marker) was obtained in one fraction,whereas another fraction gave a 2-3-fold increase in ratio of blood-sinusoidal to bile-canalicular markers.Furthermore, the markers for both regions of the plasma membrane, as well as markers for Golgi membranesand lysosomes, showed a heterogeneous behaviour on counter-current distribution.
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| 27. |
- Gierow, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Heterogeneity of smooth endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver studied by two-phase partitioning
- 1989
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In: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 262:1, s. 55-61
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Smooth microsomal membranes, prepared from rat liver by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation, were subfractionated by counter-current distribution in an aqueous two-phase system consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) and Dextran T500. A comparison of the distribution curves of marker enzymes, together with theoretically calculated curves, indicated the presence of at least five membrane subfractions, differing in the ratios of the marker enzymes. Glucose-6-phosphatase and arylesterase distributed in one manner, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and NADH-ferricyanide reductase in another. Evidence for further heterogeneities in the distribution of marker enzymes in smooth microsomes was obtained by analysing the membrane domain structure using a recently described method [Albertsson (1988) Q. Rev. Biophys. 21, 61-98]. Phenobarbital treatment did not influence the behaviour of the marker enzymes.
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| 28. |
- Gierow, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Lateral heterogeneity of rat liver plasma membranes analysed by counter-current distribution
- 1988
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In: Biochemical Journal. - 0264-6021 .- 1470-8728. ; 249, s. 369-375
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The lateral heterogeneity of rat liver plasma membranes was examined by fragmentation and fractionation by counter-current distribution in an aqueous two-phase polymer system. The distribution pattern was analysed by plotting the relative specific activities of marker components against each other. By this analysis asialo-orosomucoid receptors were found in a domain separated from domains containing 5'-nucleotidase and leucine aminopeptidase by another domain devoid of these markers. 5'Nucleotidase and leucine aminopeptidase resided in adjacent but separate domains. The experimental data were compared with corresponding plots of markers in model membranes. The model membranes yielded plots of different shapes depending on marker distribution and fragment size. This method of analysis should be useful for examining the lateral heterogeneity also of other membranes.
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| 33. |
- Gierow, Peter, et al.
(author)
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Two-phase partitioning of rat liver plasma membranes
- 1989
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In: Plenum Press In: Fisher, D. & Sutherland, I. (eds) Separations using aqueous phase systems. Applications in cell biology and biotechnology. - New York.
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
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| 34. |
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| 36. |
- Johansson, Oskar, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Trends in Swedish Contact Lens Prescribing 2017
- 2019
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Poster display 2: TRENDS IN SWEDISH CONTACT LENS PRESCRIBING 2017Presenter: Oskar JohanssonAuthors: OSKAR JOHANSSON1 , PHILP MORGAN2 , PETER GIEROW1Affiliation:1) Linnaeus University 2) University of ManchesterKey words: Contact lens, fitting, lens typePurpose: The purpose was to evaluate the trends of contact lens prescribing among Swedish optometrists in 2017.Methods: A standardized survey form developed by Morgan er al. was distributed to Swedish optometrists usingtheir professional organizations, optometry chains, direct email, and by hand directly. They were asked to fill out theform for the next ten contact lens patients after receiving the survey. Information was collected regarding the dayof fitting, age, sex, lens material, design, frequency of replacement, wear frequency, modality and type of caresystem. A weighting system is employed to account for the volume of activity undertaken by the respondents,calculated by the time period required to achieve 10 fits. All the forms and data were analyzed at the University of Manchester.Results: 57 forms were returned, including 562 fits. The mean age of the patients was 37 yrs, and 65 % were female.83 % were fitted for full-time wear and 27 % were managed as new fits. Soft contact lenses is the most fitted modalityand represents 97.8 % of all new fits and 93.6 % of all refits. Rigid contact lens fits represents therefore in grand total5.3 % with 2.2 % of the new fits and 6.4 % of the refits. About two-thirds of soft lenses prescribed were siliconehydrogels. Of the different designs, spherical lenses were most widely fitted, with toric lenses on at least one eyecoming right after. Extended wear accounts for 10.6 % of the fittings. Multi-purpose solutions were the most popularregimen prescribed at 99.4 %.Conclusions: When compared with data from Norway and Denmark, it is evident that daily disposables are morepopular in these countries (74 %), whereas in Sweden it is monthly replacements (58 %). Otherwise, the results aresimilar to what has been reported from other parts of the world.
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| 37. |
- Johansson, Oskar, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Trends in Swedish Contact Lens Prescribing 2017
- 2019
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Optometry and Visual Science. - : Linnaeus University. - 1891-0882 .- 1891-0890. ; 12:1, s. 5-7
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background: The purpose was to evaluate the trends of contact lens prescribing among Swedish optometrists in 2017.Materials and Methods: A standardized survey form was distributed to Swedish optometrists using their professional organisations, optometry chains, direct email, and by hand directly. They were asked to fill out the form for the ten contact lens fits performed after receipt of the survey form. Information was collected regarding age and sex of patient, fit/refit, lens design and material, modality and solution prescribed.Results: 57 forms were returned detailing 562 fits. The mean age of the patients was 37 yrs, and 65 % were female. 83 % were fitted for full-time wear and 27 % were managed as new fits. 94.7 % were soft contact lens fits and silicone hydrogel was the dominating material.Conclusions: When compared with data from Norway and Denmark, it is evident that daily disposables are more popular in these countries (74 %), whereas in Sweden it is monthly replacements (58 %). Otherwise, the results are similar to what has been reported from other parts of the world.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Mircheff, Austin K., et al.
(author)
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Autoimmunity of the lacrimal gland
- 1994
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In: International ophthalmology clinics. - 0020-8167 .- 1536-9617. ; 34:1, s. 1-18
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Mircheff, A K, et al.
(author)
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Class II antigen expression by lacrimal epithelial cells. An updated working hypothesis for antigen presentation by epithelial cells
- 1991
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In: Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. - 0146-0404 .- 1552-5783. ; 32:8, s. 2302-2310
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- It has been suggested that aberrant expression of Class II histocompatibility antigens (HLA) is involvedin T cell activation and leads to autoimmunity. Although Class II antigen expression was foundin various nonlymphoid tissues, including salivary glands, its expression on lacrimal epithelial cells hasnot been reported. In this study, 12 cadaver lacrimal glands were analyzed for HLA-DR and for thenumbers and distributions of T suppressor cells (Ts), T helper cells (Th), B cells, and macrophages.None of these cases exhibited the high numbers of inflammatory cells, tissue damage, and fibrosischaracteristic of Sjogren's syndrome. The HLA-DR-positive epithelial cells were detected in ten cases;they represented from less than 1% to more than 70% of the epithelial cells. In these ten positive cases,there were greater numbers of T cells per millimeter squared (229 ± 94 [mean ± the standard error ofthe mean]) than in the two HLA-DR-negative cases (37 ± 1 [mean ± range]). Three lacrimal glandspecimens tested were negative for immunoglobulin (Ig) G-bearing B cells, and two of the three specimenstested had IgA-bearing cells. Acinar cells were isolated from rat and rabbit lacrimal glands andcultured overnight in serum-free media supplemented with several potential mediators of Class IIantigen expression: interferon-7, carbachol, or isoproterenol. Freshly isolated cells did not expressClass II antigens at detectable levels, but in most experiments, they began to express the antigen evenin the absence of putative mediators. In light of results from recent studies of antigen presentation andepithelial cell membrane dynamics, these findings suggest a hypothesis in which Class II antigen-expressingepithelial cells present antigenic peptides that are generated in the intracellular compartmentsin communication with the basal-lateral membrane assembly and recycling pathway.
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| 49. |
- Sävneby, Anna, 1985-
(author)
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Reverse genetic studies of Enterovirus replication
- 2015
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Enteroviruses belong to the Picornaviridae family and are small icosahedral viruses with RNA genomes of positive polarity, containing a single open reading frame. They mostly cause mild or asymptomatic infections, but also a wide array of diseases including: poliomyelitis, encephalitis, gastroenteritis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, hepatitis and respiratory diseases, ranging from severe infections to the common cold. The projects described in this thesis have been carried out through reverse genetic studies of Enterovirus B and Rhinovirus C. In Papers I and II, a cassette vector was used to study recombination and translation of the RNA genome. It was found that the non-structural coding region could replicate when combined with the structural protein-coding region of other viruses of the same species. Furthermore, the genome could be translated and replicated without the presence of the structural protein-coding region. Moreover, it was found that when two additional nucleotides were introduced, shifting the reading frame, the virus could revert to the original reading frame, restoring efficient replication. In Paper III, a vector containing the genome of echovirus 5 was altered to produce an authentic 5’end of the in vitro transcribed RNA, which increased efficiency of replication initiation 20 times. This result is important, as it may lead to more efficient oncolytic virotherapy. An authentic 5’end was further used in Paper IV, where replication of Rhinovirus C in cell lines was attempted. Although passaging of the virus was unsuccessful, the genome was replicated and cytopathic effect induced after transfection. The restriction of efficient replication was therefore hypothesized to lie in the attachment and entry stages of the replication cycle. In Paper V, a cytolytic virus was found to have almost 10 times larger impact on gene expression of the host cell than a non-cytolytic variant. Furthermore, the lytic virus was found to build up inside the host cell, while the non-cytolytic virus was efficiently released. As a whole, this thesis has contributed to a deeper understanding of replication of enteroviruses, which may prove important in development of novel vaccines, antiviral agents and oncolytic virotherapies.
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