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| 3. |
- Brännström, Lotta, 1973-
(author)
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"Alltså det finns ju ingen respekt!” : Tjejers perspektiv på (o)trygghet och genusrelaterat våld i vardagen– en photovoicestudie
- 2021
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Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Genusrelaterat våld, och då specifikt killar och mäns våld mot tjejer och kvinnor är ett allvarligt globalt folkhälsoproblem, en kränkning av mänskligarättigheter och ett hot mot ett demokratiskt samhälle. De flesta studierna gällande genusrelaterat våld är genomförda i städer eller stadsnära områden och vi saknar tillräcklig kunskap om våld mot tjejer och unga kvinnor på landsbygd. Därför är det övergripande syftet med licentiatavhandlingen att öka kunskapen om genusrelaterat våld mot tjejer på landsbygd genom den participatoriska metoden photovoice.Licentiatavhandlingen består av en kappa och två publicerade delstudier [I‐II] som syftar till att skapa en djupare förståelse för genusrelaterat våld mot tjejer på landsbygd i Sverige, utifrån tjejers egna perspektiv. I studie [II] utökades syftet till att också diskutera metodens potential att nå nyckelpersoner inom policyfältet och leda till social förändring, utöver dess förmåga att informera och engagera. Det är genomgående kvalitativa studier. Det empiriska materialet består av insamlat data genom photovoice samt workshops och gruppintervjuer [I‐II]. Materialet består även av intervjuer med beslutsfattare (tjänstepersoner och politiker) och material från en inspelad podcast [II]. Insamlat data analyserades med hjälp av induktiv och deduktiv tematisk analys [I], en beskrivande aktionsorienterad analys samt innehållsanalys [II].Analysen i studie [I] utmynnade i två primära teman: det första temat konstant rädsla har två sub‐teman som förklarar en rädsla som är integrerad i tjejernas vardag, och som förminskar deras handlingsutrymmen. Det andra temat fokuserar på de strategier som tjejerna använder för att hantera denna konstanta rädsla, och detta bryts sedan ner i två sub‐teman som visar hur genusnormer till stor del påverkar beteende och förväntningar. Även resultatet i studie [II] visar att tjejernas känsla av kontroll var begränsad och att olika situationer i vardagslivet präglades av känslor av minskat handlingsutrymme och agens. Studien visar också att photovoice är en lämplig metod för att visuellt förmedla deltagarnas perspektiv samt att engagera och informera beslutsfattare, men att enbart metoden i sig inte kan garantera social förändring.Normativa föreställningar om genus påverkar i hög grad både språk och beteende bland ungdomar, och trots att Sverige ofta omtalas och framställs som ett jämställt samhälle finns det flera indikationer på det motsatta. Tjejers handlingsutrymme är betydligt mindre jämfört med killars, och tjejer marginaliseras i en mängd situationer och sociala interaktioner. Deltagarna i studien såg också ett tydligt samband mellan genusrelaterat våld och allvarliga hälsokonsekvenser, och studien hjälper oss förstå hur och på vilket sätt tonårstjejer i Sverige påverkas negativt av genusrelaterat våld. Den alarmerande höga förekomsten av genusrelaterat våld bland unga visar betydelsen av att adressera problemet redan från tidig ålder.
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| 4. |
- Brännström, Lotta, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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Girls’ Perspectives on Gendered Violence in Rural Sweden : Photovoice as a Method for Increased Knowledge and Social Change
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Qualitative Methods. - : SAGE Publications. - 1609-4069. ; 19
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research has shown for decades that gendered violence against girls and women is a major public health problem with devastating long-term health consequences for individuals and communities alike. Knowledge of gendered violence against girls and young women thus needs to be increased not only in urban, but also in rural areas, and from girls’ own perspectives. Research methods should also be developed that will facilitate the possibility of reaching policy makers, i.e. to reach those with the power to bring about social change. This study had two main goals. The first was to use photovoice as a methodology to gain increased knowledge about gendered violence against girls and young women in rural Sweden, while the second was to discuss the potential of reaching social change through photovoice as well as offer some critique. We worked with 35 adolescent girls enrolled in an upper secondary school in rural Sweden. Six workshops, which focused on (un)safety, different forms of violence, and the consequences of violence, were analyzed with an action-oriented approach and content analysis. The photovoice material also resulted in an exhibition that was used to reach policy makers. The findings show that the girls’ ability to control their own lives was limited and that a number of different situations in their everyday lives were related to a reduced sense of space and reduced sense of agency. The findings also highlight that the girls were constantly sexually harassed online, which created a feeling of being unable to escape. We argue that photovoice is suitable in mediating girls’ perspectives and in engaging and informing key policy makers, although the method alone cannot assure social change.
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| 7. |
- Brännström, Lotta, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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“You are so ugly, you whore”- girls in rural Sweden discuss and address gendered violence
- 2020
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In: International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2623 .- 1748-2631. ; 15:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Girls face gendered violence on an everyday basis, and this may have severe health consequences. Purpose: The aim of this study was to learn about gendered violence facing girls in rural Sweden in their everyday life, as it is experienced by the girls themselves. Method: Using the photovoice method, we worked with 35 girls in an upper secondary school, aged between 16 and 20, to explore how they navigated social spaces and developed strategies for increased safety. Results: Thematic analysis revealed two main themes (constant fear and strategies) and four sub themes (fear of being raped, fear of being labelled and excluded, being “appropriately” sexually active, and appearance and performance for increased feelings of safety). Conclusion: We considered how gendered violence facing girls led to fear and marginalization in a range of situations and interactions. Consequently, girls occupied significantly smaller social spaces compared to boys, and we argue that this was reproduced and upheld through everyday practices informed by hegemonic masculinity and performativity.
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| 8. |
- Carlberg Rindestig, Frida, et al.
(author)
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Experiences of online sexual violence : interviews with Swedish teenage girls in psychiatric care
- 2023
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In: Violence against Women. - : Sage Publications. - 1077-8012 .- 1552-8448.
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Research about online sexual violence (OSV) is needed to be able to better meet the needs of girls in psychiatric care. The objectives of this study are to explore experiences of online sexual violence among young female psychiatric service users. Interviews with nine girls with psychiatric care needs were analyzed with thematic analysis. The findings are summarized in four themes which contribute to the notion that online sexual violence is only one, albeit important, part of a more complex picture of violence among young girls in psychiatric care. The girls’ narratives are shaped by, as well as reproducing gender norms.
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| 9. |
- Dahlqvist, Heléne, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Co-occurrence of online and offline bullying and sexual harassment among youth in Sweden : Implications for studies on victimization and health - a short communication
- 2022
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In: International Journal of Circumpolar Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1239-9736 .- 2242-3982. ; 81:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studies of co-occurrence of online and offline victimisation of bullying and sexual harassment and its associations to mental health outcomes among youth are scarce. To inform future study designs, the aim of this brief communication was to map co-occurrence of online and offline bullying and sexual harassment victimisation among adolescents. Data were collected in 2011 in nine schools in Northern Sweden, n = 1193 (boys = 566; girls = 627). Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated to find combinations of victimisation: one, two, three, or four forms. Reflecting a picture of the early days of online victimisation, in total fifty seven percent (57%) of adolescents were victimised. Single occurrence victimisation was 21.2% (offline sexual harassment was most common irrespective of gender), showing that most youths were victimised in a co-occurrence of two or more forms. Seven percent (7%) were victimised by all four forms of victimisation. Offline sexual harassment victimisation was present in the most common co-occurrences. Directions for future studies of victimisation and its associations to mental health outcomes are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Dahlqvist, Heléne, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Cyber sexual harassment and cyber bullying victimization and associations with not feeling safe at school in Sweden
- 2023
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background: In a recent WHO report (1), it is stated that the “stranger danger” narrative when it comes to cyber perpetration needs to be toned down. It is more common for young people to be victimized by somebody they know such as friends, peers at school and relatives (2-4). The hypothesis is that many of the cyber perpetrators are peers at school, that means that perceived school safety is as a very important issue to address. Aim: To determine the association between cyber sexual harassment as well as cyber bullying victimization and not feeling safe in school as well as being afraid of other students at school among Swedish 15-year-olds.Mathods: January-April 2023, a survey addressing cyber sexual harassment and cyber bullying, was disseminated in a random sample of high schools (n =24/41) in the Northern part of Sweden. Participating students were in grade nine (15-year-olds). The sample consisted of 68 homerooms, and 1 501 students. Response rate was 80%, (N =1 213). Binary logistic regression models was used to determine the associations Adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic factors as well as perceived peer support were made. In addition, the models was adjusted for offline victimization.Results: There were no significant associations between online victimization and not feeling safe at school either gender. Low peer support seems to be an important factor for both boys and girls regarding not feeling safe at school. There were no significant associations among boys at all. Online and in-person bullying was associated with being afraid among girls. An additional analysis show that girls were mainly cyber bullied by an unknown person and a girl at school, while it was most common to be bullied in person by a girl at school and next most common by a boy at school.Conclusions: Peer support seems to be of importance for feeling safe at school. Facilitating and promoting good peer relations at school may increase feelings of being safe at school. Girls being victimized by cyber as well as in-person bullying showed an increased probability of being afraid of somebody at school. This somebody is likely to be a girl at school as the most common perpetrator was a girl at school. Future research should investigate how being afraid of somebody at school affects school attendance and academic achievement, including potential mediating factors such as poor mental health.
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| 11. |
- Dahlqvist, Heléne, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Mobile phone filmmaking in health promotion. Addressing problematic social media use in Swedish youth.
- 2022
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In: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X.
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Background: Digital media is an important part in the everyday lives of young people. However, hate, threats, and harassment on social media is becoming a global public mental health issue among youth. To promote mental health in this age group, this issue needs to be addressed, and community-based health promotion, in particular participatory interventions, are needed to make measures taken meaningful for youth. The aim of the study was twofold; to teach participatory mobile phone filmmaking to Youth Community Center (YCC) staff; and to investigate how they assess this method regarding feasibility, relevance, costs, resources needed, and time considerations. Methods: YCC staff participated in a two-day mobile phone filmmaking training. Group interviews that were recorded and transcribed verbatim were conducted and field notes were taken. Data was deductively analyzed in accordance with Elo and Kyngäs (2008).Results: YCC staff found the technology was easily accessible and the method needs limited extra resources. It has the potential to promote creativity and can be used as a means to involve young people in describing the issue in their own words, and to find a solution to the issue at hand. The method also has the potential to reach and engage the whole community as organizing a mobile phone film event is part of the process. Time consumption was not perceived as an issue, as staff is free to plan activities as they see fit.Conclusions: According to YCC staff, participatory mobile phone filmmaking has the potential to promote positive interactions on social media among youth. This in turn has the potential to promote wellbeing of young people. Recommendations are that this method is tested among young people and investigate if it is a helpful intervention to promote mental health in this age group.Main messages1. Participatory mobile phone filmmaking may be useful in youth mental health promotion.2. The method is cheap, easily accessible, and have the potential to involve the whole community.
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| 12. |
- Dahlqvist, Heléne, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Poly-victimization of Bullying, Sexual Harassment and Violence in Youth : A Latent Class Analysis
- 2019
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Introduction: Violence in a broad sense among youth is common and there is some evidence that there are groups of youth who are victims of more than one form of violence. More knowledge is needed in terms of patterning of subgroups of poly-victimization. The aim was to explore if there are distinct subgroups of youth with particular patterns of violence victimization.Method: Survey data from a Swedish sample (n = 1,569) of 14-16-year-olds were used (females 48.4%). Measures were physical violence, threat of physical violence, bullying, sexual harassment, and cyber bullying and harassment in the past six months as well as lifetime physical violence. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to identify subgroups of youth with particular violence victimization patterns. Model fit assessment was based on model parsimony, theoretical justification and fit indices criteria (the Akaike information criterion and the Bayesian information criterion).Result: A three-latent-class model was selected: 1. Poly-victims with high probabilities of being victimized by a multitude of different types of violence (girls 47.6%). 2. Overall low probabilities of violence victimization (girls 47.5%). 3. High probabilities of victimization of sexual harassment off- and online as well as bullying online (girls 65.6%).Discussion: Three distinct subgroups of violence victimization in youth was evident in the data. There was a greater representation of girls in the purely sexualized violence sub-group. Further research and preventive programs should acknowledge that young people who are victims of one type of violence are likely also to be victims of other types of violence.
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| 13. |
- Dahlqvist, Heléne, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Social media and the unsolicited dicpic - constructions of masculinities and femininities among youth
- 2021
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The use of social media is a central part of young people’s lives and problematic use, e.g., continuing usage despite evidence of harm is not uncommon. Social media offer young people opportunities to harness teenage discourses of social positioning. The dissemination of unsolicited images of the erect male sexual organ, or so called ‘dicpics’, is one way to engage in discursive practices that will position oneself within the context of power relations and enforcing of hegemonic masculinity. The specific aim of our study was to deepen the understanding of boys’ and girls’ experiences of unsolicited ‘dicpics’ and in particular how they construct masculinity and femininity in their understanding of senders and receivers of such images. Method: We conducted ten group interviews separated by gender (3-7 participants each) with Swedish 12-19 years old adolescents in 2019. The interviews took place at Youth Community Centers. The interviews lasted about 60 minutes and were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using latent thematic analysis. Findings: We found one main theme in the interviews; Setting the stage – performed masculinity and the negotiation of gendered social positions. The sender of the unsolicited ‘dicpic’ was a complex matter and was constructed in different ways generating five sub-themes. The construction of the receiving girl on the other hand, had less variation with two sub-themes. Conclusions: There seems to be a discursive gap in boys’ and girls’ understanding of the unsolicited ‘dicpic’. Girls seem to assume that there is some sort of romantic or sexual interest behind this behavior while boys also recognize this behavior as harassment. These findings can inform internet safety educators, legal guardians, and professionals working with young people. However, when addressing the phenomena of the unsolicited ‘dicpic’ it is important also to challenge mainstream constructions of masculinities and femininities.
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| 15. |
- Dahlström, Albin, et al.
(author)
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Do pupils who report a high degree of social and civic competence in class report less experiences of bullying and sexual harassment?
- 2023
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In order to prevent bullying and sexual harassment at school we have to focus more on the context where these conducts occur and less on individual behaviors. Earlier studies show that schools where pupils report a high degree of participation in the classroom have higher grades and less bulling than other schools and less discrimination in general as well as less psychosomatic symptoms. The definition of participation in this study is measured as aspects of social and civic objectives (Ahlström 2010). There is a need to develop interventions that not only can prevent bullying and sexual harassment IRL, but also different forms of online victimization. The overall aim is to analyze if pupils who report a high degree of participation also report a low degree of online and offline victimization.A web-based questionnaire will be distributed to about 20 schools during January-February 2023. With a calculated response rate of about 80%, the final sample will consist of about 1100 students in grade 9, representing half of the targeted population in a county in Northern Sweden. The questionnaire has a focus on mental health and includes a broad spectrum of online and offline bullying and harassment as well as sociodemographic and school-related variables. Participation is measured with the Social and Civic Objectives Scale (SCOS) constructed from the three dimensions democratic competence, co-operation and communication in the classroom. The results are expected to show that pupils who experience a high degree of participation at school also report a lower degree of online and offline bullying and sexual harassment compared with those who report a low degree of participation. The results in this study can inform schools about the possibilities to work for a positive psychosocial environment in the class and in the school through a pedagogy that not only increases the pupil’s social and civic competence but also decrease the level of different forms of bullying and harassment
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| 16. |
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Forum för genusvetenskap - en jubilar i vardande : Tillsammans och på eget håll
- 2022
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Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Mid Sweden University’s Forum for Gender Studies (FGV) is aninterdisciplinary and intercampus platform from which to initiate and coordinate gender studies at the university and beyond. This volume is ananniversary number that aims to mobilize and re-vitalize Forum for genderstudies future research strategy. It collects stories form the past, directionsfor the future and arguments for continued solidarity work. “Solidarityinvolves commitment, and work, as well as the recognition that even if wedo not have the same feelings, or the same lives, or the same bodies, we dolive on common ground.” (Sara Ahmed)
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| 19. |
- Gillander Gådin, Katja, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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Do schools normalise sexual harassment? An analysis of a legal case regarding sexual harassment in a Swedish high school
- 2019
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In: Gender and Education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0954-0253 .- 1360-0516. ; 31:7, s. 920-937
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sexual harassment has become so frequent and ubiquitous in schools that these behaviours have become normalised and expected. In order to prevent the re-enactment and perpetuation of this problem, it is important to explore processes that contribute to its existence. A high school sexual harassment lawsuit in Sweden is used as a case study to illustrate ways that might explain how sexual harassment is normalised at the organisational level. A thematic analysis has been used to identify themes and subthemes. The results show a multi-layered web of factors and practices related to sexual harassment at the organisational level in the school. In order to change a school’s culture from one where sexual harassment is normalised, multiple needs must be addressed: organisational weaknesses must be strengthened; adults enact their responsibility to change the situation; and awareness of the relationship between sexual harassment, gender, and power needs to be increased.
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| 20. |
- Gillander Gådin, Katja, 1960-
(author)
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Does the psychosocial school environment matter for health? : a study of pupils in Swedish compulsory school from a gender perspective
- 2002
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Despite the fast-growing evidence of the importance of the psychosocial work environment for the health of adults there is a lack of research about the possible health effects of the work environment among pupils, that is, their school environment. This is especially true for the psychosocial aspects of the pupils' school situation.The overall aim of this thesis was to analyse the importance of the psychosocial school environment for the health of pupils in Swedish compulsory school from a gender perspective.Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used. A cluster sampling technique was used in order to select six different schools in three medium- sized industrial towns in the north of Sweden. The schools were chosen to represent different socio-economic areas. A three-year prospective study was started in 1994, including a cohort of 533 pupils (261 girls, 272 boys) in grade three and grade six. With age-adjusted questionnaires self-perceived health and psychosocial school environmental factors were measured at the baseline study as well as three years later. The total non-response rate was 0.9%.For the qualitative study, two classes (one from grade 2 and one from 5) were selected and followed with focus group interviews once a year for five years. Twenty-nine single-sex focus group interviews were conducted with themes such as: What they feel good and bad about at school; Strategies for enhanced well-being; What it means to have influence at school.High control in combination with low demands in the school situation was associated with the best health and feelings of self-worth. Multiple regression analyses showed that problems in relations with classmates was the most recurrent psychosocial factor at school pardy explaining ill healthdevelopment and decreased self-worth. Girls had a more negative ill health development than boys between grades six and nine. A study of factors associated with ill health in grade nine showed that sexual harassment among girls and lack of classmate support among both boys and girls were significant risk factors for a high degree of psychological symptoms. Generally, social background factors were less important for pupils' health in this study than the psychosocial environment at school.The best predictors for health behaviour among boys and girls in grade nine were factors related to earlier health/health behaviour. The results also indicated that school-related factors could predict future health behaviour, especially in relation to low physical activity among girls.The qualitative study showed that the girls used 'alliance-building' and 'resistance', in order to increase their power, while 'responsibility-taking' and 'withdrawal' could mean maintained subordination. The boys used mastering techniques (various types of abuse, claiming to be the norm, acting-out behavior, blaming the girls, choosing boys only) to maintain their dominance. The girls' active actions for increased power could be of significant importance for their health. An interpretation of the boys' mastering techniques was that the boys' health would benefit if they gave up striving for power over others.Thus, the psychosocial school environment in regard of demand, control, classmate relations and sexual harassment seemed to matter for pupil's health. School health promotion need to be more gender sensitive, through increasing the awareness of the gender regimes at school and addressing the asymmetric and gendered distribution of power between pupils. Democratic strategies for increased power among pupils in subordinate positions should be encouraged and methods need to be developed in order to encourage health promoting femininities and masculinities at school.
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| 23. |
- Gillander Gådin, Katja, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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Is gender equality an explicit issue in Swedish high schools? Results from a photovoice study with girls in a vocational program
- 2017
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is a contradictory picture of Swedish girls; they are talked about as academically successful and winner at the labor market, but at the same time stressed out, have low self-esteem and high as well as increasing mental health problems. The discourse as well as the gender equality politics are (Everyone sort of know) that Sweden is a gender equal society where women and men can both work and have children, take part in society and where there is (supposed to be) freedom from men’s violence against women. This is true for some girls and women, but to fully understand the challenges and possibilities to work for a gender equal society we have to add an intersectional perspective, including several different power orders. This study will focus on high school girls in a vocational program (proxy for working class) who are invited to participate because of their lack of academic success, low self-esteem and lack of belief in the future. They are participants in a photovoice study aiming at wellbeing, academic success, safety and a positive view of the future. Their suggestions for change will guide an analysis of the high school’s role in creating a gender equality supportive environment in line with the Swedish gender equality discourse.
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| 26. |
- Gillander Gådin, Katja, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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School health promotion to increase empowerment, gender equality and pupil participation : A focus group study of a Swedish elementary school initiative
- 2013
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. - : Routledge. - 0031-3831 .- 1470-1170. ; 57:1, s. 54-70
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A school health promotion project was carried out in an elementary school in Sweden where active participation, gender equality, and empowerment were leading principles. The objective of the study was to understand challenges and to identify social processes of importance for such a project. Focus group interviews were conducted with 6 single-sex groups (7–12 year olds) in grade 1–2, grade 3–4, and grade 5–6 on 2 occasions. The analysis used a grounded theory approach. The analysis identified the core category “normalization processes of violence and harassment.” It is argued that school health promotion initiatives need to be aware of normalization processes of violence and, which may be counter-productive to the increase of empowerment and participation among all pupils.
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| 28. |
- Gillander Gådin, Katja, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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Ungas psykiska hälsa och utsatthet för våld och trakasserier : Rapport från en enkätstudie till elever i årskurs nio i Västernorrland
- 2024
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Reports (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Psykisk ohälsa bland unga är ett av våra stora folkhälsoproblem och även om vi vet en del om orsakerna saknas fortfarande kunskap om betydelsefulla faktorer. Det gäller särskilt det som handlar om utsatthet för våld och trakasserier. En stor del av ungdomars vardag finns i den digitala miljön ochvi behöver därför mer kunskap om vad ungdomar utsätts för där, men även om andra former av våld. Det övergripande syftet med studien är att få fördjupad kunskap om risk och skyddsfaktorer kopplat till elevers psykiska hälsa och ohälsa, med särskilt fokus på utsatthet för olika former och kombinationer av våld och trakasserier. Drygt hälften (24 av 41) av alla skolor med elever i årskurs nio i Västernorrland har ingått i studien. Resultaten i rapporten grundar sig på enkätsvar från 1211 elever. Det motsvarar en svarsfrekvens på 81 procent. Enkäten innehåller frågor om psykisk hälsa, ohälsa och oro, olika former av våld och trakasserier samt en mängd olika frågor om elevernas psykosociala arbetsmiljö i skolan.Psykisk hälsa, ohälsa och oroResultaten visar att många elever har psykosomatiska besvär, depressiva symtom, skadar sig själva och är oroliga för globala problem, problem kopplade till ekonomi, arbete och utbildning samt att utsättas för våld och trakasserier, särskilt sexuellt våld. Det är stora skillnader mellan hur tjejer och killar har svarat, där tjejerna genomgående har mer psykosomatiska besvär, depressiva symtom, skadar sig själva och är oroliga jämfört med killarna. När det gäller de positivt formulerade frågorna är det framförallt killar som svarat att de ofta är glada, lugna, energiska, utvilade när de vaknar och tycker att vardagslivet är fyllt av sådant som intresserar dem. Killar är också mer positiva till sin kropp och sitt utseende jämfört med tjejer.Sexuella trakasserier onlineResultaten från frågorna om våld och trakasserier visar att sexualiserade former av trakasserier online är vanligt och att det drabbar tjejer i långt högre utsträckning än killar. Exempelvis har drygt hälften av alla tjejer fått en dickpic det senaste halvåret och drygt hälften har blivit utsatta för att någon har bett om att få bilder eller videoklipp med naket eller sexualiserat innehåll, mot deras vilja. Motsvarande siffror för killarna är sex respektive tolv procent.Mobbning onlineFrågorna om utsatthet online som inte är sexualiserade (mobbning online) visar att det är många elever som är utsatta för att någon har skrivit något elakt eller sårande till eller om dem och att någon har spridit rykten eller skvaller om dem på ett elakt eller sårande sätt. Även mobbning online drabbar tjejer i högre utsträckning än killar. Undantag är frågan om någon har hotat dem, som drabbat var fjärde elev och frågan om de råkat ut för att någon har kapat deras konto i syfte att vara elak eller såra dem, som sju procent av eleverna svarade att de har utsatts för en eller flera gånger under de senaste sex månaderna.Sexuella trakasserier IRLNär det gäller sexualiserade former av trakasserier i den fysiska världen, InReal Life (IRL), delas de in i fysiska sexuella trakasserier och verbala/ickeverbala trakasserier, som skett under de senaste sex månaderna. Exempel på utsatthet för fysiska sexuella trakasserier är att bli tafsad på (tjejer 27procent, killar 7 procent) och att någon har försökt kyssa eller krama dem mot sin vilja (tjejer 27 procent, killar 13 procent). För tjejerna handlar de verbala och icke-verbala trakasserier till exempel om att nästan hälften blivit kallade för hora, fitta eller andra könsord under de senaste sex månaderna, att någon har gett dem kommentarer, skämtat eller gestikulerat på ett sexuellt vis mot deras vilja (41 procent) och att någon har tittat på dem på ett sexuellt vis (40 procent). För killarna handlar det framför allt om att de blivit kallade för könsord (29 procent) och kallade för bög (28 procent), mot sin vilja.Mobbning IRLFrågorna om utsatthet för kränkande beteende som inte är sexualiserat (mobbning IRL) visar t.ex. att drygt hälften av tjejerna har blivit retade eller kallade saker som de tyckte var elakt och/eller sårande, jämfört med var tredje kille under de senaste sex månaderna. Drygt hälften av tjejerna har upplevt att de har blivit lämnade utanför en grupp eller ignorerade på ett sätt som de upplevde som elakt och/eller sårande, jämfört med var femte kille. En något högre andel av tjejerna har blivit slagna, sparkade, knuffade, klösta, skurna, dragna i håret eller kraftigt skakade av någon/några jämfört med killarna (23 respektive 18 procent). Det är en signifikant skillnad på utsatthet för mobbning IRL mellan tjejer och killar för alla frågorna som ställdes utom de två sista. Var femte elev svarade att de har blivit hotad och ungefär var fjärde elev har fått saker förstörda, skadade eller stulna, minst en gång under det senaste halvåret.Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryckFrågorna som kan belysa utsatthet för hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck visar att fem procent av tjejerna och tre procent av killarna inte får ha en flickvän/pojkvän om de vill och att sex procent av tjejerna och fyra procent av killarna uppgav att de behöver hålla koll på vad en familjemedlem eller annan släkting gör eller har för kompisar.Våld i ungas parrelationerVåld i ungas parrelationer är ett område som inte uppmärksammats i särskilt hög grad i Sverige, särskilt inte bland elever i grundskolan. Nästan hälften av tjejerna och killarna i studien har haft en romantisk eller sexuell relation som varat längre än en vecka sedan de började i årskurs sju. Både tjejer och killar har blivit utsatta för kontroll, hot, kränkningar, sexuellt våld och fysiskt våld av en partner, men tjejerna har blivit det i högre utsträckning än killarna. Exempelvis har var tredje tjej som varit i en relation blivit tvingade till att göra något sexuellt som de inte ville och var tredje tjej svarade att de har gått med på något sexuellt, fast de inte ville. Motsvarande siffror för killarna är tolv respektive sju procent. Var sjunde tjej och var tolfte kille som haft en romantisk eller sexuell relation sedan årskurs sju svarade att deras partner varit våldsam mot dem.Att utsätta andra för våld och trakasserierFrågorna om vad eleverna har utsatt andra för visade att ytterst få svarade att de utsatt någon annan för de sexualiserade formerna. Det är inte fler elever som är utsatta för kränkande beteende (mobbning) jämfört med desexualiserade formerna, men det verkar vara lättare att rapportera att man utsatt någon för mobbning än sexuella trakasserier, särskilt de som sker IRL. Knappt var fjärde elev svarade att de har retat eller kallat någon för saker på ett elakt eller sårande sätt. Tjejer svarade i högre grad än killar att de spridit rykten eller skvaller om någon samt att de lämnat någon utanför eller ignorerat någon på ett elakt eller sårande sätt. Killar har i högre grad än tjejer varit våldsamma mot någon, hotat någon eller förstört, skadat eller stulit någon annans saker. När de som blivit utsatta själva svarar av vem eller vilka de blivit utsatta framgår det att både tjejer och killar främst är utsatta av andra killar (på den egna skolan, från en annan skola, okänd kille), men också till viss del av tjejer (på den egna skolan), särskilt när det handlar om mobbning IRL. Möjligheten att alltid veta av vem man blir utsatt av online försvåras eftersom det finns möjlighet att vara anonym. Tjejer utgår i högre utsträckning än killar från att en del av de okända personer som utsätter dem online är vuxna.Samband mellan våld, trakasserier och ohälsaDe som rapporterar att de varit utsatta för olika former av trakasserier rapporterar också mer ohälsa. Ju fler former av trakasserier eleverna har varit utsatta för desto högre är sannolikheten att de också rapporterar psykosomatiska besvär. Detsamma gäller depressiva symtom och självskadebeteende. Ju fler former av utsatthet för trakasserier desto högre sannolikhet att de också rapporterat att de har skadat sig själva en eller flera gånger. Tjejer är i högre utsträckning utsatta för flera olika former av våld och trakasserier, så kallat multiutsatta, jämfört med killar.Tid på sociala medier och online-spel och skärmtidEn stor del av ungdomars vardag sker på sociala medier idag. Killar ägnar sig åt online-spel i högre utsträckning än tjejer, men nästan en tredjedel av killarna använder sociala medier mer än fyra timmar på vardagar; motsvarande för tjejerna är 58 procent. Enligt eleverna är det få vars föräldrar har regler kring skärmtid (sex procent). Även om många elever som har föräldrar som följer dem på minst ett av deras konton har nästan var tredje elev ett konto som ingen förälder känner till. Ungefär hälften av eleverna har föräldrar som pratat med dem om trygghet online, något fler tjejer än killar.Titta på porrÄven om det finns både tjejer och killar som konsumerar porr är det framförallt killar som gör det. Drygt var tredje kille svarade att de tittat på porr en gång i veckan eller oftare det senaste halvåret. Många av de som tittat på porr gjorde det första gången när de var 12 år eller yngre.SkolfrånvaroAtt vara hemma från skolan utan att vara sjuk kan ha många olika orsaker, men vi ville veta om utsatthet för våld och trakasserier är relaterat till att stanna hemma. Nästan var femte tjej svarade att de har stannat hemma från skolan utan att vara sjuka en dag i veckan eller oftare det senaste halvåret. De tjejer som stannat hemma ofta har i högre grad varit utsatta för våld och trakasserier jämfört med övriga tjejer. Få killar svarade att de har stannat hemma från skolan utan att vara sjuka.Socialt st
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| 29. |
- Gillander Gådin, Katja, 1960-, et al.
(author)
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Young students as participants in school health promotion: an intervention study in a Swedish elementary school
- 2009
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In: International Journal of Circumpolar Health. - 1239-9736 .- 2242-3982. ; 68:5, s. 498-507
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives. The aim was to analyse if young students could be substantive participants in a healthpromoting school project. The specific aims were to analyse the changes the students proposed in their school environment, how these changes were prioritized by a school health committee and to discuss the students' proposals and the changes from a health and gender perspective. Study design. An intervention project was carried out in an elementary school with students (about 150) in Grades 1 through 6. The intervention included small-group discussions about health promoting factors, following a health education model referred to as "It's your decision." At the last of 6 discussions, the students made suggestions for health-promoting changes in their school environment. A health committee was established with students and staff for the purpose of initiating changes based on the proposals. Methods. A content analysis was used to analyse the proposals and the protocols developed by the health committee. Results. The analysis showed 6 categories of the students' proposals: social climate, influence on schoolwork, structure and orderliness, security, physical environment and food for well-being. Their priorities corresponded to the students' categories, but had an additional category regarding health education. Conclusions. Principles that guide promoting good health in schools can be put into action among students as young as those in Grades 1 through 6. Future challenges include how to convey experiences and knowledge to other schools and how to evaluate if inequalities in health because of gender, class and ethnicity can be reduced through the focus on empowerment and participation.
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| 30. |
- Hagqvist, Emma, 1980-, et al.
(author)
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Parental leave policies and time use for mothers and fathers : A case study of Spain and Sweden
- 2017
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In: Society, health and vulnerability. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2002-1518. ; 8:1, s. 2-12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- States play an important role in gender equality through policy structuring. In this case study, the aim is to explore whether changes in parental leave policies over two decades trickle down to changes in gendered time use in two polarised countries: Sweden and Spain, represented by the Basque Country. Sweden represents dual-earner countries with high relative gender equality, whereas Spain represents a south European policy model supporting a breadwinning/homemaker ideal. The results show that changes in the gendered time use among mothers and fathers in both countries are associated with changes in parental leave policies. Changes in policies directed towards increasing gender equality reduce the gender gap in time use among mothers and fathers and seem to increase gender equality within a country. From these results, the conclusion is that parental leave policies that are structured to promote or enable gender equality could reduce the gender time gap in work among mothers and fathers.
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| 31. |
- Hermansson, Jonas, et al.
(author)
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Interaction between Shift Work and Established Coronary Risk Factors
- 2019
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In: International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : IJOEM. - 2008-6520 .- 2008-6814. ; 10:2, s. 57-65
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Shift work is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but the causes have not yet been fully established. It has been proposed that the coronary risk factors are more hazardous for shift workers, resulting in a potential interaction effect with shift work.OBJECTIVE: To analyse interaction effects of work schedule and established risk factors for coronary artery disease on the risk of myocardial infarction.METHODS: This analysis was conducted in SHEEP/VHEEP, a case-control study conducted in two counties in Sweden, comprising all first-time cases of myocardial infarction among men and women 45-70 years of age with controls stratified by sex, age, and hospital catchment area, totalling to 4648 participants. Synergy index (SI) was used as the main outcome analysis method for interaction analysis.RESULTS: There was an interaction effect between shift work and physical inactivity on the risk of myocardial infarction with SI of 2.05 (95% CI 1.07 to 3.92) for male shift workers. For female shift workers, interaction effects were found with high waist-hip ratio (SI 4.0, 95% CI 1.12 to 14.28) and elevated triglycerides (SI 5.69, 95% CI 1.67 to 19.38).CONCLUSION: Shift work and some established coronary risk factors have significant interactions.
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| 32. |
- Hermansson, J., et al.
(author)
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Shift work, parental cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in males
- 2018
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In: Occupational Medicine. - : Oxford University Press. - 0962-7480 .- 1471-8405. ; 68:2, s. 120-125
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background Shift work has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, there is a need for more studies to determine whether there is an interaction between shift work and other risk factors of CVD, thereby increasing the risk of CVD in shift workers. Aims To discern whether shift work and parental mortality from myocardial infarction (MI) or sudden cardiac death (SCD) interact to increase the risk of MI in men. Methods A case-control dataset was used to assess interaction between shift work and parental history of CVD, using death from MI or SCD, or death before age 65, on an additive scale. Results were reported as relative excess risk due to interaction, attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and synergy index (SI). Results There was an interaction between shift work and paternal mortality from MI or SCD, when both factors were present [SI = 2.39; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02. 5.6 and AP = 0.4; 95% CI 0.08. 0.73]. Conclusions Paternal mortality from MI or SCD interacts with shift work to increase the risk of MI in men.
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| 33. |
- Landstedt, Evelina, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Deliberate self-harm and associated factors in 17-year-old Swedish students
- 2011
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 39:1, s. 17-25
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) in young people is an important public health issue. To prevent DSH, more knowledge is needed about its prevalence and associated contextual factors in community samples of adolescents. Aims: To determine the prevalence of deliberate self-harm in 17-year-old Swedish students and to explore the association of demographic variables, psychological distress, experiences of violence, and school-related factors with DSH. Methods: Data were derived from a cross-sectional study in which 17-year-old students completed questionnaires during school hours (n=1,663; 78.3%). The variables used in this analysis are as follows: deliberate self-harm, demographic variables, psychological distress, experiences of violence, and school-related factors. Data were analysed using chi-squared statistics and logistic regression. Results: The lifetime prevalence of DSH was 17%, and it was more common among girls (23.3%) than boys (10.5%). There were considerable socioeconomic differences in reports of DSH. Psychological distress was strongly associated with DSH in both boys and girls, as were experiences of bullying, sexual harassment, physical violence and sexual assault. Social support, safety and academic factors in school were related to reports of DSH in both girls and boys. There were some gender differences with respect to which factors were associated with DSH. Conclusions: Deliberate self-harm is common and more frequently reported by girls than boys. Psychological distress, experiences of different types of violence, and school-related factors (academic, social and safety-related), should be considered risk factors for DSH in young people. Findings can be applied to health-promotion policy and interventions in various contexts, for example schools.
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| 34. |
- Landstedt, Evelina, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Experiences of violence among adolescents: gender patterns in types, perpetrators and associated psychological distress
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 1661-8556 .- 1661-8564. ; 56:4, s. 419-427
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: To explore the psychological distress associations of experiences of several types of violence and the victim-perpetrator relationship of physical violence, a gender analysis was applied. Methods: Data were derived from a cross-sectional questionnaire study among 17-year-old upper secondary school students (N = 1,663). Variables in focus were: self-reported psychological distress, experiences of physical violence, sexual assault, bullying and sexual harassment. Logistic regressions were used to examine associations. Results: Experiences of physical violence, sexual assault, bullying and sexual harassment were associated with psychological distress in boys and girls. The perpetrators of physical violence were predominately males. Whether the perpetrator was unknown or known to the victim seem to be linked to psychological distress. Victimisation by a boyfriend was strongly related to psychological distress among girls. Conclusions: Experiences of several types of violence should be highlighted as factors associated with mental health problems in adolescents. The victim-perpetrator relationships of violence are gendered and likely influence the psychological distress association. Gendered hierarchies and norms likely influence the extent to which adolescents experience violence and how they respond to it in terms of psychological distress.
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| 35. |
- Landstedt, Evelina, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Seventeen and Stressed : Do Gender and Class Matter?
- 2012
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In: Health Sociology Review. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1446-1242 .- 1839-3551. ; 21:1, s. 82-98
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite increasing concerns about stress levels in adolescents, knowledge is scarce about what boys and girls from different social backgrounds find stressful. This cross-sectional study explored gender and class patterning of perceived stress and reported stressors in a sample of 1,663 17-year-old Swedish students. The students, especially girls, were highly stressed. No class difference (indicated by educational programme) was found. Performance-related stressors (e.g. school work) and stress due to pressure on looks was mainly patterned by gender (girls), whilst relational stressors were patterned by class (vocational programme students). There was a complex gender and class patterning of stress due to school work and lack of money. The interplay of gender and class inequalities should be acknowledged in identifying determinants of stress in young people. Challenging normative ideals and implementing policies aiming at reducing gender and class inequalities are central components for stress-reducing interventions in, for example, schools.
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| 36. |
- Landstedt, Evelina, et al.
(author)
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Understanding adolescent mental health: the influence of social processes, doing gender and gendered power relations
- 2009
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In: Sociology of Health and Illness. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0141-9889 .- 1467-9566. ; 31:7, s. 962-978
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Despite a well-documented gender pattern in adolescent mental health, research investigating possible explanatory factors from a gender-theoretical approach is scarce. This paper reports a grounded theory study based on 29 focus groups. The aim was to explore 16- to 19-year-old students' perceptions of what is significant for mental health, and to apply a gender analysis to the findings in order to advance understanding of the gender pattern in adolescent mental health. Significant factors were identified in three social processes categories, including both positive and negative aspects: (1) social interactions, (2) performance and (3) responsibility. Girls more often experienced negative aspects of these processes, placing them at greater risk for mental health problems. Boys' more positive mental health appeared to be associated with their low degree of responsibility-taking and beneficial positions relative to girls. Negotiating cultural norms of femininity and masculinity seemed to be more strenuous for girls, which could place them at a disadvantage with regard to mental health. Social factors and processes (particularly responsibility), gendered power relations and constructions of masculinities and femininities should be acknowledged as important for adolescent mental health.
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| 37. |
- Mathur Gaiha, Shivani, et al.
(author)
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‘No time for health’ : Exploring couples’ health promotion in Indian slums
- 2020
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In: Health Promotion International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0957-4824 .- 1460-2245. ; 35:1, s. 70-81
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Joint involvement of couples is an effective strategy to increase contraceptive use and improve reproductive health of women. However, engaging couples to understand how their gender attitudes affect their personal and family health is an idea in search of practice. This mixed-methods study explores opportunities and barriers to couples' participation in health promotion in three slums of Delhi. For each couple, surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with husbands and wives individually to contrast self and spousal work, time, interest in health, sources of information related to health and depth of knowledge (n = 62). Urban poverty forces men to work long hours and women to enter part-time work in the informal sector. Paid work induces lack of availability at home, lack of interest in health information and in performing household chores and a self-perception of being healthy among men. These factors inhibit men's' participation in community-based health promotion activities. Women's unpaid work in the household remains unnoticed. Women were expected to be interested in and to make time to attend community-based health-related activities. Men recalled significantly less sources of health information than their spouse. Men and their wives showed similar depth of health-related knowledge, likely due to their spousal communication, with women acting as gatekeepers. Health promotion planners must recognize time constraints, reliance on informal interpersonal communication as a source of health information and the need to portray positive masculinities that address asymmetric gender relations. Innovative, continuous and collaborative approaches may support couples to proactively care about health in low-resource settings.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Randell, Eva, 1960-
(author)
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Adolescent boys’ health : managing emotions, masculinities and subjective social status
- 2016
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The health of adolescent boys is complex and surprisingly little is known about how adolescent boys perceive, conceptualise and experience their health. Thus, the overall aim of this thesis was to explore adolescent boys’ perceptions and experiences of health, emotions, masculinity and subjective social status (SSS).This thesis consists of a qualitative, a quantitative and a mixed methods study. The qualitative study aimed to explore how adolescent boys understand the concept of health and what they find important for its achievement. Furthermore, the adolescent boys’ views of masculinity, emotion management and their potential effects on wellbeing were explored. For this purpose, individual interviews were conducted with 33 adolescent boys aged 16-17 years. The quantitative study aimed to investigate the associations between pride, shame and health in adolescence. Data were collected through a cross-sectional postal survey with 705 adolescents. The purpose of the mixed methods study was to investigate associations between SSS in school, socioeconomic status (SES) and self-rated health (SRH), and to explore the concept of SSS in school. Cross-sectional data were combined with interview data in which the meaning of SSS was further explored. Individual interviews with 35 adolescents aged 17-18 years were conducted.In the qualitative study, data were analysed using Grounded Theory. In the quantitative study, statistical analyses (e.g., chi-square test and uni- and multivariable logistic regression analyses) were performed. In the mixed method study, a combination of statistical analyses and thematic network analysis was applied.The results showed that there was a complexity in how the adolescent boys viewed, experienced, dealt with and valued health. On a conceptual level, they perceived health as holistic but when dealing with difficult emotions, they were prone to separate the body from the mind. Thus, the adolescent boys experienced a difference between health as a concept and health as an experience (paper I). Concerning emotional orientation in masculinity, two main categories of masculine conceptions were identified: a gender-normative masculinity and a non-gender-normative masculinity (paper II). Gender-normative masculinity comprised two seemingly opposite emotional masculinity orientations, one towards toughness and the other towards sensitivity, both of which were highly influenced by contextual and situational group norms and demands, despite that their expressions are in contrast to each other. Non-gender-normative masculinity included an orientation towards sincerity, emphasising the personal values of the boys. Emotions were expressed more independently of peer group norms. The findings suggest that different masculinities and the expression of emotions are intricately intertwined and that managing emotions is vital for wellbeing. The present findings also showed that both shame and pride were significantly associated with SRH, and furthermore, that there seems to be a protective effect of experiencing pride for health (paper III). The results also demonstrated that SSS is strongly related to SRH, and high SRH is related to high SSS, and further that the positioning was done in a gendered space (paper IV).Results from all studies suggest that the emotional and relational aspects, as well as perceived SSS, were strongly related to SRH. Positive emotions, trustful relationships and having a sense of belonging were important factors for health and pride was an important emotion protecting health. Physical health, on the other hand, had a more subordinated value, but the body was experienced as an important tool to achieve health. Even though health was mainly perceived in a holistic manner by the boys, there were boys who were prone to dichotomise the health experience into a mind-body dualism when having to deal with difficult emotions.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrates that young, masculine health is largely experienced through emotions and relationships between individuals and their contexts affected by gendered practices. Health is to feel and function well in mind and body and to have trusting relationships. The results support theories on health as a social construction of interconnected processes. Having confidence in self-esteem, access to trustful relationships and the courage to resist traditional masculine norms while still reinforcing and maintaining social status are all conducive to good health. Researchers as well as professionals need to consider the complexity of adolescent boys’ health in which norms, values, relationships and gender form its social determinants. Those working with young boys should encourage them to integrate physical, social and emotional aspects of health into an interconnected and holistic experience.
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| 40. |
- Svensson, Åsa, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Energy drink consumption predicts norm-breaking behavior in Swedish adolescents
- 2018
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In: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 28, s. 331-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The health impact of adolescents’ consumption of energy drinks (ED) has been studied; however, previous research mainly used cross-sectional data. The aim of the present study was to describe the consumption of ED in a sample of Swedish adolescents in relation to self-reported health, support and norm-breaking behavior, and to investigate the longitudinal associations between ED consumption and norm-breaking behavior.Methods: The study was carried out in a municipality in The North of Sweden in 2010-2011 and includes data from 1622 adolescents in grades 6-9 who completed a questionnaire in school. Frequency of ED consumption (never vs. ever) was calculated, and chi-square test and logistic regression were used to compare ED consumption with self-reported health, support and norm-breaking behavior (i.e., truancy, staying home from school to play computer games, the use of alcohol and tobacco, and not eating breakfast or lunch every school day).Results: Preliminary results showed that boys consumed ED more frequently than girls: 74% of boys and 54% of girls reported to ever consume ED (P < 0.001). Frequency of ED consumption was associated with several variables related to self-reported low health, low support, and norm-breaking behavior. The associations were generally stronger among girls. Furthermore, ED consumption was a predictor of norm-breaking behavior one year later, except for not eating lunch every school day and the use of alcohol (for boys). Adjusted OR ranged from 2.02 (95% CI: 1.31, 3.10) (not eating breakfast every school day) to 4.98 (95% CI: 2.34, 10.63) (staying home from school to play computer games).Conclusions: In this study, adolescents’ consumption of ED was associated with several undesirable conditions and behaviors. ED consumption may thus be an important target for health promotion in young people, especially since it can predict norm-breaking behavior later on.Key messages: Adolescents who consume ED are more likely to engage in norm-breaking behavior compared to those who never consume ED, concurrently as well as a year later. The associations between ED consumption and undesirable behaviors and conditions were stronger for girls than boys, suggesting that the relatively smaller group of girls who use ED is more vulnerable.
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| 41. |
- Svensson, Åsa, 1981-, et al.
(author)
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Longitudinal Associations Between Energy Drink Consumption, Health, and Norm-Breaking Behavior Among Swedish Adolescents
- 2021
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In: Frontiers In Public Health. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-2565. ; 9
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: To describe the intake of energy drinks (EDs) among a sample ofSwedish adolescents while considering health-related variables, and to investigate thelongitudinal associations between ED consumption, health, and norm-breaking behavior.Longitudinal studies on this topic are scarce.Methods: Questionnaire data were collected in the northern part of Sweden in2010–2011 from 1,622 adolescents in grades 6–9. Analyses were performed using achi-squared test and logistic regression.Results: Seventy-four percent of the boys and 54% of the girls had consumed EDs(P < 0.001). ED consumption was associated with variables related to low health, lowsupport levels, and norm-breaking behavior. The associations were generally strongeramong the girls and the boys who consumed EDs at least once a week. ED consumptionwas a predictor of worse health and norm-breaking behavior 1 year later. Adjusted oddsratios ranged from 1.53 (95% CI: 1.07, 2.20; school-related stress) to 4.88 (95% CI: 2.28,10.43; gaming-related truancy).Conclusions: Health promotion activities benefit from a broad approach but could focuson girls who consume EDs and those boys with the highest consumption levels.
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| 42. |
- Warne, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Challenges and possibilities with participatory visual research methods in health promotion
- 2018
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In: 10th IUHPE European Conference and International Forum for Health Promotion Research. - Trondheim. - 9788293158424 - 9788293158431
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of this workshop is to discuss pros andcons using participatory visual methods in health promotion research. The interest of visual research is growing and it is time to look more critical to this increasingly popular research focus. The first part of the session, we shortly introduce visual methods in health promotion by giving examples and experiences from our research. In the second part of the session, we will discuss experiences and reflections about, e.g. vulnerable groups, power relations, ethical problems and the use of photographs together with the participants. The goals for the session are to expand the dialogue about the need for high ethical standards when using visual methods in health promotion research, to share experiences and to create contact between researchers within this field.There is growing body of research about visual methods in health promotion and the presenting researchers have, together and separately, used participatory visual methods for data collection and participatory action research. The authors have all experience with the PhotoVoice method, developed by Wang and Burris in the late 90th, as well as other visual methods, like cell philms and drawings and participatory research. Examples from different research projects are; non verbal language of drawings and photographs in participatory visual methods when aiming at understanding children’s life worlds, young girls' experiences of daily life at school and girls' views of sexual harassment. However alongside the many opportunities there are equal number of challenges when using nonverbal arts-based research methods in order to go beyond the limits of language to capture the meaning of lived experience in a multimodal and holistic way.
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| 43. |
- Warne, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Challenges when Photovoice is used as a research method in the school setting
- 2019
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- There is growing body of research about visual methods in health promotion. Photovoice (PV), a community based participatory research method, is one of these methods that being used more and more frequently in health promotion (HP) interventions and research with young people. The aim of PV is to increase empowerment and participation among vulnerable groups. PV is often used together with so-called at-risk youth in after- school settings, more seldom in the school setting, as a part of the curriculum, with youth with varied background. The purpose of this study was to highlight dilemmas and discuss challenges when photovoice was used in the school setting as a part of the curriculum. The participants were girls and school staff at a vocational program in an upper secondary school in the Northern part of Sweden. A thematic content analysis was used to analyse data from observations, student workshops, focus groups and face-to face interviews with school staff, with focus on the PV method. The result is on progress but shows challenges that needs to be handled: hierarchies limiting the dialogue, the slow pace of the process creates frustration, and finally the method is likely to reinforce previous mistrust against adults when the participants' proposals are not implemented. The conclusions is that scholars using photovoice as a research method at school need to be aware of challenges when they use PV.
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| 44. |
- Warne, Maria, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Participation and support – associations with Swedish pupils’ positive health
- 2017
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In: International Journal of Circumpolar Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1239-9736 .- 2242-3982. ; 76:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- From the perspective of salutogenesis, schools have opportunities to create supportive environments for health and well-being, but there is a need for more knowledge about positive health determinants in the school setting. The aim of this study was to analyse adolescents’ self-reported positive health and its association with supportive factors in the school environment. Data was derived from a cross-sectional study in which pupils were aged 12–16 (n=1527). A positive health scale was used to examine the association of positive health with the following determinants: classroom participation; teacher support; peer support; parental support; and personal relative affluence. Data was analysed with multiple logistic regression. The results showed that positive health was associated with classroom participation and support from teachers and parents more commonly among boys than girls. All determinants were significantly associated with pupils’ positive health. The conclusion is that students’ positive health is strongly associated with support from the school. Classroom participation and support are major concerns for the health of pupils, and it is essential to develop these aspects of the school environment.
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| 45. |
- Yasmin, Masuma, et al.
(author)
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Prevalence and correlates of domestic violence against ever married women of reproductive age in India : changes during 2005-2015
- 2022
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In: Journal of Injury and Violence Research. - 2008-2053 .- 2008-4072. ; 14:3, s. 153-164
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The present study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rate of domestic violence against women and examine the socio-demographic status of the victims of domestic violence in India. The study also examined the differences in the prevalence of emotional, physical, and sexual violence against ever-married women over ten years (2005 - 2015) in all member states in India.Methods: The study used secondary data from NFHS-3 (2005-06) and NFHS-4 (2015-16). Cross-tabulation and multivariate analyses were performed. IBM SPSS V25 was used for data analysis. Results: The prevalence of domestic violence against married women in India in 2015 was as follows: emotional violence, 13%; physical violence, 28%; and sexual violence, 7%. Rajasthan achieved the highest decline in the prevalence of domestic violence against women over the last ten years since 2005. In addition, younger age, urban residence, lower level of education and lower socioeconomic status were essential predictors of domestic violence. Conclusions: There should be an improvement in female education, awareness generation regarding their rights, and better social support to reduce the prevalence of violence against women. In addition, engaging men in the fight against domestic violence could bring positive results.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Zampoukos, Kristina, 1973-, et al.
(author)
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We don’t wear uniforms but private clothing, to enhance the fact that we too are human beings : Strategies to counteract, avoid and cope with harassment and threats of violence in the hospitality workplace
- 2020
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Existing research suggests that sexual harassment, threats and violence are perceived as normal features and as ‘part of the job’ by hospitality workers (Guerrier & Adib, 2000; Poulston, 2008). Several studies indicate that strategies and interventions for the purpose of preventing harassment and violence and threats of violence in hospitality are either completely lacking or are underdeveloped. Customer harassment in particular is much less likely to be covered by policies, than is co-worker or supervisor harassment (Folgerø & Fjeldstad, 1995; Yagil, 2008; Ram, 2015; Kensbock et al, 2015). In response to sexual and racist harassment, workers develop various coping strategies stretching from avoiding certain customers, developing a ’thick skin’, telling customers off, or laughing off an incident and so forth (Guerrier & Adib, 2000; Yagil, 2008; Kensbock et al, 2015). Thus, developing competencies in how to respond to harassment without giving offense become part of what Kensbock et al (2015: 43-44) have referred to as ‘sophisticated social intelligence’ and ‘key job-related skills’. In this paper, we will explore and analyze some of the strategies deployed by management and workers, individually and collectively, in order to cope, prevent, and counteract harassment and threats of violence in the hospitality workplace. A secondary purpose is to examine some of the conflicting aims and contradictions that exist in the hospitality workplace, which may constitute barriers to effective, preventive action. Preliminary findings indicate that there is a broad range of preventive measures that employers and managers deploy, stretching from the arrangement of the physical environment to team-building activities and onto efforts aimed at creating a common value-system. Workers, on their part, strategize collectively for instance by close communication with each other regarding “difficult” customers. Furthermore, individual workers use their bodily resources (voice, physical appearance) and clothing, to cope with and to counteract harassment and threatening situations. Among the conflicting aims and contradictions we find the serving of alcohol, which is crucial to the industry in terms of income, and the sometimes imperfect observation of the Swedish Alcohol Act, as well as the (gendered) expectations on frontline staff to act friendly and to be accommodating whilst avoiding sexual invitations from guests.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Zetterström Dahlqvist, Heléne, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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A Latent Class Analysis of Violence Poly-victimization in Youth
- 2018
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In: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 28, s. 483-484
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Violence among youth is common and has been linked to poor mental health outcomes. There is some evidence that there are groups of youth who are victims of more than one form of violence but more knowledge is needed in terms of patterning of subgroups of multiple violence victimization. Aim: To explore if there are distinct subgroups of youth with particular patterns of violence victimization. Method: Survey data from a Swedish sample (n = 1,569) of youth 14-16 years old were used (females 48.4%). Using a broad definition of violence, respondents indicated if they had experienced physical violence, threat of physical violence, bullying, sexual harassment, cyber bullying, online sexual victimization, and other adverse sexual experience in the past six months as well as lifetime physical violence victimization. Distinct subgroups of youth within the data set with particular patterns of violence victimization were identified using Latent Class Analysis (LCA). Model fit was assessed using the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian information criterion (BIC), with smaller values indicating better model fit. Results: Preliminary results show three distinct subgroups: 1. Sexualized violence off- and online (girls 66.6%), 2. Bullying only (girls 47.5%) and 3. Multi-victimization including threat of physical violence, violence in the past six months and lifetime, sexual harassment on- and offline, bullying on- and offline as well as other adverse sexual experience (girls 47.6%). Conclusions: Three distinct subgroups of violence victimization in a sample of 14-16 year old youth was evident in the data. There was a greater representation of girls in the sexualized violence sub-group. Further research as well as preventive programs should acknowledge that many young people are victims of several types of violence. Future research should also investigate the implications of multi-victimization on mental health outcomes.
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| 50. |
- Zetterström Dahlqvist, Heléne, 1974-, et al.
(author)
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Online Sexual Victimisation in Youth : Predictors and Cross-Sectional Associations with Depressive Symptoms
- 2018
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In: European Journal of Public Health. - : Oxford University Press. - 1101-1262 .- 1464-360X. ; 28:6, s. 1018-1023
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- AimThe aim was to analyze (i) the prevalence of online unwanted sexual solicitation (USS) victimization, (ii) predictors of online USS and (iii) the associations between online USS and depressive symptoms in Swedish pupils in grades 7–9.MethodsAn electronic questionnaire was disseminated in 2011 in schools in a municipality in the northern part of Sweden. Total n = 1193 (boys n = 566; girls n= 627). Logistic regression models were fitted to test the cross-sectional associations between predictors of online USS and depressive symptoms, respectively.ResultsOne third of girls and every fifth boy reported online USS victimization. In boys, predictors associated with online USS were offline bullying and sexual harassment victimization. Only offline sexual harassment victimization was associated with online USS in girls. Girls victimized by online USS had about twice the likelihood to report depressive symptoms compared to non-victimized girls. There were no associations between online USS and depressive symptoms in boys. While offline bullying was associated with depressive symptoms in both genders, offline sexual harassment victimization increased the likelihood to report depressive symptoms in girls only.ConclusionsOnline USS was common among Swedish youth, particularly among girls. Schools, parents and internet safety educators should look at co-occurrence of different forms of victimization as offline victimization was a predictor of online USS. Online USS was associated with depressive symptoms in girls and may hence be a factor driving gender inequity in mental health in youth.
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