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1.	Bignert, Anders, et al. (author) Temporal trends of Swedish environmental and human milk concentrations of dioxins, furans and dioxin-like PCBs, with forecasts to 2040 2020 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract The report deals with temporal trends of measured concentrations of representative congenersof dioxin-like PCBs, dioxins (PCDDs) and furans (PCDFs) (here together called dioxins) inbiological samples from the Swedish marine and freshwater environment together with humanmilk and food.Dioxins are well-known for causing cancer, severe reproductive and developmental problems,damage the immune system and for interfering with hormonal systems. Dioxin exposure hasfurther been suggested to induce birth defects, reduced sperm counts, diabetes, learningdisabilities, immune system suppression, lung problems, skin disorders, lowered testosteronelevels and more.The data originates from national monitoring programs on contaminants financed by theSwedish Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and accomplished by the Swedish FoodAgency (SFA), the Swedish Museum of Natural History (SMNH) and Stockholm University(SU). Temporal trends of the abovementioned chemicals have been studied, also, the trendshave been extrapolated in an attempt to forecast the situation during the coming 20 years.The present report focus on temporal trends and longer time series (often more than 2decades). Compilations that covers also shorter time-series, relations between variousbiological samples and geographical distribution can be found elsewhere. A thorough studydescribing the dioxin situation in the Baltic was carried out by the Swedish EPA 2013(Wiberg et al., 2013).
2.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Declining levels of PCB, HCB and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from food producing bovines and swine in Sweden 1991-2004 2009 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 74:11, s. 1457-1462 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The official control programme for organochlorine (OC) contaminants in food producing animals in Sweden was used to study temporal and spatial trends of the polychlorinated biphenyl CB 153, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and p,p'-DDE in adipose tissue from bovines and swine 1991-2004. Our results show that efforts to decrease OC contamination of animal feed and the environment have had a positive impact on the contamination of the animal production. OC concentrations declined significantly in almost all studied regions of Sweden. OC temporal trends were slower in bovines (6-8% per year) than in swine (10-12%). Power analyses showed that data from more than 10 years of sampling were needed for a detection of an annual OC level change of 5% in both species in the control programme, due to large within- and between-year variation in OC levels. CB 153 and p,p'-DDE levels were higher in southern than in northern Sweden. Levels decreased with age in milk cows, but not in young nulliparous cows (heifers) and bulls. Moreover, milk cows and bulls had significantly lower OC levels than heifers. Levels were not age-dependent among swine, but castrated male swine (barrows) had significantly lower OC levels than young female swine (gilts). Levels of the studied OCs are now in many cases below the LOQ of the analytical method used. Future time trend studies of these OCs thus depend on lowered LOQs in the control programme.
3.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Immune cell counts and risks of respiratory infections among infants exposed pre- and postnatally to organochlorine compounds : a prospective study 2008 In: Environmental Health. - 1476-069X. ; 7, s. 62- Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract BACKGROUND: Early-life chemical exposure may influence immune system development, subsequently affecting child health. We investigated immunomodulatory potentials of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and p,p'-DDE in infants. METHODS: Prenatal exposure to PCBs and p,p'-DDE was estimated from maternal serum concentrations during pregnancy. Postnatal exposure was calculated from concentrations of the compounds in mother's milk, total number of nursing days, and percentage of full nursing each week during the 3 month nursing period. Number and types of infections among infants were registered by the mothers (N = 190). White blood cell counts (N = 86) and lymphocyte subsets (N = 52) were analyzed in a subgroup of infants at 3 months of age. RESULTS: Infants with the highest prenatal exposure to PCB congeners CB-28, CB-52 and CB-101 had an increased risk of respiratory infection during the study period. In contrast, the infection odds ratios (ORs) were highest among infants with the lowest prenatal mono-ortho PCB (CB-105, CB-118, CB-156, CB-167) and di-ortho PCB (CB-138, CB-153, CB-180) exposure, and postnatal mono- and di-ortho PCB, and p,p'-DDE exposure. Similar results were found for pre- and postnatal CB-153 exposure, a good marker for total PCB exposure. Altogether, a negative relationship was indicated between infections and total organochlorine compound exposure during the whole pre- and postnatal period. Prenatal exposure to CB-28, CB-52 and CB-101 was positively associated with numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes in infants 3 months after delivery. Prenatal exposure to p,p'-DDE was negatively associated with the percentage of eosinophils. No significant associations were found between PCB and p,p'-DDE exposure and numbers/percentages of lymphocyte subsets, after adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSION: This hypothesis generating study suggests that background exposure to PCBs and p,p'-DDE early in life modulate immune system development. Strong correlations between mono- and di-ortho PCBs, and p,p'-DDE exposures make it difficult to identify the most important contributor to the suggested immunomodulation, and to separate effects due to pre- and postnatal exposure. The suggested PCB and p,p'-DDE modulation of infection risks may have consequences for the health development during childhood, since respiratory infections early in life may be risk factors for asthma and middle ear infections.
4.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Jämförelser av tidstrender av miljöföroreningarna PCBer, HCB, dioxiner, bromerade flamskyddsmedel och perfluorerade alkylsyror i biota och människa – vilka faktorer bidrar till skillnader? 2020 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Naturvårdsverket har under flera decennier, inom den nationella miljöövervakningen, undersökt tidstrender av bioackumulerande/biomagnifierande organiska miljöföroreningar (persistent organic pollutants, POPs) i biota och människor, eftersom POPs kan utgöra hälsorisker för djur och människor. Ett viktigt syfte med detta monitoreringsprogram är att följa miljötillståndet i Sverige. Programmet används också för att följa upp resultat av de åtgärder som vidtagits nationellt och internationellt för att begränsa POP-förororeningen av miljön. I denna rapport undersöks tidstrender av POPs i människor från Sverige (modersmjölk och blodserum), sillgrisslor från Östersjön (ägg) och sill/strömming (muskel och lever) från svenska ost- och västkusten, och dessa trender kopplas samman med de viktigaste nationella/internationella åtgärderna (lagstiftning, råd/rekommendationer, frivilliga åtgärder, mm) som införts för att begränsa utsläppen i miljön. Syftet är att undersöka om det finns samband mellan åtgärder och förändringar av tidstrender i biota och människor. De studerade POPs omfattar industrikemikalierna polyklorerade bifenyler (PCB), de oavsiktligt bildade föroreningarna polyklorerade dibenso-para-dioxiner och dibensofuraner (PCDD/F), fungiciden hexaklorbensen (HCB), de bromerade flamskyddsmedlen (BFR) polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) och hexabromcyklododekan (HBCDD), och industrikemikalierna per- och polyfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS).Resultaten visar att nationella/internationella förbud av produktion och användning av PCB och HCB relativt snabbt resulterade i minskande halter i alla studerade matriser. Liknande effekter observerades efter mer eller mindre frivilliga utfasningar av produktion och användning av vissa BFR och PFAS. Halterna av PCDD/F, som förekom som förorening i tekniska PCB-blandningar, minskade också efter att förbud mot PCB-produktion och användning infördes. Detta visar att eliminering av primära källor för utsläpp i miljön är en mycket effektiv åtgärd, som relativt snabbt leder till sjunkande halter i biota och människor även när det gäller så pass svårnedbrytbara substanser som de studerade POPs.När de flesta viktiga primära källorna har eliminerats finns det dock sekundära källor som kan vara mycket svårare, eller helt omöjliga, att eliminera. Detta illustreras av HCB, som för närvarande tycks öka i vissa delar av den svenska miljön. Det har föreslagits att detta fenomen till viss del beror på avdunstning av HCB från förorenad mark i områden som har haft en historiskt högre användning av fungiciden än i Sverige. När det avdunstade HCB med vindarna når Sverige sker en deposition på grund av ett kallare klimat. Diffusa primära källor för PCDD/F, som nu tycks dominera i Sverige, är också svåra att åtgärda, vilket kan förklara varför minskningen av halterna i flera av de studerade matriserna nu verkar gå långsammare än tidigare.Resultaten visar också att stegvis eliminering av produktion och användning av några få substanser i taget inom en grupp av POPs är ineffektivt ur miljömässig synvinkel. Detta exemplifieras av de studerade BFR och PFAS, som i motsats till PCB inte har reglerats gruppvis. Stegvisa åtgärder ger en mycket mer utdragen förbättringsprocess i miljön, där minskande halter av reglerade substanser motverkas av ökande halter av oreglerade substanser med liknande egenskaper. För att undvika denna, ur miljöns synvinkel, utdragna process bör ämnen med liknande egenskaper inom en POP-grupp regleras samtidigt.För vissa av de undersökta POPs har olika delar av den svenska miljön ”svarat” olika snabbt på vidtagna åtgärder. För tetra-pentaBDE vändes en ökning av halter till en minskning mer än 10 år tidigare i sillgrissla och strömming/sill än i modersmjölk. Även om det inte klart går att bevisa, så kan detta bero på att det vidtogs regionala åtgärder i ett tidigt skede som hade positiv effekt på utsläpp i Östersjön utan att nämnvärt påverka den svenska befolkningens exponering. Tidstrenderna i modersmjölk följde istället i hög grad förändringarna i världsproduktion av dessa PBDE.De retrospektiva studierna av BFR och PFAS trender visar att en oreglerad ökning av världsproduktion och -användning har resulterat i exponentiella ökningar av föroreningen av den svenska miljön. Det är därför av yttersta vikt att reglerande myndigheter/organisationer och industrin tillsammans anstränger sig att införa effektiva och snabba åtgärder på global nivå som minimerar risken för framtida miljöproblem orsakade av hittills ”okända” substansgrupper med POP-liknande egenskaper.
5.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Perfluorerade organiska ämnen i serum från förstföderskor i Uppsala – tidstrend 1996-2010 2011 Reports (other academic/artistic)
6.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Blood Serum from Primiparous Women in Sweden : Serial Sampling during Pregnancy and Nursing, And Temporal Trends 1996-2010 2012 In: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 46:16, s. 9071-9079 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We investigated temporal trends of blood serum levels of 13 perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) and perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) in primiparous women (N = 413) from Uppsala County, Sweden, sampled 3 weeks after delivery 1996-2010. Levels of the short-chain perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) increased 11%/y and 8.3%/y, respectively, and levels of the long-chain perfluorononanoate (PFNA) and perfluorodecanoate (PFDA) increased 4.3%/y and 3.8%/y, respectively. Concomitantly, levels of FOSA (22%/y), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS, 8.4%/y), perfluorodecane sulfonate (PFDS, 10%/y), and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA, 3.1%/y) decreased. Thus, one or several sources of exposure to the latter compounds have been reduced or eliminated, whereas exposure to the former compounds has recently increased. We explored if maternal levels of PFOS, PFOA, and PFNA during the early nursing period are representative for the fetal development period, using serial maternal serum samples, including cord blood (N = 19). PFAA levels in maternal serum sampled during pregnancy and the nursing period as well as in cord blood were strongly correlated. Strongest correlations between cord blood levels and maternal levels were observed for maternal serum sampled shortly before or after the delivery (r = 0.70-0.89 for PFOS and PFOA). A similar pattern was observed for PFNA, although the correlations were less strong due to levels close to the method detection limit in cord blood.
7.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Reply to comments of Jose G. Dorea on "Declining levels of PCB, HCB and p,p '-DDE in adipose tissue from food producing bovines and swine in Sweden 1991-2004" by Glynn et al. [Chemosphere 74(11)(2009)1457-1462] 2009 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 76:6, s. 868-868 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
8.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Statistisk utvärdering av tidstrendsstudier av kemikalier i modersmjölk och blodserum från förstföderskor i Uppsala 1996-2014 (POPUP) 2016 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Utvärderingen har genomförts i samarbete med Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, som ansvarat för de statistiska analyserna. Sedan 1996 har Livsmedelsverket regelbundet samlat in blodprover och modersmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala för analys av persistenta organiska miljöföroreningar, såsom polyklorerade bifenyler (PCBer), dibenzo-p-dioxiner och dibenzofuraner (PCDD/F), DDT, hexaklorbensen (HCB), bromerade flamskyddsmedel (PBDE, HBCD) och poly- och perfluorerade alkylsubstanser (PFAS). Syftet är att följa upp om riskreducerande åtgärder mot kemikalierna har haft önskad effekt på befolkningens exponering och hur exponeringen för nya oreglerade kemikalier utvecklas. Rapporten redovisar de viktigaste slutsatserna som ett underlag för planering av framtida provtagnings- och analysstrategier.Trender av alla substanser utom PFAS har undersökts i modersmjölk. Kemikalierna har mätts i prover från förstföderskor 1996-2014 (N=302-471). Med nuvarande upplägg har det under en 10-årig period varit möjligt att med 80 % säkerhet upptäcka förändringar mellan 1,7 % och 5,6 % per år. En ökad variation av haltdata runt trendlinjen (CV) eller ett minskat antal prover gör det svårare att upptäcka trender. Justering av trenderna för störfaktorerna ålder, BMI före graviditet och viktsförändring under graviditet och efter förlossning minskar CV. Möjligheterna att upptäcka trender påverkas av hur ofta analyser sker och av antal prover per analysomgång. Vid en CV på 50 % skulle analyser av 6 enskilda prover per år räcka för att med 80 % säkerhet upptäcka en förändring på 5 % per år under en 12-årsperiod. För att upptäcka en förändring på 1 % ökar antalet prover per år till 400.En övergång till analys av samlingsprover kan vara en kostnadseffektiv åtgärd om endast tidstrender ska studeras. Om ett samlingsprov per provtagningsår analyseras istället för enskilda prover, med samma studieupplägg som hittills, minskar den statistiska styrkan drastiskt jämfört med om enskilda prover analyseras. Att analysera 3 samlingsprover per provtagningsår är ett mer effektivt upplägg. Vid en CV 50 % och årlig analys krävs 2 enskilda prover per samlingsprov för att finna en förändring på 5 % under en 12-årsperiod (80 % säkerhet). Om analys sker vartannat år krävs 7 prover per samlingsprov.Om många prover i en tidsserie har halter under analysmetodernas bestämningsgräns (Brytpunkter i trenderna upptäcktes för totalhalt av PCDD/F/PCB TEQ (år 2008), PCB 153 (2009) och HCB (2002) varefter minskningen av halter tycks ha bromsat in. För BDE-47 och -100 hittades brytpunkter 2004 varefter haltförändringen gick snabbare än innan. För BDE153 och HBCD ökade halterna fram till 2001-2002 och sjönk därefter. För PFAS, som undersöks i 3 samlingsprover av serum per provtagningsår, upptäcktes en brytpunkt för PFHxS (2009), PFOA (2002), PFNA (2007), PFDA (2004), PFUnDA (2011) , PFDoDA (2009) och PFTrDA (2011). Tidigare ökningar av halter tycks då avstannat eller vänts till sänkningar.Halten av PCDD/F/PCB TEQ i fett från modersmjölk ger en bra bild av halten i gravida kvinnors kroppsfett. USAs Naturvårdsverk har tagit fram en hälsobaserad referensdos som motsvarar en TEQ-halt på cirka 5 pg/g kroppsfett. Med den observerade minskningen av TEQ (-6 % per år) 1996-2014 beräknas 95 % av den undersökta populationen kvinnor ha halter under 5 pg TEQ/g fett 2024. Det kommer dock sannolikt att ta längre tid eftersom haltminskningen av TEQ tycks ha bromsats upp efter 2008.
9.	Gyllenhammar, Irina, et al. (author) Levels of persistent halogenated organic pollutants (POP) in mother’s milk from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden: results from year 2015 and 2016, and temporal trends for the time period 1996-2016 2017 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Sedan 1996 har Livsmedelsverket regelbundet samlat in modersmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala för analys av persistenta halogenerade organiska miljöföroreningar (POP). I följande rapport redovisas halterna av industrikemikalien PCB (mono-, di- och non-orto PCB), oavsiktligt bildade dioxiner och furaner (PCDD/F), de klorerade pesticiderna DDT (p,p’-DDT, p,p’-DDE, p,p’-DDD, o,p’-DDT), hexaklorbensen (HCB), hexaklorcyklohexan (β-HCH) och klordan (oxyklordan och transnonaklor) samt bromerade flamskyddsmedel (PBDE, HBCD) i 30 modersmjölksprover insamlade 2015 och 2016. Nya data används också för att uppdatera tidstrenderna för dessa ämnen. Bland PCBerna var medelkoncentrationen i modersmjölk (2015-2016) högst för PCB 153 (27 ng/g fett). Medel-halten för PCDD TEQ (2,0 pg/g fett) var högre än för PCDF TEQ (1,5 pg/g fett). Den DDT-förening som hade högst medelhalt var p,p’-DDE (35 ng/g fett). Bland de polybromerade difenyletrarna (PBDE) uppvisade BDE-47 (0,75 ng/g fett) och BDE-153 (0,46 ng/g fett) högst medelhalter. Utvärdering av tidstrender för perioden 1996-2016 (multipel linjär regression) visade att halterna av di-orto PCBer, mono-orto PCB TEQ och non-orto PCB TEQ har minskat med ca 6 % per år. Halterna av PCDD TEQ har minskat fortare än halterna av PCDF TEQ (7 % respektive 4 % per år). Dessa resultat stämmer överens med de trender som tidigare observerats för POPUP. I denna studie har också en statistisk analys för trendbrott använts. Det finns en tendens till att haltminskningarna för PCB och PCDD/F varit snabbare under perioden den första delen av studien. För mono-orto PCB TEQ och PCDD/F TEQ observerades ett signifikant trendbrott 2002, och för PCB-153 och di-orto PCBer var det ett trendbrott 2012. Efter trendbrotten minskade halterna långsammare eller inte alls. Halterna av p,p’-DDE och HCB i modersmjölk minskade med 7 respektive 5 % per år, vilket stämmer överens med de minskningshastigheter som rapporterats tidigare från POPUP. För HCB sågs ett trendbrott år 2006 och därefter ses ingen signifikant trend. Resultaten för PBDEer stämmer överens med det som rapporterats tidigare och halterna av BDE-47, -99 och -100 har minskat med 6-12% per år. Nivåerna av BDE-153 ökade under 1996-2002 då ett trendbrott sågs och därefter har halterna minskat. BDE-209 har bara analyserats i modersmjölk sedan 2009 och hit-tills kan inte någon tidstrend observeras. Trenden för HBCD har tidigare varit osäker men med de nya halterna för år 2015 och 2016l sågs en nedåtgående trend med 2 % per år och ett trendbrott sågs 2003 med ökande trend före och minskande halter efter det året. Fortsatta undersökningar av POPar i modersmjölk kan ge svar på om halterna av PCBer, PCDD/F och HCB håller på att stabiliseras på nuvarande nivåer.
10.	Gyllenhammar, Irina, et al. (author) Temporal trends of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in pooled serum samples from first-time mothers in Uppsala 1997-2016 2017 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Sedan 1996 har Livsmedelsverket regelbundet samlat in prover från förstföderskor i Uppsala (POPUP-studien) för analys av persistenta halogenerade organiska miljöföroreningar (POPar). I följande rapport redovisas halterna av poly- och perfluorerade ämnen (PFAS) i blodserum insamlade 3 veckor efter förlossningen 1997- 2016. Prover från ungefär 30 kvinnor per år delades upp i 3 samlingsprover per provtagningsår (9-10 prover per samlingsprov). Nya resultat från 2015 och 2016 är hopslagna med tidigare publicerade data från POPUP där samma analysmetod och laboratorium har använts. Halten av långkedjiga karboxylsyror (8-12 kol) ökade med runt 3 % per år. För PFNA, PFDA och PFUnDA sågs ett trendbrott runt 2004 och därefter ses ingen trend. För PFDoDA sågs ett liknande trendbrott runt 2011. PFTrDA hade inget trendbrott utan halterna har ökat hela tiden under studieperioden. Det är viktigt att följa upp resultaten för de långkedjiga karboxylsyrorna för att se att halterna planar ut och börjar minska. Tillverkningen av sulfonsyran PFOS och liknande substanser i världen upphörde i stort sett runt 2002. Detta har resulterat i sjunkande halter av substansen (ca 8 % per år). Även prekursorer till PFOS visar en nedåtgående trend som också är snabbare än för PFOS, 17-26 % per år. Halterna av andra prekursorer låg i allmänhet under kvantifieringsgränserna, även om de i vassa fall var mätbara. Tillverkningen av en karboxylsyra kallad PFOA har minskat, men inte ännu fasats ut helt, och minskningen av denna substans i kvinnornas blod går därför långsammare (ca 3 % per år). Befolkningen i Uppsala utsattes fram till 2012 för förhöjda halter av den mycket bioackumulerbara sulfonsyran PFHxS i dricksvattnet. Detta har resulterat i ökade blodhalter hos förstföderskor under studieperioden (ca 5 % per år). Ett trendrott sågs också 2011och därefter ses ingen trend. Detta antyder att de åtgärder som sattes in för att rena vattnet i Uppsala 2012 satte stopp för den ökade trenden av PFHxS. Även här krävs en dock en uppföljning framöver för att säkerställa att den minskade exponeringen från dricksvatten efter 2012 verkligen har resulterat i sänkta blodhalter av PFHxS och hur snabbt det går.
11.	Johansson, Jana H., et al. (author) Temporal trends (1999-2010) of perfluoroalkyl acids in commonly consumed food items 2014 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 188, s. 102-108 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The aim of this study was to determine how dietary exposure to PFAAs has changed over the period when major production changes occurred. Archived samples (1999-2010) of eggs, milk and farmed rainbow trout were analyzed by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Statistically significant decreasing trends were observed for concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS) in fish (p < 0.002 and p < 0.032, respectively) and eggs (p < 0.001 for both compounds). Concentrations of PFOS in fish and eggs decreased by a factor of 10 and 40, respectively. In eggs there was also a statistically significant decreasing trend in concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The results of this study demonstrate that PFAA concentrations in food items from agricultural food chains and aquatic food chains close to sources respond rapidly to changes in environmental emissions. Implications for the overall understanding of human exposure are discussed.
12.	Johansson, J., et al. (author) Temporal trends (1999-2010) of perfluoroalkyl acids in commonly consumed food items 2014 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; , s. 102-108 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
13.	Miaz, Luc T., et al. (author) Temporal trends of suspect- and target-per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) in pooled serum from first-time mothers in Uppsala, Sweden, 1996–2017 2020 In: Environmental Science. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 22:4, s. 1071-1083 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract A combined method for quantitative analysis, along with suspect and non-target screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was developed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-ultra-high resolution (Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. The method was applied together with measurements of total- and extractable organofluorine (TF and EOF, respectively), to pooled serum samples from 1996–2017 from first-time mothers living in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, some of which (i.e. 148 of 472 women sampled 1996–2012) were exposed to drinking water contaminated with perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and other PFAS until mid-2012. Declining trends were observed for all target PFAS as well as TF, with homologue-dependent differences in year of onset of decline. Only 33% of samples displayed detectable EOF, and amongst these samples the percentage of EOF explained by target PFAS declined significantly (−3.5% per year) over the entire study period. This finding corroborates prior observations in Germany after the year 2000, and may reflect increasing exposure to novel PFAS which have not yet been identified. Suspect screening revealed the presence of perfluoro-4-ethylcyclohexanesulfonate (PFECHS), which displayed declining trends since the year 2000. Non-target time trend screening revealed 3 unidentified features with time trends matching PFHxS. These features require further investigation, but may represent contaminants which co-occurred with PFHxS in the contaminated drinking water.
14.	Miaz, Luc T, et al. (author) Temporal trends of suspect and target per/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), Extractable organic fluorine (EOF) and total fluorine (TF) in pooled serum from first-time mothers in Uppsala 1996-2017 2020 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract A combined method for quantitative, suspect, and non-target screening of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was developed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-ultra-high resolution (Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. The method was applied together with measurements of total- and extractable organofluorine (TF and EOF, respectively), to pooled serum samples from 1996–2017 from first-time mothers living in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, some of which were exposed to drinking water contaminated with perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) and other PFASs until mid-2012. Declining trends were observed for all target PFASs as well as TF, with homologue-dependent differences in year of onset of decline. Only 33% of samples displayed detectable EOF, and amongst these samples the percentage of EOF explained by target PFASs declined significantly (−3.5% per year) over the entire study period. This finding corroborates prior observations in Germany after the year 2000, and may reflect increasing exposure to novel PFASs which have not yet been identified. Non-target time trend screening revealed 3 unidentified features with time trends matching PFHxS (Spearman’s ρ > 0.5). These features require further investigation, but may represent contaminants which co-occurred with PFHxS in the contaminated drinking water.
15.	Zhou, Yihui, et al. (author) Chlorinated Paraffins in Human Milk from Urban Sites in China, Sweden, and Norway 2020 In: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 54:7, s. 4356-4366 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Short-, medium-, and long-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) were analyzed in human milk from the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Scandinavia. Individual samples were collected from Shanghai, Jiaxing, and Shaoxing (China), Stockholm (Sweden), and Bodø (Norway) between 2010 and 2016. Mean concentrations (range) of SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in samples from the YRD were 124 [-1 fat, respectively, all of which were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than 15.9 (-1 fat, respectively, in samples from Scandinavia. MCCPs predominate in most samples, and LCCP concentrations exceed reported for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk from the same regions. This study is the first to confirm LCCP exposure via breastfeeding. Principal component analysis showed that the YRD samples were more influenced by SCCPs than the Scandinavian samples, which mirror different exposures to CPs between the regions. Because of a large variation in concentrations among individuals, SCCP intake via breastfeeding indicated a potential health concern in the 90th percentile among Chinese infants. Further, CP concentrations in the YRD samples from first-time mothers were on average three times higher than from second-time mothers. In order to limit the worldwide CP contamination, the inclusion of SCCPs as persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention needs to be followed up, with the inclusion of MCCPs and LCCPs as well.
16.	Akesson, Agneta, et al. (author) Dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of heart failure - A population-based prospective cohort study 2019 In: Environment International. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 126, s. 1-6 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Beneficial effects of fish consumption on heart failure (HF) may be modified by contaminants in fish. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are of particular concern as they have been associated with well-established risk factors of HF, but current data are limited. Objectives: We aimed to assess the association between dietary PCB exposure and risk of HF, accounting for dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fish fatty acids. Design: We used the prospective population-based research structure SIMPLER (previously the Swedish Mammography Cohort and Cohort of Swedish Men) comprising 32,952 women and 36,546 men, free from cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes at baseline in 1997. Validated estimates of dietary PCBs and long-chain omega-3 fish fatty acids [eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] were obtained via a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Incident cases of HF were ascertained through register linkage. Results: During an average of 12 years of follow-up, we ascertained 2736 and 3128 incident cases of HF in women and men, respectively. In multivariable-adjusted models, mutually adjusted for PCBs and EPA-DHA, the relative risk (RR) for dietary PCB exposure was 1.48 (95% CI 1.12-1.96) in women and 1.42 (95% CI 1.08-1.86) in men, comparing extreme quintiles. Corresponding RRs for EPA-DHA intake were 0.71 (95% CI 0.54-0.93) and 0.82 (95% CI 0.63-1.07), respectively. Conclusions: Dietary exposure to PCBs was associated with an increased risk of HF in both women and men. EPA-DHA intake was associated with a lower risk of HF in women, with a similar tendency in men.
17.	Ali, Imran, et al. (author) Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and prostate cancer : population-based prospective cohort and experimental studies 2016 In: Carcinogenesis. - : Oxford University Press. - 0143-3334 .- 1460-2180. ; 37:12, s. 1144-1151 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly persistent environmental pollutants and are undesirable components of our daily food. PCBs are classified as human carcinogens, but the evidence for prostate cancer is limited and available data are inconsistent. We explored the link between non-dioxin-like PCB and grade of prostate cancer in a prospective cohort as well as in cell experiments. A population-based cohort of 32496 Swedish men aged 45-79 years was followed prospectively through 1998-2011, to assess the association between validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure and incidence of prostate cancer by grade (2789 cases, whereof 1276 low grade, 756 intermediate grade, 450 high grade) and prostate cancer mortality (357 fatal cases). In addition, we investigated a non-dioxin-like PCB153-induced cell invasion and related markers in normal prostate stem cells (WPE-stem) and in three different prostate cancer cell lines (PC3, DU145 and 22RV1) at exposure levels relevant to humans. After multivariable-adjustment, dietary PCB exposure was positively associated with high-grade prostate cancer, relative risk (RR) 1.35 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03-1.76] and with fatal prostate cancer, RR 1.43 (95% CI: 1.05-1.95), comparing the highest tertile with the lowest. We observed no association with low or intermediate grade of prostate cancer. Cell invasion and related markers, including MMP9, MMP2, Slug and Snail, were significantly increased in human prostate cancer cells as well as in prostate stem cells after exposure to PCB153. Our findings both from the observational and experimental studies suggest a role of non-dioxin-like PCB153 in the development of high-grade and fatal prostate cancer.
18.	Ankarberg, Emma, et al. (author) Levels of flame retardants in fish from the Baltic Sea, Sweden 2006 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) are commonly used brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in products such as computers, furniture, carpets and other materials. PBDEs and HBCD are incorporated into the matrix without chemical binding. Since they are not bound to the polymer product, they have the potential to leak and escape into the environment (Hutzinger et al. 1976; Hutzinger and Thoma 1987). Due to their chemical properties, lipophilicity and persistence, these substances have been detected in several biological matrices. The toxic effects are not yet fully understood, but for example, neurodevelopmental as well as thyroid hormone alterations has been reported (for review see Darnerud 2003). For risk assessment purposes, the Swedish National Food Administration has during the last years conducted surveys on levels of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in fish from the Baltic region. These studies have included the “traditional” POPs, such as PCBs, PCDD/DFs, and pesticides, as well as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). The aim with the present survey is to obtain relevant BFR data for the ongoing evaluation of levels and trends of these contaminants in fish, as a base for human risk assessment.
19.	Ankarberg, Emma, et al. (author) Regionala skillnader i intag av persistenta organiska miljögifter hos förstföderskor i Uppsala, Göteborg och Lycksele 2007 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Under perioden 2000-2006 samlades bröstmjölk in från förstföderskor i Uppsala, Göteborg, Lund och Lycksele. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om det finns några regionala skillnader i halter av polyklorerade bifenyler (PCBer), klorerade pesticider (hexaklorbensen (HCB), ß-hexaklorocyklohexan (ß-HCH), oxyklordan, trans-nonaklor, DDT och DDT-metaboliter) och bromerade flamskyddsmedel (polybromerade difenyletrar (PBDE) och hexabromcyklododekan (HBCD)) i bröstmjölk. Resultaten visade att vissa signifikanta regionala skillnader i halter av de studerade substanserna förelåg. Skillnaderna var dock små, och inga säkra slutsatser om orsaker till skillnaderna kunde dras. Vissa regionala skillnader i halter av organiska miljögifter i livsmedel har också observerats. I en matkorgsstudie utförd 1999 (Darnerud et al. 2006) köptes livsmedel in i fyra olika städer i Sverige (Malmö, Göteborg, Uppsala och Sundsvall), och högre halter av ΣPCB, ΣDDT och ΣPBDE kunde ses i livsmedel från de södra delarna av Sverige i jämförelse med de norra. Denna tendens till nord-sydlig gradient observerades också i en senare matkorgsstudie som utfördes i samma städer 2005 (Ankarberg et al. 2006). Även den omfattande fiskundersökning som utfördes vid Livsmedelsverket 2000-2003 visade på regionala skillnader i halter i vissa fiskarter (NFA 2003). Studien som redovisas i denna rapport syftar till att genom intagsberäkningar undersöka om det finns regionala skillnader i exponering för organiska miljögifter (dioxiner, dioxinlika PCBer, PCB 153 och p,p´-DDE) från mat. Intagsberäkningarna grundas på en kostenkät, ifylld av mödrarna vid bröstmjölksinsamlingen, med frågor gällande konsumtionen av kött, fågel, fisk, mjölkprodukter, vegetabiliskt fett och ägg under året före graviditeten. Haltdata för de studerade substanserna i olika livsmedel hämtades från undersökningar och kontrollprogram vid Livsmedelsverket. De regionala jämförelser som gjordes inkluderade Uppsala, Göteborg och Lycksele. Den kostenkät som användes i Lund skiljde sig åt från de som användes i Uppsala, Göteborg och Lycksele. Resultaten från Lund kunde därför inte användas i denna undersökning. Trots vissa skillnader i konsumtionsmönster mellan de olika regionerna kunde inte några skillnader i intag av miljögifterna påvisas. Det beräknade medianintaget av dioxiner och dioxinlika PCBer varierade mellan 0,9 och 1,2 pg WHO-TEQ/kg kroppsvikt/dag, mellan 1,3 och 1,9 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag för PCB 153 och mellan 2,5 och 3,5 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag för 2 p,p´-DDE. Fisk och skaldjur bidrog till den största delen av intaget av WHO-TEQ (52-61 %). Enligt beräkningarna hade 14 % av kvinnorna intagsnivåer som överskred EU’s tolerabla veckointag för dioxiner och dioxinlika PCBer (14 pg WHO-TEQ/kg kroppsvikt/vecka). Livsmedelsverkets konsumtionsråd gällande fet fisk från Östersjön överskreds av 4 % av kvinnorna, och samtliga av dessa åtta individer fanns med bland dem som överskred TWI. Högexponerade individer karaktäriserades generellt av hög konsumtion av fisk och mjölkprodukter. Det finns inte någon tolerabel intagsnivå framtagen för icke dioxinlika PCBer (t.ex. PCB 153), så för dessa var det inte möjligt att göra några jämförelser. Ingen kvinna i studien överskred JECFA’s tolerabla dagliga intagsnivå för DDT-föreningar (10 μg/kg kroppsvikt/dag). En osäkerhet i de beräknade intagsnivåerna är att det är mycket svårt att minnas och korrekt ange sin konsumtion av olika livsmedel under ett år tillbaka. Dessutom är det troligt att konsumtionen av lax från Östersjön är överskattad eftersom det är mycket ovanligt med sådan fisk i butik. De haltdata som använts i beräkningarna är medel- och medianhalter som kommer från olika analysprojekt vid Livsmedelsverket. Dessa halter kan skilja sig åt från de verkliga nivåerna i de livsmedel som kvinnorna konsumerat. Dessutom användes samma haltdata för samtliga kvinnor, och hänsyn togs alltså inte till eventuella regionala skillnader i livsmedelshalter. Trots dessa osäkerheter tyder resultaten på att svenska förstföderskor från olika delar av landet har exponerats för liknande nivåer av de studerade föreningarna. En korrelationsanalys kunde inte påvisa några samband mellan de beräknade intagen av PCB 153 och p,p´-DDE och nivåerna av dessa substanser i bröstmjölk. Detta beror sannolikt till viss del på att bröstmjölkshalterna av persistenta organiska miljögifter speglar den totala exponeringen under livstiden, och inte bara exponeringen under det senaste året.
20.	Ankarberg, E, et al. (author) Study of dioxin and dioxin-like PCB levels in fatty fish from Sweden 2000-2002 2004 In: Organohalogen Compounds. ; 66, s. 2061-5, s. 2035-2039 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
21.	Aspenström-Fagerlund, Bitte, et al. (author) Fatty acids increase paracellular absorption of aluminium across Caco-2 cell monolayers 2009 In: Chemico-Biological Interactions. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2797 .- 1872-7786. ; 181:2, s. 272-278 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Passive paracellular absorption, regulated by tight junctions (TJs), is the main route for absorption of poorly absorbed hydrophilic substances. Surface active substances, such as fatty acids, may enhance absorption of these substances by affecting the integrity of TJ and increasing the permeability. It has been suggested that aluminium (Al) absorption occurs mainly by the paracellular route. Herein, we investigated if physiologically relevant exposures of fully differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers to oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are fatty acids common in food, increase absorption of Al and the paracellular marker mannitol. In an Al toxicity test, mannitol and Al absorption through Caco-2 cell monolayers were similarly modulated by Al concentrations between 1 and 30mM, suggesting that absorption of the two compounds occurred via the same pathways. Exposure of Caco-2 cell monolayers to non-toxic concentrations of Al (2mM) and (14)C-mannitol in fatty acid emulsions (15 and 30mM oleic acid, 5 and 10mM DHA) caused a decreased transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Concomitantly, fractional absorption of Al and mannitol, expressed as percentage of apical Al and mannitol retrieved at the basolateral side, increased with increasing dose of fatty acids. Transmission electron microscopy was applied to assess the effect of oleic acid on the morphology of TJ. It was shown that oleic acid caused a less structured morphology of TJ in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Taken together our findings indicate that fatty acids common in food increase the paracellular intestinal absorption of Al. These findings may influence future risk assessment of human Al exposure.
22.	Aspenström-Fagerlund, Bitte, et al. (author) Oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid cause an increase in the paracellular absorption of hydrophilic compounds in an experimental model of human absorptive enterocytes 2007 In: Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0300-483X .- 1879-3185. ; 237:1-3, s. 12-23 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Surface active compounds present in food possibly have the ability to enhance the absorption of water soluble toxic agents. Therefore, we investigated whether fatty acids such as oleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), both commonly present in food, negatively affect the integrity of tight junctions (TJ) in the intestinal epithelium and thereby increase the absorption of poorly absorbed hydrophilic substances. Caco-2 cells, which are derived from human absorptive enterocytes, were grown on permeable filters for 20-25 days. Differentiated cell monolayers were apically exposed for 90min to mannitol in emulsions of oleic acid (5, 15 or 30mM) or DHA (5, 15 or 30mM) in an experimental medium with or without Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). Absorption of (14)C-mannitol increased and trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) decreased in cell monolayers exposed to oleic acid and DHA, compared to controls. Cytotoxicity, measured as leakage of LDH, was higher in groups exposed to 30mM oleic acid and all concentrations of DHA. Morphology of the cell monolayers was studied by using fluorescence microscopy. Exposure of cell monolayers to 5mM DHA for 90min resulted in a profound alteration of the cell-cell contacts as detected by staining the cells for beta-catenin. Oleic acid (30mM) treatment also induced dissolution of the cell-cell contacts but the effect was not as pronounced as with DHA. Cell monolayers were also exposed for 180min to 250nM cadmium (Cd) in emulsions of oleic acid (5 or 30mM) or DHA (1 or 5mM), in an experimental medium with Ca(2+) and Mg(2+). Retention of Cd in Caco-2 cells was higher after exposure to 5mM oleic acid but lower after exposure to 30mM oleic acid and DHA. Absorption of Cd through the monolayers increased after DHA exposure but not after exposure to oleic acid. Our results indicate that fatty acids may compromise the integrity of the intestinal epithelium and that certain lipids in food may enhance the paracellular absorption of poorly absorbed hydrophilic substances.
23.	Aspenström-Fagerlund, Bitte, et al. (author) Oleic acid decrease BCRP mediated efflux of mitoxantrone in Caco-2 cells and mice 2012 In: Toxicology Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-4274 .- 1879-3169. ; 211, s. S100-S100 Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
24.	Aspenström-Fagerlund, Bitte, et al. (author) Oleic acid decreases BCRP mediated efflux of mitoxantrone in Caco-2 cell monolayers 2012 In: Food and Chemical Toxicology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0278-6915 .- 1873-6351. ; 50:10, s. 3635-3645 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) efflux restricts intestinal absorption of substances like heterocyclic amines, mycotoxins and certain human and veterinary drugs. Fat rich meals seem to increase absorption of drugs which are BCRP substrates or inhibitors. We therefore hypothesize that absorption of toxicants normally effluxed by BCRP are increased by fatty acids in food. Transport across and accumulation of H-3-Mitoxantrone (MXR) in Caco-2 cell monolayers were measured after 60 min exposure to emulsions of H-3-MXR (1 mu M) and oleic acid (0.5-5 mM). In addition, BCRP gene expression (RT-PCR) and the amount of BCRP protein (Western blot) were measured in oleic acid exposed Caco-2 cells. Oleic acid increased transport of MXR in a concentration dependent manner and 2 mM oleic acid or higher increased accumulation of MXR in cells, without any signs of cytotoxicity. Gene expression of BCRP was increased after exposure to oleic acid for 6 h, but the amount of BCRP protein was not increased. In conclusion, oleic acid clearly induced BCRP gene expression and reduced BCRP mediated efflux, although the amount of BCRP in cells was not affected. Consequently, effects of fatty acids on BCRP mediated efflux are important to consider in risk assessment of toxicants in food.
25.	Aspenström-Fagerlund, Bitte, et al. (author) Oleic acid increases intestinal absorption of the BCRP/ABCG2 substrate, mitoxantrone, in mice 2015 In: Toxicology Letters. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-4274 .- 1879-3169. ; 237:2, s. 133-139 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) decrease intestinal absorption of many food toxicants. Oleic acid increases absorption of the specific BCRP substrate mitoxantrone (MXR), and also BCRP gene expression in human intestinal Caco-2 cells, suggesting that oleic acid affect the BCRP function. Here, we investigated the effect of oleic acid on intestinal absorption of MXR in mice. Mice were orally dosed with 2.4 g oleic acid/kg b.w. and 1 mg MXR/kg b.w., and sacrificed 30, 60, 90 or 120 min after exposure, or were exposed to 0.6, 2.4 or 4.8 g oleic acid/kg b.w. and 1mg MXR/kg b.w., and sacrificed 90 min after exposure. Mice were also treated with Ko143 together with MXR and sacrificed after 60 min, as a positive control of BCRP-mediated effects on MXR absorption. Absorption of MXR increased after exposure to oleic acid at all doses, and also after exposure to Ko143. Intestinal BCRP gene expression tended to increase 120 min after oleic acid exposure. Our results in mice demonstrate that oleic acid decreases BCRP-mediated efflux, causing increased intestinal MXR absorption in mice. These findings may have implications in humans, concomitantly exposed to oleic acid and food contaminants that, similarly as MXR, are substrates of BCRP.
26.	Aune, Marie, et al. (author) Large Differences in Dioxin and PCB Levels in Herring and Salmon Depending on Tissue Analysed 2003 In: Organohalogen Compounds. ; 64, s. 378-81 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
27.	Aune, Marie, et al. (author) Matkorgsstudien 2010 – analys av persistenta organiska ämnen i svenska matkorgsprover 2012 Reports (other academic/artistic)
28.	Berger, Urs, et al. (author) Fish consumption as a source of human exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances in Sweden : analysis of edible fish from Lake Vättern and the Baltic Sea 2009 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 76:6, s. 799-804 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) were analyzed in muscle tissue from edible fish species caught in the second largest freshwater lake in Sweden, Lake Vättern (LV), and in the brackish water Baltic Sea (BS). Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the predominant PFAS found. PFOS concentrations were higher in LV (medians 2.9-12 ng g(-1) fresh weight) than in BS fish (medians 1.0-2.5 ng g(-1) fresh weight). Moreover, LV fish was more contaminated with several other PFAS than BS fish. This may be due to anthropogenic discharges from urban areas around LV. The PFAS pattern differed between LV and BS fish, indicating different sources of contamination for the two study areas. Human exposure to PFOS via fish intake was calculated for three study groups, based on consumption data from literature. The groups consisted of individuals that reported moderate or high consumption of BS fish or high consumption of LV fish, respectively. The results showed that PFOS intake strongly depended on individual fish consumption as well as the fish catchment area. Median PFOS intakes were estimated to 0.15 and 0.62 ng kg(-1) body weight (bw) d(-1) for the consumers of moderate and high amounts of BS fish, respectively. For the group with high consumption of LV fish a median PFOS intake of 2.7 ng kg(-1)bw d(-1) was calculated. Fish consumption varied considerably within the consumer groups, with maximum PFOS intakes of 4.5 (BS fish) or 9.6 ng kg(-1)bw d(-1) (LV fish). Comparison of our results with literature data on PFOS intake from food suggests that fish from contaminated areas may be a significant source of dietary PFOS exposure.
29.	Bergkvist, Charlotte, et al. (author) Dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of myocardial infarction - A population-based prospective cohort study 2015 In: International Journal of Cardiology. - : ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD. - 0167-5273 .- 1874-1754. ; 183, s. 242-248 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Fish consumption may promote cardiovascular health. The role of major food contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) common in fatty fish, is unclear. We assessed the association between dietary PCB exposure and risk of myocardial infarction taking into account the intake of long-chain omega-3 fish fatty acids. Methods: In the prospective population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort, 33,446 middle-aged and elderly women, free from cardiovascular disease, cancer and diabetes at baseline (1997) were followed-up for 12 years. Validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure and intake of fish fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid; EPA-DHA) were obtained via a food frequency questionnaire at baseline. Results: During follow-up 1386 incident cases of myocardial infarction were ascertained through register-linkage. Women in the highest quartile of dietary PCB exposure (median 286 ng/day) had a multivariable-adjusted RR of myocardial infarction of 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01-1.45) compared to the lowest quartile (median 101 ng/day) before, and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.10-2.25) after adjusting for EPA-DHA. Stratification by low and high EPA-DHA intake, resulted in RRs 2.20 (95% CI, 1.18-4.12) and 1.73 (95% CI, 0.81-3.69), respectively comparing highest PCB tertile with lowest. The intake of dietary EPA-DHA was inversely associated with risk of myocardial infarction after but not before adjusting for dietary PCB. Conclusion: Exposure to PCBs was associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, while some beneficial effect was associated with increasing EPA and DHA intake. To increase the net benefits of fish consumption, PCB contamination should be reduced to a minimum. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
30.	Bergkvist, Charlotte, et al. (author) Dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of myocardial infarction in men - A population-based prospective cohort study 2016 In: Environment International. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 88, s. 9-14 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Major food contaminants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are proposed to play a role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but to date the impact of PCBs on cardiovascular health need to be explored. Methods and results: We assessed the association between validated food frequency questionnaire-based estimates of dietary PCB exposure and risk of myocardial infarction, ascertained through register-linkage, among 36,759 men from the population-based Swedish Cohort of Men, free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer at baseline (1997). Relative risks were adjusted for known cardiovascular risk factors, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids) and methyl mercury exposure. During 12 years of follow-up (433,243 person-years), we ascertained 3005 incident cases of myocardial infarction (654 fatal). Compared with the lowest quintile of dietary PCB exposure (median 113 ng/day), men in the highest quintile (median 436 ng/day) had multivariable-adjusted relative risks of 1.74 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-2.33; p-trend < 0.001) for total and 1.97 (95% C11.42-2.75; p-trend < 0.001) for non-fatal myocardial infarction. In mutually adjusted models, dietary PCB exposure was associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, while the intake of long-chain omega-3 fish fatty acids was associated with a decreased risk. We also observed an effect modification by adiposity on the association between of dietary PCB exposure and myocardial infarction, with higher risk among lean men (p value for interaction = 0.03). Conclusions: Exposure to PCBs via diet was associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction in men. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
31.	Bergkvist, Charlotte, et al. (author) Validation of questionnaire-based long-term dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls using biomarkers 2012 In: Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. - : Wiley. - 1613-4125 .- 1613-4133. ; 56:11, s. 1748-1754 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Scope The health consequences of lifelong low-level exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) via food are largely unknown, mainly due to the lack of large population-based prospective studies addressing this issue. We validated long-term food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)-based dietary PCB exposure against concentrations of six PCB congeners in serum. Methods and results Dietary PCB exposure was estimated in the Swedish Mammography Cohort by constructing a recipe-based database of CB-153, an indicator for total PCBs in food. The Spearman rank correlation (adjusted for within-person variability) was assessed between concurrent (20042006), past (1997), and long-term (mean of 1997 and 20042006) FFQ-based dietary PCB exposure, respectively, and the following serum PCB congeners, CB-118, CB-138, CB-153, CB-156, CB-170, and CB-180, in women (5685 years of age, n = 201). The correlation between FFQ-based dietary PCB exposure and serum CB-153 was 0.41 (p < 0.001) for the concurrent (median 1.6 ng/kg body weight) and 0.34 (p < 0.05) for the past (median 2.6 ng/kg body weight) exposure assessment. Long-term validity of FFQ-based PCB estimates and the six serum PCB congeners ranged from 0.30 to 0.58 (p < 0.05). Conclusion FFQ-based PCB exposure estimates show acceptable validity in relation to PCB concentrations in serum, justifying their use in large-scale epidemiological studies.
32.	Bjermo, Helena, et al. (author) Miljöföroreningar i blod och urin och kopplingar till rapporterat matintag i Riksmaten 2010-11 – resultatsammanställning : (Samrapporterat med "Analys av PCB och bromerade flamskyddsmedel i prover insamlade i anslutning till kostenkäten") 2013 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Riksmaten 2010-11 är en nationell matvaneundersökning genomförd av Livsmedelsverket mellan maj 2010 och maj 2011. Fem tusen svenskar ombads delta i en fyra dagars kostregistrering samt att fylla i en enkät. En undergrupp på cirka 1000 personer tillfrågades även om att lämna blod och urinprov för undersökning av nutritionsstatus och miljöföroreningar, och av dessa valde 300 individer att delta i biomonitoreringen. Analyser av miljöföroreningar genomfördes under 2011-2012. Exponeringsnivåer för samtliga miljöföroreningar har sammanställts och redovisas i denna rapport. Utöver detta har även samband mellan nivåer av miljöföroreningarna och kost- och livsstilsfaktorer, socioekonomiska variabler och boendemiljö undersökts. Resultaten från de analyserna sammanfattas här kort och redovisas i helhet som separata vetenskapliga publikationer.
33.	Bjermo, Helena, et al. (author) Serum concentrations of perfluorinated alkyl acids and their associations with diet and personal characteristics among Swedish adults 2013 In: Molecular Nutrition and Food Research. - : Wiley. - 1613-4133 .- 1613-4125. ; 57:12, s. 2206-2215 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract ScopeIn this study, food is suggested as a major source of human exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAA). We investigated relations between serum levels of PFAA in adults and diet/lifestyle factors nationwide in Sweden. Methods and resultsIn 2010-2011, adults (18-80 years, N = 270) recorded their diet for 4 days and answered a food frequency questionnaire. PFAA were measured in blood serum as well as v-3 fatty acids in plasma phospholipids as a biomarker for fish consumption. Higher levels of PFAA were associated with male sex, increased age, and higher education. Women reporting full breastfeeding for 12 months had 32-44% lower levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorooctanoic acid, and perfluorohexane sulfonate than women who never nursed their infants full-time. Serum perfluorooctane sulfonate, perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, and perfluoroundecanoic acid were positively related to n-3 fatty acids in plasma (partial r = 0.19-0.34, p 0.05). ConclusionThe relatively strong correlations between biomarkers of fish consumption and certain PFAA suggest that PFAA exposure should be taken into account in health risk and benefit assessment of fish consumption. Breastfeeding appears to be a major source of elimination of certain PFAA among women, and consequently PFAA exposure of nursed infants could be significant.
34.	Bjermo, Helena, et al. (author) Serum levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs : PBDE, HBCD) and influence of dietary factors in a population-based study on Swedish adults 2017 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 167, s. 485-491 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The aim of this study was to investigate associations between serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants and personal characteristics, including diet, in adults participating in a population-based study in Sweden 2010-11. Moreover, observed concentrations were used in a health risk assessment, using published health-based reference values. Serum samples of 170 adult individuals of both sexes were analyzed for 10 PBDE congeners and HBCD by GC-MS. When including concentrations between LOD and LOQ, highest median serum concentration was observed for BDE-153 (1.2 ng/g serum lipid), followed by BDE-209 (0.95 ng/g lipid), BDE-47 (0.49 ng/g lipid) and BDE-100 (0.21 ng/g lipid). Median concentration of HBCD was 0.10 ng/g lipid. A few markedly elevated concentrations of BDE-209, HBCD (77-78 ng/g lipid) and BDE-47 (44 ng/g lipid) were observed. The only statistical significant findings were higher BDE-153 concentrations in men than in women, and positive associations between serum BDE-153 concentrations and consumption of fish (total), beef, mutton and poultry. PBDE concentrations were in accordance with concentrations reported in other European countries but generally lower than those found in North America. Median PBDE serum concentrations observed in adults from Sweden suggest sufficient health protection, when compared with published health-based reference values, although some outliers with high serum concentrations had lower safety margins.
35.	Bjerselius, Rickard, et al. (author) PCDD/PCDF contribute with half of the total TEQ found in fatty fish from the Baltic Sea 2002 In: Organohalogen Compounds. ; 57, s. 209-12 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
36.	Bjerselius, Rickard, et al. (author) Persistenta organiska miljöföroreningar i fisk från Östersjöregionen 2000-2002 2004 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/DFs) are still an environmental problem in Sweden, although the use and production of PCBs have been banned for decades and the release of PCDD/DFs have decreased significantly. In general, the concentrations in food have declined since the 1970s. However, in fish from some parts of the Baltic Sea, the decline of PCBs and PCDD/DFs appears to have ceased in the 1990s (Bignert, 2002). For risk assessment purposes, the Swedish National Food Administration has conducted a fish survey 2000-2002 of levels of selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs), PCBs, PCDD/DFs and persistent pesticides, in fish from the Baltic Sea region. Also polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), ubiquitously used flame retardants, have been added to this list because of results suggesting the PBDE group as candidate for a new environmental hazard. The aim is to get relevant data to be used in the continuous evaluation of the dietary recommendations and to follow changes in the levels of these environmental contaminants in fish. The ambition is to use the data as a basis for intake estimations for human body burdens and compare with internationally established tolerable weekly intakes (TWI). In addition, in November 2001, the European Commission (EC) published legislation aimed at achieving a reduction in human exposure to PCDD/DFs and PCBs (Council Regulation 2375/01/EC). One of the strategies to reduce the human exposure for PCDD/DFs and dioxin-like PCBs has been to set maximum levels for PCDD/DFs in foodstuffs. Sweden and Finland currently have a derogation from the Council regulation that allows national marketing of fish that exceed the maximum level for PCDD/DF. The legislation came into force from 1 July 2002. The Council Regulation also carries with it an obligation for Member States to monitor the levels of dioxin-like PCBs and PCDD/DFs in foodstuffs and to report the levels to the EC. These data will ultimately be used to both review the maximum limits and measure the effectiveness of the reduction strategy and set new maximum limits. For example, during 2004 the Commission is planning to set maximum levels for dioxin-like PCBs based on reported background levels from the member states. The following report includes results from parts of the sampling carried out in the Baltic Sea area in 2000-2002. Only results of PCBs, persistent pesticides, PBDEs and HBCD are reported here. The corresponding PCDD/DF levels are reported on www.slv.se in three interim reports.
37.	Bjerselius, Rickard, et al. (author) Study of dioxin levels in fatty fish from Sweden 2002 In: Organohalogen Compounds. ; 57, s. 189-92 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
38.	Bjerselius, Richard, et al. (author) Study of Dioxin Levels in Fatty Fish from Sweden 2001-2002 : Part II 2003 In: Organohalogen Compounds. ; 62, s. 193-6 Journal article (peer-reviewed)
39.	Darnerud, Per Ola, et al. (author) Organiska miljökontaminanter i svenska livsmedel 2000 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Livsmedelsverket har som en viktig uppgift att uppskatta den hälsorisk som olika främmande ämnen i livsmedel kan utgöra. Vid detta arbete är det nödvändigt att utföra beräkningar av intaget av dessa ämnen via födan, s.k. intagsberäkningar. När det gäller organiska halogenerade ämnen är svenska intagsberäkningar i många fall bristfälliga då analysdata för livsmedel antingen är gamla, eller saknas helt. Det är därför av stor vikt att förbättra underlaget och basera de nya intagsstudierna på aktuella halt- och konsumtionsdata. Med hjälp av medel från Naturvårdsverkets Miljöövervakningsenhet har nya analyser av i första hand animaliska livsmedel utförts avseende på följande organiska miljökontaminanter (POP): PCDD/DF (17 kongener), PCB (23 kongener, varav 9 dioxinlika), PBDE (5 kongener), DDT (4 kongener), HCB, HCH (3 kongener) och komponenter i teknisk klordan (4 kongener). Nya konsumtionsdata har tagits fram i Livsmedelsverkets och SCB:s stora undersökning Riksmaten 1997-98 (Becker 1999), där speciellt fiskkonsumtionen har fått ett utökat utrymme. Halt- och intagsdata har därefter sammanställts och dessa redovisas i rapporten. Observera att intagsberäkningarna i rapporten är utförda enligt Matkorgsmetoden (se nedan), förutom i fråga om dioxiner, då intaget beräknades både från Matkorgsdata och från halter i enskilda livsmedel.
40.	Darnerud, Per Ola, et al. (author) PBDE, HBCD och PCB i inomhusdamm och i bröstmjölk från förstföderskor i Uppsala 2008 2010 Reports (other academic/artistic)
41.	Darnerud, Per Ola, et al. (author) Phosphorous flame retardants in Swedish market basket food samples, and estimation of per capita intake 2016 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract Analyser av åtta fosforinnehållande flamskyddsmedel (PFRs) har utförts i matkorgsprover från den senaste matkorgsundersökningen (Matkorgen 2015). De ämnen som analyseras är (i förkortning) TEHP, TNBP, TCEP, TBOEP, TPHP, EHDPHP, TDCIPP samt TCIPP. De undersökta matkorgsproverna kommer från studier där matkassar från vanliga livsmedelskedjor i Sverige tas in för analys, och där de insamlade livsmedlen analyseras gruppvis (ex kött, fisk, mejeriprodukter, spannmål) för en mängd näringsämnen men även toxiska ämnen. Med hjälp av försäljningsstatistik kan konsumtionen av olika livsmedelsgrupper beräknas, och tillsammans med haltdata kan per capita-intaget för dessa ämnen tas fram. Det är första gången som matkorgsprover analyseras för förekomst av PFRs.Mätbara halter av ett flertal av undersökta PFRs kunde analyseras i proverna från de tretton olika livsmedelsgrupperna, och högst halter återfanns generellt i prover från cerealier, bakverk, fetter/oljor , vegetabilier, samt socker och sötsaker. Högst halter i livsmedel, och även det beräknade högsta per capita-intaget (49 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag), observerades för EHDPHP (etylhexyldifenylfosfat). För fyra PFRs (TCEP, TPHP, TDCIPP och TCIPP) låg per capita-intaget på 6-12 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag, medan inga beräkningar gjordes för de tre återstående pga att flertalet haltdata
42.	Darnerud, Per Ola, et al. (author) Sakrapport Miljöövervakningen:Organiska miljökontaminanter i svenska livsmedel 2000 Reports (other academic/artistic)
43.	Donat-Vargas, Carolina, et al. (author) Dietary exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer in a prospective cohort 2016 In: British Journal of Cancer. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 0007-0920 .- 1532-1827. ; 115:9, s. 1113-1121 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Background: Observational studies on polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) exposure and hormone-related cancer risk are either inconsistent or lacking. We aimed to assess associations of dietary PCB exposure with breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer risk in middle-aged and elderly women. Methods: We included 36 777 cancer-free women at baseline in 1997 from the prospective population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. Validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure were obtained via a food frequency questionnaire. Incident cancer cases were ascertained through register linkage. Results: During 14 years of follow-up, we ascertained 1593, 437 and 195 incident cases of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer. We found no overall association between dietary PCB exposure and any of these cancer forms. The multivariable-adjusted relative risks comparing women in the highest and lowest tertile of PCB exposure were 0.96 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75, 1.24), 1.21 (95% CI: 0.73, 2.01) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.45, 1.79) for breast, endometrial and ovarian cancer. In analyses stratified by factors influencing oestrogen exposure, possibly masking associations with PCBs, indications of higher risks were observed for endometrial cancer. Conclusions: This study suggests that dietary exposure to PCBs play no critical role in the development of breast, endometrial or ovarian cancer during middle-age and old ages.
44.	Donat-Vargas, Carolina, et al. (author) Dietary polychlorinated biphenyls, long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and incidence of malignant melanoma. 2017 In: European Journal of Cancer. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-8049 .- 1879-0852. ; 72, s. 137-143 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract BACKGROUND: For malignant melanoma, other risk factors aside from sun exposure have been hardly explored. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)-mainly from fatty fish- may affect melanogenesis and promote melanoma progression, while long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids seem to exert antineoplastic actions in melanoma cells.OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the association of validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure as well as the intake of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA-DHA), accounting for sun habits and skin type, with the risk of malignant melanoma in middle-aged and elderly women.METHODS: We included 20,785 women at baseline in 2009 from the prospective population-based Swedish Mammography Cohort. Validated estimates of dietary PCB exposure and EPA-DHA intake were obtained via a food frequency questionnaire. Incident melanoma cases were ascertained through register-linkage.RESULTS: During 4.5 years of follow-up, we ascertained 67 incident cases of melanoma. After multivariable adjustments, exposure to dietary PCBs was associated with four-fold increased risk of malignant melanoma (hazard ratio [HR], 4.0 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.2-13; P for trend = 0.02]), while EPA-DHA intake was associated with 80% lower risk (HR, 0.2 [95% CI, 0.1-0.8; P for trend = 0.03]), comparing the highest exposure tertiles with the lowest.CONCLUSION: While we found a direct association between dietary PCB exposure and risk of melanoma, EPA-DHA intake showed to have a substantial protective association. Question of benefits and risk from fish consumption is very relevant and further prospective studies in the general population verifying these findings are warranted.
45.	Gebbink, Wouter A., et al. (author) Perfluoroalkyl acids and their precursors in Swedish food : The relative importance of direct and indirect dietary exposure 2015 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 198, s. 108-115 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We analyzed food market basket samples obtained in Sweden from 1999, 2005, and 2010 for perfluoroallcyl acids (PFAAs) and a range of precursor compounds. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) precursors were detected in all food year pools with the highest concentrations in 1999. Six polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs, 4:2/6:2, 6:2/6:2, 6:2/8:2, 8:2/8:2, 6:2/10:2, and 10:2/10:2) were detected in the year pools with the highest Sigma diPAP concentrations in 1999 and 2005. All precursors were predominantly found in meat, fish, and/or eggs based on analysis of individual food groups from 1999. Based on year pools, PFOS precursors contributed between 4 and 1% as an indirect source to total dietary PFOS intakes between 1999 and 2010. Perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) exposure originated entirely from diPAPs, whereas for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), diPAPs contributed between 1 and 19% to total exposure. The lowest precursor contributions were generally seen in food samples from 2010.
46.	Gebbink, Wouter A., et al. (author) Temporal changes (1997-2012) of perfluoroalkyl acids and selected precursors (including isomers) in Swedish human serum 2015 In: Environmental Pollution. - : Elsevier BV. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 199, s. 166-173 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Concentrations (including isomer patterns) and temporal changes (1997-2012) of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) and selected perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acid (PFCA) precursors were determined in serum samples from Swedish women. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) and perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (FOSAA), as well as its N-methyl and N-ethyl derivatives (MeFOSAA and EtFOSAA) were consistently detected. Highest PFOS precursor concentrations were found for EtFOSAA (before year 2000) or MeFOSAA and FOSAA (after 2000). Disappearance half-lives for all PFOS precursors were shorter compared to PFOS. 4:2/6:2 and 6:2/6:2 polyfluoroalkyl phosphate diesters (diPAPs) were detected in <60% of the samples, whereas 6:2/8:2 and 8:2/8:2 diPAPs were detected in >60% of the samples, but showed no significant change in concentrations over time. Linear and sumbranched isomers were quantified separately for three PFAAs and three precursors. Significant changes between 1997 and 2012 in the % linear isomer were observed for PFOA and FOSA (increase) and PFOS (decrease).
47.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Changes in serum concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), hydroxylated PCB metabolites and pentachlorophenol during pregnancy 2011 In: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier BV. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 83:2, s. 144-151 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We studied pregnancy-related changes in serum concentrations of five polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs, CB 118, CB 138, CB 153, CB 156, CB 180), three hydroxylated PCB metabolites (4-OH-CB107, 4-OH-CB146, 4-OH-CB187), and pentachlorophenol (PCP). Median serum lipid content increased 2-fold between early (weeks 9-13) and late pregnancy (weeks 35-36) (N = 10). whereas median PCB levels in serum lipids decreased 20-46%, suggesting a dilution of PCB concentrations in serum lipids. Nevertheless, strong positive intra-individual correlations (Spearman's r = 0.61-0.99) were seen for PCBs during the whole study period. Thus, if samples have been collected within the same relative narrow time window during pregnancy, PCB results from one single sampling occasion can be used in assessment of relative differences in body burdens during the whole pregnancy period. Concentrations of OH-PCBs in blood serum tended to decline as pregnancy progressed, although among some women the concentrations increased at the end of pregnancy. Positive intra-individual correlations (r = 0.66-0.99) between OH-PCB concentrations were observed during the first and second trimester, whereas correlations with third trimester concentrations were more diverging (r = -0.70-0.85). No decline in PCP concentrations was observed during pregnancy and no significant correlations were found between concentrations at different sampling periods. Our results suggest that for both OH-PCBs and PCP, sampling has to be more specifically timed depending on the time period during pregnancy that is of interest. The differences in patterns of intra- and inter-individual variability of the studied compounds may be due to a combination of factors, including lipid solubility, persistence of the compounds, distribution in blood, metabolic formation, and pregnancy-related changes in body composition and physiological processes.
48.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Determinants of serum concentrations of organochlorine compounds in Swedish pregnant women : a cross-sectional study 2007 In: Environmental Health. - 1476-069X. ; 6, s. 2- Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract BACKGROUND: We performed a cross-sectional study of associations between personal characteristics and lipid-adjusted serum concentrations of certain PCB congeners and chlorinated pesticides/metabolites among 323 pregnant primiparous women from Uppsala County (age 18-41 years) sampled 1996-1999. METHODS: Extensive personal interviews and questionnaires about personal characteristics were performed both during and after pregnancy. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds in serum lipids in late pregnancy were analysed by gas chromatography. Associations between personal characteristics and serum levels of organochlorine compounds were analysed by multiple linear regression. RESULTS: Participation rate was 82% (325 of 395 women). Serum concentrations of PCB congeners IUPAC no. 28, 52, 101, 105 and 167, and o, p'-DDT and -DDE, p, p'-DDT and -DDD, oxychlordane, and gamma- and alpha-HCH were in many cases below the limit of quantification (LOQ). No statistical analysis of associations with personal characteristics could be performed for these substances. Concentrations of PCB congeners IUPAC no. 118, 138, 153, 156 and 180, HCB, beta-HCH, trans-nonachlor and p, p'-DDE increased with increased age and were highest in women sampled early during the 4 year study period. This shows that older women and women sampled early in the study had experienced the highest life-time exposure levels, probably mainly during childhood and adolescence. The importance of early exposures was supported by lower PCB concentrations and higher beta-HCH and p, p'-DDE concentrations among women born in non-Nordic countries. Moreover, serum concentrations of certain PCBs and pesticide/metabolites were positively associated with consumption of fatty fish during adolescence, and concentrations of CB 156, CB 180 and p, p'-DDE increased significantly with number of months women had been breast-fed during infancy. Short-term changes in bodily constitution may, however, also influence serum concentrations, as suggested by negative associations between concentrations of organochlorine compounds and BMI before pregnancy and weight change during pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Although some of the associations could be caused by unknown personal characteristics confounding the results, our findings suggest that exposures to organochlorine compounds during childhood and adolescence influence the body burdens of the compounds during pregnancy.
49.	Glynn, Anders (author) Increased urinary excretion of aluminium after ingestion of the food additive sodidum aluminium phosphate (SALP) - a study on healthy volunteers 2019 In: Food Additives and Contaminants: Part A: Chemistry, Analysis, Control, Exposure and Risk Assessment. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1944-0049 .- 1944-0057. ; 36, s. 1236-1243 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Food is an important source of human aluminium (Al) exposure and regular consumption of foods containing Al-based food additives may result in high Al intakes above health-based tolerable intakes. However, some additives are Al salts with low solubility, and little is known about bioavailability of Al in these additives. We investigated urine Al concentrations in healthy adult volunteers (N=18, women/men) before (base-line) and after 7days of ingestion of pancakes with a low Al content (median: <0.5 mg Al/kg) and high Al content (median: 860 mg/kg). The high-Al pancakes contained the common additive sodium aluminium phosphate (SALP). The participants did not know if the pancakes contained SALP or not during the experiment. After adjusting for creatinine content of the urine samples, median base-line Al concentrations before pancake ingestion were in the range 30-40mol Al/mol creatinine. Urine Al concentrations after ingestion of low-Al pancakes (average intake: <0.042 Al mg/day) did not differ significantly from the base-line levels. After ingestion of high-Al pancakes (72 mg Al/day) the median Al concentration in urine was more than 2-fold higher than at the base-line sampling before the high-Al pancake ingestion. At the end of the experiment the volunteers ingested an Al-containing antacid (Al-OH, 1800 mg Al/day) for 7days as a positive control of Al absorption. This caused a 10-fold increase in median urine Al concentration compared to base-line. Our results strongly suggest that Al in the form of SALP in a pancake mix is bioavailable for absorption in humans, which should be taken into account in risk assessment of Al in food in countries with a high use of SALP as a food additive.
50.	Glynn, Anders, et al. (author) Intraindividuell trend av PFAS bland kvinnor och barn 2021 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract I den här studien undersöktes hur serumhalterna av PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFUnDA, PFHxS (linjär och grenade) och PFOS (linjär och grenade) förändrats hos unga kvinnor och deras förstfödda barn (POPUP-kohorten) under en 12-årsperiod av upprepade provtagningar (2-4 gånger). Två grupper av mammor provtogs för första gången tre veckor efter förlossningen. De som provtogs första gången 1996-99 följdes upp en gång efter 12 år (N=57) och de som lämnade första provet 2004-2011 följdes upp 2-3 gånger 4-12 år senare (N=13-44). Under åren 1996-99 provtogs spädbarn vid 3 månaders ålder och följdes upp 12 år senare (N=31). Under åren 2008-2015 togs första provet på barnen när de fyllt 4 år eller 8 år. 4-åringarna följdes upp vid 8 år (N=34) eller vid 8 och 12 års ålder (N=11) och 8-åringarna följdes upp vid 12 års ålder (N=34). De intra-individuella PFAS-trenderna, bland både mammor och deras barn, verkar generellt ha påverkats av de åtgärder som vidtagits för att begränsa tillverkning/användning av ämnena under de senaste årtiondena. Utfasning/förbud av PFOA och PFOS, med start runt 2000, bidrog till i medeltal sjunkande intra-individuella serumhalter med ökande ålder både hos mammor och barn. Åtgärder för att begränsa produktion/användning av PFNA, PFDA och PFUnDA kom senare än för PFOS och PFOA. Det resulterade i ökade intra-individuella serumhalter mellan första provet (1996-199) och provet 12 år senare bland både mammor och barn. För deltagare med första provtagning senare under studieperioden, 2004-2011 för mammor och 2008-2015 för barn, observerades en tendens av i medeltal sjunkande halter med ökande ålder. Undantag var PFNA and PFUnDA hos mammorna, för vilka något ökande eller stabila halter observerades. Bland mammorna provtagna första gången 1996-1999, sågs i medeltal en ökning av intra-individuella PFHxS-halter under 12-årsperioden, troligtvis på grund av de dricksvattenföroreningar av PFAS som förekommit i Uppsala. Bland barnen observerades dock ingen skillnad mellan första provtagningen vid 3 månaders ålder och 12 år senare. Bland mammorna som provtogs för första gången 2004-2011, tycks ökningen ha följts av en minskning efter att rening av PFAS från Uppsalas dricksvatten infördes 2012. En minskning av intra-individuella PFHxS-halter observerades också hos barnen mot slutet av studieperioden. Bland mammorna kan skillnader i intra-individuella PFAS-trender mellan deltagare sannolikt till viss del förklaras av hur många barn kvinnorna fött under uppföljningsperioden, eftersom elimineringen av PFAS ur kroppen ökar under graviditet, förlossning och amning.

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Type of publication: journal article (67); reports (54); conference paper (2); other publication (1); doctoral thesis (1); book chapter (1); show more...; show less...

Type of content: peer-reviewed (68); other academic/artistic (57); pop. science, debate, etc. (1)

Author/Editor: Glynn, Anders (115); Aune, Marie (56); Lignell, Sanna (53); Darnerud, Per Ola (51); Gyllenhammar, Irina (32); Berger, Urs (16); show more...; Cantillana, Tatiana (15); Bignert, Anders (14); Berglund, Marika (12); Wolk, Alicja (11); Bjerselius, Rickard (11); Benskin, Jonathan P. (10); Atuma, Samuel (8); Fridén, Ulrika (8); Glynn, Anders W. (7); Tysklind, Mats (6); Lindh, Christian (6); Michaëlsson, Karl (6); Bergek, Sture (6); Ilbäck, Nils-Gunnar (5); Nilsson, Ingrid (5); Ankarberg, Emma (5); Tallkvist, Jonas (5); Aspenström-Fagerlund ... (5); Törnkvist, Anna (5); Lampa, Erik, 1977- (4); Becker, Wulf (4); Karlsson, Lars (4); Appelberg, Magnus (4); Ahrens, Lutz (4); Akesson, Agneta (4); Kippler, Maria (4); Lundstedt-Enkel, Kat ... (4); Åkesson, Agneta (4); Isaksson, Martin (4); Benskin, Jonathan (4); Vogs, Carolina (4); Cnattingius, Sven (3); Donat-Vargas, Caroli ... (3); Lindh, Christian H. (3); Johanson, Gunnar (3); Byberg, Liisa (3); Cousins, Ian T. (3); Larsson, Lotta (3); Nyberg, Elisabeth (3); Lindroos, Anna Karin (3); Kiviranta, Hannu (3); Ankarberg, Emma Hall ... (3); Bergkvist, Charlotte (3); Bjermo, Helena (3); show less...

University: Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (52); Uppsala University (38); Karolinska Institutet (24); Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (24); Stockholm University (20); Lund University (9); show more...; Umeå University (7); Örebro University (3); Linköping University (2); University of Gothenburg (1); Swedish Museum of Natural History (1); show less...

Language: English (90); Swedish (36)

Research subject (UKÄ/SCB): Natural sciences (81); Medical and Health Sciences (30); Agricultural Sciences (4); Engineering and Technology (2); Social Sciences (1)

Year

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