| 1. |
- Galon, Jerome, et al.
(author)
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Cancer classification using the Immunoscore : a worldwide task force
- 2012
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In: Journal of Translational Medicine. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1479-5876. ; 10, s. 205-
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Prediction of clinical outcome in cancer is usually achieved by histopathological evaluation of tissue samples obtained during surgical resection of the primary tumor. Traditional tumor staging (AJCC/UICC-TNM classification) summarizes data on tumor burden (T), presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information, and does not predict response to therapy. Recent literature has alluded to the importance of the host immune system in controlling tumor progression. Thus, evidence supports the notion to include immunological biomarkers, implemented as a tool for the prediction of prognosis and response to therapy. Accumulating data, collected from large cohorts of human cancers, has demonstrated the impact of immune-classification, which has a prognostic value that may add to the significance of the AJCC/UICC TNM-classification. It is therefore imperative to begin to incorporate the ` Immunoscore' into traditional classification, thus providing an essential prognostic and potentially predictive tool. Introduction of this parameter as a biomarker to classify cancers, as part of routine diagnostic and prognostic assessment of tumors, will facilitate clinical decision-making including rational stratification of patient treatment. Equally, the inherent complexity of quantitative immunohistochemistry, in conjunction with protocol variation across laboratories, analysis of different immune cell types, inconsistent region selection criteria, and variable ways to quantify immune infiltration, all underline the urgent requirement to reach assay harmonization. In an effort to promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings, an international task force was initiated. This review represents a follow-up of the announcement of this initiative, and of the J Transl Med. editorial from January 2012. Immunophenotyping of tumors may provide crucial novel prognostic information. The results of this international validation may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).
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| 2. |
- Galon, Jerome, et al.
(author)
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Towards the introduction of the 'Immunoscore' in the classification of malignant tumours
- 2014
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In: Journal of Pathology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0022-3417 .- 1096-9896. ; 232:2, s. 199-209
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Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The American Joint Committee on Cancer/Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (AJCC/UICC) TNM staging system provides the most reliable guidelines for the routine prognostication and treatment of colorectal carcinoma. This traditional tumour staging summarizes data on tumour burden (T), the presence of cancer cells in draining and regional lymph nodes (N) and evidence for distant metastases (M). However, it is now recognized that the clinical outcome can vary significantly among patients within the same stage. The current classification provides limited prognostic information and does not predict response to therapy. Multiple ways to classify cancer and to distinguish different subtypes of colorectal cancer have been proposed, including morphology, cell origin, molecular pathways, mutation status and gene expression-based stratification. These parameters rely on tumour-cell characteristics. Extensive literature has investigated the host immune response against cancer and demonstrated the prognostic impact of the in situ immune cell infiltrate in tumours. A methodology named Immunoscore' has been defined to quantify the in situ immune infiltrate. In colorectal cancer, the Immunoscore may add to the significance of the current AJCC/UICC TNM classification, since it has been demonstrated to be a prognostic factor superior to the AJCC/UICC TNM classification. An international consortium has been initiated to validate and promote the Immunoscore in routine clinical settings. The results of this international consortium may result in the implementation of the Immunoscore as a new component for the classification of cancer, designated TNM-I (TNM-Immune).
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| 3. |
- Lacagnina, Giovanni, 1982-, et al.
(author)
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Simultaneous size and velocity measurements of cavitating microbubbles using interferometric laser imaging
- 2011
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In: Experiments in Fluids. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0723-4864 .- 1432-1114. ; 50, s. 1153-1167
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, interferometric laser imaging droplet sizing—ILIDS—is applied to incipient cavitation in the wake of a marine propeller model with the aim to evaluate simultaneously bubbles velocity and diameter. Until now, the feasibility of this technique has been demonstrated especially in sprays of water droplets in air where an optimal light scattering is obtained thanks to the spherical shape and to the given relative refractive index. In the present setup, to allow simultaneous size–velocity measurements, a single camera is used and the object distance over lens diameter ratio is kept as small as possible, thus increasing the size measurement resolution. These details, together with the algorithms used for image analysis at each single frame and in two consecutive frames, allow deriving cavitation bubble size and velocity distributions in the propeller wake.
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| 4. |
- Malesci, Alberto, et al.
(author)
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Tumor-associated macrophages and response to 5-fluorouracil adjuvant therapy in stage III colorectal cancer
- 2017
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In: Oncoimmunology. - : Taylor & Francis. - 2162-4011 .- 2162-402X. ; 6:12
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a role in tumor development and progression. We hypothesized that abundance of TAMs might modify efficacy of 5-fluorouracil chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. We measured the density of CD68+ TAMs at the invasive front of primary tumor of colorectal carcinoma (PT-TAMs; n = 208), at available matched metastatic lymph node (LN-TAMs; n = 149), and in an independent set of primary colorectal cancers (PT-TAMs, n = 111). The hazard ratios for disease-free survival were computed by Cox proportional-hazards model. In exploratory analysis, the interaction between TAMs and 5-fluorouracil adjuvant therapy was significant (PT-TAMs, p=0.02; LN-TAMs, p D 0.005). High TAMs were independently associated with better disease-free survival only in 5-fluorouracil-treated patients (PT-TAMs, HR 0.23; 95% CI, 0.08-0.65; p=0.005; LN-TAMs, HR 0.13; 95% CI, 0.04-0.43; p D 0.001). The independent predictive value of PT-TAMs was replicated in the external set (HR, 0.14; 95% CI 0.02-1.00; p=0.05). In an in vitro experiment, 5-fluorouracil and macrophages showed a synergistic effect and increased colorectal cancer cell death. High densities of TAMs, particularly in metastatic lymph-nodes, identify stage III colorectal cancer patients benefitting from 5-fluorouracil adjuvant therapy.
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